SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF

AYODHYA CITY

MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE
in
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

By

BATCH 2021-2022

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Joydeep Dutta, Dr. Farheen Bano, Asst. Prof. Jitendra Diwakar,
and Asst. Prof. Shadab Saifi

Institution

to the

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)
February, 2021
Add title and session

DECLARATION

(Candidate Signature)

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

CERTIFICATE

Signature Signature Signature

(Name of (Name of Co- (Name of Evaluator)

Supervisor) Supervisor)

(Designation) (Designation)

Date: Date: Date:

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to take
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

ABSTRACT

xyzzz

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The identified slum areas in Ayodhya. ............................................................. 17
Table 2: Detail of STP .................................................................................................... 23
Table 3: Coverage Of Sewerage Network ...................................................................... 23
Table 4: Zone Wise Coverage of Households ................................................................ 23
Table 5: The following table indicates the projected waste generation per capita per day
as per URDPFI guidelines of .......................................................................................... 26
Table 6: The types of vehicle deployed for collection of solid waste in the city ........... 27
Table 7: Detail of Dumping Sites ................................................................................... 27
Table 8: The details of Bio-Medical Waste generated in the ayodhya city are given
below:.............................................................................................................................. 28
Table 9: Total No. Of Electricity Connection In Ayodhya & Faizabad ......................... 29
Table 10: Types of Social Infrastructure ........................................................................ 35
Table 11: Importance of social infrastructure ................................................................. 35
Table 12:Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in Ayodhya, 2011 ..... 36
Table 13:List of educational facilities existing and gap. ............................................... 36
Table 14: List of healthcare facilities existing and gap. ................................................ 40
Table 15: List of Open Spaces existing and gap. ........................................................... 41
Table 16: List of socio-cultural facilities existing and gap. ........................................... 43
Table 17: List of distribution services existing and gap. ............................................... 44
Table 18: List of police, civil defence and home guards facilities existing and gap ..... 45
Table 19: List of safety management facility existing and gap ..................................... 47

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Street lighting on arterial road and inner streets .......................................... 31
Figure 2-2: The electrical load distribution in Ayodhya from Panki dispatch station .... 32
Figure 2-3: Traction connection of Ayodhya ................................................................. 33
Figure 2-4: Detail of Electrical connection in Ayodhya and Faizabad (Source: UPPCL
Ayodhya) ........................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 2-5: Images showing a school in Ayodhya and its condition .............................. 37
Figure 2-6: Shree Ram Hospital in Ayodhya.................................................................. 39
Figure 6-1: Proposals to increase power supply through renewable energy in Ayodhya
........................................................................................................................................ 60
Figure 6-2: Functioning of Hydroelectric power plant ................................................... 62
Figure 6-3:Diagram of a side view of a bifacial solar panel ........................................... 62
Figure 6-4: Smart bins .................................................................................................... 63

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

LIST OF MAPS

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 5
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................................ 7
CONTENTS...................................................................................................................... 8
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 11
1.1. NEED OF SUSTAINABLE CITY PLAN IN UTTAR PRADESH .................................................. 11
1.2. SELECTION OF AYODHYA.................................................................................................. 11
1.3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AYODHYA........................................................................ 12
1.4. CITY PROFILE .................................................................................................................... 12
1.5. AYODHYA PLANNING AREA .............................................................................................. 12
2. ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 13
2.1. REGIONAL SETTING .......................................................................................................... 13
2.2. DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ............................................ 13
2.3. LANDUSE .......................................................................................................................... 13
2.4. ECONOMIC BASE – TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ................................................ 13
2.5. HERITAGE, TOURISM AND URBAN DESIGN ...................................................................... 13
2.6. HOUSING .......................................................................................................................... 13
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 13
Relevant secondary data ........................................................................................... 15
Housing shortage ...................................................................................................... 16
Housing policies ........................................................................................................ 16
Existing Scenario ....................................................................................................... 16
2.7. TRANSPORTATION............................................................................................................ 21
2.8. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................ 22
Water Supply ............................................................................................................. 22
Drainage .................................................................................................................... 22
Solid Waste Management ......................................................................................... 26
Electricity ................................................................................................................... 28
Electricity is one of the basic needs of humans, with development increase in electricity
demand is also seen in urban areas. ................................................................................... 28
2.9. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................ 35
Analysis of Present Facilities ..................................................................................... 36
Healthcare Facilities .................................................................................................. 38
Open Spaces .............................................................................................................. 41
Socio‐cultural ............................................................................................................ 42
Distribution services.................................................................................................. 44
Police, Civil Defence and Home Guards .................................................................... 45
Safety Management .................................................................................................. 46
2.10. ENVIRONMENT............................................................................................................... 48
2.11. GOVERNANCE................................................................................................................. 48
3. EXISTING GRIHA RATING OF AYODHYA CITY ............................................... 49
3.1. Smart Governance............................................................................................................ 49
Criterion 1: Public Participation in Decision Making Processes ................................ 49

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

Criterion 2: Intelligent Building Processes ................................................................ 49

Criterion 3: Municipal Finance .................................................................................. 49
Criterion 4: Capacity Building .................................................................................... 49
3.2. Water Supply and Management ...................................................................................... 49
Criterion 5: Water Sufficiency ................................................................................... 49
Criterion 6: Water Quality and Charge Collection Efficiency .................................... 49
Criterion 7: Storm water Management..................................................................... 49
3.3. Sanitation and Municipal Solid Waste Management....................................................... 49
Criterion 8: Sanitation and Wastewater ................................................................... 49
Criterion 9: Extent of Waste Collection and Management ....................................... 49
Criterion 10: Waste Recycling/Treatment ................................................................ 49
3.4. Sustainable Mobility......................................................................................................... 49
Criterion 11: Public Transport Facilities .................................................................... 49
Criterion 12: Non-Motorized Transport Facilities ..................................................... 49
Criterion 13: Road Safety Measures ......................................................................... 49
Criterion 14: Low Carbon Interventions.................................................................... 49
Criterion 15: Policy Measures ................................................................................... 49
3.5. Energy Optimization and Management ........................................................................... 49
Criterion 16: Demand Side Management ................................................................. 49
Criterion 17: Managing Household Electricity Consumption .................................... 49
Criterion 18: Promoting Energy Efficient Street Lights ............................................. 49
Criterion 19: Enhancing Power Quality ..................................................................... 49
Criterion 20: Promoting Use of Renewable Energy .................................................. 49
3.6. Quality of Life ................................................................................................................... 49
Criterion 21: Universal Accessibility .......................................................................... 49
Criterion 22: Availability of Public Spaces and Green Areas ..................................... 49
Criterion 23: Levels of Ambient Air Quality and Noise Quality ................................. 49
Criterion 24: Provision of Affordable Housing .......................................................... 49
3.7. Bonus................................................................................................................................ 49
Criterion 25: Bonus Points ........................................................................................ 49
4. ISSUES AND POTENTIALS .................................................................................... 50
4.1. REGIONAL SETTING .......................................................................................................... 50
4.2. DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASE ................................................................. 50
4.3. ECONOMIC BASE .............................................................................................................. 50
4.4. HERITAGE, TOURISM AND URBAN DESIGN ...................................................................... 50
4.5. HOUSING .......................................................................................................................... 50
4.6. TRANSPORTATION............................................................................................................ 51
4.7. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................ 51
Water Supply ............................................................................................................. 51
Drainage .................................................................................................................... 51
Solid Waste Management ......................................................................................... 51
Electricity ................................................................................................................... 52

Page no. in the centre.

Add title and session

4.8. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................ 52

4.9. ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................. 53
4.10. GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................... 53
4.11. LAND USE ....................................................................................................................... 53
5. VISION FOR AYODHYA, 2031 ............................................................................... 54
5.1. PROJECTIONS ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2. DEMOGRAPHY ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3. ECONOMIC BASE .............................................................................................................. 54
5.4. TOURISM .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.5. HOUSING .......................................................................................................................... 54
5.6. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................ 54
6. PROPOSALS .............................................................................................................. 58
6.1. REGIONAL SETTING .......................................................................................................... 58
6.2. DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 58
6.3. ECONOMIC BASE .............................................................................................................. 58
6.4. HERITAGE, TOURISM AND URBAN DESIGN ...................................................................... 58
6.5. HOUSING .......................................................................................................................... 58
6.6. TRANSPORTATION............................................................................................................ 59
6.7. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................ 59
Water Supply ............................................................................................................. 59
Drainage .................................................................................................................... 59
Solid Waste Management ......................................................................................... 60
Electricity ................................................................................................................... 60
6.8. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................ 64
6.9. ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................. 64
6.10. GOVERNANCE................................................................................................................. 64
6.11. LAND USE ....................................................................................................................... 64
7. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 65
9. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 66

Page no. in the centre.

Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. NEED OF SUSTAINABLE CITY PLAN IN UTTAR PRADESH
1.2. SELECTION OF AYODHYA

11
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

2. HISTORICAL OF AYODHYA
2.1. CITY PROFILE
2.2. AYODHYA PLANNING AREA

12
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

3. ANALYSIS

3.1. REGIONAL SETTING

3.2. DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

3.3. LANDUSE

3.4. ECONOMIC BASE – TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

3.5. HERITAGE, TOURISM AND URBAN DESIGN

3.6. HOUSING
Introduction
“Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. Housing, over
a broad range of income categories, represents one of the primary needs of our society –
the need for human shelter. As such, housing stands as an expression of our well-being.
Whether market rate or subsidized, well-designed housing provides dignity and stability
to our lives. It further represents an investment in our communities stemming from the
permanent roots established by residents in the basic building blocks of neighborhood
life. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last
few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute
housing shortage. Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure
planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide
affordable housing. (awas.up.nic.in)

Figure: Housing illustration

The primary aim of the chapter is to analyse and provide improvements strategies for
housing infrastructure of Ayodhya City. In order to achieve this aim the objectives will
be:

13
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 To examine housing typology, housing trend in the city.

 To study housing stock and housing need of Ayodhya City.
 To study the characteristics of slums and informal settlements in Ayodhya City.
 To identify the problems, potentials and issues in the housing sector of Ayodhya
City.
 To formulate planning strategies and appropriate housing policies for
improving the housing quality, infrastructure, housing stock of Ayodhya for
future development.

This study relies on both primary and secondary data collected during the field visits to
ayodhya city.The primary data was collected in form of Household surveys, where each
of the 20 students interviewed about 5 households. The sample size was 75 (about
0.02% of the total population of 55,890). Data was also collected from the Secretariat,
Ayodhya Housing Board, and Town and Country Planning Organization. The sources of
secondary data include Census of India 1991, 2001, 2011, Annual Reports, manuals,
official records, and other published sources pertaining to HFAPoA, Ayodhya
Development Plan and City Development plan. Informal discussions were held with
officials to elicit the information with a view to gain deeper in-sights into the operational
aspects of housing finance in the selected areas of the study.The city may be broadly
divided into 2 categories of housing sub-systems.

 Organic: Old City Village Abadi areas, Housing Board Private Developers,
Employer Housing Colonies and
 Unplanned:- Unauthorized colonies, Slums and squatters.

The study first analyses the existing housing stock and then calculates the shortage for
next 10 years. It explores the redevelopment of existing wards and possible new
development for the projected population.

14
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Figure : Existing housing condition in Ayodhya

Relevant secondary data
This section briefly discusses the data collected at the National and State level from the
Census of India, 2001 and 2011.

Table: Overview of the housing condition

2011 2001
Population 55,890 49,417
No. of Households 10026 7971
Household size 5.5
Source: census of India 2001,2011

Table: Occupancy status

2011 2001

Vacant 552 1022

Occupied 9474 9004

Source: census of India,2011

15
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Housing shortage
Data pertaining to number of houses, number of dilapidated houses and number of
households has been used to calculate the estimated housing shortage in Ayodhya city
(2011).
Total population = 55,890
Estimated household size = 4.5 person per household (according to URDPFI)
No. of households = 55890/4.5 = 12,420
Existing housing stock = 10,026
Thus, housing shortage = 12420 – 10026 = 2394 (for 2011).

Table : Existing housing shortage in Ayodhya Development Authority area

Year 2001 2011 2021 2031
Population 49417 55890 64089 73491
No. of households 7971 12420 14666 16000
Available housing 4961 10026 13000 16000
stock
Housing shortages 3010 2394 1666 0
Source: census of India,2011

This table lists the housing shortage projected for 2021 and 2031, calculated similarly
from census data. Accordingly, 13000 and 16000 houses are required by 2021 and 2031
respectively, to bridge the housing shortage by next decade. It may be noted that the
existing housing stock should be readjusted after considering the number of houses that
are unfit to reside in, including dilapidation and obsolescence.

Housing policies
The MoHUPA (Ministry of housing and urban poverty alleviation) of Uttar Pradesh has
been running many programmes that are targeted towards urban poverty reduction and
improving the access of the poor to basic services. These include the Basic Services to
the Urban Poor (BSUP) under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM); Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP); and the
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). PMAY is the recent launched scheme of poverty
alleviation. Also Atal Mission For Rejuvenation And Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
scheme under the MOHUA is running here governing the water Supply, Sewerage and
septage management, Storm Water Drainage to reduce flooding, Non-motorized Urban
Transport, Green space/parks of urban areas.

Existing Scenario
3.6.5.1. Existing Housing Typology in Ayodhya
There is an old town which covers major organic part of the city with few newly
developed housing board colonies and an unplanned housing under which slums and
illegal/unauthorized colonies and identified & unidentified slum areas are there. Most of
the analysis has been conducted based on reconnaissance study and primary
observations.

16
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Map 3-1: : Map showing existing housing typology in Ayodhya

3.6.5.2. Slums
Slum is often used to describe informal settlements within cities that have inadequate
housing and poor living conditions. They are often overcrowded, with many people
crammed into very small living spaces. Slums are generally the only type of settlement
affordable and accessible to the poor in cities, where competition for land and profits is
intense.

Table 1: The identified slum areas in Ayodhya.

Sr.No. Name of slum Is it notified No. of Population of
households the slum
(appx.) (appx.)
Jaisinghpur YES 804 3724
Source: census of India,2011

17
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Map 3-2: Map showing unidentified slums as per observation in Ayodhya.

3.6.5.3. Building condition

Pertaining to the type of houses possessing that 45.20 per cent respondents having their
houses of mixed types, followed by 43.60 per cent were residing in pucka houses and
11.20 per cent were such who had kaccha houses, respectively. For one such case of
migrants, if they want to settle in the town the family will prefer to live near their
community, hence it is preferred to construct a pucca house. Inferring from this, it is
clear that only 2% of the houses are kuccha and hence they need be replaced by pucca
structures.

3.6.5.4. Household status

The composition of household types within cities changes from a mixture of one-person
to more than five-person households to a dominance of single and couple households
within the city and an allocation of family households into the suburban area. This
process is based on residential location decisions of individual. The most significant
factors affecting urban spatial growth are the growing number of smaller households
and the increasing space consumption by households.

18
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Chart 1: Representing the condition of housing whether it is good, liveable or dilapidated.

Source:2011 census

Chart 2: Representing the percentage of buildings that are owned , rented and others

Source:2011 census

As per the comprehensive development plan 2031, during 2001-2011, the population
growth rate was lower than the household growth. This is perhaps indicative of a greater
number of Nuclear families in the society. The table shows that the maximum
household are of 6-8 members thus considering 6 members as average household size.
The data shows various categories of household size. This provides preliminary insight
into the composition of the household and their variations across the city. The data is
categorized by nuclear, nuclear pair, supplemented and extended nuclear Households
etc.

19
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Chart 3: Representing the building condition whether kutcha, pucca or mixed

Source:2011 census

Map 3-3: Map showing the building condition i.e, pucca , semi pucca and kutcha houses in
Ayodhya
3.6.5.5. Building heights
The building heights in the town are predominantly ground and ground+1. 52% of the
houses are ground+1 in height. 43% Ground+2 houses are also there. Very few(10-
12%) areas are there, in which house of ground and ground+3 exist. From this it can be
incurred that a provision of increasing FAR can be amended in the existing byelaws for
better utilisation of land and increasing density for projected population. Maximum
buildings are of low height in zone and are of residential use. There are some historical

20
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

buildings which are used as temple and stay places for pilgrims are of 10-15m heights.
Raj dwar mandir stands as the tallest building in Ayodhya.

Chart 4: Representing the percentage ratio of building heights

Source:2011 census

Map 3-4: Map showing existing predominant building heights of Ayodhya

3.7. TRANSPORTATION

21
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

3.8. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Water Supply
Drainage
3.8.2.1. Storm water Drainage
3.8.2.2. Sanitary
3.8.2.3. Sewage
Existing Scenario of Sewerage Network
The eleven sewage drains that originate from Ayodhya city are collected as ponding
near Nirmali Kund, Chaudah Koshi Parikarma path area. Only in rainy season, these
drains are expected to join to Saryu River. Drain at Guptar ghat/Nirmali kund ends
thereby as ponding. Rest ten drains are being discharged across parikrama path which
ultimately meets ponding near Saryu river bandha.

Present status
As per assessment of Jal Nigam Nagar Unit, Ayodhya, total 2.04 MLD sewage received
in Guptar ghat/Nirmali Kund drain. Rest 21.10 MLD sewage is generated at Parikrama
path ponding. Since the distance between the drain at Guptar Ghat/Nirmali kund and
other drains is more, therefore, 3.0 MLD STP for nirmali kund drain is proposed, where
major contribution in this drain is due to cantonment area of Ayodhya. In order to tap
rest of the drains, 32 MLD STP is proposed under NMCG programme.

