Machine Tool &

Machining
Lecture 2: Lathes
D r James Wakir u
M e ch anical Engineer in g
Machine Tools:
Machines tools are the kind of machines on which the metal cutting or metal
forming processes are carried out. They employ cutting tools to remove excess
material from the given job.
The functions of a machine tool are :
(i) To hold the tool ;
(ii) To move the tool or the workpiece or both relative to each other ;
(iii) To supply energy required to cause the metal cutting
Machine Tools:
Classification of machine tools
The machine tools are classified as follows :
1. General purpose :
(i) Lathe (ii) Drilling machine (iii) Shaping machine (iv) Planing machine (v)
Milling machine (vi) Sawing machine.
2. Special purpose :
(i) Special lathes like capstan, turret and copying lathes (ii) Boring machine (iii)
Broaching machine
(iv) Production milling machine (v) Production drilling machine.
Machine Tools:
Classification of machine tools
3. Automatic machine tools :
These machine tools, also called Automatic screw cutting machines (or simply auto-
mats),
are used for mass production of essentially small parts using a set of pre-designed
and job-specific
cams.
4. Computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools :
Under CNC machine tools, we have CNC turning centre, which does all the work of a
lathe
and CNC machining centre which does milling, drilling etc., with provision for
automatic tool
changing and tool wear correction built into it.
Machine Tools:
Characteristics of ‘General purpose’ machine tools are :
(i) Less set-up and debugging time.
(ii) Less maintenance cost.
(iii) Usually less initial investment in equipment.
(iv) Less danger of obsolescence.
(v) Fewer machines may be required.
(vi) Greater machine flexibility.
Characteristics of ‘Special purpose’ machine tools are :
(i) Higher output.
(ii) Higher product quality.
(iii) Reduced skill requirements.
(iv) Reduced inspection cost.
Machine Tools:
Characteristics of ‘General purpose’ machine tools are :
(v) Uniform product flow.
(vi) Reduced manpower requirements.
(vii) Reduced factory floor space.
(viii) Reduced in-process inventory.
Elements of machine tools
Various elements of machine tools are :
1. Structure—formed by bed, column and frame.
2. Slides and tool structure.
3. Spindles and spindle bearing.
4. Kinematics of machine tool drives.
5. Work holding, and tool holding elements
Lathe Machine:
A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform
various operations such as cutting, Turning, Facing, Threading, sanding,
knurling, drilling, or deformation such as metal spinning with tools that
are applied to the work piece to create an object which has symmetry
about an axis of rotation
The term Centre Lathe is derived from the fact that in its operation the
lathe holds a piece of material between two rigid supports called
centres, or by some other device such as a chuck or faceplate which
revolves about the centre line of the lathe.
Lathe Machine

Center lathe
LATHE
Major categories of lathes
Woodworking lathes
Metalworking lathes or universal Engine Lathes
Glassworking lathes
Metal spinning lathes
Ornamental turning lathes
Rotary lathes
Turret Lathe
Lathe Operation

TURNING FACING
Lathe Operation

TAPER TURNING PARTING OFF/ UNDER CUTTING

Radius Turning Attachment Drilling on a Lathe

Metal Working Lathe / Metal Lathe:
Metal lathe or metalworking lathe are generic terms for any of a large
class of lathes designed for precisely machining relatively hard
materials.
They were originally designed to machine metals
In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a
hardened cutting tool, which is usually fixed to a solid moveable
mounting called the "toolpost", which is then moved against the
workpiece using handwheels and/or computer controlled motors
 Metal Working Lathe / Metal Lathe:
Some lathes may be operated under control of a computer for mass
production of parts
Metalworking lathes are commonly provided with a variable ratio gear train
to drive the main leadscrew.
This enables different pitches of threads to be cut.
Some older gear trains are changed manually by using interchangeable gears
with various numbers of teeth, while more modern or elaborate lathes have
a quick-change box to provide commonly used ratios by the operation of a
lever.
Components of Metal Lathe:
A metal lathe consists of, at the least, a headstock, bed, carriage and
tailstock. The better machines are solidly constructed with broad
bearing surfaces (slides or ways) for stability and manufactured with
great precision.
This helps to ensure that the components manufactured on the
machines can meet the required tolerances and repeatability.
 Headstock
▪ It is permanently fastened to the inner ways at
the left-hand end of the bed.
▪ It serves to support the spindle and driving
arrangements.
▪ All lathes receive their power through the
headstock, which may be equipped with a
▪ step-cone pulleys or a gear head drive (the
modern lathes are provided with all geared Headstock with legend, numbers and text within the description refer
to those in the image

