ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using

solar

Sr.No. Name of topic . Page no.

1) Abstract 1

2) Introduction

3) LITERATURE SURVEY

4) DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM

5) Hardware Designing & Implementation

6) PCB DESIGNING

7) LIST OF COMPONENT

8) Result

9) Conclusion

10) Future Scope

11) References
1

11) Appendix-1
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using
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MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION
A
Project Report
On
“Production of Artificial Oxygen and Street Lightning By
Using Solar Energy”
Submitted by:-
⮚ Mr.
⮚ Mr.
⮚ Mr.
⮚ Mr.

Guided by- Mr. S. B. PAWAR

Department of Electrical Engineering

K.K. WAGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using
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(2012-2013)
Karmaveer Kakasaheb Wagh Education Society’s
KARMAVEER KAKASAHEB WAGH POLYTECHNIC
Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari, Amrutdham, Panchavati, Nashik-3

Certificate
Certified that the project report entitled
“Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting by
Using Solar ” has been successfully completed by:

1.
2.
3.
4.

as partial fulfillment of Diploma course in Electrical Engineering under the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai during the academic year
2012-2013.
The said work has been assessed by us and were satisfied that the same is up to the
standard envisaged for the level of the course. And that the said work may be presented to the
external examiner.

Mr. S.B.PAWAR Mr.S.B.PAWAR

GUIDE HOD

Prof.P.T.Kadave
External Examiner PRINCIPAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sense of gratitude we would like to thanks all the people who have lit our path with
their kind guidance. We are very grateful to these intellectuals who did their best to help during
our project work.

It is our proud privilege to express deep sense of gratitude to, Prof. P. T. Kadave
Principal of K.K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik, for his comments and kind permission to
complete this project. We remain indebted to H.O.D. S,B PAWAR department For their timely
suggestion and valuable guidance.

The special gratitude goes to Mr. S. B. PAWAR, staff members, technical staff members,
Of Electrical Engineering Department for his expensive, excellent and precious guidance
incompletion of this work. We thanks to all the colleagues for their appreciable help for our
working project.

With various industry owners or lab technicians to help, it has been our endeavor to
Throughout our work to cover the entire project work.
We also thankful to our parents who providing their wishful support for our project
Completion successfully.
And lastly we thanks to our all friends and the people who are directly or indirectly
Related to our project work.
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INDEX
Sr.No. Name of topic . Page no.

1) Abstract 1

2) Introduction

3) LITERATURE SURVEY

4) DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM

5) Hardware Designing & Implementation

6) PCB DESIGNING

7) LIST OF COMPONENT

8) Result

9) Conclusion

10) Future Scope

11) References
1

11) Appendix-1
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using
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List of Figures:-

Fig No. Name of topic . Page no.

1.1 Artificial Oxygen Tree

1.2 A Prototype of Artificial Oxygen Tree

2.1 Portable Solar Power Plant Purifies Water, Makes

Hydrogen

2.2 Electrolysis of waste water to make Hydrogen & Oxygen

3.1 Block diagram

3.2 Circuit diagram

4.1 Leaf Type PV Module

4.2 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

4.3 Using a Transistor Switch with Sensors

4.4 Using a LDR switch with Transistors

4.5 2x16 Serial LCD

4.6 Crystal Oscillator

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using
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4.7 Transistor

4.8 Microcontroller pin Configuration

5.1 PCB Design

7.1 Splitting water eith electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen

8.1 Boston Tree Pods Fulfilling the purpose of street light

9.1 Solar Tree in Switzerland

9.2 A future solar tree design

List of Tables:-

Table no. Name of Topic Page no.

4.1 Pin Configuration

6 Components

Abstract

A newly designed artificial tree that converts day light into electricity using solar modules
connected as leaf on tree for electrolysis process of waste water into oxygen & hydrogen.
Oxygen will be released to air and hydrogen can be used to fuel vehicles of future. Oxygen
as humans have started to build very tall buildings and as we go higher and higher Oxygen
level gets reduced and one will need these artificial trees to produce Oxygen in 100th floor
Apartment or 50th floor apartment. With the earth’s population ever growing, air
pollution and air quality is a major issue for many countries around the world. As well as
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LED lights connected on tree leaf will radiate light in night time acting as a street light.
Solar Tree opens up new prospects for urban lighting in that it satisfies today’s most
pressing environmental, social, cultural and aesthetic demands. In the modern world of
urban pollution. Also by an LED display the purpose of advertisement for sake of earning
is fulfilled.

