The Bali-Dutch Wars, 1846-1849

Dirk Teeuwen MSc, Holland

Contents:
Consulted and recommended literature page 2
Glossary; page 4
1. Portrait Gallery; page 5
2. Maps; page 7
3. Causes of the Dutch military actions action against Bali states; page 11
4. First attack by the Dutch, 1846; page 12
5. Second Dutch attack, 1848; page 13
6. Third Dutch attack, 1849; page 15
7. Aftermath; page 25
Honouring General-Major A. V. Michiels, 1797-1849; page 26

Karl Bernhardt von Saksen-Weimar-Eisenach (1792-!862), commander of the

third Dutch-Bali Expedition 1849; served the colonial army from 1849-1851
after a remarkable career in the Dutch army in Europe. (Kepper, page 219)

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 Consulted and recommended literature
(from: library Dirk Teeuwen)

1. Nielsen, A. G.: Leven en avonturen van een Oostinjevaarder op Bali (Life and
adventures of the Danish merchant Mads J. Lange in Lombok and Bali);
Amsterdam 1928
Note! Mads J. Lange, a merchant from Denmark, lived on Lombok and Bali from
1834-1856.
2. Vugt, E. van: De val van Bali (the defeat of Bali); Haarlem Holland 1987
(novel in Dutch)
3. Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung: Bali in the 19th century; Jakarta 1991
4. Kraan, Alfons van der: Bali at War; Clayton Australia 1995
5. Klerck, E. S. de: History of the Netherlands East Indies, volume II; Rotterdam
1938
6. Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J.: First European Artist in Bali; Abcoude Holland 1997
7. Gerlach, A. J. A.: Fastes Militaires des Indes-Orientales Néerlandaises;
Zalt-Bommel Holland
8. Gerlach, A. J. A.: Neerlands heldenfeiten in Oost-Indië (Dutch acts of heroism
in Dutch East-India/Indonesia), volume II; The Hague Holland 1876
New, actualized edition. The old one (nr 7) was for sale in French only.
9. Witkamp, F., and others: Gedenkboek KNIL (Memorial Book of the Royal
Dutch East-Indian Army; Amersfoort Holland 1961 by the Madjoe Non-
Commissioned Officers KNIL Society
(Madju, Indonesian language = “ahead: attack”)
10. Zwitzer, H. L., Heshusius, C. A.: Het Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger
1830-1950; The Hague Holland 1977
Heijboer, P: Klamboes, Klewangs en Klapperbomen; Houten Holland 1987
11. Kepper, G. L.: Wapenfeiten van het Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger; The Hague
Holland 1902 (with drawings by J. P. de Veer)
12. Stapel, dr. F. W.: Indië schrijft zijn eigen geschiedenis; Amsterdam 1942
13. Magazine: Indië, Illustrated Weekly, volume 1917; Haarlem Holland 1917
14. Stapel, dr. F. W.: Geschiedenis Nederlandsch-Indië, Vol. V; Amsterdam 1940

Dutch colonial mountain artillery in 1849 (Kepper, page 192)

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Assault on Jagaraga by the Dutch, April 1849
(Kepper, page 201)

Balinese warriors
(Magazine “Eigen Haard” volume 1898)

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 Glossary
- Jagaraga: strong Balinese fortress complex in the north of Bali near Kampong
(Village) Jagaraga, in the state of Buleleng; location between two rivers,
controlling the traffic between northern Bali and the south. Near Jagaraga
Village this road led through a narrow pass in the moutains. Sangsit River as
well as Bungkulung River flew/flow through mighty deep canyons. The distance
between the two rivers, some kilometres, was completely filled up with the
most advanced, modern, Balinese fortresses south from (and close to) the
narrow pass. Balinese knowledge of fortress architecture was superb. (Gerlach,
chapter VIII, Dutch edition)
- Buleleng: a small state in the north of Bali.
- Buleleng: also the name of the capital of the state of Buleleng and is called
Buleleng Capital by me for practical reasons. Etc.: Klungkung Capital f.e.
- Karang Asem Capital: now called Amlapura (near the eastern point of Bali)
- Governor-General: Vice Roy of The Netherlands in the Dutch East-Indies
- Schout-bij-Nacht: Rear Admiral
- Kampung: village or hamlet
- Desa: could be also village or hamlet, but mostly a (municipality of) number of
Kampungs
- Madura: island north-east from Java, a couple of kilometres from Surabaya
- Chiefs: subordinated aristocrats in Bali
- Bandar: harbour master
- Government: Dutch East-India Government, called Gouvernement in Dutch.
Gouvernement was a proper noun: the common name of those in power in
Dutch East-India / Indonesia.

