This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D5002 − 18´1

Standard Test Method for

Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude Oils by
Digital Density Analyzer1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5002; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Subsection 10.2.11 was corrected editorially in April 2019.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
relative density, and API gravity of crude oils that can be D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
between 15 °C and 35 °C utilizing either manual or automated D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
sample injection equipment. This test method applies to crude cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-
oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precau- eter (Withdrawn 1993)3
tions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
sample to the density analyzer. D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
using crude oils in the 0.75 g ⁄mL to 0.95 g ⁄mL range. Lighter D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher tempera- Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
tures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample. ucts by Hydrometer Method
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are Petroleum Products
grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre. D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Petroleum Products
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the D4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiomet-
--`,,,`,`,,`,`,,,,,``,``-`-``,```,,,`---

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ric Karl Fischer Titration
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3. Terminology
Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6. 3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.1 density, n—mass per unit volume at a specified tem-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- perature.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The SI unit of density is kg/m3; the unit
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical of measure g/cm3 is commonly used in industry. Less preferred
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. units, for example, kg/L or g/mL, are still in use.

1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.04.0D on Physical and Chemical Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published February 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D5002 – 16. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D5002-18E01. www.astm.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D5002 − 18´1
3.1.2 relative density, n—the ratio of the density of a 6.5 Autosampler, required for use in automated injection
material at a stated temperature to the density of water at a analyses. The autosampler shall be designed to ensure the
stated temperature. integrity of the test specimen prior to and during the analysis
and be equipped to transfer a representative portion of test
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Relative density is also commonly
specimen to the digital density analyzer.
known as specific gravity. Commonly used stated temperatures
are 20 °C ⁄20 °C, 15 °C ⁄15 °C, 20 °C ⁄4 °C and 60 °F ⁄60 °F. 6.6 Thermometer, calibrated and graduated to 0.1 °C, and a
“Relative density” was historically known as the deprecated thermometer holder that can be attached to the instrument for
term “specific gravity”. setting and observing the test temperature. In calibrating the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: thermometer, the ice point and bore corrections should be
3.2.1 API gravity, n—a special function of relative density estimated to the nearest 0.05 °C. Precise setting and control of
60 °F ⁄60 °F, represented by: the test temperature in the sample tube is extremely important.
An error of 0.1 °C can result in a change in density of one in
141.5
°API = 2 131.5 (1) the fourth significant figure.
relative density

--`,,,`,`,,`,`,,,,,``,``-`-``,```,,,`---
3.2.1.1 Discussion—No statement of reference temperature 7. Reagents and Materials
is required since 60 °F is included in the definition. 7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated it is intended that
4. Summary of Test Method all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
4.1 Approximately 1 mL to 2 mL of crude oil sample is tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
introduced into an oscillating sample tube and the change in where such specifications are available.4 Other grades may be
oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of the used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
tube is used in conjunction with calibration data to determine sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
the density, relative density, and API gravity of the sample. accuracy of the determination.
Both manual and automated injection techniques are described. 7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
5. Significance and Use
by Type II of Specification D1193 or better.
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be
7.3 Water, reagent water, freshly boiled, to remove dissolved
used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the
gasses, for use as a primary calibration standard. (Warning—
quality of crude oils.
Handling water at boiling or near boiling temperature can
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for present a safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective
the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard equipment.)
temperatures of 15 °C or 60 °F and for the conversion of crude
7.4 Acetone, for flushing and drying the sample tube.
mass measurements into volume units.
(Warning—Extremely flammable.)
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this
7.5 Petroleum Naphtha, for flushing viscous petroleum
test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting
samples from the sample tube. (Warning—Extremely flam-
calculations, can require measurements of the water and
mable.)
sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude
oil parcel. NOTE 1—Suitable solvent naphthas are marketed under various desig-
nations such as “petroleum ether,” “ligroine,” or “precipitation naphtha.”
6. Apparatus 7.6 n-Nonane, n-tridecane or cyclohexane, 99 % purity or
6.1 Digital Density Analyzer—A digital analyzer consisting better, or similar pure material for which the density is known
of a U-shaped, oscillating sample tube and a system for precisely from literature references or by direct determination
electronic excitation, frequency counting, and display. The in accordance with Test Method D941 or D1217. (Warning—
analyzer must accommodate the accurate measurement of the Extremely flammable.)
sample temperature during measurement or must control the
sample temperature as described in 6.2 and 6.6. The instrument 8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
shall be capable of meeting the precision requirements de- 8.1 Sampling is defined as all the steps required to obtain an
scribed in Test Method D4052. aliquot of the contents of any pipe, tank or other system, and to
6.2 Circulating Constant-Temperature Bath, capable of place the sample into the laboratory test container. The
maintaining the temperature of the circulating liquid constant laboratory test container and sample volume shall be of
to 60.05 °C in the desired range. Temperature control can be
maintained as part of the density analyzer instrument package.
4
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
6.3 Syringes, at least 2 mL in volume with a tip or an Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
adapter tip that will fit the inlet of the density analyzer. listed by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
6.4 Flow-Through or Pressure Adapter, for use as an alter- and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
native means of introducing the sample into the density meter. MD.