▪ type head stock to get large variations of spindle

speeds).
▪ The headstock (H1) houses the main spindle (H4),
speed change mechanism (H2,H3), and change
gears (H10).
▪ The headstock is required to be made as robust as
possible due to the cutting forces involved,
Bed:
▪ It is the base or foundation of the lathe.
▪ It is a heavy rigid casting made in one piece. In majority of cases the
beds are made of grey cast iron-nodular cast iron, or high strength, wear
resistance cast iron.
▪ The carriage travels by means of a rack and pinion system, leadscrew of
accurate pitch, or feedscrew.
▪ The cast iron offers the following advantages over other materials :
(i) It is self lubricant : It can be hardened by induction hardening process.
(ii) It has better compressive strength.
(iii) It has excellent shock absorbing capacity.
(iv) It can easily be cast and machined.
Spindle:
The main spindle is generally hollow to allow long bars to extend
through to the work area; this reduces preparation and waste of
material. The spindle then runs in precision bearings and is fitted with
some means of attaching work holding devices such as chucks or
faceplates. This end of the spindle will also have an included taper,
usually morse to allow the insertion of tapers and centers.
Electric Motor and Gear Box
On older machines the spindle was directly driven by a flat belt pulley
with the lower speeds available by manipulating the bull gear,
Later machines use a gear box driven by a dedicated electric motor.
The fully geared head allows the speed selection to be done entirely
through the gearbox
 Feed and lead screws (Feed
mechanism)
▪ It is employed for imparting various feeds (longitudinal, cross and angular) to the
cutting tool.
▪ It consists of feed reverse lever, tumbler reversing mechanism, change gears, feed
gear box, quick change gear box, lead screw, feed rod, apron mechanism and half nut
mechanism.
▪ The feedscrew (H8) is a long driveshaft that allows a series of gears to drive
the carriage mechanisms.
▪ These gears are located in the apron of the carriage. Both the feedscrew and
leadscrew (H9) are driven by either the change gears or an intermediate
gearbox known as a quick change gearbox (H6) or Norton gearbox.
▪ These intermediate gears allow the correct ratio and direction to be set for
cutting threads or worm gears.
 Carriage
▪ In its simplest form the carriage
holds the tool bit and moves it
longitudinally (turning) or
perpendicularly (facing) under the
control of the operator.
▪ The operator moves the carriage
manually via the handwheel (5a) or
automatically by engaging the
feedscrew with the carriage feed
mechanism (5c).

Carriage with legend, numbers and text within the description refer to those in the
image
 Carriage
▪ The carriage controls and supports the cutting tool.
▪ The carriage has the following five major parts :
(i) Saddle. It is a H-shaped casting fitted over the bed. It moves along
the guideways.
(ii) Cross-slide. It carries the compound slide and tool post ; can be
moved by power or by hand.
(iii) Compound rest. It is marked in degrees ; used during taper turning
to set the tool for angular cuts.
(iv) Tool post. The tool is clamped on the tool post.
(v) Apron. It is attached to the saddle and hangs in front of the bed. It
has gears, levers and clutches for moving the carriage with the lead
screw for thread cutting.
Cross-slide
The cross-slide stands atop the carriage and has a leadscrew that travels
perpendicular to the main spindle axis, this permit facing operations to
be performed.
This leadscrew can be engaged with the feedscrew (mentioned
previously) to provide automated movement to the cross-slide; only
one direction can be engaged at a time as an interlock mechanism will
shut out the second gear train.
Compound rest
The compound rest (or top slide) is the part of the machine where the
tool post is mounted. It provides a smaller amount of movement along
its axis via another leadscrew. The compound rest axis can be adjusted
independently of the carriage or cross-slide. It is utilized when turning
tapers, when screwcutting or to obtain finer feeds than the leadscrew
normally permits.
 Tailstock
▪ The tailstock is a toolholder
directly mounted on the spindle
axis, opposite the headstock
▪ It is situated at the right hand
end of the bed.
▪ It is used for supporting the
right end of the work.
▪ It is also used for holding and
feeding the tools such as drills,
reamers, taps etc.