Map 3-5: Ayodhya Nagar Nigam

22
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

In addition to this at Ayodhya ghat area, total 05 nos. of sewage drains (Rajghat Nala,
Godiyana Nala, Ridmochan Nala, Golaghat-1, Golaghat-2) are discharging directly in
Saryu river without treatment. Jal Nigam Nagar Unit, Ayodhya has already prepared
project in order to tap these drains and transfer sewage to STP. Presently 12 MLD
sewage treatment plant is established and operating in Ayodhya area to treat sewage
generated.

Table 2: Detail of STP

District Name of Installed Utilized Capacity Operating Complaince Discharge
STP capacity Capacity Utilized Govt. (Yes/No) Drain
(MLD) (MLD) (%) Agency
Ayodhya 12 MLD 12 7 58% UP Jal Yes Local
(Ayodhya) Nigam drains
Source: UPPCB

Table 3: Coverage Of Sewerage Network

City Populatio Estimated Water Estimated Installed Propose Gap in
n (as per Populatio Consumptio Sewage Capacit d STP STP
census n 2031 n (MLD) generatio y of Capacity Capacity
2011) (@135) n on year existing (MLD) Utilization
2031 STP based on
(MLD) (MLD) Populatio
n year
2031
(MLD)
Ayodhya 55,890 75,323 10.17 8.13 12 - Nil
Source: Ayodhya Development Authority

Table 4: Zone Wise Coverage of Households

Zone No. Total No. Of Households with Coverage of Sewerage
Households (HH) a Sewerage Network b Network Services
(b/a)*100%
1 8,607 5507 63.9
2 10,520 8934 84.9
3 12,752 9537 74.7
Total 31,879 23978 75.2
Source: Ayodhya Development Authority

Sewage Disposal
The current disposal alternatives can be divided into three categories:

 House connected to the existing sewer line

 House with own septic tank and direct disposal into the storm water drain
 Other alternatives

According to the primary survey 72 houses the percentage of current disposal methods
are:

 Sewer line- 57.1%

 Septic tank - 32.9
 Others-10%

23
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Chart 5: Showning how humna excreta is disposed

Source: Primary Survey

Detail of sewerage system in the city

Sewer lines are the most common mode of sewage disposal according to our primary
survey. it is evident that about 70-80% of the households have safe mode of waste
disposal i.e. by the means of septic tank , sewer line . however rest of the households do
not have an access to safe mode of disposal.

Chart 6: How frequently the septic tank is cleaned

Source: Primary Survey

Chart 7: Showing how is the septic cleaned

Source: Primary Survey

24
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Sewage Generation:
Total population of Ayodhya = 55890 (2011)
Current water supply = 38.35 MLD
Considering 80% water supply as disposed sewage
Total sewage generated= 30.68 MLD

The town of Ayodhya is dependent on both septic tank and sewer lines for sewage
disposal. Presently there is a sewerage system which is connected to a 12 MLD of STP
plant and there is 30.68 MLD of sewerage disposal.

There are total 35 number of public toilets (shulabh sauchalya). 6 toilets are pay and use
toilets.

Map 3-6: Toilet location in our study area.

25
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste is the amount of waste generated. It refers to the range of garbage materials
arising from various animal and human activities that are discarded as unwanted and
useless. Categorization of waste can be done based on organic and inorganic wastes, as
well as hazardous waste, radioactive, flammable, infectious, toxic, or nontoxic wastes.
Further, categorization can also be done based on the origin or type of the waste,
whether the waste is industrial, domestic, commercial, institutional, or construction and
demolition.
Solid waste management (SWM) is the process associated with control of generation,
storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste
materials in a way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation,
economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental considerations. SWM also
includes planning, administrative, financial, engineering, and legal functions. Proper
management framework of solid waste management can lead to generation of economic
development of the city.

Existing Solid Waste Management

Presently important sources of solid waste generation are residential areas including
slum habitations, fruit and vegetable market, hotels and restaurants, hospitals, drains de-
silting, commercial and industrial wastes from these areas. The total solid waste
collected in ayodhya city is about 93.50 tons a day.

Table 5: The following table indicates the projected waste generation per capita per day as
per URDPFI guidelines of
Sr. No. Land Use Type Estimated waste generation
1 Residential Refuse 0.3 to 0.6 Kg/cap/day
2 Commercial Refuse 0.1 to 0.2 Kg/cap/day
3 Street sweepings 0.05 to 0.2 Kg/cap/day
4 Institutional Refuse 0.05 to 0.2 Kg/cap/day
Source: URDPFI Guidelines

 Solid waste generated per day: 1.68 x 64089 = 106 T/day

Types of vehicle deployed for SWM

From primary survey it was found that the solid waste is collected with the help of
dumper and dumped in Jamtara Ghat.

26
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Table 6: The types of vehicle deployed for collection of solid waste in the city
Sr. No. Types of vehicles Nos.
1 Loader 3
2 Dumper 5
3 Tractor 9
4 Tata s 16
5 JCB Back Hoe loader 3
6 Mini Robot Loader 1
7 Sewer section machine 2
8 Mini hydraulic loader 1
9 Tata jetting pump 2
10 Dumper pleasure 1
Source:

Details of Dumping Sites

There is 6 waste dumping sites within 500 meter of Saryu river in Ayodhya and the
estimated quantity of in this dumping site is approximately 370 MT. The existing
capacities of the various dumping sites are indicated in the table below:

Table 7: Detail of Dumping Sites

Sr. District Name of Area (ha) Estimated Name of Disposal
No. dumping site Quantity of ULB/Panchayat Plan
MSW (Yes/No)
(MT)
1 Ayodhya Naya Ghat 2 70 Nagar Nigam No
Ayodhya
2 Parikrama Marg 3 60 Nagar Nigam No
Ayodhya
3 Kanshiram 3 60 Nagar Nigam No
Colony Ayodhya
4 Pathan Tolia 3 60 Nagar Nigam No
Ayodhya
5 Khurdabad 3 60 Nagar Nigam No
Ayodhya
6 Afeem Kothi 3 60 Nagar Nigam No
Ayodhya
Source: UPPCB

Bio-Medical Waste
There are 185 Health Care Facilities which generate 689 Kg/Day of BioMedical Waste
in Ayodhya. All the Health Care Facilities have valid agreements with Common Bio-
Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) situated in Lucknow for collection,
transportation and disposal of Bio-Medical Waste. The segregation of Bio-Medical
Waste and disposal in the CBWTFs as per the provisions of Bio-Medical Waste
Management Rules, 2016 is a major area of concern. The mixing of Bio-Medical Waste
with Municipal Solid Waste is also observed which also needs to be addressed.

27
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Table 8: The details of Bio-Medical Waste generated in the ayodhya city are given below:
District Total No. Bio Bio No. Of No. Of Gap Remarks
Of H.C.Fs Medical Medical H.C.Fs H.C.F s between
waste Waste attached having waste
generated Treated with captive generated
(kg/day) (Kg/Day) CBW TF treatme &
nt facility treatment
capacity
available
(Kg/Day)
Ayodhya 185 689 689 175 NIL NIL All the
HCFs are
Members
of
CBWTF
Total 185 689 689 175 NIL NIL
Source: UPPCB

Hazardous Waste
The total hazardous waste generation in ayodhya city is 730.77 Ton/annum. This is
collected, treated and disposed by the Common Facilities located near Kanpur Dehat.
The details of Hazardous Waste generated and the treatment facilities are given below.
There is no gap observed between generation & disposal of Hazardous Waste in the
area.
District Total No. Of Hazardous Waste Generated (TPA)
Hazardous waste Incinerable Landfillable Recyclable Total
generating Units
Ayodhya 05 9.2 41.5 680.07 730.77
Total 05 9.2 41.5 680.07 730.77
Source: UPPCB

E-Waste
The data available for electronic waste is at the State level, but no separate data was
available for ayodhya city. Uttar Pradesh has a total of 43 Common E-Waste Disposal
Facilities, including collection, dismantling and recycling units. The cumulative
capacity of these plants is 2,48,000 tons/annum, whereas the quantum presently
generated is approximately 86,000 tons/annum. Hence, as per the provisions of E-Waste
Rules 2016, the present treatment infrastructure for safe E-Waste handling is sufficient
for the near future.

Electricity
Electricity is one of the basic needs of humans, with development increase in electricity
demand is also seen in urban areas.
Aim:
The aim is to analyze the current situation of the energy demand and supply to the
physical infrastructure of the Ayodhya and proposal of greener sources of power
generation in Ayodhya for year 2031.

Objective:
 To observe the existing condition of street lighting, electricity connection and
consumption in Ayodhya.

28
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 To analyze the electricity energy demand, supply and condition scenario in

Ayodhya.

