Understanding Culture,

Society and Politics

Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Cultural Relativism and
Ethnocentrism

CO_Q1_UCSP SHS
Module 3
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
First Edition, 2021

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Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Cultural Relativism and
Ethnocentrism
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is about the importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural

understanding (MELC Week 3).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe your own culture and compare it to the culture of others;
2. determine the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism;
3. shows the ill effects of ethnocentrism; and
4. become aware why and how cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism.

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 What I Know

General Direction: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following phrases describe cultural relativism?

a. having no concept of right or wrong
b. comparing how other cultures are related to others
c. believing that western culture is superior from Asian culture.
d. measuring behavior as it is regarded in the person’s own culture

2. Why does ethnocentrism lead to dehumanizing others?

a. there is no way to determine right or wrong
b. other people may be treated as savage and morally corrupt
c. native people usually want to be colonized by superior cultures
d. believing that their own race is superior over the others makes one
morally corrupt.

3. Genital mutilation or female circumcision is a practice of many tribes in

Africa as a significant rite of passage for women. A lot of progressive
countries think that it is unhygienic and wrong. This kind of thinking is an
example of
a. cultural relativism b. ethnocentrism c. xenocentrism

For numbers 4-8, identify whether the given statement is an example of

ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write letter A if it is a sample of ethnocentrism
and letter B if it is a case of cultural relativism.

4. Cannibalism is morally wrong because it defies God’s commandment of thou

shall not kill.
5. Korean culture is better than our culture because a lot of Filipinos try to
imitate and adopt this culture.
6. Apo Wang-od tattoo arts should be honored because of its deep meaning and
historical connections on their past culture.
7. It is just right to call the corona virus as Chinese virus because it started on
their country.
8. Nothing is wrong with the religious belief of others like worshipping things
related to nature like forest, rivers, moon, stars and others.

For numbers 9-10, classify the following practices as right or wrong from the point
of view of a relativist. Write letter A if it is right, and letter B if it is wrong.

9. Going to albularyo (quack doctors) to seek medical help.

10. Same sex marriages

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For numbers 11-15, classify the following statement as true or false. Write letter A if
it is TRUE, and letter B if it is FALSE.

11. At some point of our lives, we tend to become an ethnocentric in a given

situation.
12. Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation of cultures that an
individual might encounter along the way.
13. Ethnocentrism refers to the evaluation of other people’s culture from one’s
own point of view and describing them in one’s own terms.
14. Hate crimes and terrorism can usually traced back to religious conflict and
misunderstanding.
15. When we laugh at someone because of his wrong dictions of the dialect we
speak. This is an example of cultural relativism.

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 What’s In

Before we proceed, let us go back with some of the important concepts about culture,
which is the focus of our discussion.

According to E.B. Taylor; culture is a “complex whole,” which encompasses beliefs,

practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artefacts’, symbols, knowledge, and
everything that a person learns and shares as a member of a society.

Likewise, a society is understood or sometimes judged based on their culture. What

comprises a culture? Let us refresh our mind by answering the matching type test
below.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884):
145. Public Domain.

Match the correct description in Column A to the aspect of culture in Column B.

Description Aspect of Culture

1. Family is the most important unit of a. Arts and literature

this aspect of culture. Through b. Customs and traditions
family, children learn how they are c. Economic systems
expected to act and what to believe d. Forms of government
in. e. Language
2. It usually answers basic questions f. Religion
about the meaning of life. g. Social organizations
3. This is considered the cornerstone of
culture. It is the way of
communicating and understanding
each other.
4. These products of human
imagination usually help people to
pass on their culture’s basic beliefs.
5. It maintains order within a society
and protects it from outside threats.
6. This refers to how people use their
limited resources to satisfy their
wants and needs.
7. It is the rules of behavior that enforce
ideas as right or wrong.

Check your answers and make sure you are very familiar with the key terms listed
before we start another lesson.