Decorated colours of the 7th Battalion Infantry of the Dutch East-Indian Army,
decorated after heroic assaults on the west side of the Balinese Fortress of
Jagaraga by the 7th in 1849. Kepper, page 201

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 1. Portrait gallery

1. General A. V. Michiels 2. Lieutenant-Colonel J. van

1797-1849 killed in battle Swieten 1807-1888
Commander of the Third Bali Expedition Second in command 1848 and
1849 1849

3. Lieutenant-Colonel C. A. De Brauw 4. Lieutenant-Colonel B. F. G. H. Le

1809-1862, Bron de Vexela 1809-1872,
hero of the Jagaraga Battle 1849 hero of the Jagaraga Battle 1849

5. War-horse/ironside, Major T. Poland 6. Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. L.

1795-1857, Sutherland
Jagaraga 1849 Jagaraga 1846
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 7. Governor-General of Dutch East- 8. Mads j. Lange 1807-1856 Danish
India merchant (shipping and trading),
J. J. Rochussen 1797-1871 Bali (Kuta)-Lombok (Amparan)
Term of office 1845-1851 1834-1856. Mediator on behalf of
the Dutch as well as the Balinese

9. Major C. de Vos 10.Raja, regent 1849-1882, of

1808-1890 Buleleng: Gusti Jilantik, appointed
Buleleng, Singaraja, Jagaraga 1846 by the Dutch

Balinese warriors Balinese warriors

were in battle equipped From the
with short swords, Magazine “Eigen Haard”
lanses, modern rifles 1895
and small canons Haarlem Holland

Sources portraits:
1 – 6 > Kepper, chapter 4; 7 > Stapel, page 192; 8 > Nielsen, page 2; 9 >
Gerlach volume II page 66; 10 > Magazine Indië 1917, page 374
10 > Also in Cool, Capt. W.: De Lombok Expedition 1894; Batavia 1896
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 2. Maps

Bali, 1846-1849 (Kepper appendixes)

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Balinese fortresses at Jagaraga, Bali 1849 (Kepper, appendixes)
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Balinese fortresses at Jagaraga, Bali 1849 (Gerlach, appendixes)

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Jagaraga fortresses and vicinity, Northern Bali 1849 (Gerlach appendixes)
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Jagaraga fortresses and vicinity, Northern Bali 1849 (Gerlach appendixes)
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 3. Causes of the Dutch military actions action
against Bali states
The most important of the Sunda Islands, east from Java, was (and is) Bali. Bali
served as a refuge for Hinduism when this religion was ousted from Java and
from other islands by Islam. According to an old local myth, a Hindu prince had
arrived from Java a long time ago. According to this myth he proclaimed himself
Dewa Agung, the Lord Supreme, and the Balinese state of Klungkung had to
become his kingdom.
In 1846 the Raja of Klungkung exercised indeed a certain supremacy over
the other eight Balinese petty states: Karangasem, Mengwi, Badung, Bangli,
Tabanan, Gianyar, Buleleng and Jembrana.