Oxygen tree is a revolutionary urban lighting concept that represents a perfect symbiosis
between pioneering design and cutting-edge eco-compatible technology. Solar Tree opens
up new prospects for urban lighting in that it satisfies today’s most pressing
environmental, social, cultural and aesthetic demands.
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solar

1. INTRODUCTION

Trees naturally convert the carbon dioxide into oxygen. But today because of Greed Selfish
Humans are cutting trees and forests and on that place we humans are building white cement
forest. Thus we humans are not getting pure air. Population is increasing and number of tress are
decreasing , just like mad society people are cutting trees after trees , even they are cutting hills
to build a building to earn money.Co2 is not good for humans but Trees convert water into
oxygen which we humans need to survive. This will lead to Global warming problems, Acid
Rain, respiratory disease many more. But do not worry now Artificial Trees will do this Job in
future. Research and experimentation on the concept of lighting; innovation and technology in
the utilization and control of light; extreme attention to eco-compatible materials and to
environmental needs in general; a deeply rooted vocation for fine design: these are the values
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that distinguish Arsenide and the principles that underlie this new concept of public lighting.
Solar oxygen Tree is the successful marriage of the most advanced technology and the aesthetic
requirements of the urban environment by way of renewable energy. Arsenide has dedicated its
formidable skill and commitment to realizing these objectives, driven by a passion for research
and sustainability and by an innate love of excellent design.
Research and experimentation on the concept of lighting; innovation and technology in the
utilization and control of light; extreme attention to eco-compatible materials and to
environmental needs in general; a deeply rooted vocation for fine design: these are the values
that distinguish Artemide and the principles that underlie this new concept of public lighting.
Solar oxygen Tree is the successful marriage of the most advanced technology and the aesthetic
requirements of the urban environment by way of renewable energy. Arsenide has dedicated its
formidable skill and commitment to realizing these objectives, driven by a passion for research
and sustainability and by an innate love of excellent design.
It’s not nice to fool Mother Nature. Or is it? If you’re not getting enough air, you might want to
spend time sitting under a newly designed artificial tree that converts day light into electricity
using solar modules connected as leaf on tree for electrolysis process of waste water into oxygen
& hydrogen. Oxygen will be released to air and hydrogen can be used to fuel vehicles of future.
As well as LED lights connected on tree leaf will radiate light in night time acting as a street
light. In the modern world of urban pollution, we can’t seem to grow enough trees to naturally
convert carbon dioxide into life-sustaining air — the process of photosynthesis — until now.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using
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Picture 1.1:-Artificial Oxygen Tree

Oxygen tree is a revolutionary urban lighting concept that represents a perfect symbiosis
between pioneering design and cutting-edge eco-compatible technology. Solar Tree opens up
new prospects for urban lighting in that it satisfies today’s most pressing environmental, social,
cultural and aesthetic demands. The ability to combine innovative design with advanced
technology, along with an acute sensitivity to environmental concerns make Artemide the ideal
vehicle for the development of this project conceived by Ross Lovegrove, with the collaboration
of Sharp Solar, the world’s leading manufacturer of solar cells.
After trial and error they realize that Solar Panel will not be enough to power the Tree, thus they
have added 2nd option to the artificial tree. The groves of tree pods will be pared with hammocks
and see-saws that will help to power the devices If we Humans start to save the trees we won’t
need these artificial trees to produce oxygen.
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But still we will need these artificial trees to produce the Oxygen as humans have started to build
very tall buildings and as we go higher and higher Oxygen level gets reduced and one will need
these artificial trees to produce Oxygen in 100th floor Apartment or 50th floor apartment.With
the earth’s population ever growing, air pollution and air quality is a major issue for many
countries around the world. Air pollutants can lead to respiratory related illnesses in humans and
animals, create acid rain, and deplete the ozone layer. Actions such as carpooling, reducing the
use of fossil fuels, and simply turning off a light when leaving a room are all ways that reduce
harmful CO2 levels in our atmosphere. There is also a natural source that eats away at harmful
CO2 gases and that source is trees. Trees act like nature’s lungs. They take in CO2 gases from
the air and then use those gases for energy during the photosynthesis process. A byproduct of
photosynthesis is oxygen. Over the course of a year, one tree can absorb up to 13 pounds of
CO2 gases. The loss of trees in cities has had devastating results. Heavy levels of CO2 gases in
cities create thick smog and affect the natural ecosystem of the land. These concentrated levels
of CO2 gases create a hostile environment for trees and plants, making it difficult for them to
grow properly.

Fig 1.2:- A Prototype of Artificial Oxygen Tree

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY

The research in ARRPET consisted of a combination of development of novel technology and