Tailstock with legend, numbers and text within the description refer to those in the
image
Tailstock
▪ It is situated at the right hand end of the bed.
▪ It is used for supporting the right end of the
work.
▪ It is also used for holding and feeding the
tools such as drills, reamers, taps etc
▪ The spindle (T5) does not rotate but does Tailstock with legend, numbers and text within the description
travel longitudinally under the action of a refer to those in the image

leadscrew and handwheel (T1).

▪ The spindle includes a taper to hold drill bits,
centers and other tooling. The tailstock can
be positioned along the bed and clamped
(T6) in position as required. There is also
provision to offset the tailstock (T4) from the
spindles axis, this is useful for turning small
tapers.
 CHUCKS
Three-jaw chuck:
A three-jaw chuck is a rotating clamp which
uses three dogs or 'jaws', usually
interconnected via a scroll gear (scroll
plate), to hold onto a tool or work piece.
Three-jaw chucks are usually self-centering
(as a result of the jaws' meshing with the Self centering three-jaw chuck and key

scroll plate) and are best suited to grip

circular or hexagonal cross sections when
very fast, reasonably accurate centering is
desired
 Four-jaw chuck:
A four-jaw chuck is similar to a three-jaw chuck,
but with four jaws, each of which can be moved
independently. This makes them ideal for (a) Independent four-jaw chuck
gripping non-circular cross sections and (b)
gripping circular cross sections with extreme
precision. The non-self-centering action of the
independent jaws makes centering highly
controllable (for an experienced user), but at
the expense of speed and ease. Four-jaw chucks
are almost never used for tool holding.
 Multi-jaw chuck:
Chuck with six jaws
For special purposes, and also the holding of
fragile materials, chucks are available with six
or eight jaws. These are invariably of the self-
centering design, and are built to very high
standards of accuracy. Chuck with six jaws