Balinese influence has long been exercised in the large district of Balambangan
in the eastern part of Java. This influence came to an end towards the close of
the 18th century. Since that time the Dutch relations with Bali were only
concerned with the supply of slaves for households and the colonial army.
For example! During the Java War 1825-1830 slave trade between the
colonials and the Balinese was resumed under the euphemistic label of
enlistment, for it was the need of recruits which prompted the government to
place a representative, Hendrik Huskus Koopman (Ide Agung p. 39), at Badung
in Bali in 1839.
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Some problems
1. (De Klerck p. 319) In 1846 an old custom still existed in Bali, according to
which every ship that ran ashore was confiscated by the Rajas with all hands
and cargo. When a Dutch ship, the frigate Overijssel, was wrecked on the Bali
coast in 1844, a commissioner was dispatched to request the Balinese Rajas to
forgo their so-called shore rights. The commissioner met with success and was
even able to obtain the acknowledgement of Dutch supremacy. However it soon
filtered through that the Rajas had no intention of honouring the treaties. The
Rajas of Buleleng and Karangasem showed themselves very obstinate. Specially
the one of Buleleng Raja Gusti Ngurah Made showed rude behavior.
2. (Kraan p. 7) Export of rice from Bali and Lombok was very profitable. The
expansion of sugar and indigo cultivation in Java, because of the forced so-
called Cultivation System, was realized at the expense of Javanese rice
production. The System reduced the Javanese rice exports, but as a result
stimulated the rice cultivation in other islands. About the year of 1835,
European merchants, from Denmark and England, were active in Bali and
Lombok. They took over positions of Chinese Bandars: f.e. in Ampenan in
Lombok and in Kuta in Bali. A Bandar was a harbour master and one of his
activities was the purchasing and selling of rice. The Bandar purchased rice
from local farmers/aristocrats and sold it to foreigners. More in general: a
Bandar managed the imports and exports of Balinese and Lombok states. The
Raja received the most of the yield (tax revenues in fact). The Bandar kept a
considerable part of the proceeds for himself. The harbour master was a rich
man as well as, locally, an important man. He pulled some strings. Europeans,
Englishmen specially, pulling strings in Bali and Lombok, became a thorn in the
flesh of the Dutch authorities.
3. In the first half of the 19th century Singapore became the most important
harbour for the distribution of goods and services in the Far East. The glory of
Batavia / Jakarta and its harbour was a thing of the past and its radius was
more or less regional. Singapore was an economic threat for the Dutch.

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4. Continuation of 3. Other British activities in the Archipelago could be an even
greater threat for Dutch colonial interests. The British occupation of North-
Borneo (1845-1846) was still fresh in their, Dutch, minds.

4. First attack by the Dutch, 1846

When another Dutch ship (compare problem 1, page 11) ran ashore and the
request to deliver it up was refused, the Government decided on reprisal
measures. Schout-bij-nacht (Rear Admiral) Van den Broek was appointed
Commander of the expedition. The landing party was in command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Bakker. The land-forces numbered 400 Europeans, 100 Negroes
(recruits from Dutch Gold Coast, Ghana), 700 natives and 600 Madurese
auxiliaries; the navy consisted of a considerable number of ships, 58, and a
landing party of 600 (De Klerck p. 320). The Balinese ware reckoned among the
bravest, best disciplined and organized native foes the Dutch army ever had to
fight against in the Archipelago. The Balinese had excellent knowledge of
fortress architecture.
After proclaiming an ultimatum, Buleleng Capital was attacked by the
Dutch on June 28th 1846. A bombardment by the fleet dislodged the Balinese
from that place and from Singaraja Village, which was located very close to
Buleleng Capital. Nevertheless there was fighting. The Dutch occupied Singaraja
June 29th 1846; the Puri (palace) was conquered, plundered and shot on fire.
The Raja of Buleleng and his troops had withdrawn to the mountain
fortresses of Jagaraga (see Glossary, page 4!!), south-east from Buleleng
Capital along the road to the south. The Raja of Karangasem and his army
joined the Radja of Buleleng there. The main force of the Rajas, 10.000 men
with rifles and small canons, was still intact and absolutely not defeated.