adaptation of the existing unit processes to local environmental problems. While developing the
technologies, special attention was given to utilization of low cost and locally available materials
and expertise. The research started in Phase I of ARRPET. In Phase II, all the NRIs were
conducting laboratory experiments with real wastewater and successfully demonstrated the
applications in Pilot Scale treatment plants. Funding for the pilot plant construction, operation
and maintenance were secured from private partners in most cases. Cost Benefit Analysis was
conducted by each of the NRIs for their respective projects. All the projects were proved superior
compared to the benchmark technologies. Benchmarks were selected based on frequently used
technologies used in the area for the target wastewater. Brief outlines of the research
achievements of each NRI are presented below: Goal of this project was to develop a model for
the sustainable development of tapioca industry at the village level through waste minimization
reprocessing and recycling. Proposed wastewater treatment system consisted of the UASB
reactor system combined with an aerobic activated sludge process and stabilization ponds. The
treated wastewater was reused for irrigation in the area for cassava cultivation and on the
surrounding agricultural land. The wasted sludge from waste water treatment plant and cassava
root peel was used for composting. The compost produced was applied for the cassava and corn
cultivations. The fish produced in the stabilization ponds were edible and was a source of
revenue. In this way, the target was to create a zero waste industrial ecosystem for the tapioca
processing villages, where solid waste and wastewater can be gathered and treated at the central
treatment units in the area. Analysis of the oxygen isotope ratio of tree-ring cellulose is a
valuable tool that can be used as a paleo climate proxy. Our ability to use this tool has gone
through different phases. The first began in the 1970s with the demonstration of empirical
relationships between the oxygen isotope ratio of tree-ring cellulose and climate. These empirical
relationships, however, did not provide us with the confidence that they are robust through time,
across Taxas and across geographical locations. The second phase began with a rudimentary
understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms responsible for the oxygen
isotope ratios of cellulose, which is necessary to increase the power of this tool. This phase
culminated in a mechanistic tree-ring model integrating concepts of physiology and biochemistry
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in a whole-plant system. This model made several assumptions about leaf water isotopic
enrichment and biochemistry which, in the nascent third phase, are now being challenged, with
surprising results. These third-phase results suggest that, contrary to the model assumption, leaf
temperature across a large latitudinal gradient is remarkably constant and does not follow
ambient temperature. Recent findings also indicate that the biochemistry responsible for the
incorporation of the cellulose oxygen isotopic signature is not as simple as has been assumed.
Interestingly, the results of these challenges have strengthened the tree-ring model. There are
several other assumptions that can be investigated which will improve the utility of the tree-ring
model.

In the immediate aftermath of the Haiti earthquake, most survivors lacked three essential things:
potable water, power for lights and cooking, and communications networks to tell the outside
world what their needs were. A Hopewell, N.J., company called The Essential Element aims to
provide all three with a mobile device that it says purifies more than 87 000 liters of water a day.
The device will simultaneously create hydrogen for running an onboard fuel cell or for burning
in a separate camp-style cooking stove. The unit also has wall sockets that can be used to charge
cell phones and run other electronics. Best of all, says Michael Strizki, The Essential Element’s
chief technology officer, the system, called the Hydra, gets all its power from the sun. The
Hydra’s 3.65- by 2.74-meter polycrystalline silicon solar panel array, which Strizki says is 8
percent efficient, generates 2.88 kilowatts. According to Strizki, that is enough to do the
following: power a 900-watt pump that draws water to and through the unit’s self-cleaning
filtration device, top off a bank of lead-acid gel batteries capable of storing 900 ampere-hours,
and run an electrolyzer that splits enough water to fill a 0.37-cubic-meter propane tank with
hydrogen pressurized to 140 000 kilograms per square meter. The hydrogen stored during the
day is consumed by a fuel cell to power the pump and water purifier at night. The electricity
from the fuel cell and the photovoltaic panels, which sit atop a 4.9-meter-long wheeled trailer,
can also power other gadgets and communications gear through 110 volts or 230 V AC and 12 V
DC sockets in the trailer.
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Picture 2.1:- Portable Solar Power Plant Purifies Water, Makes Hydrogen

Strizki notes the obvious benefits of drawing power from the sun instead of the fossil fuels most
generators use: "Fuel is expensive, heavy, and has the potential to leave behind a mess. Plus, you
have to work out the logistics of delivering it to places where there’s no existing infrastructure."
With the Hydra, he says, your fuel is free. Full batteries and hydrogen tanks weigh barely more
than when they’re tapped out, and when the crisis is over, the solar array can be folded down and
the trailer carted away, leaving behind no sign of its presence. Because the unit was created to
operate in inhospitable places where technicians are likely to be busy responding to crises, it was
designed to be self-maintaining. For example, the filtration system, which has dual filtering
membranes, is smart enough to know when the membranes are becoming too clogged with
contaminants to be effective. It stops pumping dirty water through one membrane and back-
flushes it while the other remains in operation. "One of the best things about the Hydra is that it’s
scalable," says Strizki. If an area being served requires more power than can be gleaned from the
sun by the solar array native to the unit, photovoltaic mats can be plugged in that yield a kilowatt
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for every 14 square meters unfurled, providing generating capacity limited only by the room
available to lay them out.
"Being your own power plant is a distinct advantage, especially in underdeveloped countries
where space is not an issue but electricity is," says Strizki. Though the Hydra’s fuel cell and
hydrogen tanks add a new wrinkle, this unit isn’t the only game in town. The Spectra Solar Fresh
Water System 20000 from Spectra Watermakers of San Rafael, Calif., cleans 20 000 liters of
water a day and also boasts generating capacity. In addition to its solar arrays, which generate up
to 825 W, it has a wind turbine that can deliver 1000 W. Because the filtration system requires
about 900 W to operate, nearly a kilowatt is available for powering other devices and for
charging the 200-Ah battery Spectra says can keep the system running all night and into the next
day if it’s not sunny. What remains to be seen is whether The Essential Element’s higher-
capacity purifier, which sells for US $99 500 (compared with about $75 000 for Spectra’s
device) can elbow its way into the market.

