(Chapter 5)

Magnetostatics

5.1.2 Magnetic Forces

5.1 The Lorentz Force Law

5.1.1 Magnetic Fields
Consider a collection of charges. If charges are at rest, then the problem is one of electrostatics and we need only to consider electric fields. But, if the charges are in motion, then we have a current and we must also consider magnetic fields. (Recall right hand rule for Magnetic Fields generated by current-carrying conductors see the figure.)
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Consider a charge Q, moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B: The magnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law:

r r r Fmag = Q v B

And the total force, if there is also an electric field present, is:

r r r r F =Q E+vB
Note the cross product indicates that: Magnetic Forces do no work.
r b r a

r r r F v, B

r r t2 r r W = F dl = F v dt = 0
t1
2

5.1.3 Currents To measure the motion of charge we have to define a current. A current is the charge per unit time that passes across a surface. Current is defined such that a positive current is in the direction of motion of the positive charge. Current

represents a one dimensional line charge.

r r I = v
r r dI r K = v dl

We can also have 2-D and 3-D charge distributions in motion. We define a surface current density

(I ) has an r associated direction. I is a vector quantity.

Consider a line charge , traveling at a velocity

If

r dl

is a segment of a wire, then

r r Fmag = I dl B r r I = const Fmag = I dl B

r r I = v

r v

)
And the Lorentz force law becomes
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r r r r r Fmag = v B da = K B da

For a volume current, we define volume current density as:

PROBLEM 5.4
Suppose that the magnetic field in some region has the form

r r dI r J= = v da

r B = kzx

r r r r r Fmag = v Bd = J Bd
Note that

r I J can be used to calculate

r r I = J da
s

where k is a constant. Find the force on a square loop (side a), lying on the yz plane and centered at the origin, if it carries a current I, flowing counterclockwise, when you look down the x axis.

Then using the divergence theorem:

J da = ( J )d
r r r r
s v

d ( J )d = dt d r r
v v

r r J = t
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x-axis

Outward flow decreases the charge left in the volume.

PROBLEM 5.4 IDENTIFY Lorentz force law for a current-carrying element Fmag relevant concepts Vector products (Eq. 1.12) SET UP
Draw a diagram: Break square loop into four segments, as shown in the diagram.

r r = I dl B
z

PROBLEM 5.4 (cont.) EXECUTE (cont.)

(2)

r r Idl = Idz z; B = kzx

a 2

r v r F(2 ) = I dl B = Ik

zdz (z x ) =
2

Ika 2 y 2

I
B (4)

(1)

(3)
y
(2)

r r a Idl = Idy y; B = k x 2 r v r a 2 Ika 2 F(3 ) = I dl B = Ik dy ( y x ) = z 2 a 2

2 a

x EXECUTE

(3)

(1)

r r a Idl = Idy y; B = k x 2
a

(4)

r r Idl = Idz z; B = kzx r v r F(4 ) = I dl B = Ik

a

zdz (z x ) =
2

Ika 2 y 2

r v r a 2 Ika 2 F(1) = I dl B = Ik dy ( y x ) = z 2 a 2
2

r r r r r ka 2 [(1 + 1)z + (1 1) y ] = Ika 2 z F = F(1) + F(2 ) + F(3 ) + F(4 ) = I 2

PROBLEM 5.5

A current I flows down a wire of radius a.

(a) If it is uniformly distributed over the surface, what is the surface current density K ? (b) If it is distributed in such a way that the volume current is inversely proportional to the distance from the axis, what is J ?

dI PROBLEM 5.5 Surface current density K = dl IDENTIFY relevant I= concepts Relation between current and
volume current density

J da
s

SET UP & EXECUTE (a) (b) (a)

dI = I

Draw diagram (see previous slide)

d , dl = ad 2

K=

dI I = dl 2a

J
(b) J

I
a

1 let r

J=

r
a 2

I = Jda =

rdrd = dr d = 2a
0 0

dl
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I 2a

J=

I 2ar

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5.2. The Biot-Savart Law Where do magnetic fields come from?

Currents

The extension to surface and volume integrals is straightforward:

If the current does not change with time, we say this is a steady current as opposed to a time-varying current. Analogy: steady charge electrostatics steady currents magnetostatics

r r B(r ) = 0 4 r r B(r ) = 0 4

The magnetic field produced by a steady current is given by the Biot-Savart Law.

r r K (r ') 2 da' s r r J (r ') 2 d ' v

r r B(r ) = 0 4

r I 2 dl '

(5.39)

I dl ' = 0 2 4

Just like Coulombs law, superposition applies to magnetic fields too.

