History and Culture of Pakistan by Nigel Kelly

Pakistan History, Culture and Government

by Nigel Smith
Pakistan a by Farooq Bajwa

 This document is consisted of only facts in order to provide students a quick recap of
the units.
 This document also provides support to students for 7, 10 and 14 mark questions in
order to identify relevant facts.
 Students must be able to build their own analysis according to the requirement of the
question.
 Students must realize that they should read book deeply in order to grasp different
concepts and events according to chronological order.

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 SECTION I
DECLINE OF MUGHAL EMPIRE
Causes and consequences of the decline can be divided into two eras
1. During Aurangzeb time period (till 1707)
2. After Aurangzeb time period (after 1707)
REASONS OF POPULARITY OF AURANGZEB:
 He employed some Hindu advisors
 Abolished many local taxes
 Made donations to Hindu temples
Reasons of decline during Aurangzeb time Reasons of decline after Aurangzeb
• 1. Aurangzeb re-imposed Jizya • Weak Successors
tax • Succession Disputes
• 25 years of Deccan Wars • Foreign Invasions
• Forbade Hindu festivals • Weak Control
• Destroyed Hindu temples • Arrival of British
• Spend huge sums on building
luxurious palaces

How did Deccan wars contribute in the How did Aurangzeb’s policies contribute in
decline? the decline?
• Absence of Aurangzeb from the center  Re imposed Jizya tax
as these wars continued for 25 years  Hindu temples were destroyed
So administrative issues.  He tried to ban old Hindu practices
• Wastage of treasury as most of the such as suttee.
money was being utilized in these  Enforced Islamic law, making Hindus
wars for weapons. and Sikhs live according to the Quran
• Loss of army during the war leading to
weak defense.

How did vast empire contribute in the How did foreign invasions contribute in the
decline? decline?
• Weak Administration  Persian leader Nadir Shah
• Weak Communication leading to  Ahmad Shah Durrani
delaying of messages so more threat  Marathas
of internal rebellions  Arrival of British
• Weak mansabdari system
• In competent successors were unable
to control such a vast empire

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How did internal rebellions contribute in the How did succession disputes contribute in the
decline? decline?
 War against Rajput from 1679-81, • Wastage of money and army.
Sikhs, Jats and Satnamis so military • Courtiers became strong as successors
weaknesses were busy in the fights for throne.
 Led to corrupt mansabdari system as • Less concentration on the empire
mansabdars started taking control of leading to more foreign invasions that
their areas weaken the empire.
 Weak control as incompetent
successors was unable to deal with
these rebellions.

How did weak successors contribute in the How did British strength contribute in the
decline? decline?
• Successors were incompetent. • More military strength due to
• They were more interested in their industrial revolution
pleasure seeking behavior. • Well planned and united.
• They were concentrating in the wars • Gain power by destroying local cotton
for the throne rather than on Empire. industry as they were producing cheap
manufactured goods and only taking
raw material from India leading to
weak economy of India.

EAST INDIA COMPANY (EIC)

 EIC was a trading company
 Established in 1600 with the permission of Queen Elizabeth
 It was allowed to trade in the east of Africa and was given monopoly
 First it decided to trade in East indies and then it chose India for trade as an alternate.
 EIC is divided into two eras
o 1612-1784
 Group of individuals
 Monopoly
 No govt interference
 Aim is to maximize profits
 More imports from India
o 1784-1850
 British govt. took administrative control of India

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  Aim is to take hold to India as it was a colonization time period
 More exports to India

Why did EIC select India for trade? Why did Indians welcome EIC?
 Rich in spices, silk and cotton  More imports from India so more profits
 Three sided water, which was major mode  EIC was paying them in silver which was
of transportation international mode of payment.
 As an alternate as Dutch did not allow  It started a lot of development work in
them to enter in East indies. India like railway development

How did it increase its influence? Why did EIC take control of Bengal?
 It started established its trading post and  Rich in spices, silk and cotton
headquarters (which were known as  One of the largest province with a port
presidencies) which was main mean of transportation.
 Development work like railway  One of main presidency of EIC and Siraj-ul-
development Dullah asked them to leave once they
 Establishment of an army disobey him.

Why did the British build railways in India during Why was Robert Clive appointed the first
the nineteenth century? Governor of Bengal?
 Railways transported raw materials  Clive commanded the British army
easily/cheaply to the ports for to victory at the battle of Plassey in
export/manufactured goods to be 1757 and established relations with
sold throughout India, increasing Mir Jafar.
British profits.  The battle increased Clive’s
 Railways carried troops swiftly reputation and his importance to
around India (helping the British to the East India Company (EIC)
maintain law and order and extend because he became the foremost
power). commander of British forces in
Note: not for First War of Independence. India.
 British could travel the country and  The battle was also a success for
spread their ideas / culture, gaining the EIC because they now
support / to govern effectively. controlled the profitable trade in
 In times of famine food could be Bengal.
transported quickly to affected  As a reward for being considered
areas. responsible for the EIC amassing
 To win support of Indians who immense fortunes, especially in
found them useful for travel as Bengal
families were able to travel to visit  Clive’s reputation and importance
relatives in other parts of India. was further enhanced by his
success at the battle of Buxar in
1764 which increased British
control of eastern India.

Why did British govt. take administrative control Resistance by the Indians against British between
of EIC? 1750-1850
 To prevent Bengal exploitation to restore  Siraj ul Dulha pushed them out of Bengal
their reputation as EIC was warned in 1756
through Act of parliament but it did not  In 1782, the first governor general of India

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  EIC was earning huge profits that were Warren Hastings, signed a treaty with
st
10% of Queen’s income so British wanted Marathas to end 1 Anglo- Maratha war. It
to take maximum profits by taking control proved that marathas were strong enough
of EIC. to force to negotiate with them instead of
 Era of colonization capturing their lands.
 Tipu Sultan gave them tough time and
they were unable to invade Mysore in his
life
 Ranjit Singh was so powerful that they did
not dare to attack on Punjab in his life.