Two jaw chucks are available and can be used

with soft jaws (typically an aluminum alloy)
that can be machined to conform to a
particular workpiece
 Types of Lathe
1. Speed lathe :
• In this lathe spindle can rotate at a very high speed with the help of a variable
speed motor built inside the headstock of the lathe.
• It is used mainly for wood working, centering, metal spinning, polishing etc.
2. Engine or centre lathe :
• It is the most common types of lathe and is widely used in workshop.
• The speed of the spindle can be widely varied as desired which is not possible in a
speed lathe.
• The cutting tool may be fed both in cross and longitudinal directions with reference
to the lathe axis with the help of a carriage.
3. Bench lathe :
• It is usually mounted on a bench.
• It is very similar to speed or centre lathe, the only difference being it is smaller in
size which enables it handle small work (usually requiring considerable accuracy
such as in the production of gauges, punches and beds for press tools).
 Types of Lathe
4. Tool room lathe:
• It is similar to an engine lathe, designed for obtaining accuracy.
• It is used for manufacturing precision components, dies, tools, jigs etc ; and hence
it is called as tool room lathe.
5. Turret and capstan lathes:
• These lathes have provision to hold a number of tools and can be used for
performing wider range of operations.
• These are particularly suitable for mass production of identical parts in minimum
time.
6. Automatic lathes:
• These lathes are so designed that the tools are automatically fed to the work and
• withdrawn after all operations, to finish the work, are complete.
• They require little attention of the operator, since the entire operation is
automatic.
• These are used for mass production of identical parts.
 Types of Lathe
7. Special purpose lathes :
These lathes are primarily designed for carrying out a particular operation
with utmost efficiency. The lathes included in this category are :
(i) Gap lathe : It is used for machining extra large diameter pieces.
(ii) Special purpose engine lathe : These lathes are designed for machining special types of workpieces,
e.g. wheel turning lathes for turning the tread on rail road-car and locomotive and so on.
(iii) Instrument lathe : These lathes are of smaller size than ‘Bench lathes’ and are used by instrument
makers.
(iv) Facing lathes : These lathes are used to machine workpieces of large diameter but short in length in
single piece production and in repair shops. Now these lathes have been replaced by more advanced
boring and turning machines.
(v) Flow turning lathes : A flow turning lathe is used for roll flowing, as a method of cold-flowing metal.
As heavy pressure is applied spirally with two hardened rollers against a metal block.
(vi) Heavy-duty lathe : A lathe, that has a swing of 500 mm or more and is used for roughing and
finishing cuts, is often referred to as a heavy-duty lathe.
 Lathe Tools
• In a lathe, for a general purpose work, the tool used is a single point tool (a tool
having one cutting edge), but for special operations multi-point tools may be
used.
• The commonly used materials are high carbon steel, high speed steel, cemented
carbides, diamond tips and ceramics.
• Classification of lathe tools
(i) Turning tool (left hand or right hand)
(ii) Facing tool (left hand or right hand)
(iii) Chamfering tool (left hand or right hand)
(iv) Form or profile tool
(v) Parting or necking tool
(vi) External threading tool
(vii) Internal threading tool
(viii) Boring tool
(ix) Knurling tool.
 Lathe Operations
1. Facing :
• “Facing” is an operation of machining the ends of a workpiece
to produce a flat surface square with the axis. It is also used to
cut the work to the required length.
• The operation involves feeding the tool perpendicular to
the axis of rotation of the workpiece.
• A properly ground facing tool is mounted in the tool post. A
regular turning tool may also be used for facing a large
workpiece. The cutting edge should be set at the same
height as the centre of the workpiece.
• The facing operation is usually performed in two steps.
In the first step a rough facing operation is done by using
 Lathe Operations
2. Plain turning :
It is an operation of removing excess material from the
surface of the cylindrical workpiece.
In this operation, the work is held either in the chuck
or between centres and the longitudinal feed is given to
the tool either by hand or power.
3. Step turning :
In this type of lathe operation various steps of different
diameters in the workpiece are produced.
It is carried out in the similar way as plain turning.
Lathe Operations
Taper turning methods.

Lathe Operations
Taper turning methods.

Lathe Operations
 Lathe Operations
4. Taper turning:
(ii) By swivelling the compound rest
It is the best method as it does not affect the
Taper turning methods.

centering of the job or centres.

the workpiece is rotated on the lathe axis and
the tool is fed at an angle to the axis of rotation
of the workpiece.
the workpiece is rotated on the lathe axis and
the tool is fed at an angle to the axis of rotation
of the workpiece
Short lengths of tapers not exceeding 45°
included angle are usually turned by this method
 D = Larger dia. in mm,
d = Smaller dia. in mm,
L = Length of taper in mm.
Lathe Operations
4. Taper turning:
(iii) By using a taper turning attachment
This method provides a very wide range of taper.
Taper turning methods.

In this method of taper turning a tool is guided in

a straight path set at an angle to the axis of
rotation of the workpiece, while the work is being
revolved between centres or by a chuck aligned
to the lathe axis.
 D = Larger dia. in mm,
d = Smaller dia. in mm,
L = Length of taper in mm.
Lathe Operations
4. Taper turning:
(iii) By using a taper turning attachment
Advantages of using a taper turning attachment :
Taper turning methods.

