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    Floods:: Flood Routing

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    Getnet Girma
    Here are the steps to solve this problem using the Muskingum method: A) To determine K and x: - Plot storage (S) vs weighted inflow and outflow (xI + (1-x)Q) for different values of x - The value of x that produces the straightest line relationship is the x value - Use that x value and the travel time through the reach to calculate K B) To route the inflow hydrograph through the reach: - Use the Muskingum routing equation with the calculated values of K and x from part A - Calculate successive outflow values moving down the hydrograph Begin the routing with the initial outflow equal to the initial in

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Floods:: Flood Routing

    Uploaded by

    Getnet Girma
    63 views18 pages
    Here are the steps to solve this problem using the Muskingum method: A) To determine K and x: - Plot storage (S) vs weighted inflow and outflow (xI + (1-x)Q) for different values of x - The value of x that produces the straightest line relationship is the x value - Use that x value and the travel time through the reach to calculate K B) To route the inflow hydrograph through the reach: - Use the Muskingum routing equation with the calculated values of K and x from part A - Calculate successive outflow values moving down the hydrograph Begin the routing with the initial outflow equal to the initial in

    Original Title

    ARCE-AH-Lec_05

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    Here are the steps to solve this problem using the Muskingum method: A) To determine K and x: - Plot storage (S) vs weighted inflow and outflow (xI + (1-x)Q) for different values of x - The value of x that produces the straightest line relationship is the x value - Use that x value and the travel time through the reach to calculate K B) To route the inflow hydrograph through the reach: - Use the Muskingum routing equation with the calculated values of K and x from part A - Calculate successive outflow values moving down the hydrograph Begin the routing with the initial outflow equal to the initial in

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    63 views18 pages

    Floods:: Flood Routing

    Uploaded by

    Getnet Girma
    Here are the steps to solve this problem using the Muskingum method: A) To determine K and x: - Plot storage (S) vs weighted inflow and outflow (xI + (1-x)Q) for different values of x - The value of x that produces the straightest line relationship is the x value - Use that x value and the travel time through the reach to calculate K B) To route the inflow hydrograph through the reach: - Use the Muskingum routing equation with the calculated values of K and x from part A - Calculate successive outflow values moving down the hydrograph Begin the routing with the initial outflow equal to the initial in

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Floods: Flood Routing

    CONCEPT OF FLOOD ROUTING


    • Flood routing is a process used to predict the
    temporal and spatial variations of a flood hydrograph
    as it moves through a river reach or reservoir

    • Flood routing is used to predict the magnitudes,


    volumes, and temporal patterns of a flood hydrograph
    as it translates down a river reach or reservoir

    • The effects of storage and flow resistance within a


    river reach are reflected by changes in hydrograph
    shape and timing as the flood wave moves from
    upstream to downstream
    Flow Routing
    Procedure to determine the flow hydrograph at a
    point on a watershed from a known hydrograph
    upstream
    Q

    t
    Q

    t
    Q

    As the hydrograph travels, it


    attenuates Q
    gets delayed
    t
    Why route flows?

     Account for changes in flow hydrograph as a flood wave


    passes downstream
     This helps in
     Calculate for storages
     Studying the attenuation of flood peaks
    Types of flood routing
    Types of flood routing
    • Reservoir Routing

    • Channel Routing
    River/ Channel vs. Reservoir Routing

    The storage in a river reach


    with channel routing depends
    on reach length (L) and outflow;
    rather in reservoir routing it
    depends on the stage-discharge
    relationship (Q-H curve)

    Reservoir routing is generally


    easier to perform than river
    routing because storage-
    discharge relations for pipes,
    weirs, and spillways are single-
    valued functions independent
    of inflow
    River Reach