Attempts by the British to take control of India Attempts by the British to westernized India
between 1750-1850.
 Appointed Warren Hasting as first  Christian missionaries came to India to
governor general of India for convert the local population as well as to
administration of India set up schools. In these schools the
 Direct wars missionaries taught Christianity and
1. Battle of Plassey 1756 expected local religions to be given up
2. Battle of Buxar 1764 which was resented by Muslims, Hindus
3. Battle of Mysore 1799 and Sikhs alike.
 1803, the British entered in Delhi and  The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit
forced the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam to by English as the official
accept British protection. language in the 1830s deeply upset
 Puppet Rulers both the Muslims and Hindus. This had the
Mir Jaffar potential to threaten their languages.
 Treaties  A number of social reforms had been
Treaty of friendship and peace with imposed by the British
Punjab and Sindh without consultation or care for local
 Policy of having no policy feeling which caused much unrest like pardha
In case of treaties and doctrine of was prohibited.
Lapse  Indians had to send their children to co-
 Divide and rule policy educational schools which was hated
since it appeared to impose the British
system on the Indians without due regard
to their religious and cultural feelings.
 Thomas Macaulay believed that European
ideas of education were vastly superior to
anything coming out of India and, as a
result, the British imposed a system of
education that promoted western values
on a people who resented this
interference.
 They were also forced to abandon purdha
which had been an Indian custom for
centuries.
 In 1795 the killing of baby daughters was
declared to be murder, but the British
found difficulty in enforcing this as it was
again a tradition practised in many parts
of India.
 Suttee, the ritual burning of Indian
women on the funeral pyres of their

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 husbands was also banned by the British, first in
Bengal and then in the rest of the country.
Although the British had been reluctant to get
involved in
banning this practice, there was little opposition to
the outlawing of it.

Educational reforms of British between 1773-1856 Reasons for the annexation of Sindh
 British introduced co-education which was  To regain their prestige or pride in India
against the interests and values of Indians as they were badly defeated by Afghanis
as they were used to practice Pardha.  To prevent Sikh Expansion as in Punjab
 Language in educational institutes was there was Sikh rule and they were
changed to English in 1835 so again expanding their rule.
opposed by Indians as they thought that  To avoid Sikh expansion towards Sindh.
British were imposing their culture to  Amirs of Sindh attacked the presidency of
Indians. British in 1843.
 There were some missionary schools,
promoting Christianity so Indians
considered it interference in their religion.

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857

Causes of the revolt How did events of 1856-57 contribute in the WOI?
1. Political Causes 1. Seizure of Oudh in 1856 convinced many
 Persian was replaced by English Indian leaders that the British were simply
 Doctrine of Lapse greedy land grabbers
 Mistreatment of Mughal Emperor 2. Royal family was shifted from Red Fort to
2. Religious Causes and Social Causes Qutub Sahib was seen as a sign of
 Co-education was highly opposed disrespect.
 Indians were considered second 3. Introduction of Grease Cartridges
class citizens (treated them as
inferior race)
 Official language was changed to
English
 Introduction of a new way of life
with its railway, roads and
telegraph was unacceptable to
many Indians.
 Grease cartridges issue
 Promotion of Christianity
 Suttee was banned

3. Economic
 Cotton industry was destroyed
after Indian revolution
 Low wages of Indians reduced
their purchasing power.
 High taxation and tax collectors
were corrupt.

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 4. Military Causes
 Grease Cartridges issue
 Low salaries of Sepoys
 There was a rumor that Muslims,
Hindus and Sikh soldiers would be
forced to convert to Christianity.
 Use of Indian troops in
Afghanistan had also proved
unpopular as Hindu soldiers did
not want to leave their “Mother
India”.

Reasons of Failure How did lack of unity contribute in the failure of

WOI?
 Disunity among the Indians  They had different aims as many of the
 British strength Rajas were fighting to save their own areas
 Lack of effective leadership rather to protect their country as a nation
 It was an unplanned uprising  Punjab and Sindh did not participate as
these provinces were annexed by the
British with the help of central Sepoys so
now when this revolt was started in
central India then the two provinces
refused to support.
 Princely states did not participate rather
some of them like Kashmir supported
British.

How did strength of British contribute in the Why was EIC abolished after revolt?
failure of WOI?
 Modern weapons due to industrial  EIC was gaining a lot of profits from India
revolution So British wanted to take all profits from
 Military expertise due to proper planning, themselves without any share.
training and strategies  EIC was there in India since 1612 and knew
 They were united and fought for same aim many of the internal governmental secrets
hence by abolishing EIC British wanted to
avoid possible threat to their rule.
 By abolishing EIC British wanted to regain
Indians trust and wanted to satisfy them
as EIC was exploiting their wealth.

Effects of revolt on Indians Effects of revolt on Muslims

Positive Effects:  They were blamed for the revolt
 EIC was abolished  Muslims refused to except British as their
 Greased cartridges were banned rulers because British took rule directly
 Doctrine of Lapse was abolished from Muslims so relations detoriated
 Proclamation of 1858 gave more rights to while for Hindus that was only the change
Indian. of masters
Negative Effects:  They refused to send their children to
 They took direct control of India educational institutes as they considered
 Muslims were blamed for the revolt them against Islam due to British policies
 High taxation on Indians like co-education.

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  Ratio of sepoys was decreased from 1:5 to  Muslims were given lower cast
1:2 services/jobs as a result they faced a lot
economic issues.

Why were Muslims blamed for the revolt?

 Last emperor was a Muslim, Bahadur Shah
Zafar so they took rule from Muslims so
British thought that Muslims stood against
them to save their rule in the form of 1857
revolt.
 Muslims reacted strongly as they refused
to send their children to English schools
 Muslims were reluctant to except British
as their ruler as a result relations between
the two detoriated and were considered
culprit by the British

Why did British form AINC by themselves in1885? Why were British turned against Congress short
after its establishment?
 British wanted to satisfy Indians as  1886 aim was changed from loyality to
through this plate form Indians would be queen to more welfare of their mother
able to express their views. country.
 British wanted to avoid any possible revolt  More Indian representation in ICS
against them like WOI so congress was a  Congress persuaded British to introduce
way to gain Indians’ confidence. the Indian Council Act of 1892
 For a smooth rule, congress was away of  Congress men thought that British rule
communication with different races in had brought benefits to them only a
India. peaceful protest was required to
encourage the British to relax their tight
control. This approach was highly
unpopular among the British.

REFORMERS
1. Shah Wali Ullah
2. Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi
3. Haji Shariat Ullah

How did SWU try to revive Islam in the Why did SWU try to revive Islam in the
subcontinent? subcontinent?
 He translated Quran into Persian.  He believed that many of the problems
 He made himself a role model for the were due to in complete knowledge of
Muslims. Quran due to language constrains
 He called Ahmed Shah Abdali to fight  Disunity among the Muslim community
against the Marathas. due to sectarian groups.
 He wrote different books and specially a  Many unislamic practices were indulged in
book on four caliphs to abolish sectarian Muslims’ lives as they were living with
differences. non-Muslims from centuries.

Why did SWU translate Quran into Persian? Explain the importance of SWU’s work.