Assault on Singaradja 1846, advancing through alung along. This meant

advancing through stiff grass, more than a meter high. (Kepper, page 193)

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The Raja of Karangasem, Gusti Gde Ngurah swore their allegiance, which was
soon followed by the Raja of Buleleng, Gusti Ngurah Made, and his chancellor
and uncle, Gusti Ketut Jilantik. The two Rajas were brothers. The Rajas
recognized that their lands were possessions of the Dutch colonial Government
and recognized the abolition of their shore/reef rights as well. Contracts like
these were already signed in 1843.
Governor-General Rochussen ratified the treaties concluded. The Rajas
compelled to furnish a war indemnity of 300.000 guilders and to demolish their
defensive works within three months. This could be considered as very
unreasonable and unrealistic (Ide Agung p. 76). The Rajas were rich, but their
states had no proper tax systems. The Rajas received revenues from farmers,
from estates (goods, money, children, women, slaves, land) and from imports,
exports, from robbery and plundering. Nevertheless the Dutch policy was
absurd. The Dutch victory was a Pyrrhic victory. The war appeared to be rather
expensive and the results were very limited.
The Dutch occupied the fortifications near Buleleng Capital and garrisoned
it with 200 men at the Rajas’ expense. The Rajas, their turn, immediately
ordered their people to avoid contacts with the Dutch near Buleleng Capital and
not to sell any provisions to the garrison. This was an ignorance of some
articles in the treaties, which were in fact harsh settlements, with the Dutch.
Everything, such as food etc., was to be brought from Java to the Buleleng
Dutch garrison. The harsh settlements appeared to be no basis for a lasting
peace.
In 1847 the Rajas of Klungkung, Badung, Bangli, Gianyar and Mengwi took
the side of Buleleng and Karangasem.

5. Second Dutch attack, 1848

The Dutch garrison of the Buleleng fortress was badly equipped. Balinese
entrenchments, anywhere, were not razed. On the contrary, others were built
behind the existing earth works. New Balinese strongholds were set up. The
war reparation monies were not paid either. Other Rajas joined the enemy in
1847. The shore rights were again applied by the Balinese to two ships, one of
them being of British nationality. Buleleng once more became the soul of the
resistance. In 1848 after the issue of a futile warning, the coast was blockaded
and preparations were made for another expedition directed to Buleleng,
Karangasem as well as Klungkung. The troops consisted of infantry, 1500
military men totally (commanders Sutherland and Le Bron de Vexela), 400
auxiliary troops from Madura, two halfway equipped batteries of mountain
artillery. As well as ninety sappers, some medical orderlies, cavalry,
sharpshooters and 500 coolies. The expeditionary navy counted 980 sailors and
marines. (Gerlach volume II page 62). Totally about 4000 men as in 1846,
against 12000 well equipped but badly drilled Balinese warriors; armed with
short swords, lances, modern rifles and small canons. These modern weapons
were imported into Bali from Singapore via Buginese sailors (from
Celebes/Sulawesi), Chinese merchants and Europeans.
The Commander of the expedition, General Van der Wijck, was granted as few
troops as possible. In addition, he was instructed to hurry on, because the
Governor-General wanted the troops to return to Java as soon as possible.
There were a lot of revolutions in Europe in 1848 and the colonial Government
was afraid of the arising of a wave of violence in Java as well as afraid of a
conflict between the Sultans of Solo and Jokyakarta in Java.

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 Attacking Kampung (Village) Bungkulan, June 9th 1848 (Kepper, page 195)

Fighting nearby Kampung Bungkulan, June 9th 1848. (Kepper, page 194)
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Before the opening of the campaign a, much too stringent, ultimatum with a lot
of financial claims was addressed to the Rajas of Buleleng, Gusti Ngurah Made;
Karangasem, Gusti Gde Ngurah; and Klungkung, the Dewa Agung. The ones of
Badung and Bangli promised to take no active part in the resistance. No
response was given concerning the ultimatum.

So, the troops landed near Buleleng Capital on June 7th 1848. Kampung
(Village) Bungkulan near Jagaraga was captured and two days afterwards, June
10th then the of fortification,Jagaraga (see Glossary, page 4!!), south-east from
Buleleng Capital, was attacked. Jagaraga, along the road to Gianyar and
Klungkung, proved extremely tough. After three hours of fighting the Dutch
troops, exhausted with fatigue and heat, had to retreat. The total Dutch forces
which took part in this combat were 2400. The casualties amounted to 216
killed and wounded. Enemy losses were more than 2000 among whom 200
chiefs (De Klerck p. 321). The Governor-General Rochussen refused to send
reinforcements, because of an acutely threatening conflict between Jokyakarta
and Surakarta (Solo) in Java. Maybe the European year of revolution 1948 still
played an important role regarding this refusal, because as a result of the
situation in Europe the colony could be left more to its own devices (DT).
On June 20th 1848 the expedition returned to Java, leaving the post at
Buleleng unoccupied.