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 D5002 − 18´1
sufficient dimensions to allow mixing as described in 8.3.1. TABLE 1 Density of WaterA (in vacuo)
Mixing is required to obtain a homogeneous sample for NOTE 1—Several metrological entities have issued water density tables
analysis. and alternative water density data is referenced in publications external to
ASTM and this test method. Using water density data from an alternative
8.2 Laboratory Sample—Use only representative samples recognized source does not pose a compliance issue with this test method
obtained as specified in Practices D4057 or D4177 for this test as the variation in the data typically is limited to the sixth decimal place.
method. Tempera- Density, Tempera- Density, Tempera- Density,
ture, °C g/mL ture, °C g/mL ture,° C g/mL
8.3 Test Specimen—The aliquot of sample obtained from the
0.01 0.999844 21.0 0.997996 40.0 0.992216
laboratory sample and delivered to the density analyzer sample 3.0 0.999967 22.0 0.997773 45.0 0.990213
tube. The test specimen is obtained as follows: 4.0 0.999975 23.0 0.997541 50.0 0.988035
8.3.1 Mix the sample of crude oil to homogenize any 5.0 0.999967 24.0 0.997299 55.0 0.985693
10.0 0.999703 25.0 0.997048 60.0 0.983196
sediment and water present. The mixing may be accomplished 15.0 0.999103 26.0 0.996786 65.0 0.980551
as described in Practice D4177 or Test Method D4377. Mixing 15.56 0.999016 27.0 0.996516 70.0 0.977765
at room temperature in an open container can result in the loss 16.0 0.998946 28.0 0.996236 75.0 0.974843
17.0 0.998778 29.0 0.995947 80.0 0.971790
of light ends, so mixing in closed, pressurized containers or at 18.0 0.998599 30.0 0.995650 85.0 0.968611
sub-ambient temperatures is recommended. 19.0 0.998408 35.0 0.994033 90.0 0.965310
8.3.2 Draw the test specimen from a properly mixed labo- 20.0 0.998207 37.78 0.993046 99.9 0.958421
A
ratory sample using an appropriate syringe. Alternatively, if the Densities conforming to the International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS 90) were
extracted from Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Friend, D. G., “Thermo-
proper density analyzer attachments and connecting tubes are physical Properties of Fluid Systems,”NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
used then the test specimen can be delivered directly to the Reference Database No. 68, Eds. P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard, National
analyzer’s sample tube from the mixing container. For auto- Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, http://webbook.nist.gov.
(retrieved July 24, 2013).
mated injections, it is necessary to first transfer a portion of
sample by appropriate means from a properly mixed laboratory
sample to the autosampler vials and take the necessary steps to
ensure the integrity of the test specimen prior to and during the pass the air used for calibration through a suitable purification
analysis. Sample vials for the autosampler shall be sealed and drying train. In addition, the inlet and outlet ports for the
immediately after filling up to 80 % 6 5 % and shall be kept U-tube must be plugged during measurement of the calibration
closed until the auto sampler transfers the test specimen into air to prevent ingress of moist air.
the measuring cell. 10.2.2 Allow the dry air in the U-tube to come to thermal
9. Preparation of Apparatus equilibrium with the test temperature and record the T-value
for air.
9.1 Set up the density analyzer and constant temperature
10.2.3 Introduce a small volume, about 1 mL to 2 mL, of
bath following the manufacturer’s instructions. Adjust the bath
freshly boiled reagent water into the sample tube using a
or internal temperature control so that the desired test tempera-
suitable syringe. (See Warning note in 7.3.) The water must be
ture is established and maintained in the sample compartment
free of even the smallest air or gas bubbles. The sample tube
of the analyzer. Calibrate the instrument at the same tempera-
shall be completely full. Allow the water to reach thermal
ture at which the density of the sample is to be measured.
equilibrium at the test temperature and record the T-value for
10. Calibration of Apparatus water and the test temperature.
10.1 Calibrate the instrument when first setting up and 10.2.4 Alternatively introduce one of the hydrocarbon cali-
whenever the test temperature is changed. Thereafter, conduct bration standards and measure the T-value as in 10.2.3.
calibration checks at least weekly during routine operation or 10.2.5 Calculate the density of air at the temperature of test
more frequently as may be dictated by the nature of the crude using the following equation:
oils being measured (see 10.3). ρ a 5 0.001293@ 273.15/T #@ P/101.325# g/mL (2)
10.2 Initial calibration, or calibration after a change in test where:
temperature, necessitates calculation of the values of the ρa = density of air,
Constants A and B from the periods of oscillation, (T), T = temperature, K, and
observed when the sample cell contains certified reference P = barometric pressure, kPa.
--`,,,`,`,,`,`,,,,,``,``-`-``,```,,,`---

