CHAPTER 3 Plant Kingdom

CHAPTER – 3
PLANT KINGDOM
Artificial classification – oldest classification and it is based on few vegetative and sexual characters.
Natural classification system – it is based on natural affinities among the organisms in their external and
internal features.
Phylogenetic classification system – it is based on evolutionary relationship
Numerical taxonomy – by using computers numbers and codes are assigned to all the characters and data
are processed.
Cytotaxonomy – it is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behavior.
Chemotaxonomy – it is based chemical constituents of the plants.
1. ALGAE:
Simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic organisms.

Habitats – grow in moist soil and wood.
Symbiotic ( Lichens) grow on other animals (sloth bear)
Size ranges from Unicellular colonial (volvox), Filamentous ( spirogyra) and Massive bodies (kelp)
Reproduce vegetatively, asexually and sexually
Spores are Zoospores (male) à isogamous / anisogamous; Oospores (egg).
Economic importance:
Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum are used as food.

Marine brown algae (Algin) and red algae (Carrageen) are used as Hydrocolloids, which is a fibrous
structure holds water and used to transport seedling.
Gelidium, Graularia are used to grow microbes, make ice creams and jellies.
Chlorella and Spirullina are rich in proteins and used as food supplements.
Alage is divided into 3 main classes;
a) Chlorophyceae – green algae
b) Phaeophyceae – brown algae
c) Rhodophyceae – red algae
a)Chlorophyceae (Green algae):
Colonial / filamentous / unicellular

Possess chlorophyll a & b
Pyrenoids contains proteins besides starch
Some store food in oil forms
Cell wall is rigid and made of inner cellulose and outer pectose
Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation / spores
Asexual reproduction is by flagellated Zoospores
Sexual reproduction is by isogamous / anisogamous / oogamous
Examples : - Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas
b)Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)

Marine habitats – vary in size and form from simple branched to filamentous form, Kelp (100 m)
They possess chlorophyll a & c, carotenoid, Xanthophylls and Fucoxanthin.
Food is stored as carbohydrates in the form of Laminarin / Mannitol
They have cellulose wall with gelatinous coating of algin.
They are attached to substratum by Holdfast (root like), Stalk (stipe) and leaf (frond)
Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation
Asexual reproduction is by biflagellated zoospores
Sexual reproduction is by Isogamous / Anisogamous / Oogamous.
Examples: - Laminaria, Srgassum, Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus.
c)Rhodophyceae ( Red algae)
They have red pigment called “r-phycoerythrin”.

They are marine.
Food is stored as Floridean starch, which is similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure.
Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation.
Asexually by non-motile spores.
Sexually by non-motile gametes.
Examples: - Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium.
2. BRYOPHYTES
they live in moist shaded areas in the hill.
It is known as “amphibians of plant kingdom”.
They occur in damp soil, humid and shaded places.
Plant body lacks true roots, stem, leaves, they are attached to the substratum by unicellular / multicellular
Rhizoids.
The main plant is haploid and they produce gametes (Gametophyte – dominant).
The male sex organ is Antheridium (antherozoids)
The female sex organ is Archegonium (single egg)
Antherozoids are released in water come into contact with Archegonium to form Zygote.
Zygote develops into Sporophyte (diploid) undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores germinate to
produce Gametophyte.
Economic importance:
Provide food for herbaceous mammals / birds.
Sphagnum species (mosses) provide peat, used as a fuel.
Due to its water holding capacity it is used as packing material for trans-shipment of living materials.
Mosses and Lichens form Pioneer community on bare rocks.
Form dense mats on soil, so reduce the impact of rain and soil erosion.
Classes: - There are two classes à Liverworts, Mosses.
a) Liverworts:
Moist, shady habitats, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods.
Plant body is Thalloid, have a tiny leaf structures.
Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation / form gemmae (green, multicellular, asexual bodies) they
detach from parent body and form as a new individual.
During Sexual reproduction, form male & female sex organs sporophyte is differentiated into a foot, setae
and capsule.
Spore germinate to form gametophyte.
Example: - Marchantia
b) Mosses:
Gametophyte shows two stages a Protonema (spores) and Leafy stage (Secondary protonema)
Attached to the soil by Rhizoids
Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation / budding
Sexual reproduction is by antheridia and archegonia
Zygote develops into sporophyte and form capsule and it contains spores (haploid)
Example : - Sphagnum, Funaria
3. PTERIDOPHYTES:
They are used for medical purpose, ornamental and as soil binders and first terrestrial plants. They grow
in cool, damp, shady places
Possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
Main plant body is Sporophytes
The body is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.
Leaves may be small (microphylls – selaginella) or large (macrophylls – ferns) and bear sporangia and
form sporophylls (leaf carrying spores).
Sporangia produce spores by meiosis.
Spore germinates to form gametophyte, called Prothallus.
They need water for fertilization.
Gametophyte bear male & female sex organs called Antheridia and Archaegonia respectively.
Gamete fusion results in zygote formation. Zygote develops into sporophytes (dominant phase).
If all the spores are similar kind, it is called Homosporous.
Selaginella produce two kinds of spores, Macro and micro spores, hence known as Heterosporous.
Macro and micro spores develop into female and male gametophytes respectively.
Female gametophyte retained on sporophyte. It leads to the development of seed habit.
Classes: - There are four classes in Pteridophyte;
a) Psilopsida – Ex. Psilotum
b) Lycopsida – Ex. Selaginella
c) Sphenopsida – Ex. Equisetum
d) Pteropsida – Ex. Pteris
IV. GYMNOSPERMS (Naked seeds)
They are seed bearing plants.