3.8.4.1. Existing Scenario Of Electricity In Ayodhya

Divisions Of Substations In Ayodhya

1. LMV: 1 Kilowatt TO 9 Kilowatt

2. HV: 1 kilowatt, 2 kilowatt and 4 kilowatt.

Table 9: Total No. Of Electricity Connection In Ayodhya & Faizabad

TOTAL SUBSTATION AND CONNECTION OF AYODHAYA
Sr. No. Sub Station Total Connection
1. HV – 1KW 30
2. HV – 2KW 2
3. HV - 4KW 3
4. LMV - 1KW +52330
5. LMV – 2KW 9468
6. LMV – 3KW 32
7. LMV – 4KW 251
8. LMV – 5KW 35
9. LMV – 6KW 174
10. LMV – 7KW 58
11. LMV – 8KW 1
12. LMV – 9KW 95
Total 62,479
Source: UPPCB

 Commercial Connection-9468
 Government Connection – 251
 Tubewell- 35
 Industrial-174
 Household Connctions- 12503

Electricity office in Ayodhya

There are 01 electricity office in the Ayodhya at main road towards Naya Ghatt the
electricity office is not that much far from their homes So, people won’t prefer to
submit bill online.

29
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Map 3-7: Map showing electricity office in Ayodhya

3.8.4.2. Policies For Electricity Working In Ayodhya

Being a part of Core Industries Electricity plays a pivotal role in industrial development,
agricultural activities, and domestic use. Various schemes have been launched by
government to meet the industrial and domestic requirements.

1. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana

 It is a Government of India scheme designed to provide continuous
electricity supply to rural India
 Launched in : 25 july 2015
 Aim: Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) aims to
provide continuous power to rural India through electrification of all
villages, feeder separation to ensure sufficient power to farmers and
regular supply to other consumers, improvement of subtransmission and
distribution infrastructure including metering at all levels in rural areas.
DDUGJY aims to improve the quality and reliability of the supply and
metering to reduce the losses. This would help in providing round the
clock power to rural households and adequate power to agricultural
consumers.

2. Integrated power development scheme

30
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 The Scheme, announced in the Union Budget 2014-15

 Aim: It aims at strengthening of sub-transmission network, Metering, IT
application, Customer Care Services, provisioning of solar panels and the
completion of the ongoing works of Restructured Accelerated Power
Development and completion of the Reforms Programme (RAPDRP).
 The Project is about to converting area overhead lines into underground
cabling in the areas around the temples and ghats in the city. The Scheme
includes up-gradation of the electrical assets at Sub – centers, lines and
distribution transformers, capacity enhancement and renewal of the old
sub stations and installation of roof-top solar panel in government
buildings.

3. Transformers replaced against damaged/ capacity building

 To replace the damage transformers and poles in the rural and urban area
of Ayodhya
 Launched: 30-11-2017

3.8.4.3. STREET LIGHTING

Street lights are available in major arterial roads and are not available in village areas.
Wiring connection of street lighting is underground in sideways of arterial road and
further wiring connection are open wiring system through poles and are in proper use.

Figure 3-1: Street lighting on arterial road and inner streets

3.8.4.4. DISTRIBUTION OF POWER SUPPLY
Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (UPPTCL) has a very large
network of high voltage transmission lines in whole UP (about 24,000Km).
Transmission lines transfer power from power houses to substations and from one
substation to many other substations or vice versa. Power is generated at low Voltage
(of the order of 3.3KV to 25KV) and is stepped-up to high voltage (765KV, 400KV,
220KV & 132KV) for evacuating power into the grid network through transmission

31
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

lines. 33/11KV Substations of distribution companies (DISCOMs) draw power from

transmission substations through 33KV lines and distribute that to consumers (at
0.04KV, 11KV or in few cases at 33KV).

Load Dispatch centers

State had a “Central Load Dispatch Station’ (CLDS), at Lucknow. It was being assisted
by its four ‘Area Load Dispatch’ (ALDSs), situated at

1. Sahupuri
2. Panki
3. Moradabad
4. Roorkee
 The basic control center, ALDS (Area Load Dispatch Stations) of every state has
been named as sub-Load Dispatch Centre (subLDC).
 CLDS has been named as State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC).
 Regional System Coordination & Control Centres (RSCC) of northern region at
New Delhi has been named as Northern Regional Load Dispatch Centre
(NRLDC).

Figure 3-2: The electrical load distribution in Ayodhya from Panki dispatch station
3.8.4.5. TRACTION AND NON-TRACTION LOAD
In Ayodhya there are traction connections available in railway station and railway
tracks.

32
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Figure 3-3: Traction connection of Ayodhya

Figure 3-4: Detail of Electrical connection in Ayodhya and Faizabad (Source: UPPCL
Ayodhya)
3.8.4.6. ELECTRICITY DEMAND

33
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Chart 8: Electricity connection in faizabad and Ayodhya.

Residential Electricity Connection Under Study Areas Of Ayodhya:

 Nirmochan ghat - 4879

 Saket -1263
 Ram ki paidi - 4219
 Amaniganj - 5355
 Darshan nagar -01

Total existing electricity residential connection in study area (Ayodhya) =

15,717

Electricity Consumption Kilowatt Per Hour

Electricity consumption= (Number of authorized electrical connections at household

level /Total no. of household in area)X 100
 According to survey and site data, Ayodhya have total 94% of authorized
household connections.
 Electric consumption = (15717/14666) X 100= 107.16 kwh

Commercial Electricity Connection Under Study Areas Of Ayodhya:

 Nirmochan ghat - 1023

 Saket - 78
 Ram ki paidi - 546
 Amaniganj - 365

34
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 Darshan nagar - 00

Total existing commercial electricity connection in study area (Ayodhya) = 2,012.

All commercial have connection of 2kw So, total demand of electricity is approx.
4024kw.
Total existing households in 2021 are 14666 and the residential connection is 15,717
hence, the connection is 1051 more than the households. As there are many houses
having 02 connections in the same house such as commercial shop in the ground floor
and residential on the first floor of the house.

E- bill submittion
There are online services available in the area but people won’t believe in submitting
electrical bills online.

3.8.4.7. EXISTING ELECTRICITY CONDITION

 No provision of smart electrical meter by UPPCL or MVVNAL.
 Neary every house is running by 1KW electricity connection.
 Entangled wire which also maximizes the electrical wastage.
 Nearly zero provision of renewable of energy.
 Boulevards of city don’t have street light provisions.
 City spine has LED street light.
 94% city area has an electricity supply.

3.9. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Social infrastructure is an interdependent mix of facilities, places, spaces, programs,
projects, services & networks that maintain and improve the standard of living and
quality of life in a community. Social infrastructure facilities include health, education,
sports facilities, socio-cultural activities, communications, security and safety, and other
community facilities pertaining to recreation, religious activities, social congregations
and community events, cremation / burial grounds etc. These are generally planned in
terms of population.

Table 10: Types of Social Infrastructure

Hard Infrastructure Health facilities, educational facilities, recreational grounds, police stations,
fire and emergency buildings and other community facilities.
Soft Infrastructure Programs, resources, services and community and cultural developments.
Source: A report on Vidhisha

Table 11: Importance of social infrastructure

Sub- Heads Importance
Encourage Social Inclusion Open spaces and facilities provide opportunities for interaction,
participation and engagement, which leads to greater community
cohesion.
Support Diverse Community It cater to mix of cultures and, ages and skills and also provides
opportunities for a range of recreational activities and cultural
expression-strengthen individual and community identity.
Improve Health and Wellbeing Leads to positive physical and mental health outcomes and improve life
expentency and quality of life, which further leads to prevention of
diseases and illness.

35
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Access to facilities, services Leads to increased learning opportunities, employment opportunities

and programs and increased social interaction and cultural appreciation.
Support a growing population Assist with new and existing communities.
Attract and keep residents through provision of quality infrastructure.
It becomes difficult for rural population to grow without
criticalsupportive social infrastructure.
Assist Economic Development Creates opportunities for local ownership, entrepreneurship,
employment. Increase capacity to attracts further investment.
Source: A report on Vidhisha

The primary aim of this chapter is to study and analyze the adequacy and access to
social infrastructure facilities in Ayodhya City. To achieve this aim the following
objectives are underlined:
 To study the adequacy of social infrastructure and their spatial distribution as
per the URDPFI guidelines.
 To identify problems and issues with respect to social infrastructure, as observed
through primary study and stakeholder interviews.
 To identify potential strategies and provide recommendations to improve the
overall quality of life of the residents of Ayodhya city.

Analysis of Present Facilities

3.9.1.1. Education Facilities
Education is considered as investment in personality development and through the
developed personality it is considered as cornerstone of the builders of Society and
Nation. Higher Education plays a vital and specific role in overall and planned
development of the state.
As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Ayodhya is 78.2%. Thus Ayodhya has
higher literacy rate compared to 68.7% of Faizabad district. The male literacy rate is
83.43% and the female literacy rate is 71.1% in Ayodhya.

Table 12:Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in Ayodhya, 2011
Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in male
Number of literates Number of illiterates & female
Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females literacy rate
39007 23813 15194 16883 7892 8991 78.15 83.43 71.1 12.33
Source: Census of India 2011

Table 13:List of educational facilities existing and gap.