liquids such as air and freshly boiled reagent water. (See

10.2.6 Determine the density of water at the temperature of
Warning note in 7.3.) Other calibrating materials such as
test by reference to Table 1.
n-nonane, n-tridecane, cyclohexane, and n-hexadecane (for
10.2.7 Alternatively record the density at the test tempera-
high temperature applications) can also be used as appropriate.
ture for the hydrocarbon calibrant used in 10.2.4 as obtained
10.2.1 While monitoring the oscillator period, T, flush the
from an appropriate reference source or from direct determi-
sample tube with petroleum naphtha, followed with an acetone
nation (see 7.6).
flush and dry with dry air. Continue drying until the display
10.2.8 Using the observed T-values and the reference values
exhibits a steady reading. In cases where saline components
for water and air, calculate the values of the Constants A and B
can be deposited in the cell, flush with distilled water followed
using the following equations:
by acetone and dry air. Contaminated or humid air can affect
the calibration. When these conditions exist in the laboratory, A 5 @ T w2 2 T a
2
# / @ ρ w 2 ρ a# (3)

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 D5002 − 18´1
B 5 T a 2 2 ~ A 3 ρ a! (4) calibration requires the determination of an instrument constant
K, that must be used to calculate the density or relative density
where:
from the observed data. Use the procedure in 10.4.1, 10.4.2,
Tw = observed period of oscillation for cell containing water, and 10.4.3 in this case.
µs, 10.4.1 Flush and dry the sample tube as described in 10.2.1
Ta = observed period of oscillation for cell containing air, and allow the air to reach equilibrium at the test temperature
µs, and the readout to display a steady value. Record the T-value
ρw = density of water at test temperature, g/mL, and
for air.
ρa = density of air at test temperature, g/mL.
10.4.2 Introduce a small volume, 1 mL to 2 mL, of freshly-
Alternatively, use the T and d values for the other reference boiled reagent water described in 10.2.3, allow the display to
liquid if one is used. reach a steady reading and record the T -value for water. (See
10.2.9 If the instrument is equipped to calculate density Warning note in 7.3.)
from the Constants A and B and the observed T-value from the 10.4.3 Using the observed T-values and the reference values