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 What’s New

Am I Different?
Fill in “‘Me’ and My Culture” table by describing how you behave and practice your
own culture under similar circumstances.

“Them” and their culture “Me” and my Culture

Marriage Marriage
A man can have multiple wives. He can
share his wife to his brothers and
visitors as a sign of hospitality.
(Eskimos)
Behavior Behavior
When entering a nearly empty movie
theater or public vehicle, you are rude
when you do not sit beside the only
person in the theater or public vehicle.
(South Africa)
Hand Gestures Hand Gestures
The V- hand gesture is an offensive sign
in United Kingdom, Australia, and
South Africa. In Japan, China, and
South Korea, using this symbol with the
palm facing the person means he/she is
looking cute in picture.
Child-rearing Child-rearing
In order to control their population in
difficult environments, Eskimos
sometimes kill their children if they
could not take care of them. They also
kill females more than males.
(Infanticide)
Religion Religion
Individuals practicing Hinduism believe
in millions of gods and goddesses. All
are responsible for governing their lives,
destiny, and fate.
Reading text Reading Text
Hebrew and Arabic books are read from
right to left.
Table Manners Table Manners
Europeans and Americans use spoon
and fork in eating, while Chinese and
Koreans use chopsticks.

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And so I am Different

1. What can you say about the culture of these people?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Are their respective cultures the same as your own culture? In what ways
are they similar and in what ways do they differ?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Do you think that the cultures of these groups are bad? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. Can we consider some of their cultural practices as right or wrong?

Explain.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

5. Which of the two sets of cultures is the best, their cultures or your own
culture? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

6. If one culture behaves in a particular act, does it mean that all cultures
can behave the same way? Discuss further.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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 What is It

In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your
understanding about culture.

Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further knowledge that
will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this lesson.

What is Ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s own culture is better than others. They
tend to compare, evaluate, and even judge other people’s ways based on the values
and standards set in one’s own culture. Their worldview is based on the beliefs,
assumptions, expectations, and values shaped by one’s language, behavior, customs,
values, religions and other aspects.
Due to ethnocentric beliefs, many people are blinded from seeing things in
another perspective. Ethnocentric people tend to dislike or make false judgment on
other cultures. They tend becoming biased and judge another culture as bad and
wrong.

Even though we deny it, most of us are ethnocentric at some point in our lives.
Some do not even realize that they are being ethnocentric at that moment. Below are
some of the examples of ethnocentrism:
a. The American society sees themselves as a world leader. As a result, they
interfere in the political affairs of other countries and try to control them,
leading to misunderstanding and miscommunication amongst nations
which sometimes result to war.
b. During the time of Adolf Hitler, Germans believed that they are a superior
race. This led to the death of 6 million Jews whom they considered as an
inferior race.
c. European countries go beyond their ethnocentric biases and saw non-
European cultures as uncivilized and underdeveloped countries of savages
and barbarians. They used this perspective to justify colonialism and
imperialism.
d. Cases of hate crimes and terrorism violence can usually be traced back to
religious conflicts and misunderstandings.

Cultural Relativism as the Opposite View

Cultural relativism is a belief that cultures are equally complex. There is no

such thing as superior or inferior culture.

Cultural relativism is very important in studying the culture of other people.

It is a way of viewing the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from its own

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viewpoint. Another way to say this is that others should understand an individual’s
beliefs and activities in terms of that person’s own culture.

• Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation of the cultures that an

individual might encounter along the way.
• Cultural relativism is a good way to rehearse the norms and values of a society
–-- a requirement that one must subscribe to, regardless of his/her cultural
origin.
• It means that the function and meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural
setting.

To understand better the main difference between ethnocentrism and cultural

relativism, an illustration was provided below:

Hello, I am Lisa. I am a cultural

relativist. I believe that culture of
Hello, I am Ben. I am an
people must be looked at in terms
ethnocentric. I always believe that
of the world these people inhabit.
my culture is superior from others. I
I try to look at their culture based
often use my own culture to judge
on what their practices bring in to
others. I consider their beliefs and
them. If Eskimos kill their infant
practices as savage or corrupt. Most
sometimes, I believe that there is
of the time I tend to discriminate
a practical reason why they do
others, bully them for their
that. That is why for me, culture is
practices, and get into conflict with
relative. There is no right or
them.
wrong, and I don’t have the right
to say if it is good or bad.