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  To develop better understanding of  He was the first Muslim thinker who
Quranic knowledge as Muslims of India stated that the decline of the Mughal
were unable to understand Arabic So led Empire was due to negligence of Islamic
to easy access or understanding of Quranic principles.
knowledge.  He made Islamic teachings available to all
 Many unIslamic practices were crept into Muslims by removing language constrains.
the lives of the Muslims so by providing  He also showed that Muslim revival could
full Quranic knowledge, he wanted to only take place if there was an acceptance
purify their lives. that sectarian division had to stop.
 It was a way to protect Islamic, values,
culture and identity as Muslims were
moving away from Islam.

Why did SASB try to revive Islam? Why was Jihad Movement launched?
 Many areas were ruled by Non-Muslims  SASB was the man of action and believed
like Punjab and SASB believed that that an armed struggle was necessary to
Muslims should be ruled by Muslims only. overthrow non Islamic forces.
 Muslims were not allowed to practice  Sikhs were dominant in Punjab and
their religion freely in Punjab so he started banned many of the Islamic practices
an armed struggle against them. including Azaan so he decided to stand
 Many unislamic practices were indulged in against them in the form of JM.
Muslims’ lives as they were living with  To prevent extension policy of Sikhs in
non-Muslims from centuries. order to sustain Muslim rule and their
dignity.

Why did Jihad Movement fail? Why was there disunity among the mujahedeen
forces?
 Disunity among Mujahedeen force  Gathered from different areas
 Yar Muhammad betrayed SASB  Sikhs propaganda that SASB forces were
 Locals told a secret way to British during unislamic
Balakot war.  Forces were bribed by the British
 Lack of military strength due to lack of
training

Importance of JM Why did HSU try to revive Islam?

 First movement to free Muslims from non-  He considered India as Dar ul Harb
Muslim rule  Many unislamic practices were indulged in
 This movement was not supporting any Muslims’ lives as they were living with
particular ruler but wanted to achieve non-Muslims from centuries.
religious and spiritual freedom  Muslims of Bengal were suppressed by
 Jihad movement was a uniting force Hindu landlords.
 Jihad movement was considered a fore-  Muslims forgot basic principles of Islam.
runner of Pakistan Movement

Why was Faraizi Movement formed? Importance of FM

 HSU believed that Muslims were moving  It encouraged Muslims when they were
away from Islamic practices so to remind demoralized.
them their true values and obligations this  It brought spiritual revival which resulted
movement was formed. in the revival of Islam.
 Muslims of East Bengal were oppressed by  Bengal peasants became united in their

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 the Hindus and the British both opposition to harsh treatment they
 Un-Islamic practices were crept into their received. They were more aware of their
lives. rights so more political and economic
benefits.

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

Why was he known as pro-British? Why did he establish Aligarh Movement?

 He did not want that the Muslims take  To develop relations with the British
part in WOI, 1857. Rather he save the lives  To acquire modern education
of some English women there so had  For political development
blamed to be Pro-British or traitor.
 He was in favour of modern education and
asked Muslims to send their children to
English schools, although it was for their
social benefit but was highly criticized.
 He worked to develop relations between
the Muslims and the British. Hence
considered pro- British.

Improving relations with British Educational Work

 Causes of Indian revolt to identify all  Muhammadan Anglo oriented school at
causes behind the mutiny Aligarh in 1875.
 Tabiyan ul Kalaam to define similarities  Scientific society at Gazipur in 1863in
between the Christianity and Islam. which he translated science and modern
 Loyal Muhammadans of India to mention knowledge into Urdu and Persian
the names of loyal Muslims in WOI. It  Muhammadan Educational Conference
showed that all Muslims were not against  Tehzib ul Ikhlaq, a magazine in which
British in the war. articles from different scholar were
 Clear the meaning of word “Nadarath”. included to encourage Muslims for
British considered it as an insult while he education.
explained that Nadarath was derived from  Different institutes in different areas like in
word “Nasir” which means “Helper” Muradabad and Gazipur.
 Ahka’ame-Ta’ame Ahle Kitab in which he
told Muslims that they could eat with
non- Muslims (who owned a book like
Christians)

Political Work Religious Work

 He was against INC  Tabiyan ul Kalaam to define similarities
 Demanded separate electorates between the Christianity and Islam.
 Introduced “Two Nation Theory” after  Ahka’ame-Ta’ame Ahle Kitab in which he
Urdu-Hindi Controversy told Muslims that they could eat with
 Developed Muslim political party non- Muslims (who owned a book like
“Patriotic Alliance” which was later Christians)
converted into Muhammadan Defense  He wrote a rebuttal of William Muir’s
Association book on the life of holy Prophet PBUH

Reasons of developing Two Nation Theory

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  Urdu Hindi Controversy 1867
 Muslims were totally different from
different communities socially,
economically, religiously and language wise
 To avoid Muslims exploitation in India, it
was necessary to make them politically
strong by giving them separate identity.

SECTION II
1905-1911

Causes of partition of Bengal Effects of partition of Bengal

Political Causes: On Hindus:
 Hindus in Bengal were political strong and  Hindus were unhappy because
experience there so POB broke their  Muslim majority province was created
power. after POB
 They were calling for new reforms so  Their political strength decreased in
which was challenge to their authorities. Bengal
 Some leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak  According to Hindus once again British
were also asking for Self-Rule in India so were applying their divide and rule
British wanted to remove threat to their policy.
authority.  Hindus were getting cheap labour
Administrative Causes: from East Bengal but partition
 Huge population so difficult to threatened that monopoly.
communicate. On Muslims:
 Largest population thus hard to  Muslims were happy because
administrate  Political strength increased due to a
 Calcutta was a port, capital and industrial new Muslim majority province.
city hence wanted to give more focus on  More chances of boosting East Bengal
it. economically.
 For equal development of both wings.  Relations with British improved.
Geographical Causes:  Muslims will not be exploited any
 Population wise largest province, 10 times more
largest then Britain
 Economically west and east Bengal
differed from each other.
 Consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. One
governor could not manage it.
Social and Economic Causes:
 West Bengal was more developed due to
Calcutta then the East Bengal.
 East Bengal produced only raw material
 More illiteracy in East Bengal.

Reaction of Hindus British Reaction

 Swadeshi Movement  Restrictions on Newspapers and public
 Assassination attempt on future viceroy meetings between 1906-1908. Editors
Lord Minto were prosecuted and imprisoned.
 Hundreds of protests, riots and strikes  Press Act 1908 gave more control of govt

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 on newspapers
 Tilak was arrested in 1908 and sentence to
six year imprisonment.

Importance of Swadeshi Movement Reasons of Reversal

 Gave more financial loss to British and  Swadeshi movement so huge economic
forced them to reverse partition loss
 Support of congress so politically strong  Assassination attempt on future viceroy
 Unity among Hindus so more riots and Lord Minto so threat to their lives
strikes so more chances of disturbance in  Hundreds of protests riots and strikes so
law and order situation. law and order situation was disturbed.
 Government in Britain was changed in
1910 so new govt was keen to develop
relations with Congress, who was
supporting Swadeshi Movement.