--`,,,`,`,,`,`,,,,,``,``-`-``,```,,,`---
sample, then enter the constants in the instrument memory in for water and air (10.2.5 and 10.2.6), calculate the instrument
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. constant, K, using the following equations:
10.2.10 Check the calibration and adjust if needed by for density:
performing the routine calibration check described in 10.3.
10.2.11 To calibrate the instrument to determine relative K1 5 @ρ w 2 ρ a# / @ T w2 2 T a
2
# (5)
density, that is, the density of the sample at a given temperature for relative density:
referred to the density of water at the same temperature, follow
10.2.1 – 10.2.9, but substitute 1.000 for ρw in performing the
K 2 5 @ 1.0000 2 ρ a # / @ T w2 2 T a 2# (6)
calculations described in 10.2.8. where:
10.3 Since some crude oils can be difficult to remove from Tw = observed period of oscillation for cell containing water,
the sample tube, frequent calibration checks are recommended. µs,
These checks and any subsequent adjustments to Constants A Ta = observed period of oscillation for cell containing air,
and B can be made if required, without repeating the calcula- µs,
tion procedure. ρw = density of water at test temperature, g/mL, and
ρa = density of air at test temperature, g/mL.
NOTE 2—The need for a change in calibration is generally attributable
to deposits in the sample tube that are not removed by the routine flushing
procedure. Although this condition can be compensated for by adjusting A
11. Procedure
and B, as described below, it is good practice to clean the tube with warm 11.1 Introduce about 1 mL to 2 mL of crude oil into the
chromic acid solution (Warning—Causes severe burns. A recognized clean, dry, sample tube of the instrument using a suitable
carcinogen.) whenever a major adjustment is required. Chromic acid
solution is the most effective cleaning agent; however, surfactant-type syringe. Leave the syringe in place and plug the exit port.
cleaning fluids have also been used successfully. 11.1.1 Ensure that the sample tube is properly filled and that
10.3.1 Flush and dry the sample tube as described in 10.2.1 no gas bubbles are present. The sample shall be homogeneous
and allow the display to reach a steady reading. If the display and free of even the smallest gas bubbles. Check the integrity
does not exhibit the correct T-value or density for air at the of the filled sample by using optical or physical methods to
temperature of test, repeat the cleaning procedure or adjust the verify absence of gas bubbles. If gas bubbles are detected,
value of Constant B commencing with the last decimal place empty and refill the sample tube, and recheck for gas bubbles.
until the correct density is displayed. 11.1.2 Allow the sample to equilibrate to the test tempera-
10.3.2 If adjustment to Constant B was necessary in 10.3.1 ture before proceeding to evaluate the test sample for the
then continue the recalibration by introducing freshly boiled presence of unseen air or gas bubbles.
reagent water into the sample tube as described in 10.2.3 and 11.1.3 For dark crude oil samples the observation of air or
allowing the display to reach a steady reading. (See Warning gas bubbles in the sample tube is very difficult. The presence of
note in 7.3.) If the instrument has been calibrated to display the bubbles can often be detected, however, by observing the
density, adjust the reading to the correct value for water at the fluctuations of the digital display of the T-value or density
test temperature (see Table 1) by changing the value of value. Air or gas bubbles cause large random variations in the
Constant A, commencing with the last decimal place. If the third and fourth significant figures for density reading and fifth
instrument has been calibrated to display the relative density, and sixth significant figures for T readings. When bubbles are
adjust the reading to the value 1.0000. absent and the sample is at equilibrium with the test
temperature, the displayed values are stable, do not drift, and
NOTE 3—In applying this periodic calibration procedure, it has been show only small variations of the order of 61 to 2 units in the
found that more than one value each for A and B, differing in the fourth
decimal place, will yield the correct reading for the density of air and
last significant figure. If stable values are not observed after a
water. The setting chosen would then be dependent upon whether it was few minutes, then repeat the injection of a new sample into the
approached from a higher or lower value. The setting selected by this tube.
method could have the effect of altering the fourth place of the reading
obtained for a sample. NOTE 4—When viscous liquids are being measured, a stable reading can
be achieved even when air or gas bubbles are present. Careful injection of
10.4 Some analyzer models are designed to display the fresh sample will often eliminate bubbles. Since bubbles contribute to
measured period of oscillation only (T-values) and their lower density readings, an observed increase in the density of the liquid