The ovules are not enclosed in an ovary, so no fruits.
Tallest gymnosperm is Sequoia (red wood tree)
Plant body is differentiated into roots, stems and leaves
Roots are tap root – associated with other organisms like Pinus roots with Mycorrhizae and Cycas
roots with Cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena (nitrogen fixing microbes)
Stem can be branched / unbranched
Leaves are simple / needle like – leaves show Xerophytic adaptation
Gymnosperms are heterosporous, produce microspores and megaspores
They form male cones & female cones
Both cones can occur on some plant / different.
Fertilization results in Zygote and embryo develops.
Ovules form seeds.
Gymnosperms show diplontic life cycle.
They show Alternation of generation.
Examples; - Pinus, Cycas, Cedrus
V. ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants)
They are flowering plants

Seeds are covered by fruits – live in wide range of habitats.
Size varies from tiny microscopic Wolfia to tall trees Eucalyptus.
Provide food, fodder, fuel and medicine.
There are two classes a Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.
Male sex organ is Stamen and female is Pistil.
Ovules have embryo sac; it undergoes meiosis and form egg apparatus with one egg and 2 synergids,
3 antipodal cells and 2 polar nuclei.
Polar nuclei fuses to form secondary polar nucleus.
Pollen dispersal is by pollination – pollen tube grows in to stigma and style of pistil, one male gamete
fuses with egg and form zygote and other male gamete fuses with secondary polar nucleus (2n) to
form Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN - 3n).
Due to two fusions, it is called Double fertilization.
a) Zygote develops into an Embryo
b) PEN develops into Endosperm (and nourishes embryo)

c) Synergids and antipodal cells a degenerate after fertilization
d) Ovules develop into seeds
e) Ovary develops into Fruits
Life cycle patterns:
1. Haplontic life cycle:
In haplontic life cycle, haploid individual forms haploid gamete by mitosis during gametogenesis.
Then, this gamete (N) fuses and forms zygote that is diploid.
This zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid adult. Hence, adult is haploid and exhibits zygotic
meiosis.
It takes place in Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, and Volvox.
2. Diplontic life cycle:
In diplontic life cycle, diploid individual forms haploid gamete by meiosis during gametogenesis.
Then, these gametes (N) fuse and form zygote that is diploid, which by mitosis forms diploid adult.
Hence, adult is diploid and exhibits gametic meiosis.
It takes place in all seed-bearing plants such as gymnosperms and angiosperms.
3. Haplo-diplontic cycle:
Both haplontic and diplontic type of life cycle alternate with each other.
It takes place in bryophytes and pteridophyte.

CHAPTER 3 Plant Kingdom

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3 Plant Kingdom

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3 Plant Kingdom

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER – 3

Simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic organisms.

Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum are used as food.

a) Chlorophyceae – green algae

b) Phaeophyceae – brown algae

c) Rhodophyceae – red algae

a)Chlorophyceae (Green algae):

Colonial / filamentous / unicellular

Examples : - Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas

b)Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)

Examples: - Laminaria, Srgassum, Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus.

c)Rhodophyceae ( Red algae)

They have red pigment called “r-phycoerythrin”.

Examples: - Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium.

Classes: - There are two classes à Liverworts, Mosses.

Example : - Sphagnum, Funaria

a) Psilopsida – Ex. Psilotum

b) Lycopsida – Ex. Selaginella

c) Sphenopsida – Ex. Equisetum

d) Pteropsida – Ex. Pteris

IV. GYMNOSPERMS (Naked seeds)

They are seed bearing plants.

Examples; - Pinus, Cycas, Cedrus

V. ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants)

They are flowering plants

a) Zygote develops into an Embryo

b) PEN develops into Endosperm (and nourishes embryo)

d) Ovules develop into seeds

e) Ovary develops into Fruits

Life cycle patterns:

1. Haplontic life cycle:

2. Diplontic life cycle:

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.