Picture 2.2:- Electrolysis of waste water to make Hydrogen & Oxygen

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM

Leaf PV
LDR
Module
Sensor Le
P V af
af PV
Le M
Collecting H2 o du
le od
ule
M

V P

le
In Storage tank

af

du
Le

Le
af

Mo
Oxygen M PV
od
ule
Realesed in Air

Signal
Led Condition
T er
LIGH

REL Intelligent Charge

AY Monitor and Advertise
Controller
Display

Battery
RELAY

Electrolysis in weste

Water
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3.1.1. Block diagram Dsecription

1. Leaf Type PV Module

There are two main types of solar panels 1) solar electric panels and 2) solar water heating
panels. PV panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity. PV systems convert
sunlight directly into electricity. “Photo” refers to light and “voltaic” to electricity.

2. Relay

The simplest relay is the Single Pole, Single Throw (spst) relay. It is nothing more than an
electrically controlled on-off switch. It is biggest property, is the ability to use a very small
current to control a much larger current. This is desirable because we can now use smaller
diameter wires, to control the current flow through a much larger wire, and also to limit the wear
and tear on the control switch.

3. Intelligent Charge Monitor and Controller

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of

In System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction
set and pin out.
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4. Sensors

There are three types of sensors which are thermistor, LDR.

a) LDR:- A photo resistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is sensitive to

light. When light falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the
LDR may change over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the
level of light increases.

5. Battery:-Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the
oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having the second lowest energy-to-weight ratio
(next to the nickel-iron battery) and a correspondingly low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability
to supply high surge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large power-to-weight
ratio. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in cars, to provide
the high current required by automobile starter motors.

7. Advertise Display:- Liquid crystal Display (LCD) displays temperature of the measured
element, which is calculated by the microcontroller. CMOS technology makes the device ideal
for application in hand held, portable and other battery instruction with low power consumption.

8. LED Light:- Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual
entertainment. LEDs use a special material which emits light when current flows through it.
Unlike light bulbs, LEDs never burn out unless their current limit is passed.

9. Electrolysis:- The process by which we generate hydrogen (and oxygen) from water is
called electrolysis. The word "lysis" means to dissolve or break apart, so the word "electrolysis"
literally means to break something apart (in this case water) using electricity.

Electrolysis is very simple - all you have to do is arrange for electricity to pass through some
water between to electrodes placed in the water, as shown in the diagram above. It is as simple as
that! The principle of electrolysis was first formulated by Michael Faraday in 1820.

If the electricity used for electrolysis is generated from fossil fuels, then carbon dioxide would be
emitted in support of our electrolysis process, and the advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel
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would be lost. But if the electricity is produced by solar cells, as we suggest in the diagram
above, then there will be no pollutants released by our process.

3.2 System Operation

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3.2.1. System Operation Description

As shown in above block diagram, there are six solar cells connected with the rating of
4V,100mA each. The solar cells are divided into two groups which are combined in series of
three solar cells with a rating of 12V, 100mA each. In order to maintain reverse polarity the
circuit is shorted by diode. The diode is used in circuit because the battery supply should not
goes in reverse direction. Now the supply is given to the relay circuit & the relay is normally
SPDT & it is normally in NC contact. It goes to potential divider arrangement which is 10:1 &
there the connection of battery is made. The value of potential divider is 10K parallel 1K which
is equal to 1.2V. Now 1.2V is given to the ADC 0808. The first sensor of ADC is battery & the
second sensor of ADC Is temperature sensor i.e. thermistor. Now, make the potential divider of it
& gives it junction output to the input of ADC. The next sensor is the light sensor. Also make its
potential divider & give its output to ADC. In order to address a particular sensor ADC 0808
wants a address. To fulfill this purpose the address is sent from port 1 of microcontroller
AT89S51, which selects a particular address for the sensor to be chosen. For the conversion of
analog to digital pulses a NOT gate IC is used. The NOT gate IC uses the positive feedback to
produce a clock signal of 560 KHz. This clock signal is given to the ADC 0808.after conversion
it is given to the port 2 of microcontroller in the binary form. Now, the binary data is sent to the
port 0 & it is sent to LCD to show its desired value. The brightness of LCD is adjusted by the
preset. In order to provide sufficient driving voltage & current on all pins of microcontroller &
ADC a pull up resistor is used. It pull up on 5V.the output from port 3 is given to the relay driver
i.e.(BC549,NPN).the output of relay driver is given to the 12V relay SPDT contact. The first
relay is over charging cutoff relay. In case charging voltage is increased the first relay gets on i.e.
charging is off. The third relay is electrolysis cut off relay. When the temperature goes high
above ambient temperature the electrolysis will automatically stop. Now fourth relay is used for
light purpose i.e. when day light is low, street light get automatically on. For the clock signal
crystal oscillator produces 11.0592MHz of clock signal along with two capacitors. On the pin
number 9 of microcontroller there is capacitor resistor for reset function. As the power goes ON
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the clock signal is given to the microcontroller in the reset state & the programme is started from
zeroth memory location.
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4.Hardware Designing & Implemention