Educational URDPFI standards Census 2011 Expected for 2021
facilities Population Area School/ Existing Population = Existing Remarks
Served per Require colleges school/ 64,089 gap for
unit ment per per 10,000 colleges 2021
school population (popn. of
in towns, 55,890)
2011
Units Units Units Total
required Area
(ha)
Pre Primary, N 2500 0.08 ha 0 0 26 2.08 26 Merged
ursery School with
primary
schools
Primary School 5000 (NB 0.40 Ha 18 99 13 5.2 -60 60
(class I to V) C, 2005) Surplus

36
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Senior Secondar 7500 1.80 Ha ( 6 33 9 16.2 -24 24

y NBC, 2 Surplus
School (VI to X 005)
II)
Integrated Scho 90,000 – 3.50 Ha 2 11 0 0 -11 11
ol without hoste 1 lakh Surplus
l facility
(Class I‐ XII)
School for Phys 45,000 0.70 Ha 0 1 1 0.70 H 0 Sufficien
ically Challeng a t
ed
Degree college 1.25 lakh 5.00 Ha 0 2 0 0 -2 2
Surplus
Total 26 146 49
Source: Author 2022

 According to the masterplan 2031, there are two degree colleges in our study
area:
1. Shree Paramhansh Degree College
2. K.S.Saket PG College

 According to Zila Ayodhya Website, the city has a school for physically
challenged which fulfil the requirement for the same.

Figure 3-5: Images showing a school in Ayodhya and its condition

37
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Map 3-8: Location of identified schools and colleges.

Inferences:
Therefore, as per URDPFI guideline the total number of schools required for the
population of 64,089 is 49, which include 26 pre-primary schools, 13 primary schools, 9
senior secondary schools and 1 school for physical challenged children. Thus, in
Ayodhya the existing number of schools are 144 which is much more than required and
also have a school for physically challenged, so this can be accounted as sufficient
educational facility in the city.

Healthcare Facilities

38
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Health facilities are places that provide health care. They include hospitals, clinics,
outpatient care centers, and specialized care centers, such as birthing centers and
psychiatric care centers.
The size of a hospital depends upon the hospital bed requirement, which in turn is a
function of the size of the population it serves.

As per the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS), 2012, the calculation of number o
f beds is based on
 annual rate of admission as 1 per 50 population
 average length of stay in a hospital as 5 days

Based on the assumption number of beds required for the projected population (2021) of
64,089 for Ayodhya city is:
No. of Bed days per year : 64,089*0.02*5= 6,408.9 (6,409)
No. of beds required with 100% occupancy...: 6,409/365=17.5 (18)
No. of beds required with 80% occupancy : 18*0.8=14

According to Census 2011, the Ayodhya city has a about 26 beds in medical institutions
per 10,000 population. So, a population of 64,089 will require 156 beds in medical
institutions.

Existing Health Facilities

The city has only one government hospital with basic facilities and an eye hospital,
along with a few clinics.

Figure 3-6: Shree Ram Hospital in Ayodhya

39
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Table 14: List of healthcare facilities existing and gap.

Healthcare facilties URDPFI standards 2021 Existing Existing Remark
No. of Populat Area Population facilites gap
beds ion Requirem = 64,089
Served ent per Units Total
per unit school required Area
(ha)
Dispensary 0 15000 0.08 to 0.1 4 0.32 - 2 2 02 Required
2 Ha 0.48 ha
Nursing home, child w 25 to 30 45000 t 0.20 to 0.3 1 0.20 ha 0 1 01 Required
elfare and maternity c o1 0 Ha
entre beds lakh
Family Welfare Centre As 50,000 500 sqm - 1 500 0 1 01 Required
(MPD, pg 134) per 800 sqm
req. sqm
Diagnostic centre (M 0 50,000 500 sqm - 1 500 0 1 01 Required
PD, pg 134) 800 sqm sqm
Total 7 2 5
Source: Author 2022

Map 3-9: Location of existing Healthcare facilities.

40
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Inferences:
Therefore, as per URDPFI guideline the total number of hospitals required for the
population of 64,089 is 7, which includes 4 dispensaries, 1 nursing home and child
welfare and maternity centre, 1 family welfare centre and 1 diagnostic centre. Thus, in
Ayodhya the existing number of healthcare facilities is much lesser than the required
number. The city demands more healthcare facilities on an urgent basis.

Open Spaces
According to URDPFI guideline, the open spaces can include the following three
categories, namely:

1. Recreational space
2. Organised green
3. Other common open spaces (vacant lands/ open spaces including flood plains,
forest cover etc. in plain areas.

Table 15: List of Open Spaces existing and gap.

Open spaces URDPFI standards 2021 Existing Existing Remark
Population Area Population gap
Served per Requirement = 64,089
unit (ha) Units Total
required Area
(ha)
Recreational space
Ghats - - - - 7 0
Organised Green for Plain Areas
Housing Area Park 5000 0.50 13 1.5 5 9 09
Required
Neighbourhood park 15000 1.00 4 4.00 0 4 04
Required
Total 17 12
Source: Author 2022

Figure 3-7: Image showing open and recreational areas.

41
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Map 3-10: Location of open spaces and ghats

Inferences:
Therefore, as per URDPFI guideline the total number of open spaces facilities required
for the population of 64,089 is 17 facilities, which includes 13 Housing Area Park and
4 Neighbourhood park. Thus, in Ayodhya the existing number of housing area parks
and neighbourhood parks is much less than the expected number, but there are
recreational spaces.

Socio‐cultural
A society’s culture expresses how members of the society go about solving their
survival problems and that this is reflected in the way organizations located in their
society go about solving their problems.

42
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Socio-cultural institutions include anganwadis, community halls, Exhibition cum fair

grounds, Music, dance and drama centres, meditation centres, etc.

Table 16: List of socio-cultural facilities existing and gap.

Socio- cultural URDPFI standards 2021 Existing Existing Remark
facilities Population Area Population gap
Served per Requirement = 64,089
unit Units Total
required Area

Community Room 5,000 750 sqm (NB 13 9,750 0 13 13

C) Required
Community hall, man 15,000 2000 sqm 4 8000 1 3 Only 1
galkaryayala, barat gha sqm communit
r/ y hall
library
Museum - - - - 1 0
Total 17 16
Source: Author 2022

Map 3-11: Location of socio-cultural facilities

43
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Inferences:
Therefore, as per URDPFI guideline the total number of socio- cultural facilities
required for the population of 64,089 is 17 facilities, which includes 13 community
rooms and 4 community hall, barat ghar and library. Thus, in Ayodhya the existing
number of socio- cultural facilities is much less than the expected number and demands
more of the facility. The city has a museum showcasing the historic significance of the
city.

Distribution services
Table 17: List of distribution services existing and gap.
Distribution services URDPFI standards 2021 Existing Existing Remark
Population Area Population gap
Served per Require = 64,089
unit ment Units Total
required Area

Petrol/ Diesel filling and - - - - 5 0

Service Centre
Compressed Natural Gas - - - - 1 0
(CNG)/ filling centre
LPG Godown/ Gas 40,000 to 520 sqm 1 520 sqm 1 0
godown 50,000
(26m x 2
0m)
Coal godown - - - - 1 0
Milk Distribution 5000 150 sq 13 1950 sqm 3 10 10
m Required
Total 14
Source: Author 2022

44
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Map 3-12: Location of Distribution service facilities.

Inferences:
Therefore, as per URDPFI guideline the total number of Distribution services required
for the population of 64,089 is 14, which includes 1 LPG godown, 13 milk distribution
services, petrol pump and service station and CNG filling station. Thus, Ayodhya
demands more of distribution services such as milk distribution services. The city also
has a coal godown.

Police, Civil Defence and Home Guards

Table 18: List of police, civil defence and home guards facilities existing and gap
Police, Civil URDPFI standards 2021 Existing Existing Remark
Defence and Home Population Area Population gap
Guards Served per Require = 64,089

45
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

unit ment Units Total

required Area

Police Post/ booth 40,000 – 0.16 Ha 2 0.32 13 0 Adequate

50,000
Police Station 90,000 1.50 Ha 0 0 2 0
Total 2 15
Source: Author 2022

Map 3-13: Location of police stations and police post/ booths facilities
Inferences:
Therefore, as per URDPFI guideline the total number of police stations and police post/
booths are adequate in number for the population of the city.

Safety Management

46
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Table 19: List of safety management facility existing and gap

Safety URDPFI standards 2021 Existing Existing Remark
Management Distribution or Area Population gap
Population Require = 64,089
Served per unit ment Units Total
required Area

Sub fire station/ Within 3‐ 0.6 Ha 1 0.6 Ha 1 0 Adequate

Fire Post 4 km radiu
Total 1
Source: Author 2022

Map 3-14: Location of Fire station/ fire post facilities

Inferences:

47
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Therefore, as per URDPFI guideline the total number of sub fire station/ fire post is
adequate for the population of the city.