6. Third Dutch attack, 1849

Reconnoitring Jagaraga, June 9th 1848, Kepper page 201

The Dutch East-India Government did not let the matters rest there. A third
expedition was made ready and was to be commanded by General Michiels.
Lieutenant-Colonel Van Swieten was appointed second in command. The forces
were to be twice as strong as the former and equipped with heavy guns.

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Michiels had to restrict himself to the administering of punishment on the
recalcitrant Rajas. Serious resistance was anticipated from Klungkung,
Buleleng, Karangasem and Mengwi. Neutrality from Badung, Bangli, Gianyar and
Tabanan. Jaganagara had been strengthened by the Balinese and
retrenchments had been thrown up at Singaraja, Kasumba, Klungkung Capital
and Karangasem Capital.

Michiels decided on taking Jagaraga by approaching it step by step by

assaulting it in the front as well as in the flank and eventually in the rear. He
had 4000 men at is disposal, a third were Europeans. The navy was strongly in
evidence. On March 31st 1849 Singaraja was taken and the Rajas asked for
negotiations. The Rajas of Buleleng and Karangasem, attended by 1500
Balinese soldiers, arrived at Michiel’s headquarters near Singaraja. Terms were
fixed, such as:
- submission;
- demolition of fortifications;
- extradition of deserters;
- handing over of arms (De Klerck, p. 322).
When a second visit was paid to Michiels, the Rajas behaved themselves
rather rude. It seemed that they did no efforts whatsoever to carry out the
terms.

A state of tension, Singaraja March 31st 1849! Kepper page 198

The Rajas (surrounded by colonial cavalry) pay a visit to the Dutch military
command. The Rajas are accompanied by 1500 Balinese warriors to show their
military power (right). Colonial soldiers, left, are told to be very alert as well as
told to shoot on the slightest provocation.

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The Dutch, superior assault, on Jagaraga (on superior Balinese fortresses,
absolutely ), April 1849, Gerlach, appendixes
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Detail of page 12. Fortresses Jagaraga, Bali April 1849 (Gerlach, appendixes)

Dutch mountain artillery; on its way to Jagaraga, Bali April 1849

(Kepper, page 203)

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So the Dutch offensive was resumed. On April 14th General Michiels marched
from the northern coast, from Kampung (Village) Sangsit to Jagaraga (see
Glossary, page 4!!) with 3200 men infantry; the 5th , 7th, 13th battalions. The 7th
battalion - 1200 troops and some packhorses, lieutenant-colonel De Brauw in
command - got the order to follow Sangsit River, west from the Jagaraga
fortresses to try to surprise the Balinese defenders from there. Lieutenant-
Colonel Le Bron de Vexela and Major Rocqué and some of their soldiers followed
De Brauw later.
Three hundred auxiliaries from Madura as well as a battery of field
artillery (six-pounders and twelve-inch howitzers) and 2000 coolies were under
Michiels’ attacking command also. (Gerlach, page 81) In the fortresses 10,000-
15,000 Balinese warriors were waiting for them. They were eagerly looking
forward to meet the colonial Dutch.