4.1Leaf type PV module

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Fig 4.1:-Leaf Type PV Module

There are two main types of solar panels 1) solar electric panels and 2) solar water heating
panels. We'll discuss water heating later. Right now, let's talk about solar photovoltaic (PV)
panels, which provide electricity.

How PV Panels Work

PV panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity. PV systems convert sunlight
directly into electricity. “Photo” refers to light and “voltaic” to electricity. A PV cell is made of a
semiconductor material, usually crystalline silicon, which absorbs sunlight. You’ve seen PV cells
at work in simple mechanisms like watches and calculators. You’ve probably even seen them for
signs on the road. More complex PV systems produce solar electricity for houses and the utility
grid. The utility grid is the power source available to your local electricity provider. PV cells are
typically combined into modules, or panels, containing about 40 cells. Roughly ten modules
constitute a PV array, or grouping of panels. Most PV panels contain a top protective layer, two
specially treated layers of silicon with collecting circuitry attached to the top layer, and a
polymer backing layer. The top layer of silicon is treated to make it electrically negative; the
back layer is treated it make it electrically positive. When sunlight knocks electrons loose from
the silicon, electrons move up from the bottom layer of silicon and crowd the electrons in the top
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layer. The electrons freed from the top layer are collected by electrical contacts on the surface of
the top layer and routed through an external circuit, thus providing power to the electrical system
attached to the panels. New technology, which we’ll get to in a later section, uses different, less
expensive materials than silicon in PV panels to capture sunlight more affordably.

4.2. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

A photo resistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is sensitive to light. When light
falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR may change over
many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level of light increases. It is
not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photo resistor to be several mega ohms
in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. With such a wide variation in
resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are many LDR circuits available. LDRs are made
from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light sensitive properties. Many
materials can be used, but one popular material for these photoresistors is cadmium sulphide
(CdS).

Fig 4.2:-Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

How an LDR works

It is relatively easy to understand the basics of how an LDR works without delving into
complicated explanations. It is first necessary to understand that an electrical current consists of
the movement of electrons within a material. Good conductors have a large number of free
electrons that can drift in a given direction under the action of a potential difference. Insulators
with a high resistance have very few free electrons, and therefore it is hard to make the move
and hence a current to flow. An LDR or photo resistor is made any semiconductor material with
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Artificial oxygen tree and street lighting using
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a high resistance. It has a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and
able to move - the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to
move. Therefore in this state there is a high LDR resistance. As light falls on the semiconductor,
the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor lattice and some of their energy is
transferred to the electrons. This gives some of them sufficient energy to break free from the
crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity. This results in a lowering of the resistance
of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance.

Fig 4.3:-Using a Transistor Switch with Sensors

The top circuit diagram shows an LDR (light sensor) connected so that the LED lights when the
LDR is in darkness. The variable resistor adjusts the brightness at which the transistor switches
on and off. Any general purpose low power transistor can be used in this circuit. The 10k fixed
resistor protects the transistor from excessive base current (which will destroy it) when the
variable resistor is reduced to zero. To make this circuit switch at a suitable brightness you may
need to experiment with different values for the fixed resistor, but it must not be less than 1k . If
the transistor is switching a load with a coil, such as a motor or relay, remember to add
protection diode across the load. The switching action can be inverted, so the LED lights when
the LDR is brightly lit, by
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Fig 4.4:-Using a LDR switch with Transistors

swapping the LDR and variable resistor. In this case the fixed resistor can be omitted because the
LDR resistance cannot be reduced to zero. Note that the switching action of this circuit is not
particularly good because there will be an intermediate brightness when the transistor will be
partly on (not saturated). In this state the transistor is in danger of overheating unless it is
switching a small current. There is no problem with the small LED current, but the larger current
for a lamp, motor or relay is likely to cause overheating. Other sensors, such as a thermistor, can
be used with this circuit, but they may require a different variable resistor. You can calculate an
approximate value for the variable resistor (Rv) by using a multicenter to find the minimum and
maximum values of the sensor's resistance (Rmin and Rmax):

Variable resistor, Rv = square root of (Rmin × Rmax)

For example an LDR: Rmin = 100 , Rmax = 1M , so Rv = square root of (100 × 1M) = 10k .
You can make a much better switching circuit with sensors connected to a suitable IC (chip). The
switching action will be much sharper with no partly on state.
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4.3ADVERTISE DISPLAY

DISPLAY: Various display device such as seven segment display. LCD display, etc can be
interfaced with microcontroller to read the output directly. In our project we use a two line LCD
display with 16 characters each.