• Easy and quick setting.

• The operator may not be highly skilled.
• Accurate tapers can be easily obtained in a single setting.
• Very steep taper on a long workpiece may be turned which is not possible with any other
method
• It is quite suitable for internal taper as well.
• It provides a better finish.
• It ensures an increased rate of production because it is possible to employ longitudinal power
feeds easily.
• During the operation, normal set-up and alignment of the lathe and main parts are not
disturbed (as is the case with the other methods).
 D = Larger dia. in mm,
d = Smaller dia. in mm,
L = Length of taper in mm.
Lathe Operations
4. Taper turning:
(iv) By manipulating the transverse and longitudinal feeds of the slide tool
simultaneously :
Taper turning methods.

Taper turning by manipulation of both feeds is inaccurate and requires skill on the part
of the operator. It is used for sharp tapers only.

(v) By using a broad nose form tool :

In this method of taper turning (Fig. 9.16) a
broad nose tool having straight cutting edge is
set on to the work at half taper angle and is fed
straight into the work to generate a tapered
surface.
With this method, tapers of short length only
can be turned.
 D = Larger dia. in mm,
d = Smaller dia. in mm,
L = Length of taper in mm.
Lathe Operations
5. Drilling:
It is an operation of producing a cylindrical
hole in a workpiece by the rotating cutting
edge of a cutter known as the drill
6. Reaming:
Reaming is the operation which usually follows
the earlier operation of drilling and boring in
case of those holes in which a very high grade
of surface finish and dimensional accuracy is
needed.
Lathe Operations
7. Boring:
It is the operation of enlarging and turning a
hole produced by drilling, punching, casting or
forging.
8. Undercutting/grooving :
It is the process of reducing the diameter of a
workpiece over a very narrow surface. It is
often done at the end of a thread or adjacent
to a shoulder to leave a small margin.
Lathe Operations
9. Threading:
Threading is an operation of cutting helical
grooves on the external cylindrical surface of
the workpiece. the work is held in a chuck or
between centres and the threading tool is fed
longitudinally to the revolving work

10. Knurling :
It is an operation of embossing a diamond
shaped pattern on the surface of a workpiece.
The purpose of knurling is to provide an
effective gripping surface on a workpiece to
prevent it from slipping when operated by
hand.
Lathe Operations
11. Forming:
It is an operation of turning a convex, concave or any irregular shape. Form-turning
may be accomplished by the following methods :
(i) Using a forming tool,
(ii) Combining cross and longitudinal feed,
(iii) Tracing or copying a template hand.
Lathe Accessories
1. Chucks:
The chucks provide a very efficient and true
device of holding work on the lathe during
the operation.
Some of the commonly used chucks are :
(i) Three jaw universal chucks (a)
(a)
(ii) Four jaw independent chuck (b)
(iii) Combination chuck
(iv) Magnetic chuck
(v) Air or hydraulic chucks
(vi) Collet.