The main force under Michiels followed the road which led from Sangsit Village
to the southern coast of Bali. Near Jagaraga this road was only a narrow
mountain pass. Dutch sappers had to remove several obstacles there. After the
removals a Dutch artillery bombardment started, but seemed to cause not so
much damage, because of superiour Balinese fortress architecture. There was a
continuous rifle fire from the Balinese fortresses. At 13.00, April 14th , the 13th
battalion under command of Major Sorg marched past the artillery to the
western Jagaraga benteng (fortress). In front of this benteng, north from it,
they had to cut a path through bamboo duri (thorn bushes) under dangerous
rifle fire. The troops reached dry moats, but they lacked storm ladders. The
assault on April 14th 1849 failed. The artillery lieutenant-colonel Meis, Major
Sorg and five other officers were wounded, two lieutenants were killed. Circa
25 colonial soldiers were killed, circa 100 were wounded. (Gerlach, page 82)
Then the artillery bombardment was intensified.
In the late afternoon, April 14th , the Balinese started - yelling and with a
frightening roll of drums - a mass sortie with lances and short swords. They
were able to attack the train (hospital, etc.) located behind (!) the Dutch frontal
troops. But the Madurese auxiliaries, guarding the train, rolled back the enemy,
causing the enemy great losses.
Dirk Teeuwen, Holland
De Brauw and his soldiers followed Sangsit River. The column first had to march
along the riverbed and later they had to wade knee deep, because the river
started to flow through a narrow gorge over a very long distance. After many,
many hours De Brauw discovered a small winding path leading upwards to the
upper edge of the ravine. His troops and the horses followed him. From here
they could see the western sides of three Jagaraga fortresses at a distance of
400 meters. These fortresses were meant to defend the main bastions behind
these fortresses, more to the east. The troops managed to go on: undiscovered
by the Balinese standing on top of their fortresses. It was April 15th in the early
morning.
The men cut a path through the thorny bambu duri in front of the defense
walls, still undiscovered! But now De Brauw ordered to assault. The Balinese did
not expect an attack from the western side and were completely surprised by
this Dutch sneak attack. De Brauw succeeded to gain a firm footing, but after
some time they were bitterly attacked by the Balinese. However De Brauw and
(the later arrived) Le Bron de Vexela hold their ground despite the need of
continuous fighting for a day, the 15th of April 1849, as well as during the
morning after. During that morning after a new frontal attack under command
of Michiels by the Dutch began in order to support De Brauw, whereupon the
enemy fled. Jagaraga was Dutch. Most of the Rajas, involved in this war, offered
their submission. The Raja of Buleleng, Gusti Ngurah Made, fled to the mountain
area in the centre of Bali and then to Karangasem Capital to continue the war.

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Assault on the Balinese fortresses of Jagaraga, April 14th 1849 under command
of General Michiels. (Stapel, page 311)

Assault on the Balinese fortresses of Jagaraga by De Brauw, April 15th 1849

under command of General Michiels. (Gerlach, page 597, French edition)
De Brauw himself was wounded by an arrow with barbed hooks in his chest. He
survived.

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Lieutenant-Colonel De Brauw and his troops approaching the fortresses of
Jagaraga from the west, a very brave surprise attack. (Kepper, page 204)

Lieutenant-Colonel De Brauw and his troops marchingthrough Sangsit River

(Kepper, page 204)

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On May 8th General Michiels and his troops marched from the north of Bali, from
Sangsit and Jagaraga, to the south: over Bali to Amok Bay. Nowadays a tourist
beach area, west from Candidasa. His aim was to occupy Padang Kowe, a small
harbour at the western end of Candidasa Beach (Amok Bay), as well as to
conquer Karangasem Capital (now Amlapura). Both towns were taken, the
Rajas of Buleleng and Karangasem as well as their entire families had been
killed in battle before near Karangasem Capital. Murdered by, recently arrived,
auxiliary troops; 4000 men from the Balinese state of Mataram in Lombok.

The harbour village Kasumba, two kilometres south-east from Klungkung

Capital, was taken on May 24th and now came the turn for Klungkung Capital.
However, during a night attack, the Dutch bivouac was surprised by Balinese
warriors. They were repulsed, but General Michiels was badly wounded and
died. Van Swieten took over the command and retired to Padang Kowe to await
instructions from Batavia (Jakarta). Only the half of the original Dutch forces
were available, the morale of the troops was shaken by the death of Michiels.
Shortage of ammunition as well as dysentery were important problems for the
Dutch.

The Raja of Klungkung concentrated his army north-west from Padang Kowe.
However, totally unexpected, Van Swieten received a message from the Raja of
Klungkung and others offering their submission.