    Level pool reservoir


    BASIC EQUATIONS
    • Continuity Equation
    – The change in storage (dS) equals the difference between
    inflow (I) and outflow (O) or
    ds
    I Q 
    dt
    where I = inflow rate ,
    Q outflow rate and
    S= storage I t  Qt  S
    • Momentum Equation
    – Expressed by considering the external forces acting on a
    control section of water as it moves down a channel
    v v g ( y A) vg
    +V + + = g( S o - S f )
    t x A 2x A
    y v v 1 v
    S f = So - - -
    x g x g t
    Flood Routing: Basic Equation
    dS
    I Q
    dt
    Routing Methods
    • Modified Puls
    – Level pool routing
    – Storage indication method
    • Mass curve
    • Goodrich method
    • Coefficient method
    • Woodward method
    • Muskingum
    • Muskingum-Cunge
    • Kinematic Wave
    • Dynamic
    Reservoir Routing
    • To predict the variations of reservoir elevation
    and outflow discharge with time
    – Study the effect of a flood wave entering a reservoir
    • Volume-elevation characteristic of reservoir
    • Outflow-elevation relationship for the spillways and
    other outlets
    • Reservoir Routing is Essential
    – Design of the capacity of spillway/other reservoir
    outlets
    – Location and sizing of the capacity of reservoirs to
    meet specific requirements
    Reservoir Routing
    Reservoir acts to store
    water and release
    through control
    structure later.
    • Inflow hydrograph
    • Outflow hydrograph
    • S – Q-H Relationship
    • Outflow peaks are
    reduced
    • Outflow timing is delayed
    Modified Puls
    • The modified puls routing method is probably most often applied to
    reservoir routing
    • The method may also be applied to river routing for certain channel
    situations.
    • The modified puls method is also referred to as the storage-
    indication method.
    • The heart of the modified puls equation is found by considering the
    finite difference form of the continuity equation.
    I 1 + I 2 - ( O1 + O 2 = S 2 - S 1
    2 2 t Continuity Equation
     2 S1  2 S2
    I1+ I2 +
     t
    - O1  =
     t
    + O2 Rewritten
    The solution to the modified puls method is accomplished by developing
    a graph (or table) of Q -vs- [2S/Δt + Q].
    In order to do this, a stage-discharge-storage relationship must be known,
    assumed, or derived.
    EXAMPLE
    A reservoir has elevation, discharge and storage
    relationship of table 1, when the reservoir water level was
    100.5m the flood its hydrograph presented in table-2
    entered the reservoir. Route the flood and obtain
    • Outflow hydrograph
    • Reservoir elevation-time curve during the passage of the flood
    wave

    E(m) 100.0 100.5 101.1 101.5 102.0 102.5 102.75 103.0


    S (106 m3) 3.350 3.472 3.880 4.383 4.882 5.370 5.5527 5.856
    Q (m3/s) 0 10 26 46 72 100 116 130

    Time 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
    (hr)
    Q (m3/s) 10 20 55 80 73 58 46 36 55 20 15 13 11
    Muskingum Method
    • Our storage discharge equation is written in a finite
    difference form:

    • The Muskingum routing procedure itself uses this form


    combined with in the form
    • To produce the Muskingum outflow equation
    Estimating K and x
    • If the two hydrographs are
    available , K and x can be better
    estimated.
     Storage S is plotted against
    the weighted discharge xI +
    (1-x)Q for several values of x.

     Since Muskingum method


    • The Muskingum K is usually
    assumes this is a straight
    estimated from the travel
    line, the straightest is x.
    time for a flood wave through
    the reach.
     Then K can be calculated
    • This requires two flow gages
    from
    with frequent data collection,
    one at the top and one at the
    bottom of single channel
    reaches, and a big flood.
    Routing Procedures

    must be calculated Note


    • K and Δt must have the same
    units, and that 2Kx < Δt ≤K is
    needed for numerical accuracy.

    • Also C0+C1+C2 = 1, because they


    are proportions.

    • The routing procedure is


    accomplished successively, with
    Q2 from Q1 of the previous
    calculation.
    Example
    A. The inflow and outflow hydrographs for a river reach are given
    below Determine Muskingum’s coefficients K and x for the reach
    Time (h) 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
    Inflow (m3/s) 15 195 255 170 115 80 65 50 35 30 20
    Outflow (m3.s) 10 28 115 175 165 140 120 90 70 50 30

    B. Find the outflow hydrograph section B, if the inflow hydrograph


    at section A, which is upstream of B, is given below? Using the
    values of K and x determine above and take the outflow at the
    beginning of routing step equal to inflow.

    Time(h) 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144


    Inflow (m3/s) 14 22 36 93 141 102 86 73 61 50 38 26

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