How was it reversed? Simla Deputation

 
th
Capital changed from Calcutta to Delhi 8 October 1906, a deputation of
 Creation of united Bengal as a presidency prominent Muslims led by the Aga Khan
with a governor general visited Viceroy Minto at Simla.
 Creation of provinces of Behar and Orissa  They requested that Muslim strength in
with lieutenant governors India should be estimated by their
 Restoration the post of chief commissioner political strength not by their numerical
of Assam strength.

Demands of S.D Why was Simla Deputation sent?

 In all local and provincial elections Muslims  To prevent reversal as Muslims knew that
should have their own representatives, they won’t be able to carry out such a
who would be elected only by Muslim protest to stop partition being reversed.
voters.  INC was dominated by Hindus so Muslims
 In the councils, the Muslims should have a feared that Hindu agitation would lead to
higher percentage of seats than their Hindi becoming the official language. So
percentage of the population. Simla deputation was to prevent Muslims
social rights in India.
 In 1905, new liberal party was elected in
Britain. The liberals had stated that there
would be increased local participation in
govt so S.D was a way to safe guard
Muslims political rights.

Describe the creation of formation of MLL Causes of formation of ML

In 1905, Muslim leaders met at the twentieth  To counter INC as it was dominated by
session of the Muhammadan Educational Hindus and Muslims badly required their
Conference at Dhaka. After the conference had own organization
finished a meeting was called, chaired by Nawab  To prevent reversal
Viqar ul Mulk to consider setting up an  Success of S.D encouraged Muslims to
organization to be called “All India Muslim League” form their own organization.
 To protect Muslims’ rights.

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Importance of ML to safe guard Muslims’ rights in Reasons of including objective of loyalty in the
the sub-continent basic aims of ML
 Protected and promoted political thinking  To gain the trust of the British as Congress
among the Muslim masses had demanded Self-rule during Swadeshi
 It was keen to upgrade Muslim social Movement so this objective made a clear
status in the society. cut difference among the two parties.
 Played major role in Pakistan Movement  To improve the relations between the
as it was the political organization who British and the Muslims.
demanded Pakistan.  During Simla Deputation, Minto had
accepted the demands of Muslims despite
of the fact that the Secretary of State,
Morley, was against it. So ML, after its
formation showed loyalty to gain
relaxation in the upcoming reforms.

Causes of presenting MMR in 1909 Reforms of MMR

 To calm down Hindus by giving them more  Number of Indian seats increased in
participation in the upcoming reforms. different councils like executive, legislative
(that was the time period of Swadeshi and council of prince.
Movement so law and order situation was  Mainly members were nominated
disturbed.)  Main powers were in the hands of British
 The last reforms were presented in 1892 while Indians’ role was purely advisory.
so now long time had been passed so new  Separate Electorate was given to the
reforms were badly required to stabilize Muslims.
their rule.  Voting right was given to Indians but still
 To avoid economic loss which the British less than 10%.
were facing during Swadeshi Movement.

Reasons of opposition of MMR Importance of MMR

 Members were nominated  Indians participation in the councils
 Indians’ role was advisory increased.
 Separate electorates to Muslims was  Voting right was given to Indians
considered Divide and Rule policy of the  Separate electorates to the Muslims,
British by Hindus. pleased them.
 Voting right was very low.
 Powers were in the hands of British

1913-1918

Why did ML change its aim from loyalty to self- Why some of the Indians wanted to support
rule? British in WWI?
 Due to reversal of Bengal Muslims felt  Some Indians thought that they are British
betrayed so they divert their aim. colony so they should support them
 Balkan wars realized that British were anti-  It’s a way to please British to gain more
Muslims. concessions
 MMR were not satisfactory as Indians’ role  British were fighting for the right of
was advisory so made all Indians including nations that how should they govern so it
Muslims annoyed. was an indication that they might be able
 Jinnah joined ML and he was the member to get self-rule after the war.
of congress as well so due to his influence

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 ML made objective similar to congress.

Why some of the Indians did not want to support Revolutionary activities during WWI
British in WWI?
 Muslims of India were reluctant to fight  1913, Lala Hardayal, who was in exile in
against their Muslim brothers. America, set up a Mutiny Party which sent
 To pressurize British for Self-rule and more arms to India and arranged for armed
political strength. opposition to the British.
 Balkan wars were against Turkey so  Silk letter Conspiracy
Muslims didn’t want to participate  1915, there was also a planned uprising by
Indian Nationalist in the Punjab.
 Mutiny by Indian troops, serving in the
British army in Singapore.

Defence of India Act

During the WWI period, the anti-British groups sprang
up in India. However these were crushed by the
British. This discontent with in India forced the British
to pass the Defence of India Act, which gave the extra
ordinary powers to deal with unrest. Hundreds of
alleged revolutionaries were exiled or were imprison
without proper trail.

Why did British want Indians’ support for WWI? Why were there revolutionary activities in India
between 1914-18?
 India was one of the largest colonies of  WW1 was started in 1914 in which Britain
British with huge population so a was an effective member so it provided an
significant source of human power during opportunity to the colonies like India to
the war. gain more political, economic and social
 British were ruling India more than half a powers so through revolutionary activities
century so they considered it their legal they planned to get maximum power like
right to get support of their population in “nationalist” planned an uprising in Punjab
difficult time. in 1915.
 WW1 was between the super powers of  As British remained involved in the war for
the world ,hence for effective and more 4 years, so sepoys also got a chance to
powerful participation they wanted to manipulate them and made them further
enlarge their forces by asking support weaker so a mutiny by Indian troops also
from Indian population . started in Singapore.
 WW1 diverted their concentration from
their colonies to war so it enhanced the
chances to drive British out from India, so
many conspiracies like Silk Letter
Conspiracy was started.

Causes of signing Lucknow Pact Importance of Lucknow Pact

 To have unity among the two political  It was the first time that Hindus and
parties in order to gain more political Muslim had made joint demands for
strength in India political reform to the British as a result it
 Jinnah was the member of both political was a way to pressurize British for more
parties, The Muslim League and the political rights for the Indians.

14
 Congress so due to his influential role both  First time Congress accepted the right of
parties signed LP. S.E and weightage for the Muslims so
 As there was WWI so both parties wanted importance of Muslim community
to pressurize British for the Self Rule enhanced in India.
 It showed that the Muslims acknowledged
that they stood much more chance of
protecting their rights if they work with
congress against British as joint demands
indicated more rights for the minorities.