LCD

Liquid crystal Display (LCD) displays temperature of the measured element, which is calculated
by the microcontroller. CMOS technology makes the device ideal for application in hand held,
portable and other battery instruction with low power consumption.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION:

● Drive method: 1/16 duty cycle

● Display size: 16 character * 2 lines
● Character structure: 5*8 dots.
● Display data RAM: 80 characters (80*8 bits)
● Character generate ROM: 192 characters
● Character generate RAM: 8 characters (64*8 bits)
● Both display data and character generator RAMs can be read from MPU.
● Internal automatic reset circuit at power ON.
● Built in oscillator circuit.
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Fig 3.9:- 2x16 Serial LCD

PIN Configuration

Table 4.1:-Pin Configuration

4.5 Crystal Oscillator

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Fig 4.5:-Crystal Oscillator

Crystals are commonly used to provide a stable clock source for micro-controllers. This has a
freq. tolerance of +-50ppm, temperature stability of +-50ppm, and load capacitance of 18pF. It's
slightly more than 1/8" tall.

4.6 Diodes

Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have a positive
side (leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on the positive leg is higher than on the negative
leg then current flows through the diode (the resistance is very low). When the voltage is lower
on the positive leg than on the negative leg then the current does not flow (the resistance is very
high). The negative leg of a diode is the one with the line closest to it. It is called the cathode.
The postive end is called the anode.
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4.7 LED

Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual entertainment. LEDs
use a special material which emits light when current flows through it. Unlike light bulbs, LEDs
never burn out unless their current limit is passed. A current of 0.02 Amps (20 mA) to 0.04
Amps (40 mA) is a good range for LEDs. They have a positive leg and a negative leg just like
regular diodes. To find the positive side of an LED, look for a line in the metal inside the LED. It
may be difficult to see the line. This line is closest to the positive side of the LED. Another way
of finding the positive side is to find a flat spot on the edge of the LED. This flat spot is on the
negative side. When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about
1.4 volts higher than the voltage on the negative side. Remember that there is no resistance to
limit the current so a resistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it.

4.8 Resistors

Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance determines how much
current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to control voltages and currents. A
very high resistance allows very little current to flow. Air has very high resistance. Current
almost never flows through air. (Sparks and lightning are brief displays of current flow through
air. The light is created as the current burns parts of the air.) A low resistance allows a large
amount of current to flow. Metals have very low resistance. That is why wires are made of metal.
They allow current to flow from one point to another point without any resistance. Wires are
usually covered with rubber or plastic. This keeps the wires from coming in contact with other
wires and creating short circuits. High voltage power lines are covered with thick layers of
plastic to make them safe, but they become very dangerous when the line breaks and the wire is
exposed and is no longer separated from other things by insulation. Resistance is given in units
of ohms. (Ohms are named after Mho Ohms who played with electricity as a young boy in
Germany.) Common resistor values are from 100 ohms to 100,000 ohms. Each resistor is marked
with colored stripes to indicate it’s resistance. To learn how to calculate the value of a resistor by
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looking at the stripes on the resistor, go to Resistor Values which includes more information
about resistors.

4.9 Switches

Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit depending on the position of the
switch. For a light switch, ON means short circuit (current flows through the switch, lights light
up and people dance.) When the switch is OFF, that means there is an open circuit (no current
flows, lights go out and people settle down. This effect on people is used by some teachers to
gain control of loud classes).When the switch is ON it looks and acts like a wire. When the
switch is OFF there is no connection.

4.10 Transistor

Transistors are basic components in all of today's electronics. They are just simple switches that
we can use to turn things on and off. Even though they are simple, they are the most important
electrical component. For example, transistors are almost the only components used to build a
Pentium processor. A single Pentium chip has about 3.5 million transistors. The ones in the
Pentium are smaller than the ones we will use but they work the same way.

Transistors that we will use in projects look like this:

Fig 4.6:- Transistor

The transistor has three legs, the Collector (C), Base (B), and Emitter (E). Sometimes they are
labeled on the flat side of the transistor. Transistors always have one round side and one flat side.
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If the round side is facing you, the Collector leg is on the left, the Base leg is in the middle, and
the Emitter leg is on the right.

4.11 AT89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K

bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using

Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-

standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program

memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on

a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a

highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes

of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a

six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,

and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation

down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and

interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents

but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt

or hardware reset.
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Fig:-4.7 Microcontroller pin config

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4.12 High current octal transistor(Current driver)

The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays

are ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such

as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage

requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a

broad range of computer, industrial, and consumer applications. All devices

feature open–collector outputs and free wheeling clamp diodes for transient

suppression.