3.10. ENVIRONMENT

3.11. GOVERNANCE

48
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

4. EXISTING GRIHA RATING OF AYODHYA CITY

4.1. SMART GOVERNANCE
Criterion 1: Public Participation in Decision Making Processes
Criterion 2: Intelligent Building Processes
Criterion 3: Municipal Finance
Criterion 4: Capacity Building
4.2. WATER SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT
Criterion 5: Water Sufficiency
Criterion 6: Water Quality and Charge Collection Efficiency
Criterion 7: Storm water Management
4.3. SANITATION AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Criterion 8: Sanitation and Wastewater
Criterion 9: Extent of Waste Collection and Management
Criterion 10: Waste Recycling/Treatment
4.4. SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY
Criterion 11: Public Transport Facilities
Criterion 12: Non-Motorized Transport Facilities
Criterion 13: Road Safety Measures
Criterion 14: Low Carbon Interventions
Criterion 15: Policy Measures
4.5. ENERGY OPTIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
Criterion 16: Demand Side Management
Criterion 17: Managing Household Electricity Consumption
Criterion 18: Promoting Energy Efficient Street Lights
Criterion 19: Enhancing Power Quality
Criterion 20: Promoting Use of Renewable Energy
4.6. QUALITY OF LIFE
Criterion 21: Universal Accessibility
Criterion 22: Availability of Public Spaces and Green Areas
Criterion 23: Levels of Ambient Air Quality and Noise Quality
Criterion 24: Provision of Affordable Housing
4.7. BONUS
Criterion 25: Bonus Points

49
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

5. ISSUES AND POTENTIALS

5.1. REGIONAL SETTING
5.2. DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASE
5.3. ECONOMIC BASE
5.4. HERITAGE, TOURISM AND URBAN DESIGN
5.5. HOUSING
Issue
 The condition of houses here is not good. The houses are not well maintained.
 Housing sub-system classifications are missing here due to which there is an
unplanned development in the city.
 The internal area of the city i.e. the old city is saturated in terms of development
 Majority of the structures in the old city area are traditional structures which
bring out the cultural face of the city and this area has low rise urban form.
 Most of the area developed in zone 2 is dominated by housing colonies by
private developers.
 Most of the population comes under EWS category, hence they cannot afford to
rent or buy a dwelling unit.
 Lack of availability of low-cost housing.
 The residential area proposed has been converted majorly into mixed use or non-
conforming land use, as every household of Ayodhya has both temples and
residences together. Even commercial developments took place in residential
areas.
 It has been observed that in residential land uses along major roads, residential
houses is being used as commercial buildings. The trend of using residential
houses in non-residential land use is increasing.
 These losses result in unplanned development and also incur losses for the
development authority.
 Commercial use of residential houses result in an absence of building setbacks,
which in turn create a problem for parking in the area.
 The proposed widening of the chowk road poses a threat of affecting the
aesthetic heritage character of the skyline.
Potential
 Need to identify suitable vacant lands for housing and develop affordable
housing for the urban poor.
 Historic preservation, conservation and proper maintenance and repair of the
existing housing stock should be taken up in a systematic and phased manner.
 Opportunity to promote both green field and brown field development of housing
in order to cater to the increased population expected after the completion of the
Ram janm Bhoomi.
 Need the urgent redevelopment of existing slum areas in Jaisinghpur.
 Encourage housing loans and allied credit facilities to increase the buying power
and affordability of residents to own newly constructed housing and improve
overall quality of life.

50
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 Improve and augment urban infrastructure and services, such as water supply,
drainage, sewerage and solid waste management, to compliment the new
upcoming housing stock.
 Consolidate available open spaces which are currently unutilized or under
utilized in order to create better housing opportunities and modern parking
facilities.
 Identifying existing heritage buildings for adaptive reuse for residential purposes.
 Enhance asset management of open spaces, parks and playgrounds and religious
structures for revenue generating tourism activities.
 Need to reassess real estate valuation of existing housing stock, by segregating
heritage and non-heritage structures, as well as residential and commercial
properties.
 Need to create a GIS linked database and augment the tax and non-tax collection
mechanism to enhance the revenue generation for the municipal body.

5.6. TRANSPORTATION

5.7. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Water Supply
Drainage
5.7.2.1. Storm water drainage
5.7.2.2. Sanitary
5.7.2.3. Sewage
 The city majorly has open and closed drainage system, which causes diseases
such as malaria, encephalitis, dengue and chikengunia. Moreover, there is no
separate channel for collection of storm water and sewage generated in the urban
area. Although there is a sewage treatment plant with capacity of 12 MLD,
direct disposal into saryu river is observed.
 With increasing population there will be a need to augment sewage treatment
capacity. New sewage treatment plant of adequate capacity need to be
commissioned and implemented at strategic locations to meet the future
demands. Disposal into the river must be strictly prohibited and fine should be
imposed. Only this can ensure that the river, which is the lifeline of the ayodhya
city, will not be polluted in future.

Solid Waste Management

 Since ayodhya experiences heavy floating population and a continuous religious
activity around the temples a significant amount of municipal solid waste is
generated daily. However, it is observed that the municipal administration does a
fairly good job of managing the solid waste and keeping the streets clean from
garbage. Part time ‘safai karamcharis’ are regularly employed to keep the city
neat and clean, especially on important occasions.
 It is however expected that in the near future there will be a tremendous increase
of pilgrim footfall and floating population in the city. Apart from municipal
waste large quantities of hazardous waste, bio-medical waste and e-waste is
likely to be generated the authorities need to work out and elaborate systematic

51
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

plan of solid waste management to cater to the aspirational of clean and green
tourist hub. Dedicated routes and modern garbage dumping vans need to be
deployed for this purpose. The existing dumping yard need to be modernised
with new incineration techniques.
 Segregation of garbage for bio-degradable waste must be encouraged at source.
Multiple garbage bins and vats need to be placed at regular intervals at strategic
locations all over the cities. Citizen awareness drives for garbage segregation
should be conducted to improve the cleanliness attitude of the residents. The
existing public toilets need to be maintained and sanitised to ensure a clean and
healthy cities.

Electricity
 No provision of smart electrical meter by UPPCL or MVVNAL.
 Entangled wire which also maximizes the electrical wastage.
 94% city area has an electricity supply.
 Boulevards of city don’t have street light provisions.
 Street lights don’t have a solar panel to generate electricity for street light.
 An internal village areas of Ayodhya doesn’t have a facility of street lights and
some of street
 Lights are damaged
 Nearly zero provision of renewable of energy

5.8. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Issues and potential

Education:
 For the relatively small existing population of Ayodhya city the educational
facilities seem to be adequate at present. There is some dependence on private
institutions, so high quality government schools and colleges need to be
encouraged to come up.
 Informal interaction with Ayodhya residents revealed that overall they are
satisfied with the quantity and quality of education available.
 Specialised pre-primary schools like montessories and kindergartens are
presently lacking in Ayodhya.
 Though there are two degree colleges in the city, students tend to depend on
Faizabad and other surrounding areas for college education.
 Since Ayodhya aspire to be global religious hub, it has the potential to start a
center of excellence for research and higher education in traditional indian
knowledge systems.
Healthcare:
 The existing healthcare facilities in Ayodhya city leaves much to be desired. The
number of healthcare institutions at every level of hierarchy is grossly
inadequate and needs to be augmented urgently.
 Specialised healthcare and state-of-the-art medical facilites, with a medical
college, need to be established within the city, to reduce the dependence on the
twin city of Faizabad.

52
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 Dispensaries, medical testing facilities and mothercare centres, both private and
government, need to be encouraged to ensure the 24x7 availablity of trained
doctors within the city.
 Health insurance companies, modern pharmacies and medical equipment stores
should be encouraged to set up shop, to improve the overall level of healthcare
service in Ayodhya.
Recreation and culture:
 There is adequate open spaces in the city including the long riverfront and a few
open parks. However these open public spaces are often ill-maintained. The
proper maintenance and management of these public spaces will improve the
quality of public life and public activity in the city, as well as generate good
revenue for the municipal body.
 Organised recreation like playgrounds and sports facilities are lacking in the
city. Sports training centres have a stadium should be created within the city
limits.
 There are many dense residential pockets in the city without enough open space
for children and senior citizens to spend quality time outdoors. A citywide drive
to clean up under-utilised open spaces should be taken up to create nice, green
and healthy pockets of open space.
 Though ayodhya has great spiritual heritage and cultural legacy, these strength
are not adequately highlighted presently. Since the city aspires to be a global
tourist hub, various socio-cultural institutes and organisations should be
encouraged to proliferate the rich culture in every possible way.
 Theatres and auditoriums, civic centres and library, should be established to
ensure that global tourists have multiple attractions to elongate their duration of
stay in Ayodhya city.
 The city boasts of multiple temples and ghats, but there is no organised tourist
train or heritage walk observed in the city. This is definitely an opportunity to be
explored and implemented.
 As a part of the museum or civic centre, professional classes and various cultural
activities, (such as indian classical dance, classical vocal and instrumental
music, fine arts, sculpture, and traditioanl allied art and crafts) should be
introduced as a government initiative.