1919 EVENTS

Causes of Montague Chelmsford Reforms Importance of Mont-Ford Reforms

 To fulfill the promises of the British as they  More political representation of the
promised to give more political rights to Indians was there in the reforms which
the Indians in upcoming reforms during showed that British were now inclined to
WWI. recognize the rights of Indians so their
 There were a lot of revolutionary activities importance in govt. structure increased.
in India between 1914-18 So these  As diarchy was introduced at provincial
reforms were presented to control these level, it showed that Indians were sharing
anti- British activities by getting administrative responsibilities of the
confidence of the Indians. British so it helped them to gain
 Home Rule League was demanding more governmental experience.
self-governance for the India as a result  Voting right was increased till 2% due to
this unity of Indians was an alarming property qualification criteria. Although it
situation for the British so they decided to was still low but it showed an
give some measures of responsibility to improvement so proving the importance
representatives chosen by an electorate in of the reforms.
order to overcome increasing threat to
their rule.
 Last reforms were presented in 1909 and
according to the reforms it was necessary
to present new reforms in 1919.

Drawbacks of the Reforms Causes of presenting Rowlatt Act

 Many Indians had fought with the British  The British had offered concessions in the
in WWI so expecting much greater Mont-Ford Reforms which they had hoped
concessions but there were restricted role would win the support of the Indians but
of Indians as Viceroy had more powers and these reforms were highly criticized So
he could pass any law So Indians got Rowlatt act was presented to control the
annoyed due to restricted political rights. upcoming situation in India.
 Executive Council was still made up of only  To control the anti- British activities in
nominated members, although three of India as there were a lot of revolutionary
these were now to be Indians but British activities in India during WWI So to main
did not give strength to Indians. their hold and peace in India, it was
 Congress and League had recently come necessary to take step in the form of
together, calling for self-rule so they were Rowlatt Act.
bitterly disappointed by the new structure.  Indians were getting politically strong and
 The British had reluctantly accepted demanding Self-rule which was a great
separate electorate for the Muslims. Soon threat to British survival So they decided
the non-Brahmins, Sikhs and Eurasians to restrict Indian political activities

15
 were calling for concessions too. As these through Rowlatt act.
were granted, the divisions within Indians
society were increasingly emphasized so
congress considered that British were
again applying their divide and rule policy.
 Voting right was still too low.

Opposition to Rowlatt Act (4) Amritsar Massacre was justified

The proposals caused uproar in India as they  According to Rowlatt Act all public meeting
appeared to go against two of the central were banned while on the other hand
principles of British justice, namely trial by jury and there was crowd of 20,000 people at
safeguards against illegal imprisonment. Jinnah Amritsar So Dyer had to take action.
resigned from the imperial legislative council in  To strengthen British rule, it was necessary
protest, and Gandhi launched a hartal against the to show British power to all Indians not
proposals. Throughout April1919 there were only on the crowd.
strikes and demonstrations across India.  After Mont-Ford reforms and Rowlatt act,
many anti-British activities started in India
which caused sever unrest particularly in
Punjab. Which really disturbed law and
order situation and this gathering further
deteriorated the situation so Dyer was
justify as he wanted to restrict these
activities to maintain peace.

Amritsar Massacre was not Justified Why the British did not grant self-rule in
Mont-Ford reforms?
 Crowed was unarmed and it was a  British did not want to give Self Rule to
peaceful meeting so it was not necessary Indians as they did not want to lose their
to take armed action against them. control over one of their major colony
 There were women and children in the especially after Lucknow pact as ML and
meeting so according to international law Congress were united so British
one cannot fire on women and children So considered them a serious threat to their
it was unjustified. rule so self-rule was not granted to
 Dyer’s intensions were sinister since the remove that threat.
beginning as he himself admitted in an  There were increasing revolutionary
interview with Hunter that from the time activities in India during WWI so British
he became aware of the public’s peaceful were annoyed and they decided to curtail
protest against the British, he had decided the activities of Indians. So they did not
to open fire on them even if there was no grant Self-rule in order to restrict their
instigation on their part. political strength in India.
 One of Home Rule league campaigns in
India was by Annie Besant, who was highly
in favour of self-rule but Montagu
announced in the British House of
Commons that the British will only
increase their number but will not grant
them self-rule until; they were ready to
govern itself as a part of British Empire.

16
 Khilafat Movement

Causes of KM First Khilafat Conference (4)

 Khilafat Movement(KM) was established  In November 1919, a conference was
after the treaty of Versailles 1919, in which called in Delhi to try to persuade the
Germany and Austria were being punished British to keep their promises about
therefore there were chances now that maintain the Turkish Empire.
being the ally turkey will also be punished  Leaders were Ali brothers, Abdul Kalam
So KM was a way to remove that threat Azad and Gandhi
and to make an effort for Ottoman empire.  Outcome was that a resolution was
 British promised to protect Turkey in passed that a delegation would be sent to
st
return Indians supported them so after 1 British to make sure that the British were
Khilafat conference, Indians decided to aware of the strength of the Muslim
remind them their promises through KM. support.
 Turkey was a Muslim country and there  The conference also passed the resolution
were a lot of holy places, with that Khalifa of boycotting British goods and adopting a
was considered a very respective policy of Non-cooperation with the British
personality So to protect holy places,
Khalifa and khilafat, this movement was
established.
 Self-rule was a common demand of all
Indians so KM being the religious and the
Political movement, was a way to
pressurize British to grant self-rule.
 Afghanistan and Persian, both Muslim
countries, had been the subject of rivalry
between Russia and Britain. Little
attention was paid to the views of the
native, Muslim population. So Muslim
community all round world felt
demoralized and was annoyed.

Second Khilafat Movement (4) Third Khilafat Movement

 Held in Amritsar in Dec 1919
 It was agreed that the three organizations,
the KM, congress and ML would work
together to oppose plans of dismembering
Turkish empire.it was agreed that Gandhi
would take the lead in trying to persuade
the British not to punish Turkey.

Causes of launching Why did NCM fail?

Non- Cooperation Movement in 1919
 To attain Self Rule as it was the aim of the  Chura churi event….. violence spread
Indians at that time and was not granted  Difference of objective as Hindus wanted
in Mont-Ford reforms so now KM Self-Rule while ML wanted to save Khilafat
provided best opportunity to Gandhi to so separate aims led to its failure.
force them for Self-Rule so NCM was a  Political leaders were arrested along with
way to force them. 30000 protesters becoz of NCM as there
 In 1920, The Muslim in India sent a was a nationwide strikes and

17
 message to the viceroy warning that if the demonstration in Bombay so there was
terms of the unfair treaty of sevres were lack of support and guidance and NCM
impose on Turkey, then a policy of NCM in failed
the country would began. As the terms of
treaty were announced hence NCM
started.
 Indians were now getting politically strong
so by starting NCM, Gandhi clearly
indicated that Indians would not be
suppressed anymore and would call for
their rights so NCM showed the Indians
strength to the British.