The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families

while the ULN2804 is optimized for 6 to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS
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PCB DESIGN
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Fig:-5.1- PCB Design

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5 PCB Designing And Fabrication

5.1 Design of Printed Circuit Board

 P.C.B. is printed circuit board which is of insulating base with layer of thin copper-
foil.
 The circuit diagram is then drawn on the P. C. B. with permanent marker and then it
is dipped in the solution of ferric chloride so that unwanted copper is removed from
the P.C.B., thus leaving components interconnection on the board.
 The specification of the base material is not important to know in most of the
application, but it is important to know something about copper foil which is drawn
through a thin slip.
 The resistance of copper foil will have an effect on the circuit operation.
 Base material is made of lamination layer of suitable insulating material such as
treated paper, fabric; or glass fibers and binding them with resin. Most commonly
used base materials are formed paper bonded with epoxy resin.
 It is possible to obtain a range of thickness between 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
 Thickness is the important factor in determining mechanical strength particularly
when the commonly used base material is “Formea” from paper assembly.
 Physical properties should be self supporting these are surface resistivity,
heat dissipation, dielectric, constant, dielectric strength.
 Another important factor is the ability to with stand high temperature.

3.4.2. Designing the Layout

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 While designing a layout, it must be noted that size of the board should be as small as
possible.
 Before starting, all components should be placed properly so that an accurate
measurement of space can be made.
 The component should not be mounted very close to each other or far away from
one another and neither one should ignore the fact that some component reed
ventilation, which considerably the dimension of the relay and transformer in view of
arrangement, the bolting arrangement is also considered.
 The layout is first drawn on paper then traced on copper plate which is finalized with
the pen or permanent marker which is efficient and clean with etching.
 The resistivity also depends on the purity of copper, which is highest for low purity of
copper. The high resistance path are always undesired for soldered connections.
 The most difficult part of making an original printed circuit is the conversion from,
theoretical circuit diagram into wiring layout without introducing cross over and
undesirable effect.
 Although it is difficult operation, it provides greatest amount of satisfaction because it
is carried out with more care and skill.
 The board used for project has copper foil thickness in the range of 25 40 75 microns.
 The soldering quality requires 99.99% efficiency.
 It is necessary to design copper path extra large. There are two main reasons for this,
i) The copper may be required to carry an extra large overall current:-
ii) It acts like a kind of screen or ground plane to minimize the effect of
interaction.
 The first function is to connect the components together in their right sequence with
minimum need for interlinking i.e. the jumpers with wire connections.
 It must be noted, that when layout is done, on the next day it should be dipped in the
solution and board is move continuously right and left after etching perfectly the
board is cleaned with water and is drilled.
 After that holes are drilled with 1 mm or 0.8 mm drill. Now the marker on the P. C.
B. is removed.
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 The Printed Circuit Board is now ready for mounting the components on it.

3.4.3. Soldering

 For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove
oxide film or dirt on it. If required flux is applied on the points to be soldered.
 Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied
should be such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly.
 The joint and the soldering iron is held such that molten solder should flow smoothly
over the joint.
 When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is removed.
 The joint is allowed to cool, without any movement.
 The bright shining solder indicates good soldering.
 In case of dry solder joint, a air gap remains in between the solder matenal and the
joint. It means that soldering is improper. This is removed and again soldering is
done.
Thus in this way all the components are soldered on P. C. B
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6.List of Components

Sr.N Description Qty. Cost

o

1 Solar panel 2

2 Diode 1N4007 4

4 Voltage regulator IC 7805 1

5 Capacitor 1uF 1

6 LED 1

7 Resistors 15

8 Single phase Transformer 1

09 PCB 1

10 Wires 2

11 Solder wire 1

12 Cabinet 1

13 Mains cord 1

14 Transistor BC588 5

15 Battery 6v 4.5 2

16 Connector strip 1

17 Carbon electrodes 2
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18 Container Jar 1

19 Microcontroller (AT89S52) 1

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RESULT:-

As covered in the discussion section below, it is possible to use hydrogen as a fuel, that is, a way
to store energy, for days when the Sun doesn't shine, or at night time, or for powered mobile
devices such as cars.

The process by which we generate hydrogen (and oxygen) from water is called electrolysis. The
word "lysis" means to dissolve or break apart, so the word "electrolysis" literally means to break
something apart (in this case water) using electricity.

Electrolysis is very simple - all you have to do is arrange for electricity to pass through some
water between to electrodes placed in the water, as shown in the diagram above. Its as simple as
that! The principle of electrolysis was first formulated by Michael Faraday in 1820.

If the electricity used for electrolysis is generated from fossil fuels, then carbon dioxide would be
emitted in support of our electrolysis process, and the advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel
would be lost. But if the electricity is produced by solar cells, as we suggest in the diagram
above, then there will be no pollutants released by our process.
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Fig 7.1:- Splitting water eith electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen

The chemical equation for electrolysis is:

Energy (electricity) + 2 H2O -> O2 + 2 H2 .