5.9. ENVIRONMENT

5.10. GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

5.11. LAND USE

53
DSFDFDFDF
 Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

6. VISION FOR AYODHYA, 2031

6.1. VISIONS

6.2. PROJECTIONS

ECONOMIC BASE

HERITAGE AND TOURISM

HOUSING

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
In line with URDPFI guidelines and the existing number of facilities under each
category, future projection for the year 2031 is attempted and presented in the following
tables.
6.2.5.1. Education Facilities
Educational URDPFI standards 2021 Existing 2031 Gap Remarks
facilities Population Area Population School/ School/ Population
Served per Require = 64,089 colleges colleges = 73,491
unit ment per Units Total per 10,000 for Units Total
school requir Area population populati requir Area
ed (ha) in towns, on of ed (ha)
2011 55,890
Pre Primary, Nur 2500 0.08 ha 26 2.08 0 0 29 2.32 Ha 0 Merged
sery School with
primary
schools
Primary School ( 5000 (NB 0.40 Ha 13 5.2 18 99 15 6 Ha 55 55 Surplus
class I to V) C, 2005)
Senior Secondary 7500 1.80 Ha ( 9 16.2 6 33 10 1.80 Ha 23 23 Surplus
School (VI to XII) NBC, 2
005)
Integrated School 90,000 – 3.50 Ha 0 0 2 11 0 0 11 11 Surplus
without hostel fac 1 lakh
ility
(Class I‐ XII)
School for Physic 45,000 0.70 Ha 1 0.70 Ha 0 1 2 1.4 1 Sufficient
ally Challenged
Degree college - - - - - 2 2 Surplus
Total 49 26 144 56
Source: Author 2022

Therefore, there is sufficient number of schools and colleges in Ayodhya city for year
2031.

54
DSFDFDFDF
 Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

6.2.5.2. Healthcare Facilities

Projections of Health Facilities in Ayodhya Development Area
Based on the assumption number of beds required for the population of 73,491 of
Ayodhya city is:

No. of Bed days per year : 73,491*0.02*5= 7349

No. of beds required with 100% occupancy...: 7349/365=20
No. of beds required with 80% occupancy : 20*0.8=16

Healthcare facilities URDPFI standards 2021 Existing 2031 Gap Remarks

No. Popula Area Population Population
of tion Require = 64,089 = 73,491
beds Served ment per Units Total Units Total
per school require Area required Area
unit d (ha) (ha)
Dispensary 0 15000 0.08 to 0. 4 0.32 - 2 5 0.4 -0.6 3 03 Required
12 Ha 0.48 ha
ha
Nursing home, child w 25 to 45000 0.20 to 0. 1 0.20 0 2 0.4 ha 2 02 Required
elfare and maternity c 30 to 1 30 Ha ha
entre beds lakh
Family Welfare Centre As 50,000 500 sqm 1 500 0 1 500 sqm 1 01 Required
(MPD, pg 134) per -800 sqm
req. sqm
Diagnostic centre (M 0 50,000 500 sqm 1 500 0 1 500 sqm 1 01 Required
PD, pg 134) -800 sqm sqm
Total 7 2 9 1.1 ha 7
Source: Author 2022

Therefore, 7 more healthcare facility needed which includes 3 dispensary, 2 nursing

home, 1 family welfare centre and 1 diagnostic centre in Ayodhya city for the year
2031.

6.2.5.3. Open Spaces

Open spaces URDPFI standards 2021 Existing 2031 Gap Remark

Population Area Population Population
Served per Require = 64,089 = 73,491
unit ment Units Total Units Total
(ha) required Area requir Area
(ha) ed (ha)
Recreational space
Ghats - - - - 7 - - 0
Organised Green for Plain Areas
Housing Area P 5000 0.50 13 1.5 5 15 7.5 10 10
ark Required
Neighbourhood 15000 1.00 4 4.00 0 5 5.00 5 05
park Required
Total 17 5 20 12.5 15
Source: Author 2022

Therefore, 13 more open spaces facility needed which includes 9 housing area park and
4 neighbourhood park in Ayodhya city for the year 2031.

55
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

6.2.5.4. Socio‐cultural
Socio- cultural URDPFI standards 2021 Existing 2031 Gap Remark
facilities Populatio Area Population Population
n Served Require = 64,089 = 73,491
per unit ment Units Total Units Total
required Area required Area

Community Roo 5,000 750 sqm 13 9,750 0 15 11,250 15 15

m (NBC) sqm sqm Required
Community hall, 15,000 2000 sq 4 8000 1 5 10,000 4 04
mangalkaryayala, m sqm communi sqm Required
barat ghar/ ty hall
library
Museum - - - - 1 - - 0
Total 17 20 21,250 19
Source: Author 2022

Therefore, 19 more socio-cultural facility needed which includes 15 community rooms

and 4 community hall/ barat ghar in Ayodhya city for the year 2031.

6.2.5.5. Distribution services

Distribution URDPFI standards 2021 Existing 2031 Gap Remark
services Populatio Area Population Population
n Served Require = 64,089 = 73,491
per unit ment Units Total Units Total
requir Area requir Area
ed ed
Petrol/ Diesel - - - - 5 - - 0 Sufficient
filling and
Service Centre
Compressed - - - - 1 - - 0 Sufficient
Natural Gas
(CNG)/ filling
centre
LPG Godown/ 40,000 to 520 sqm 1 520 sq 1 2 1,040 s 1 01
Gas godown 50,000 m qm Required
(26m x 2
0m)
Coal godown - - - - 1 - - 0
Milk Distribution 5000 150 sq 13 1950 2 15 2,250 13 13
m sqm sqm Required
Total 14 17 3,290 14
Source: Author 2022

Therefore, 14 more distribution service is needed which includes 1 LPG godown and 13
milk distribution centres in Ayodhya city for the year 2031.

6.2.5.6. Police, Civil Defence and Home Guards

Police, Civil URDPFI standards 2021 Existing 2031 Gap Remark
Defence and Populatio Area Population Population
Home Guards n Served Require = 64,089 = 73,491
per unit ment Units Total Units Total
required Area required Area

Police Post/booth 40,000 – 0.16 Ha 2 0.32 9 2 0.32 0 Adequate

50,000
Police Station 90,000 1.50 Ha 0 0 2 0 0 0
Total 2 11 2
Source: Author 2022

56
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Therefore, police, civil defence and home guards facility in Ayodhya city is sufficient
for the year 2031.

6.2.5.7. Safety Management

Safety URDPFI standards 2021 Existing 2031 Gap Remark
Management Distribution Area Population Population
or Require = 64,089 = 73,491
Population ment Units Total Units Total
Served per required Area required Area
unit
Sub fire station/ Within 3‐ 0.6 Ha 1 0.6 Ha 1 0 0 0 Adequa
Fire Post 4 km radiu te
Total
Source: Author 2022

Therefore, safety management facility in Ayodhya city is sufficient for the year 2031.

57
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

7. PROPOSALS
7.1. REGIONAL SETTING

7.2. DEMOGRAPHY

7.3. ECONOMIC BASE

7.4. HERITAGE, TOURISM AND URBAN DESIGN

7.5. HOUSING
 Redevelopment in existing areas.
By proposing densities as per land suitability in the existing residential areas. The
existing areas which are currently not under any use are potential areas for
redevelopment of new housing.

 “In-situ” Slum Redevelopment (ISSR) scheme can be implemented using Land

as Resource
“In-situ” slum rehabilitation using land as a resource with private participation for
providing houses to eligible slum dwellers is an important component of the “Pradhan
Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) – Housing for All” mission. This approach aims to
leverage the locked potential of land under slums to provide houses to the eligible slum
dwellers bringing them into the formal urban settlement. Slums so redeveloped should
compulsorily be de-notified. Eligibility
• Slums, whether on Central Government land/State Government land/ULB land,
Private Land, should be taken up for “in-situ” redevelopment for providing houses to all
eligible slum dwellers.
• Slum rehabilitation grant of Rs. 1 lakh per house, on an average, would be admissible
for all houses built for eligible slum dwellers in all such projects.

 Housing for additional population by identifying new areas of development on

the basis of growth direction and attraction areas. The Ministry of Housing &
Urban Affairs has formulated 8 PPP Models for Affordable Housing to enable
States and UTs to facilitate private sector participation in order to meet the
growing need of affordable housing in the country

 RAY is a housing scheme launched in a mission mode under JNNURM to make

India slum free by 2022 by providing appropriate housing to slum dwellers and
addressing the issues that cause creation of slums.
Housing for the urban poor:

 The state government of Uttar Pradesh started Aasra Yojana for the poor
people of the state to provide free houses. Aasra Yojana started 2012- 13 to
provide free houses for the poor people of the state.

58
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 This scheme can be proposed in ward 9 of ayodhya where there is 130 Ha of

area that can be allotted.
 The flagship housing scheme of central government to provide housing for all
by 2022, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana is already running in the state. Under the
PMAY, central government is providing financial assistance of up to Rs. 1.5
lakh for EWS beneficiaries while state government is providing Rs. 1 Lakh.
About 35 Lakh families have already been selected through SUDA for the
benefits under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.