(b)
Lathe Accessories
2. Face plate It is usually a circular cast iron
disc, having a threaded hole at its centre so that
it can be screwed to the threaded nose of the
spindle.
It consists of a number of holes and slots by
means of which the work can be secured to it. A
number of other things like bolts, nuts, washers,
clamping plates and metallic packing pieces, etc.,
are required for holding the work properly on a Face plate
face plate.
3. Angle plate : It is used for holding work in
conjunction with a face plate. When the size or
shape of the work is such that it is not possible
to mount the work directly on the face plate the
angle plate is secured to the face plate and the
work mounted on it
Lathe Accessories
4. Driving plate :
It is a cast circular disc having a projected boss at
its rear. The boss carries internal threads, so that
it can be secrewed on to the spindle work. It also
carries a hole to accommodate a pin which
engages with the tail of a lathe dog or carrier
when the job is held in the latter
Drive plate
5. Lathe carriers or dogs :
These are used in conjunction with the driving
plate. The two common forms are straight tail
and bent tail. The work to be held is inserted in Lathe dog or carrier
the ‘V’ shaped hole of the carrier and then finally
secured in position by means of set screw.
Lathe Accessories
6. Lathe centres :.
They act as solid bearings to support the work
during the operation. Cast steel or high grade
tool steel is the common material used for their
manufacture. They are then hardened and
ground to correct angle.
7. Lathe mandrels :
A “mandrel” can be described as a solid steel
shaft or spindle which is used for holding
bored parts for machining their outside surfaces
on lathe. They are also The common types of
mandrels are : Solid or plain (Fig. 9.29) : collar,
stepped, expanding and double cone
mandrels.known as arbors.
Lathe dog or carrier
Lathe Accessories
8. Rests :
When a very long job is to be turned between
centres on a lathe, due to its own weight it
provides a springing action and carries a lot of
bending moment. To avoid this, such jobs are
always supported on an attachment known as
‘steady rest or centre rest’ (Fig. 9.30a)
Sometimes, when the job is too flexible, it Steady rest
becomes necessary to support the job very close
to the cutting edge of the tool throughout the
operation. In such cases a ‘follower rest’ used

Follower rest
Lathe Accessories
9. Jigs and fixtures :
Jigs and fixtures are used in conjunction with the face plate on a lathe for
supporting and holding odd shaped and eccentric jobs during the operation.
This specific use is in the mass production of identical parts otherwise, if only a
single item is to be made, the cost of production of the jigs or fixtures itself will
be too high, preventing their use.
Turret lathe and capstan lathe
Limitations of Centre Lather
• Only one tool can be used in the normal course (sometimes the conventional tool
post can be replaced by a square tool post with four tools).
• Large setting time of the job (in terms of holding the job)
• The idle times involved in setting and movement of tools between the cuts is large.
• If proper care is not taken by the operator, it is difficult to achieve precise movement
of the tools to destined places. The above limitations are taken
Aspects Turret and capstan lathe differ from general purpose
◦ The headstock has more and heavier range of speeds due to which higher production
rate is possible.
◦ The tool post is indexable (four tools ; any one tool can be brought into the cutting
position).
◦ The tailstock is replaced by a tool turret with six tool positions.
◦ Feed of each tool can be regulated by means of feed stops.
◦ Two or more tools mounted on a single tool face can cut simultaneously.
◦ These lathes are used for production operations involving better repeatability.
◦ Semi-skilled operators are required.
Turret lathe
Turret lathe is a machine generally larger than a capstan lathe, but using similar
tools. The main difference between them is that the turret saddle has
longitudinal movement on the guides of the bed.
In general, the tooling equipment is arranged for either bar or clutch work, high
production being obtainable by use of multiple tooling on both the hexagon
turret and square turret : Machines fitted with two traversing saddles are
known as combination turret lathe.
The main tools for bar work are roller steady-turning tool-holders on the main
hexagon turret and cutting-off tools on the square turret, these being
supplemented by screwing drilling or forming tools to suit the work in hand. For
chuck work it is necessary to provide equipment to cover comparatively large
diameters.
Turret lathe
 Turret lathe
Features of turret lathe that make it a quantity production machine :
• Rigidity in holding work and tools is built into the machine to permit multiple
and combined cuts.
• Tools may be set-up in the turret in the proper sequence for the operation.
• Each station is provided with a feed stop or feed trip so that each cut of a tool
is the same as its previous cut.
• Multiple cuts can be taken from the same station at the same time, such as
two or more turning and/or boring cuts.
• Combined cuts can be made ; that is, tools on the cross slide can be used at