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 What’s More

Activity 1
People tend to be more tolerant of another culture’s customs when they
understand and learn the meaning behind them. In order to understand an
unfamiliar culture, social scientists conduct researches. The best way to do this
study is to experience that culture by living with people practicing it. Additionally,
this experience should be done for a long period.

In this activity, you will be asked to conduct a simple case study examining
the culture of other people that is somehow different from yours. If you are an
Ilocano, the subject of your study could be people who identify themselves as
Tagalog, Bisaya, Bicolano, or another ethnicity. If you know someone who belongs to
an indigenous group of people, it is much better to have them as subjects. Since you
are not allowed to go out at present because of the threat of COVID-19 pandemic,
look for someone who is near to your place or whom you have contact with through
social media.

Be guided with the following questions as you write your case study:
1. Describe the group of people that you chose. Who are they? What
do they do? Where did they come from? What do you know about
them?
2. Discuss their way of life in terms of:
a. Social organizations
b. Language
c. Religion
d. Arts and literature
e. Economic systems
f. Values, beliefs, and traditions
3. Summarize what you have learned using the 3-2-1 chart below:
3 Things I learned from them
2 Things I found interesting
1 Thing I realize

Activity 2
Give 5 situations on how cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism. Below
is an example to give you an idea.
Ex.
1. I don’t have the right to judge my classmates who don’t say po or opo
disrespectful. There are places in our country where they don’t really use
these words as a sign of respect like the Cebuanos.
2. Muslims are generally peace-loving people based on their religious belief
that is why it is not right to brand them as terrorist. I have personal friends
where I learn that most of them do not want war. Like us they also want
lasting peace among all the regions in the Philippines.

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Activity 3
Create a slogan that promotes respect and tolerance towards other cultures all over
the world. A slogan that will make people aware of the ill effects of ethnocentrism
such as cultural misrepresentation, perception bias, bullying, discrimination,
intolerance, war, genocide, and others

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 What I Have Learned

“T-M-L Phrase”
Complete the following phrases.

The Topic was about

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

It Matters because
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I’ve Learned today that

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Can Do

#i-beg to Disagree because

State your reason why you beg to disagree to the given statements below. You have
to remember that you are a CULTURAL RELATIVIST; you have to place yourself in
the shoes of these people in order to understand them better. Culture is not good or
bad, neither it is right or wrong, but instead it is relative.

1. One society can call another society as evil such as those nations where terrorist
live. These places are also called an “axis of evil”.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Western culture is superior and opposite of non-Western culture.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. When you don’t say “po” at “opo,” you are impolite.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

4. The Mangyan tribe of Mindoro are backwards people because they are
uneducated.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. We have to avoid going to places like Siquijor and Capiz because monsters called
Aswang infest these places.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

6. Eating Dalagang Bukid, Salagubang, Palakang Bukid and other organisms are
not healthy.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

7. Ilocanos are thrifty because they are poor.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

For numbers 1-5, identify whether the given statement is an example of

ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write letter A if it is a sample of ethnocentrism
and letter B if it is a case of cultural relativism.

1. People in my own culture could learn a lot from people in other cultures.
2. Korean culture is better than our culture because a lot of Filipinos try to imitate
and adopt this culture.
3. Indigenous people should learn to change their old and traditional ways of life in
order to be happy and successful.
4. Filipinos’ religious traditions like celebration of fiestas should be banned because
it is just a waste of time, energy, and resources.
5. The Aetas of Zambales, the Mangyans of Mindoro and other Filipino tribes have
different religious beliefs. Their Gods are manifested on the different forms of
nature like trees, mountains, rivers, volcano, their dead ancestors, and many
more. These beliefs do not make them a lesser group of people, and we must see
that there is nothing wrong with them.