Why did Muslims of India migrate to Afghanistan? Why was Hijrat Movement a failure?
 As India was considered as Har ul Herb so  Afghan govt. did not welcome them so this
they were encouraged to migrate towards attitude of Afghan govt. contributed to the
Afghanistan. failure of the movement.
 To pressurize British for achieve the aims  Leaders were not migrated hence no
of KM influential person to persuade Afghan govt
 It was being told to them that they would to compensate them.
be welcomed by Afghan govt. by offering  When these migrants came back, they
them agricultural lands so it was an were empty handed so HM failed due to
attraction for the Muslims and they economic loss.
migrated.

Why did Gandhi call off NCM in 1922? Why was there Hindu Muslim unity in KM?
 Chaura Chauri event spoiled the image of  Same aim, self-rule
the movement as at Chaura Chauri a police  Due to Lucknow pact, both were united
station was set on fire and 21 policemen  To show opposition to 1919 events
were died.
 There was less focus on the call of Self
Rule because Muslims were mainly
concerned about Turkey so Gandhi
considered it use less to carry on the
Movement.
 Leaders of KM like Ali brothers were in
prison so Gandhi did not feel any
hesitation or reluctance to called NCM off
so it failed.

How were Indians able to increase their influence Why was KM fail?
over British during KM? Or how KM developed?
 Khilafat movement was officially started  Chura Churi event…… Gandhi called off
after first Khilafat Conference and NCM so pressure released.
gradually its influence was increased when  Hijrat Muhammad failed so Muslims lost
British announced treaty of serves in interest in KM due to economic loss.
1920and Turkey was also punished. As  Kamal Ata Turk abolished Khilafat in 1924
retaliation Gandhi started NCM to support so no need to carried on KM.
KM as a result due to more economic loss  After the second Khilafat conference the
pressure on British increased. main political leaders such as Ali brothers
 Hijrat Movement was another way to were arrested and imprison because they

18
 increase influence of the movement as passed a series of resolutions, stated that
Muslim migration showed the increasing no Muslim should attend British schools,
pressure on the British. serve in the policy or army or offer any
 1919-24, Indians tried to increase form of cooperation to the British. Hence
pressurize on British through riots and there was a lack of leadership and
strikes and different uprising like Moplah’s guidance which led to the failure of KM
uprising 1921, in which 10,000 Moplah’s  Distraction of views regarding self
get the police station on fire and took rule.(different aims)
arms from there. Although British were
successful to overcome it but Indians
proved that British were under a constant
threat which unable Indians to increase
their influence on British during KM.

What was Satyagraya?

Gandhi was keen advocate of the policy of passive
resistance and he named it satyagraya. He argued
that one should avoid violence against the evil doer
and resist the tyrant through moral supremacy. He
gave this policy to the Indians in seeking Swaraj
(Self Rule) for Indians.

CONSTITUTION MAKING TIME PERIOD

(1927-35)
Why did Jinnah present Dehli Proposals? Causes of sending Simon Commission
 Constitution making time period so Jinnah  Communalism in India threatened to undo
wanted to peotect the Muslim interests as any cooperation between Hindu and
these proposals were to discuss how Muslim. The British, however, were soon
Muslim interests should be protected in to take action which restored that
the future and he was particularly keen to cooperation. So Simon Commission was
discuss the future of SE. sent to restore peace by fixing
 To have unity with congress as Jinnah was communalism.
highly in favour of Hindu Muslim unity.  Govt. of India act of 1919 had stated that a
 To abolish communalism as after 1922 commission was to be set up after 10
there were a lot communal differences so years to enquire into the working of the
Jinnah was determined to fix all those reforms set up in 1919 so to fulfill the
differences. requirement of last reforms this
commission was sent.
 The British Conservative govt., however,
feared that it might soon lose power to the
labour party, which it thought was too
sympathetic to the beliefs of Indian
nationalism so A labour govt. might make
too many concessions therefore to restrict
labour party, conservatives decided to
form a constitution before their govt.

Opposition to Simon Commission Opposition to Simon Report(1930)

 All members were British so according to  It reported that Indians were not yet
Indians their problems and views could not ready for the self-rule.
be conveyed properly in the absence of  This report did not fulfill the Muslim

19
 Indian participation. demand to separate Sindh from Bombay
 Indian political parties were not concerned and extension of reforms to NWFP and
as a result they felt insulted and they Balochistan.
opposed Simon Commission.  Basic demands of minorities were not
 Conservatives were in Govt So Indians considered as weightage was not granted
thought that they were less keen to give to any community in India.
favours to the Indians therefore they
criticized an attempt by the conservatives.

Causes of presenting Nehru Report Why did ML oppose Nehru Report?

 To show opposition to the Simon  Delhi proposals were not included in it.
commission  Amendments, proposed by Jinnah were
 To abolish increasing communalism ignored
 To safeguard Indians rights in upcoming  Hindi was proposed as official language of
constitution by presenting some India which was against Muslims demands
recommendations on their behalf.  NR proposed no SE and weightage for any
community which angered Muslims

Causes of presenting 14 points of Jinnah Causes of Salt March

 Delhi proposals were not included in NR so  The British forbade the making of salt,
Jinnah presented 14 points in order to except under license from the govt.
counter NR .  March was not only an attack on the
 Amendments, proposed by Jinnah were unfair salt laws but was seen as the
ignored so 14 points was a way to present opportunity for Indians to disregard all
Muslim demands to British for upcoming unfair laws and show opposition to British
constitution. rule in any possible.
 To protect Muslim rights in the  NR stated that within 1 year these
subcontinent proposals should be accepted, otherwise
they will start a non-cooperation
movement so after one year this salt
march started which was a non-
cooperation movement.

Why was Iqbal selected for presidential address at Importance of Iqbal for Pakistan Movement
Allahabad in 1930?
 He was a famous poet and his poetry was  He was the first leader who floated the
full of hope for the Muslim telling them to idea of a separate homeland
be proud of their past. So due to his  Many future leaders like Ch. Rehmat Ali
popularity, he was selected. followed the idea and on the basis of this,
 In 1926, Iqbal was elected to the Punjab name of Pakistan was suggested thus he
assembly and soon made an impact with was inspiration for them.
his skill in handling new laws so his  He was a great poet and his poetry
political skills proved him capable for the developed the sense of nation hood so
address. two nation theory strengthened.
 1927, he was appointed as general
secretary of ML so he was given
opportunity for presidential address due
to his post.