At the cathode (the negative electrode), there is a negative charge created by the battery. This
means that there is an electrical pressure to push electrons into the water at this end. At the anode
(the positive electrode), there is a positive charge, so that electrode would like to absorb
electrons. But the water isn't a very good conductor. Instead, in order for there to be a flow of
charge all the way around the circuit, water molecules near the cathode are split up into a
positively charged hydrogen ion, which is symbolized as H + in the diagram above (this is just the
hydrogen atom without its electron, i.e. the nucleus of the hydrogen atom, which is just a single
proton), and a negatively charged "hydroxide" ion, symbolized OH-:

H2O -> H+ + OH- .

You might have expected that H2O would break up into an H and an OH (the same atoms but
with neutral charges) instead, but this doesn't happen because the oxygen atom more strongly
attracts the electron from the H - it steals it (we say the oxygen atom is more "electronegative"
than hydrogen). This theft allows the resulting hydroxide ion to have a completely filled outer
shell, making it more stable.

But the H+, which is just a naked proton, is now free to pick up an electron (symbolized e -) from
the cathode, which is trying hard to donate electrons, and become a regular, neutral hydrogen
atom:

H+ + e- -> H

This hydrogen atom meets another hydrogen atom and forms a hydrogen gas molecule:

H + H -> H2,

and this molecule bubbles to the surface, and we have hydrogen gas!
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Meanwhile, the positive anode has caused the negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH -) to travel
across the container to the anode. When it gets to the anode, the anode removes the extra electron
that the hydroxide stole from the hydrogen atom earlier, and the hydroxide ion then recombines
with three other hydroxide molecules to form 1 molecule of oxygen and 2 molecules of water:

4 OH- _> O2 + 2 H2O + 4e-

The oxygen molecule is very stable, and bubbles to the surface. In this way, a closed circuit is
created, involving negatively charged particles - electrons in the wire, hydroxide ions in the w
Water is perhaps the most important substance to life on Earth. It is a simple compound made
from the two elements hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), and each molecule of water consists of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Thus we write the chemical formula for water as "H2O".

Hydrogen itself is also a very important element in the universe. For example, it is the fuel for
the Sun, which generates power by fusing (combining) hydrogen atoms into a helium in a
process call nuclear fusion. Because it can be obtained from water, as this project demonstrates,
the German's call hydrogen "wasserstoff", which literally means "water stuff".

Suppose that you just happen to have some pure hydrogen gas on hand, stored in a container.
The hydrogen gas consists of H2 molecules zipping around in a container (hydrogen atoms like to
bond together into H2 molecules). If there also happens to be oxygen gas around (O 2), and there
is always plenty oxygen in the air (air consists of about 20% oxygen), then the oxygen can react
violently with the hydrogen gas, such that the hydrogen burns, or combusts, with the oxygen to
form water and heat, according to the chemical reaction. The energy delivered by the battery is
stored by the production of hydrogen.

Photos
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CONCLUSIONS

8.1Conclusion

Oxygen tree is a revolutionary urban lighting concept that represents a perfect symbiosis
between pioneering design and cutting-edge eco-compatible technology. Solar Tree opens up
new prospects for urban lighting in that it satisfies today’s most pressing environmental, social,
cultural and aesthetic demands. In our project the ratio of our bi-product is 2:1.

8.2. Advantages

1. Research and experimentation on the concept of lighting

2. Innovation and technology in the utilization and control of light.

3. Extreme attention to eco- compatible materials and to environmental needs in general.

4. Solar oxygen Tree is the successful marriage of the most advanced technology and

the aesthetic requirements of the urban environment by way of renewable energy.

8.3. Applications
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1. But still we will need these artificial trees to produce the Oxygen as humans have started to
build very tall buildings and as we go higher and higher Oxygen level gets reduced and one will
need these artificial trees to produce Oxygen in 100th floor Apartment or 50th floor apartment.

2. With the earth’s population ever growing, air pollution and air quality is a major issue for
many countries around the world. Air pollutants can lead to respiratory related illnesses in
humans and animals, create acid rain, and deplete the ozone layer. Actions such as carpooling,
reducing the use of fossil fuels, and simply turning off a light when leaving a room are all ways
that reduce harmful CO2 levels in our atmosphere. There is also a natural source that eats away
at harmful CO2 gases and that source is trees.

3. It can fulfill the purpose of street light.

Fig 8.1:- Boston Tree Pods Fulfilling the purpose of street light

4. It is used to show the advertisement and can be used at various public places.
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FUTURE SCOPE:-

Future Scope
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Picture 9.1:- Solar Tree in Switzerland

As shown in the picture above the oxygen tree is used at the public places such as in
Switzerland. It will be used at various places all around the globe in the near future. To fulfill the
need of pure oxygen, the tree will be of great purpose to all. Also the panels which will convert
sunlight into electricity will fulfill the purpose of street lights. In metropolitan areas and also in
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rural areas, the demand of street light will be fulfilled. Thus it will save large amount of
electricity which otherwise would be utilized in lighting up the street light.

Fig 9.2:- A future solar tree design

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References:-
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Appendix-1:-