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 D5002 − 18´1
after injection of fresh sample tends to suggest that bubbles were relative density, t/t 5 11K 2 ~ T s
2
2 T w2! (8)
previously present.
where:
11.1.4 After the instrument displays a steady reading to four
significant figures for density, relative density, and API gravity, Tw = observed period of oscillation for cell containing water,
and five for T-values, indicating that temperature equilibrium Ts = observed period of oscillation for cell containing
has been reached, record the density, relative density, and API sample,
gravity or T-value. ρw = density of water at test temperature,
K1 = instrument constant for density,
11.1.5 Flush and dry the sample tube as described in 10.2.1
K2 = instrument constant for relative density, and
and check the calibration as described in 10.3.1 prior to t = temperature of test, °C.
introducing another sample.
12.3 If it is necessary to convert a result obtained using the
11.2 Automated Injection:
density analyzer to an API gravity or a density or relative
11.2.1 The use of an autosampler (see 6.5) is required when
density at another temperature, Guide D1250 can be used only
analyzing samples by automated injection. Follow manufactur-
if the table values have not been corrected for the glass
er’s instructions for ensuring the integrity of the test specimen
expansion factor. See Note 5.
prior to analysis, as well as for transferring a representative test
specimen into the instrument for analysis.
13. Report
11.2.2 When using an autosampler for samples expected or
known to contain high quantities of volatile components, use 13.1 In reporting density, give the test temperature and the
two separate test specimens per sample, in order that errors due units, (for example: density at 20 °C = 0.8765 g ⁄mL or
to potential sample handling of volatile materials and potential 876.5 kg ⁄m3 (in vacuo)). Report the final result to four signifi-
gas bubble formation may be detected and the system perfor- cant figures.
mance monitored. For all other samples, a single determination 13.2 In reporting relative density, give both the test tem-
using an autosampler is sufficient. perature and the reference temperature, but no units, (for
11.2.2.1 If the lab decides to perform a second automated example: relative density, 15/15 °C = x.xxxx). Report the final
injection determination for a given sample, the differences result to four significant figures.
between each determination should not exceed a determinabil-
ity criterion determined by a series of tests on a representative 13.3 If reporting sample results in API gravity units, report
crude sample and which assures that the repeatability perfor- the final results to the nearest 0.1° API. (See Note 5.)
mance of 14.1.1, Table 2 is met. Averaged results meeting the NOTE 5—Some digital density analyzers are equipped to automatically
necessary acceptance criteria are to be used for reporting calculate and report sample results in API gravity units (see Test Method
purposes. D287 or D1298), based on the density or relative density results, or a
11.2.2.2 If the two determinations fall outside this accep- combination thereof, determined by this test method and using the
appropriate conversion equation derived from Guide D1250 (which
tance criteria, both determinations are to be discarded and excludes the glass expansion factor), for the specific sample type being
11.2.2 shall be repeated until the acceptance criteria identified analyzed.

