Gen Bio 1 Lesson 4

1. The first growth phase (G1).
Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division.

Cellular contents, except the chromosomes,
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
are duplicated.
S.Y. 2022-2023 2. The S phase. DNA synthesis
replicates the genetic materials. Each
MODULE IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 chromosome now consists of two sister
QUARTER I chromatids.
3. G2 phase. Metabolic changes
--- assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary
for mitosis and cytokinesis.
LESSON 4: T HE CELL CYCLE Mitosis, although a continuous process
is divided into four stages: prophase,
Learning Outcomes: metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
1. Describe the stages of mitosis/ meiosis
given 2n=6
2. Discuss crossing over and recombination in
meiosis
MITOSIS
3. Explain the significance and/or application Let’s now proceed to types of cell division,
of mitosis/meiosis I'm sure you are interested in finding out what
these types of cell division are and how these
Have you ever watched a caterpillar turn processes differ from one another. Most of the
into a butterfly? If so, you're probably familiar time when people refer to cell division, they
with the idea of life cycle? Insects like mean mitosis. This type of cell division
butterflies go through life cycle transitions. produces two identical cells with the same
Other organisms, from humans to plants to number of chromosomes. Mitosis is divided
bacteria, also have a life cycle - a series of into four stages.
developmental steps that an individual
undergoes through from birth until the time it 1. Prophase: The first and the longest phase
reproduces. of mitosis .During this stage, chromatin
A cell cycle is a series of events that condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear
takes place in a cell as it grows and divide .It envelope (membrane surrounding the nucleus)
plays an important part in the development of breaks down. In animal cells, the centrioles
embryos, and it is important for the growth and near the nucleus begin to separate and move
development in an organism. The most basic to the opposite poles of the cell. Centrioles are
function of the cell cycle is to duplicate small organelles found only in eukaryotic cells
accurately the vast amount of DNA in the that form after cell division, each cell contain a
chromosomes and then segregate the copies complete set of chromosomes. As the
precisely into two genetically identical cells. centrioles move apart, a spindle fiber starts to
This process allows multicellular organisms to form between them. The spindle shown in the
grow, and divide and single-celled organisms diagram, consists of fibers made of
to reproduce. It also allows the maintenance microtubules.
and repair of cells and tissues.
2. Metaphase: During metaphase, spindle
In eukaryotic cells, or cells with a fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of
nucleus, the phases of the cell cycle are sister chromatids. The chromatids line up at the
separated into two important phases: equator, or center of the cell. The spindle fibers
interphase and the mitotic (M) stage. During ensure that sister chromatids will separate and
interphase, cell perform its everyday work. It is go to the different daughter cells when the cell
the longest phase in the cell cycle. It is divided divides. Some spindles do not attach with the
in three stages: centromeres of chromosomes, they attach with
each other and grow longer. The elongation of
spindles are not attached to the centromeres.
They elongate the whole cell.
3. Anaphase: During this phase, the sister

chromatids separate and the centromeres di-
vide. The sister chromatids are pulled apart by
the shortening of spindle fibers. One sister
chromatid moves to one pole of the cell and the
other sister chromatid moves to the opposite
pole. At the end of the anaphase, each pole of
the cell has a complete set of chromosomes.
4. Telophase: During this phase, the

chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the
spindle fiber. They start to uncoil and become
indistinct under a microscope. A new nuclear
membrane forms around them while the
spindle fibers disappear. There is also
cytokinesis or the division of the cytoplasm to
form two separate daughter cells.
MEIOSIS
Not all cells divide through the process
of mitosis. Organisms that reproduce sexually
also undergo a type of cell division called
meiosis. Meiosis occurs in sex cells and is
similar in process to mitosis. After a complete
cell cycle in meiosis however, four daughter
cells are produced. Each cell contains one half
the number of chromosomes as the original
parent.
Meiosis have two consecutive stages:
1. Meiosis 1
2. Meiosis 2

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1. The first growth phase (G1).

Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division.

3. Anaphase: During this phase, the sister

4. Telophase: During this phase, the

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