0 is the permeability of free space = 4 107 N / A2

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EXAMPLE 5.5 Find the magnetic field a distance s from a long straight
wire carrying a steady current I .

EXAMPLE 5.5
Biot-Savart law

IDENTIFY relevant principles

r r r dl B(r ) = 0 I 4 2

Geometrical and trigonometric relations

SET UP & EXECUTE

r dl = dl sin = dl cos

r dl

s I
l

r dl

l = s tan = s

sin cos

dl = s

s cos 2 sin 2 d = d cos 2 cos 2

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13

s = cos

1 cos 2 = 2 s2

EXAMPLE 5.5 SET UP & EXECUTE (cont.) For the wire segment in Figure:
(b)

EXAMPLE 5.6 Find the magnetic field a distance z above the center of a circular loop of radius R, which carries a steady current I (see the figure).

1 2
I
wire segment 14 244 4 3

r I 2 cos 2 s B = Bk , B = 0 2 cos d 4 1 s cos 2

B=

0 I (sin 2 sin 1 ) 4s

1 = , 2 =

2 2 I I B = 0 [1 ( 1)] = 0 4s 2s

Infinite wire:

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EXAMPLE 5.6 SET UP & EXECUTE

PROBLEM 5.9

Find the magnetic field at point P for each of steady current configurations shown in the figure below.

r r r dB = dBvertical + dBhorizontal
horizontal circumference

dB

=0
=

B( z ) =

vertical circumference

dB

0
4

dl cos 2

B(z ) =

0 I cos
4 2

circumference

dl
2

0 I cos
4 2

2R

cos =

R =

R R +z
2

B(z ) =

2 R2 + z2

0 IR 2

3
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PROBLEM 5.9 SET UP & EXECUTE

(a)

PROBLEM 5.9 (cont.)

r r I r d l ' r dl ' = 0 I 2 4 r r2

SET UP & EXECUTE (cont.)

r r B (r ) = 0 4

(b)

For the sides

r r dl // r dl r = 0, sides do not contribute.

B(z ) =

From Example 5.6, the magnetic field a distance z above R2 0 I a circular loop is Here z=0

B=

0 I
2R

(R

+ z2

3/ 2

The two lines are equivalent to a single infinite line B and the circle gives

r r r 0 I . So, B = Ba + Bb Since we have a quarter segment only, B = 8R 0 I 0 I

Let be + B =

B=

0 I
4R

0 I 2R

8a

8b
Direction from the page.
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B(P ) =

0 I 0 I 0 I 1 1 + = + 2R 4 R 2 R 2

B=

0 I 1 1
8 a b

Direction is into the page,

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5.3 The Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field Strength

r r B and

r r B

Using Stokes Theorem we know

B dl = B da
P s

( Eq. 1.57)

Consider a wire with a steady current I . We know that for infinite line What is the integral

B=

r r B dl

0 I . 2s

Closed loop

area

Furthermore,

I enclosed

r r = J da
s

for fixed s?

B dl = 2s dl = I
0

0 I

r r r r r B da = 0 J da

This result is actually general, the loop need not be circular and hence if we have multiple wires passing through the loop

r r r B = 0 J

Differential form of Amperes Law

r r B dl =0 I enclosed

Amperes Law is always valid. If a system has a certain symmetry it is useful for calculation.
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This is the integral form of Amperes Law.

We can now use the Biot-Savart Law for volume current (Eq. 5.39)

PROBLEM 5.13
A steady current I flows down a long cylindrical wire of radius a (see the fig.). Find the magnetic field, both inside and outside the wire, if (a) The current is uniformly distributed over the outside surface of the wire. (b) The current is distributed in such a way that J is proportional to s, the distance from the axis.

r r B(r ) = 0 4

r r J (r ) 2 d '

to show that

r r B = 0
d '

i.e. the magnetic field is a divergenceless field (no sources or sinks).

r r r r r r r r r J (r ) d ' B = 0 J 2 B(r ) = 0 4 4 2

Recall vector identity No. 6 (inside the cover page):

v r r r r r r r r A B = B A A B

r r r r r r J 2 = 2 J J 2 r r r r v r r J (r ) = 0 J 2 = 0 B = 0. r 2 = 0

a
r r r J (r ) f (r ) (see prob. 1.62)
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I s
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PROBLEM 5.13 IDENTIFY relevant concepts

Amperes law

r r B dl = 0 I enclosed

PROBLEM 5.13 (cont.) EXECUTE (cont.)