 Proposing Walkup apartments

Provision of multistory apartments for the HIG population in the city.
This must be initiated through private participation.

7.6. TRANSPORTATION

7.7. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Water Supply
Drainage
7.7.2.1. Storm Water Drainage
 A storm water drainage system should be designed to collect and convey run-off
generated within a catchment area during and after rainfall events, for safe
discharge into a receiving watercourse or the sea. The magnitude of peak flows
that have to be accommodated will depend primarily on the intensity of rainfall
and the size, topography, soil type, configuration and land use of the catchment.
Storm sewers (also storm drains) are large pipes or open channels that transport
storm water runoff from streets to natural bodies of water, to avoid street
flooding. In Ayodhya sustainable storm water collection systems can be adopted
as not only it will help in storing the rain water but also it will give a unique
identity to the city. One of the sustainable systems is installing grated drains or
trench along the curbs of the road.
 Trench Drains are available in both sloped and non-sloped designs. When the
trench drain is installed in an area where slope already exists, a neutral or
smaller drain design may be used to net similar performance. If too much slope
is present, flooding may occur due to the wave effect or drain outlet limitations.
The water can be easily drained into either into the sewer pipe or it can be
collected into a trench and drained into the natural water bodies or kund. An
example of trench drain is shown in the image.

7.7.2.2. Sanitary

7.7.2.3. Sewage
 At present there is one treatment plant with a capacity of 12 mld which is
sufficient for 1,11000 population serving Faizabad area only but with increasing
population the capacity of the sewage treatment plant will be required to
increase. According to the projected population of 2031 a sewage treatment
plant of capacity is 109.95 MLD will be required. DPR for ADA area is under

59
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

preparation and will be completed soon. The Treatment sites are not finalized at
present, will be finalized soon.

Solid Waste Management

 At Present the solid waste is collected and dumped. But there is no method of
separating the solid waste into wet and dry waste. These can be worked out in
detailed during the formulation of solid waste management plan for the Holy
city Ayodhya. The estimated generation of solid waste by the year 2031 is
shown below as per the guideline provided in URDPFI 2014. New site for
scientific disposal has been identified outside the 133.67 sq area in village
Bikapor admeasuring 10052 sq mt area. DPR for this project is under
preparation.

Electricity
As climate of Ayodhya is composite we can use renewable energy such as solar and
wind for the generation of electricity and to make Ayodhya city self-sustainable.

 We can use wind energy by installing wind turbine at the bank of the river
(Saryu river) area of Ayodhya to generate electricity.
 Solar plant can be used to generate good amount of electricity.
 Hydro power can be used in the Saryu River of Ayodhya to generate electricity.
 We can proposed solar hydro power plant in Ayodhya for fresh water
generation.

Figure 7-1: Proposals to increase power supply through renewable energy in Ayodhya

7.7.4.1. VERTICAL WIND TURBINE

60
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Map 7-1:Proposal of wind turbine in the bank of river area of Ayodhya.

 The turbine puts out a maximum of 10 kW under perfect conditions, so it could
theoretically generate 10 kW for 24 hours a day 365 days a year, or 87,600 kW
per year.
 A vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) is a type of wind turbine where the main
rotor shaft is set transverse to the wind (but not necessarily vertically) while the
main components are located at the base of the turbine. This arrangement allows
the generator and gearbox to be located close to the ground, facilitating service
and repair.
 Vertical-axis wind turbines are 15% more efficient than conventional horizontal
axis wind turbines as they generate less turbulence.
 So, 15 % of the generation is 13,140kw of 87600
 The total generation of vertical turbines per year about 100,740kw

7.7.4.2. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

We can propose the hydro electric power plant in the Saryu River which do generate
electricity for the Ayodhya.
About:
In hydroelectric power station the kinetic energy developed due to gravity in a falling
water from higher to lower head is utilised to rotate a turbine to produce electricity. The
potential energy stored in the water at upper water level will release as kinetic energy
when it falls to the lower water level. This turbine rotates when the following water
strikes the turbine blades and generate electricity. To achieve a head difference of water
hydroelectric electric power station.

61
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

Figure 7-2: Functioning of Hydroelectric power plant

 The main advantage of an electric power plant is that it does not require
any fuel. It only requires water head which is naturally available after the
construction of the required dam.
 No fuel means no fuel cost, no combustion, no generation of flue gases,
and no pollution in the atmosphere. Due to the absence of fuel
combustion, the hydroelectric power plant itself is very neat and clean.
In addition to that, it does not produce any pollution to the atmosphere.

7.7.4.3. BIFACIAL SOLAR PANELS

 A bifacial solar panel is a double-sided energy factory that transforms sunlight
into electrical energy on both its top and bottom sides.
 Bifacials are equipped with solar cells on both the top and the rear of the panel.
They are usually monocrystalline, although polycrystalline can be used. Because
they are slim, they resemble thin-film panels. Bifacial solar panels are frequently
frameless, too.
 The top of each solar module is covered in protective glass. The flipside may be
glass or a clear back sheet. This is different from conventional solar panel
systems with opaque backings.

Figure 7-3:Diagram of a side view of a bifacial solar panel

7.7.4.4. SUSTAINABLE STREET-SMART BINS ON THE GHATS AND OTHER
RECREATION AREAS IN AYODHYA

62
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

 It helps us as a dustbins on the populated sites of the Ayodhya which do take

care of the waste management as well.
 The led sign board helps the visitors for the better urban mobility of the
Ayodhya.
 The advertisement helps to generate economical revenue to the betterment of
Ayodhya.
 The smart bin create there own electricity by solar energy.

Figure 7-4: Smart bins

 Item: Outdoor Solar Advertising Lighting Box Garbage Bin 20 Gallon Trash can
 Solar Power Panel energy efficiency, environmental protection
 SS 304 Frame Safe, Stable, Durable
 LED Lighting Advertising Panel 2 sides Large Advertising Area, Replaceable
Advertising Post Maximizing Advertising Benefit
 Smart SenseAI Light Sensor, automatic lights when night coming, convenience
and humanity.

7.7.4.5. GOVERNMENT PROPOSAL

There is Proposal by Uttar Pradesh government to make the Solar City Ayodhya:
Larsen & Toubro (L&T) is proposing project at Ayodhya to convert the temple town
into a solar city. The completed project will fulfil the city’s maximum electricity
requirement, including that of the Shriram Temple Complex, through the green power,
to be generated by rooftop solar panels.
According to them, the government is also considering changes in the Solar Policy,
2017 to provide more incentives to people who opt for rooftop solar panels.
“L&T is almost ready with the plan to convert the town into a solar city by installing
solar panels on roofs of houses, government buildings, commercial and industrial
establishments etc, under Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development
Agency (UPNEDA).
An L&T survey found Ayodhya’s (3.40 lakh population) annual electricity consumption
to be 281 million units by 0.81 lakh households.
The NEDA is basically working on four things in Ayodhya, that is,
1. Solar generation from ground-mounted utility scale and solar plants,

63
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

2. Arranging solar cooking for community kitchens for devotees,

3. Fulfilling energy requirement of the Shriram Temple Complex from solar
4. Other renewable sources.

Simultaneously, the NEDA has also proposed changes to the solar policy, seeking more
incentives to people and government, semi-government and commercial bodies to
install rooftop panels on houses/buildings.

The NEDA has proposed enhancement of state subsidy on installation of rooftop solar
panels by residents in the cities identified to be declared as solar cities.

They have also proposed net metering facility for government and semi-government
buildings and commercial and industrial establishments that use grid-connected rooftop
solar panels to generate power in solar cities. The net metering will enable them to sell
excess electricity to the UP Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL) through net meters.
Domestic and agriculture consumers already have the net metering facility. The UP
Electricity Regulatory Commission (UPERC) did away with this facility for
government buildings and commercial/industrial establishments in 2019.
The third proposal mooted by the NEDA seeks to solarise Nagar Nigams of cities
identified as solar ones. “According to the proposal, the Nagar Nigam will meet its
energy needs for street lighting, water works etc from the renewable power.

7.8. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

1. Healthcare Facilities
7 more healthcare facility needed which include 3 dispensaries, 2 nursing
homes, 1 family welfare centre and 1 diagnostic centre which demands an area
requirement of 1.1 ha.

2. Open Spaces
13 more open spaces facility needed which include 9 housing area park and 4
neighbourhood park which demands an area requirement of 12.5 ha.

3. Socio‐cultural
19 more socio-cultural facility needed which include 15 community rooms and 4
community hall/ barat ghar which demands an area requirement of 2.125 ha.

4. Distribution services
14 more distribution service facility needed which include 1 LPG godown and
13 milk distribution service which demands an area requirement of 0.329 ha.

7.9. ENVIRONMENT

7.10. GOVERNANCE

7.11. LAND USE

64
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

7. CONCLUSION

65
DSFDFDFDF
Ayodhya Sustainable City Development Plan Based on GRIHA Cities Manual

9. REFERENCES

66
DSFDFDFDF