the same time that tools on the turret are cutting.
• Turret lathes may be fitted with attachments for taper turning, thread chasing,
and duplicating, and can be tape controlled.
Capstan lathe
capstan lathe is a lathe designed to use a number of cutting tools mounted in a
rotating turret or capstan and arranged to perform turning operations
successively.
◦ This machine is similar both in appearance and operation to a turret lathe but is used
on smaller work.
◦ The main difference between the two types of machines is that on a capstan lathe the
turret saddle is clamped to the bed, and the turret slide has a limited amount of
movement in the saddle, whereas the saddle on a turret lathe has movement on the
slides of the bed. A longitudinal power feed is provided in both cases as well as hand
movement by a pilot wheel. In addition, a separate saddle is fitted at the front and a
cutoff rest at the back, so that further operations can be performed either separately
or simultaneously with the tools in the turret.
◦ To ensure accurate length of work being obtained, a set of six adjustable stops is fitted,
each one corresponding to a face of the turret and coming into the correct position as
the turret indexes trip the feed motion at any predetermined length.
◦ The tooling equipment varies not only on the type of work to be produced, but also
on the material to be machined.
Capstan lathe
Differences between a turret
lathe and a capstan lathe
Turret lathe and capstan lathe
The square turret on the cross slide can be rotated
manually about a vertical axis to bring each of the
four tools into operating position.
On most machines, the turret can be moved
transversely, either manually or by power, by
means of the cross slide, and longitudinally through
power or manual operation of the carriage. In most
cased, a fixed tool holder also is added to the back
end of the cross slide; this often carries a parting
tool.
Advantages of a Turret Lathe
▪ Setup time is reduced.
▪ The production time is less.
▪ The production rate increases.
▪ It is used for mass production.
▪ It does not require high skilled labour
Types of turret lathes
1. Horizontal turret lathe
(i) Ram type
(ii) Saddle type
2. Vertical turret lathes
3. Numerically-Controlled (NC) turret lathes.
Automatic turret lathes (mechanically
automated)
During the 1870s through 1890s, the automatic turret lathe
was developed and disseminated. These machines can
execute many part-cutting cycles without human
intervention.
Thus the duties of the operator (which were already greatly
reduced by the manual turret lathe) were even further
reduced, and productivity increased.
These machines use cams to automate the sliding and
indexing of the turret and the opening and closing of the
chuck.
CNC lathes and second-operation lathes
Today, most CNC lathes have turrets, and so could logically be called turret
lathes, but the terminology is usually not used that way.
Horizontal CNC lathes, with or without turrets, are generally called CNC
lathes or CNC turning centers or turning centers, and the term turret lathe
by itself is still usually understood in context to refer to horizontal, manual
turret lathes.
The changed role in the production process that such machines now play
is reflected in another name for them, which is second-operation lathe.
 Vertical turret lathes
The term vertical turret lathe (VTL) is applied to machines wherein the
same essential design of the horizontal version is upended, which allows
the headstock to sit on the floor and the faceplate to become a horizontal
rotating table
This is useful for the handling of very large, heavy, short workpieces.
Vertical lathes in general are also called vertical boring mills or often
simply boring mills; therefore a vertical turret lathe is a vertical boring mill
equipped with a turret.
Today's CNC versions are called CNC VTLs.
 Gang-tool lathe

A gang-tool lathe is one that has a row of tools set up on its cross-slide,
which is long and flat and is similar to a milling machine table.
The idea is essentially the same as with turret lathes to set up multiple
tools and then easily index between them for each part-cutting cycle.
Instead of being rotary like a turret, the indexable tool group is linear.
Multispindle lathe
Multispindle lathes have more than one spindle and automated control
(whether via cams or CNC).
They are production machines specializing in high-volume production.
The smaller types are usually called screw machines, while the larger
variants are usually called automatic chucking machines, automatic
chuckers, or simply chuckers.
 CNC lathe / CNC turning center
CNC lathes are rapidly replacing the
older production lathes (multispindle,
etc) due to their ease of setting and
operationThe part may be designed by
the Computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) process The machine is
controlled electronically via a computer
menu style interface

CNC Lathe
Combination lathe / 3-in-1 machine
A combination lathe, often known as a 3-in-1 machine, introduces
drilling or milling operations into the design of the lathe.
The 3-in-1 name comes from the idea of having a lathe, milling machine,
and drill press all in one affordable machine tool.
Thank you