--`,,,`,`,,`,`,,,,,``,``-`-``,```,,,`---
in the previous sentence is satisfied. In cases where the
acceptance criteria is not initially satisfied, the lab may need to 14. Precision and Bias5,6
investigate and take corrective actions before proceeding with
14.1 The precision of this test method as obtained by
subsequent analyses.
statistical examination of interlaboratory test results at test
11.3 Record the density, relative density, and API Gravity temperatures of 15 °C and 20 °C is as follows:
results, or a combination thereof, determined by the analyses as 14.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
appropriate, such as by using the instrument print out of results test results obtained by the same operator with the same
to meet the recording requirements. apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
12. Calculation material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
operation of this test method, exceed the following value only
12.1 Calculating Density Analyzers—The recorded value is in 1 case in 20 (see Table 2):
the final result, expressed either as density in g/mL, kg/m3 or as range repeatability
relative density or API gravity. Note that kg/ 0.75 to 0.95 0.00105X
m3 = 1000 × g ⁄mL.
where:
12.2 Noncalculating Density Analyzers—Using the ob- X = sample mean.
served T-value for the sample and the T-value for water and
appropriate instrument constants determined in 10.4.3, calcu-
late the density or relative density using Eq 7 and Eq 8. Carry
out all calculations to six significant figures and round the final 5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
results to four. Note that kg/m3 = 1000 × g ⁄mL. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1257. Contact ASTM Customer
for density: Service at service@astm.org.
6
Biased results for high viscosity samples (>ca. 100 mPa-s dynamic viscosity)
2
density, g/mL at t 5 ρ w 1K 1 ~ T s 2 T w2! (7) has been reported in the literature. For additional information, consult the Journal
of Physical Chemistry, Vol 84, 1980, pp. 158–162 and the Journal of the Chemical
for relative density: Society Faraday Translation , Vol 86( 1), 1990, pp. 145–149.

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 D5002 − 18´1
TABLE 2 Precision Values
Repeatability Repeatability Reproducibility Reproducibility
Density
Density API Gravity Density API Gravity
0.70 0.0007 0.10 0.0029 0.41
0.75 0.0008 0.11 0.0031 0.44
0.80 0.0008 0.11 0.0033 0.47
0.85 0.0009 0.13 0.0035 0.50
0.90 0.0009 0.13 0.0037 0.53
0.95 0.0010 0.14 0.0039 0.55

14.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single this test method on the same reference materials. The matrix
and independent results, obtained by different operators work- for this bias study was comprised of 15 participants, each
ing in different laboratories on identical test material, would, in analyzing four reference oils with certified density values,
the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test established by the Netherlands Meet Instituut (NMI), by

--`,,,`,`,,`,`,,,,,``,``-`-``,```,,,`---
method, exceed the following values only in 1 case in 20 (see pycnometry, covering densities in the range of 747 kg ⁄m3 to
Table 2): 927 kg ⁄m3 at 20 °C, with viscosities between 1 mPa.s and
range reproducibility 5000 mPa.s (also at 20 °C). Users should, therefore, be aware
0.75 to 0.95 0.00412X that results obtained by this test method can be biased by as
where: much as 0.6 kg ⁄m3 (0.0006 g ⁄mL).8
X = sample mean.
15. Keywords
14.2 Bias—After suggestions of its existence from
15.1 API gravity; crude oils; density; digital density ana-
literature,7 a study has been performed which has confirmed
lyzer; relative density
the presence of a bias between known density values for
reference materials and from values determined according to
8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
7
Fitzgerald, H. and D., “An Assessment of Laboratory Density Meters,” be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1387. Contact ASTM Customer
Petroleum Review, November 1992, pp. 544–549. Service at service@astm.org.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.04 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D5002 – 16) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2018.)

(1) Revised title and scope to include API gravity. (3) Revised Terminology, Summary of Test Method, Calibra-
(2) Added Test Methods D287 and D1298 to Referenced tion of Apparatus, Calculation, Report, and Precision and Bias
Documents. sections to include API gravity.

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