20
Why did Iqbal give the idea of a separate country Reasons of holding RTCs
in 1930?
 There was a lot communal violence in  To discuss Simon Report with Indians.
India especially in 1920s so he realized  Labour party was in government and they
that Muslims of India would only be wanted to give relaxations to the Indians
protected in a separate home land. so RTCs were held to know the Indians
 In Nehru Reports Muslim demands like views for the upcoming constitution.
Delhi proposals were ignored, besides that  It was the constitution making time period
Hindi was demanded to be official and constitution cannot change easily
language therefore Iqbal came to a therefore before final recommendations
conclusion that Muslim rights can easily British decided to know the Indians
be practiced in a separate country. opinion through RTCs.
 This idea was based on two nation theory
of Sir Syed as there were two nations in
India so they should have spate countries.

Success of RTCs Failure of RTCs

st

st
1. 1 RTC 1 RTC
1. India would be a federation and i) Congress was absent so majority
princely states will be the part of it representation wasn’t there.
as long as their rights were ii) Only 86 delegates attended.

nd
recognized. 2 RTC
2. Maximum provincial autonomy i) New coalition govt. was less keen to
will be given. give relaxation to the Indians.
nd
2. 2 RTC ii) Gandhi took hard line towards
i) Congress was present so majority was minorities.
represented. iii) British threatened that they will
ii) NWFP and Sindh will be given full present their own solution to Indian
provincial status. problems

rd
iii) As Gandhi took hard line towards 3 RTC
minorities so British realized to i) Jinnah went on voluntary exile so
safeguard their rights so communal didn’t attend
awards were presented. ii) Congress didn’t attend and again
iv) More than 100 delegates attended it started NCM.
rd
3. 3 RTC iii) Only 46 delegations were there.
No major outcome iv) It was only held because it was pre
planned.

Causes of presenting Communal Awards Gandhi Irwin Pact

th
 Gandhi’s behavior in 2 RTC made the
nd
On 5 March 1931, this pact was signed in
British realized that they should protect which Irwin agreed to release most of the
minorities. political prisoners and returned property
 Muslims demanded it so to fulfill their ceased by the govt. and Gandhi agreed to call
requirements to gain their support. off NCM, give up his demand for full
 Congress had started NCM again so for a independence and will attend the next round
smooth rule, British decided to get the of talks.
favours of minorities in India.

Causes of presenting 1935 Indian Act Importance of 1935 Act

 RTCs were failed so they decided to form a  India will be a federation…… demanded by

21
 constitution by themselves as they Indians.
nd
declared after 2 RTC that if Indians were  Provincial autonomy…… ML demand was
failed to get a solution of Indians problems fulfilled.
then they will give their own solution.  NWFP and Sindh were given separate
 New constitution was supposed to be provincial status………. ML was happy.
presented in 1929; it was already too late  Voting right was 25% according to
so they didn’t want to make it further property qualification………… huge
delay. increase
 Conservatives were in govt. who were less
keen to give favours to the Indians so
made constitution by themselves.

Opposition to 1935 Act

 Governor General has special powers ans
he could pass any law.
 Provincial governors had more authority,
they could dismiss the provincial ministers
even the whole cabinet under special
circumstances.
 Still 75% couldn’t vote.

1937 ELECTIONS

Why did congress decide to participate in 1937? Why did ML not perform well in 1937 elections?
 To make congress men happy  Image problem, considered party of elite
 To judge their political conditions in India. class.
 To spread their massage to all Indians  Focused on Muslim minority provinces
through election campaign.  First elections so lack of experience led to
weak election campaign.
 ML was divided into different fractions so
disunity

Results of 1937 elections Congress Rule 1937-39

 Won absolute majority in 5 provinces  Bande Matram
 Largest single party in other 4 provinces Hindu nationalist song in which Hindus
 Formed govt. in 8 provinces were encouraged to expel Muslims from
 In other 3 provinces, there was Muslim Hindustan
majority but ML was not able to form  Wardha Scheme
govt. Educational scheme in which new
 ML only won 109 seats out of 482 seats curriculum was introduced with the
reserved for Muslims. introduction of cotton spinning by hands,
hindi was medium of instruction and
students had to bow in front of Gandhi’s
picture.
 Vidhya Scheme
Vidya mander scheme in which students
were given education in manders so
Muslims got offended as they felt
religiously offended.
 Flag conspiracy

22
 Union Jack indicated Indians as one nation
while blue on back indicated British
 Unofficial policies
Azan was banned
Slaughtering of cows was banned
Noisy processions were arranged during
pray time
Sometimes pigs were pushed into the
mosques

Causes of congress resignation from ministries Why did ML celebrate Day of Deliverance?
 WWII started and British prime minister  Congress rule ended
announced that India too be the part of  ML also had demands to be met before it
war, without consulting the congress. As would agree to support the British but
congress was in rule at that time so it felt neither the British nor the congress would
insulted. agree to these demands.
 Congress demanded complete  Congress was pressurizing British for
independence in return of their support to complete independence so DOD showed
the British in WWII but British only offered that ML was not supporting their demand
Self-rule. in order to avoid Hindu dominance.
 British were involved in WWII so
resignation was a way to pressurize them.

1940-47

Day of Deliverance Why did Jinnah change his mind from unity to
partition?
Or
Why was Pakistan resolution passed?
Justified  Muslims were being exploited during
 Muslims were being exploited during congress rule, convinced Jinnah for a
congress rule separate home land for the Muslims.
 ML also had demands to be met before it  ML also had demands to be met before it
would agree to support the British but would agree to support the British but
neither the British nor the congress would neither the British nor the congress would
agree to these demands, making DOD a agree to these demands, proved that the
justified act. Muslim community would never be
 Congress was pressurizing British for listened under a united India.
complete independence so DOD showed  Congress was pressurizing British for
that ML was not supporting their demand complete independence so it a threat for
in order to avoid Hindu dominance in the Muslims that there might come under
future so it was justified. constant Hindu dominance once the
Not justified British left.
 Many of the policies were from other
political parties, not from congress.
 Congress got offended.
 Congress supported Muslims in KM so
they were expecting same support from
Muslim community now.

Importance of Pakistan Resolution Why was Cripps Mission send to India?

23
 Muslims had an aim now to struggle for  It was a British attempt to get the support
 Muslim fractions reunited now. of Indians in WWII so Cripps Mission
 Muslim community in India gathered arrived.
under the flag of ML.  Cripps Mission was sent to India to check
 ML became the most prominent Muslim if a compromise could be reached which
party as it was the only party who was would win support for the British war
demanding ML. efforts because both ML and congress had
different demands.
 To accomplished increasing communalism
in India to maintain law and order
situation.