I = ks (2s )ds = 2k s 2 ds = 2k
0 0

s3 3

= 2k
0

a3 3

SET UP & EXECUTE (a)

r r B dl = 0 I enclosed

B (2s ) = 0 I enclosed
(b)

r B=0 s<a r 0 I s>a B= 2s

ds a

3I k= , and 2a 3
s s

3I J= s 2a 3

B(2s ) = 0 I enclosed I enclosed = JdA = ks (2s )ds = 2k

0 0

J s

J = ks
dA = (2 s )ds
a

s3 3I s 3 s3 = 2 =I 3 3 2a 3 3 a
for for s < a s a
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r r I = J dA = ks (2s )ds
0

r B

s < a, s a,
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I enclosed = I I enclosed

0 Is 2 s3 r 2a 3 a3 B = I 0 =I 2s

5.4 Magnetic Vector Potential

5.4.1. The Vector Potential Recall that if Similarly, if

PROBLEM 5.25

r r F = 0

r r F = V

Scalar potential

(Eqn. 1.103)

(a) By whatever means you can think of,

r r F = 0

r r r F = A

(Eqn. 1.104)
Vector potential

find the vector potential a distance s (outside the wire) from an infinite straight wire carrying a current I. Check that

Since

r r r B B = 0we can write magnetic field as

B = A r A is known as the magnetic vector

we can always add to Hence we can always define

r r A = 0 and

r r r A = B.

potential.

(b) Find the magnetic potential inside the wire, if it has radius R and the current is uniformly distributed.

Just as V is defined to within any function whose curl is zero (That function is gradient of V),

rA any function whose divergence is zero. r r A so that A = 0 .

r A= 0 4

Magnetic vector potential could be calculated:

r r J (r ' ) d '

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PROBLEM 5.25a IDENTIFY relevant concepts

Ordinarily, magnetic vector potential is co-directional with r current:

PROBLEM 5.25 a(cont.) EXECUTE (cont.)

However, A is function of s only, A(s):
Magnetic field of an infinite wire r r r A I B = A = = 0 s 2s A I I ds = 0 A(s ) = 0 s 2s 2 s r 0 I s A(s ) = ln z a is the integration constant. 2 a

r r I (r ) = Iz

r A = A(r )z

Magnetic vector potential is defined by:

r r r B = A

SET UP
Draw diagram and set up cylindrical coordinate system (r s)

s
EXECUTE

EVALUATE

r A = Az z = A(s )z r r 1 A(s ) A(s ) A = s s s

(Curl in cylindrical coordinates)

r r A A(s ) A = z z = z=0 z z

(Divergence in cylindrical coordinates)

( see Eq. 1.80)

( see Eq. 1.81)

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r r A A(s ) 0 I r A = z = = =B s s 2s

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PROBLEM 5.25b
Amperes law IDENTIFY relevant concepts Magnetic vector potential has to be continuous at s = R .

B dl

= 0 I encl
r dA B= ds

PROBLEM 5.25b (cont.) SET UP & EXECUTE (cont.)

Current distributed uniformly:

J = const

Also (see Problem 5.25a):

r I s I s A A = = 0 B= 0 s s 2 R 2 2 R 2 I A( s ) = Az = 0 2 s 2 + c 4R
------------------------------------------------------------------------ I R IR 2 Aoutside (R ) = Ainside (R ) 0 ln = 0 2 + c 2 a 4R

SET UP & EXECUTE

R s I

r r B d l = B (2s ) = 0 I encl
I encl = J s 2 =

B=

0 I encl 2 s
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( )

I s2 s 2 = I 2 2 R R

r I s B= 0 2 R 2

a is arbitrary, so we adopt: a = R 0 I s ln z s R r A = 2 R 0 I 2 2 [s R ]z sR 4R 2

c=

0 I . 4

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5.4.3. Multipole Expansion of the Vector Potential Just as we expanded V(r) in powers of 1/r for a given charge distribution, we can expand the vector potential in powers of 1/r for a given current distribution. Monopole term

r r A = 0

no monopoles

Dipole term

no monopole term in the expansion.

r r r m r Adip (r ) = 0 2 4 r
m = magnetic dipole moment

r r r m I da = I a

r a

is the vector area of the loop

(for flat area it is just area enclosed)

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