Kasumba Village in southern Bali, May 24th 1849, a surprise attack by Balinese
warriors. (Kepper, page 205)

Without further orders of the Governor-General Rochussen peace negotiations

started and resulted in acceptance of the following at Badung Capital June 15th:
- the Rajas acknowledged Dutch authority;
- the Rajas refrained from any relations whatsoever with other foreign nations;

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Tombstone of General-Major A. V. Michiels, Tanah Abang European Cemetary
Dirk Teeuwen, Jakarta 2006

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- the Balinese fortifications should be razed;
- the colonial Government promised not to occupy the land of the Rajas;
- the colonial Government promised not to interfere with the internal affairs of
the Rajas;
- the Rajas were told to stop piracy, slavery and to waive shore rights (De
Klerck, p. 324).
Here we could rub our eyes out with astonishment: the Dutch did not demand
the presentation of a yearly embassy in Batavia (Jakarta) and did not demand a
war indemnity!!
The Raja of Bangli was to be appointed Raja of Buleleng, now subordinate
to the Dutch. The Balinese Raja of Mataram, in Lombok, became Raja of
Karangasem. The state of Jembrana, West-Bali, formerly a dependency of
Buleleng, was to be made an “independent” state, under Dutch control.

7. Aftermath
This was the end of one of the most important campaigns of the Dutch East-
Indian Army, but the Dewa Agung, the Raja of Klungkung and also the
questionable Lord Supreme of Bali, was not destroyed. There was no decisive
victory over Klungkung. The Rajas of Badung and Tabanan, who had chosen the
side of the colonial Government, hoped for expansion at the cost of Klungkung.
They were deceived. The annexation of Bali should have been the end of the
war. Now, in Bali, there were to expect endless series of fighting between the
Rajas to the detriment of the native population of the Bali states. The lot of the
population became very bitter from time to time.
In 1854 the Punggawas (chiefs) of Buleleng refused obedience to the Raja
of Bangli. Buleleng was granted to the Raja of Bangli by the Dutch in 1849. In
1854 he ceded Buleleng to the Dutch Government.
One of the three local district chiefs was appointed as “regent” under
Dutch supervision. As a result the other two set up the population against the
colonial Government. Another expedition was decided in 1858, which ended
with the exile of the two troublemakers to Java. A Dutch Assistant Resident was
placed at Buleleng Capital and other chiefs were appointed. Another revolt
broke out again in 1868 in Buleleng. Commander De Brabant succeeded in
breaking the resistance. The chiefs were exiled. Now the Regent of Buleleng, no
longer fearing the Punggawas (chiefs), started to to squeeze the natives. He
was also removed to Java.
In 1856 the population of Jembrana flushed their Raja out of his Puri. He
ceded his kingdom to the Dutch and died on Java later.
Finally, in 1868, order was restored in Buleleng and Jembrana. Both states
were ruled by a board of native Chiefs under supervision of Dutch officials.
Prosperity became the result of this change. People from other states in Bali
began to settle in Buleleng and Jembrana. There, in Buleleng and Jembrana,
slavery had been abolished as well as the custom of widow burning. Elsewhere
in Bali miserable conditions remained including slavery and widow burning.
In 1882 the two states of Buleleng and Jembrana were brought under
direct rule of Batavia (Jakarta). A Dutch Resident was appointed for Bali and
Lombok.
Nevertheless two more Bali-Lombok wars were the result of a Dutch
barren non-active policy regarding the other Bali states: the Lombok Expedition
in 1894 and the Bali War in 1906.
Dirk Teeuwen, Holland

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 Honouring General-Major A. V. Michiels
Honouring General Michiels, one of the most excellent soldiers of the Royal
Dutch East-Indian Army. He fought in Bali, in Sumatra, Java, wherever, always
rousing his troops personally in front of the enemy lines with real contempt for
death. This imprudence ended in a disaster for him near Kasumba in Bali 1949.
He died 52 years old, too young. He only left an old mother in Maastricht,
Holland. The Netherlands owe him and his soldiers, Indonesians and Europeans
a lot.

Michiels Memorial Monument, Batavia-Jakarta 1880 (right, Catholic Cathedral)

Michiels Memorial Monument, Batavia-Jakarta 1915 (right, the new Catholic

Cathedral)

Dirk Teeuwen, Holland

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Michiels Memorial Monument, Batavia Jakarta 1910

General-Major A. V. Michiels 1797-1849

End

Dirk Teeuwen, Holland

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