For numbers 6-7, classify the following practices as right or wrong. Write letter A if
it is right, and letter B if it is wrong.
6. Arranged marriage
7. Polygamy or the practice of having multiple wives
For numbers 8-15, choose the best answer for each item. Write down the letter of
your choice.

8. The attitude that other societies’ customs and traditions and ideas should be
judged in the context of one’s own culture is known as ______________________.
a. Colonialism b. Cultural Relativism c. Imperialism d. Ethnocentrism
9. People around the world should learn from the ill effects of the belief that one’s
culture is better than others. Which of the following is NOT an example of it?
a. Hate crimes happen when people are killed because of their religious
beliefs and practices.
b. The Holocaust happened when Adolf Hitler ordered the mass murdering of
the Jews.
c. Slave trade happened when black African people were sold in Europe and
the Americas to serve as slaves.
d. Global warming is now happening and people from more developed and
industrialized countries are more liable than people from underdeveloped
countries.

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10. What is the most important lesson we could get from studying cultural
relativism?
a. It is difficult or impossible to force your own religious beliefs onto
another group.
b. When studying another culture, you must first convert to its religious
beliefs for better understanding.
c. Something that is not good or prohibited in your own society might be
good and perfectly acceptable in another society.
d. People tend to be more tolerant of another culture’s customs when they
understand and learn the meaning behind them.
11. Which of these is an example of ethnocentrism?
a. A girl bullies her classmate for being clumsy.
b. A mother refuses to pay her daughter’s prom gown.
c. A father is angry with his son for not doing his homework.
d. A westernized woman is looking down on a tribal woman for not
wearing any clothes.
12. Having more than one wife is not bad from a Muslim point of view. In relation,
people must see this custom within the context of Muslims’ problems and
opportunities. What kind of view is illustrated here?
a. Barbarism
b. Cultural relativism
c. Egocentrism
d. Ethnocentrism
13. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about cultural relativism?
a. It requires us to abandon the values of our own culture.
b. It unites us as one and make us even more proud of our own culture.
c. It makes it possible for us to explain how culture makes its people
behave.
d. It requires people to consider many factors before they draw
conclusions on other people’s cultural practices.
14. You are an overseas Filipino worker who went to Japan for the first time. During
the first few days of your stay, you are disoriented and frustrated due to your
exposure to a very strange culture. What does this situation signify?
a. Culture shock
b. Cultural diversity
c. Cultural relativism
d. Fear of culture
15. The Kwakintl Indians of North America lack electricity supply, and they seem to
have a less fulfilling life. The Bushmen of the Kalchari are non-literate and they
appear less intelligent. Relatively, you view your own culture as superior to them.
What do the statements above explain?
a. Cultural relativism
b. Ethnocentrism
c. Structuralism
d. Structural formalism

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 Additional Activities

#i-speak
You are invited as a guest speaker for a certain event where the participants
come from different places of different cultures. The topic assigned to you is religious
beliefs and practices. Your task is to make a speech which you are going to deliver
on the said affair. It should be composed of at least 3-4 paragraphs, whereas you are
comparing your religious beliefs and practices with the participants’ own without
being biased.

Draft your speech below.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Rubrics:

5 pts - Relevance of the speech to the given topic:

5 pts - Organization (Clearly and logically organized speech with an engaging

introduction, a logically sequenced body with appropriate
transitions, and a clear and convincing conclusion.

_________
10 pts - total

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Answer Key

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References

Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884): 145. Public

Domain.

https://mitocw.ups.edu.ec/courses/anthropology/21a-01-how-culture-
works-fall-2012/readings/MIT21A_01F12_Sir_Edwrd_cul.pdf
https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnocentrism-vs-cultural-
relativism.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-
society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-
relativism-in-group-and-out-group

https://englishlive.ef.com/blog/english-in-the-real-world/hand-gestures/

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