Reasons of opposing Cripps Mission Why was QIM started?

 Complete independence was not granted  To show opposition to Cripps Mission
so congress opposed  To take immediate control of India by
 Partition was not granted so ML opposed pushing British out of India.
 British could not be trusted by the Indians  To avoid Japanese threat to India
as they betrayed Indians in WWI
 Provinces could opt for their independence
after ten years indicated formation of
Pakistan so congress rejected.

Measures by the British to control it Why Gandhi Jinnah talks were hold?
 Congress party was banned  To consider the future of India after the
 Gandhi, Nehru and other senior congress British departure.
figures were arrested.  QIM was failed due to lack of support
 Strongest measures like use of machine from ML so now Gandhi wanted their
guns and aerial bombing. support
 Gandhi realized that ML was an important
Muslim political party so must get its
confidence for their struggle for complete
independence.
 To avoid increasing communalism.

Reasons of failure of these talks Causes of Wavell proposals and Simla conference
 Gandhi wanted ML to give immediate  WWII was about to end and they have to
support for complete independence while focus on their own economy for
partition will be considered after British rehabilitation.
left. It was not acceptable for Jinnah  British were intended to leave India but in
 Gandhi wanted more central powers an organized manner so it was a transfer of
while Jinnah forced for provincial power program for a smooth departure.
autonomy.  Decolonization time period hence through
 Gandhi refused to accept two nation this plan British trying to find out a way
theories which was official policy of out, how to leave India.
league now.  To abolished increasing communalism
 Gandhi considered himself spoke person
for all India while Jinnah reminded him
that he was the spoke person for only
congress.

24
 Reasons of failure of Simla conference Causes of elections 1945-46
 Congress wanted to nominate a member  To check the political position of ML and
for Muslim seat but ML had an objection. congress so they could be reached on a
 Congress said that ML was a losing party in compromise.
1937 elections so it should not allowed  ML demanded elections in Simla
nominating all Muslim seats. conference
 Jinnah said that congress had a constant  To abolish communalism.
majority in the executive council as  To check if Pakistan is a national demand
schedule casts were bound to vote or political demand.
congress.

Results of elections Why these results were problematic [4]

 87% of the total Muslim votes won by ML  British were unable to take decision as
 91% of the total non-Muslim votes won by results showed that non-Muslims wanted
congress a joint India while Muslims wanted
 All 30 Muslim seats were won by ML in partition. So there was a need of such a
central legislative council solution which could satisfy both
 446/486 won by ML in provincial communities.
assemblies.
 Had absolute majority in Sindh and
Balochistan
 Single largest party in Punjab.
 Unexpected results in NWFP, congress won

Why did ML perform well in 1946 elections? Cabinet Mission Plan [4]
 Realized its image problem  India will have three parts
 Due to election experience, this time 1. Western Muslim majority
campaign was strong. provinces
 Focus was on Muslim majority provinces 2. Central non-Muslim areas
 Main aim was partition so Muslims of 3. Bengal and Assam
India favored ML  Each part will have their own constitution
 Each part will be connected with an Indian
Union. Indian union will deal with
communication, defense and trade

Causes of CMP Reasons of failure

 Elections 1946 proved that both  Congress objected that why division was
communities were keen towards their on religious lines.
demands, partition and complete  How could be there more than one
independence, so this part fulfilled the constitution in same country?
demands of both communities.  Nehru gave a statement that they won’t
 Simla conference failed so need of another bound to any plan once the British left so
transfer of power plan as British wanted to Muslim realized that they had to take
leave India. partition directly from the British so they
 To overcome increasing communalism called Direct Action Day.

Direct Action Day Causes of Direct Action Day

th
Direct Action Day was called by League on 16  Nehru gave a statement that they won’t
August after Nehru’s statement. It was to show bound to any plan once the British left so
the strength of Muslims feelings. In many places Muslim realized that they had to take
thousands demonstrations turned to violence in partition directly from the British so they

25
which up to 4000 people died in the “Great called Direct Action Day.
Calcutta Killing”.  Muslim league passed a resolution
declaring that it should prepare for the
final struggle against both the British and
Congress So direct Action Day was
observed in order to make a struggle
towards partition.
 DAD was a way to show the strength of
Muslim feelings and solidarity as Muslims
were not willing to make any compromise
on the demand of separate home land.

rd
Importance of DAD Why did the British grant partition in 3 June
plan?
 Communal violence disturbed the law and  All previous transfer of power programs
rd
order situation in India which made British failed so through 3 June plan British
realized that only solution to Indians presented a different approach that was
problem was partition. partition.
 As DAD greatly affect both communities  Interim government showed that there
which was an indication for congress that were less chances of having any
it was much better to have a peaceful cooperation between the two
country rather than a country with communities as they did not cooperate
communal violence so they accepted with each other in interim govt. so it was a
partition in 1947. total failure hence the British decided to
rd
 It showed the strength of Muslim feelings form two separate states in 3 June plan
and solidarity to both the British and in order to avoid administrative issues.
Congress as a result it enhanced Muslims  DAD caused a lot of communal violence so
political position in India and they got British decided to maintain peace in the
politically strong. region by granting separate home lands
rd
for both communities through 3 June
plan.

rd
Drawbacks of the 3 June plan The Independence Act
 There was still a need to draw boundaries On 15 July 1947 the Indian Independence Act was
between Muslim and non-Muslim areas, passed. The Act stated that from 15 August British
particularly in Bengal and Punjab. Indian would be partition into two dominion
 The issue of princes had to be resolved. states- India and Pakistan. Each state would have
What was to happen if a prince went complete freedom to pass any law wished. The
against the wishes of his people in deciding Government of India Act would be the provisional
which country to join. constitution until the states devised their own.
 It was still undecided what the division of
assets (army, civil services, finance etc)
was to be.

Radcliffe Awards Why were Radcliffe awards unfair?

 It was the boundary commission by the  Muslim majority areas like Gurdaspur was
British as boundary issues remained given to India as a result Indian got a way
unsolved so Mountbatten had appointed towards Kashmir so Kashmir issue started.
Sir Cyril Radcliff to head a boundary  Ferozpur was also given to India which was
commission to establish the new borders a Muslim majority area in which there
particularly in Bengal and Punjab. These were headworks of the canals as a result

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awards had four assistants, two from canal water dispute between India and
League and two from Congress. It was Pakistan started.
th
send on 16 August 1947.  Calcutta was the only industrial area in
Bengal which was given to India so
economic issues started in E. Pakistan.
 Chittagong hills were given to Pakistan, a
Hindu majority area so they got annoyed.

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