N.E.

S HIGH SCHOOL, Bhandup (W) Mumbai – 400078

STD- X SUBJECT - SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 11

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Date -18/08/2020 Notes

1. Reorganize the following food chain. Describe the ecosystem to which it

belongs.

  Grasshopper – Snake – Paddy field – Eagle – Frog

Answer : I. Reorganized food chain is as follows

Paddy field – Grasshopper – Frog – Snake – Eagle

ii. The above food chain is cropland ecosystem

iii.Paddy field represents the primary producer which are plants.
Grasshopper is a primary consumer. Primary consumers are organisms that eat the
primary producers and are usually herbivores.
Frog is a secondary consumer. Secondary consumers are organisms that eat the
primary consumers
Snake is a tertiary consumer. Tertiary consumers are organisms that eat the secondary
consumers
Eagle is an apex consumer because it occupies the highest position in the food
chain. gasshopper – Snake – Paddy field – Eagle – Frog.

2.Explain the statement- ‘we have got this Earth planet on lease from our future
generations and not as an ancestral property from our ancestors.’
ANSWER:

I. The above statement refers to the fact that our planet is not an ancestral property so
one can not make undue claim on it It indicates towards the point that the planet earth
should be protected and conserved in the same way as by our ancestors, so that it can
be passed on to our future generations.

ii. It highlights an underlying problem which is the overexploitation of resources by

the present generation which could eventually lead to the destruction of life on earth.
The planet earth can be protected for future generations by following the path of
sustainable development.
iii.Sustainable development means that development should be such that it can be
sustained for longer period of time and must cater to the needs of the coming
generations.

iv. It is mostly used in terms of the non-renewable sources of energy, which face
depletion because of over-use by human beings.
v..Sustainable development seeks to promote a judicious use of non-renewable energy
sources such as coal and petroleum so that they do not get depleted beforehand and
our future generations do not have these resources at their disposal. Sustainable
development thus means developing in such a way that not only our present but our
future is also secured.
3.Write short notes.
a. Environmental Conservation.

I.Environmental conservation is protection ,preservation, management or restoration

of the natural environment.

ii.It is necessary to conserve our environment because any imbalance in the

environment directly affects the existence of the biotic factors.

iii. The environment fulfills our basic needs of food,clothing and shelter.It constitutes
our food chain thus conserving it is necessary for sustenance of
life.However,population explosion has led to overconsumption of natural resources

iv. Environmental conservation involves the use of natural resources rationally in

order to avoid excessive degradation of environment.

b. Chipko Movement of Bishnoi.

. I.In 1731,AMrita Devi Bishnoi along with other 363 Bishnois sacrificed their lives
for the protection of “Khejri” trees in Khejarli villege near Jodhpur in Rajasthan.
These trees were being harmed for construction of a new palace.

Ii.Chipko, in Hindi, literally means ‘to stick’. Under the movement, Amrita Devi and
other Bishnois showed courage by embracing the trees to protect them.

iii.The movement mobilized villagers by making them aware about theilleffects of

destruction of forests. It was a great success and soon spread all over India.

iv. It was because of Chipko Movement that the government of India realized the
importance of formulating wildlife conservation plans and policies in order to protect
the biodiversity of the country.

c.  Biodiversity.

I. Biodiversity is the richness of living organisms in nature due to the presence of

varieties of varieties of organisms, ecosystems and genetic variations within a species.

ii. Biodiversity occurs at three different levels.

A. Genetic diversity: It refers to the occurrence of diversity among organisms of same

species
B. Species diversity : It refers to the innumerable species of organisms that occur in
nature. Eg Variety of plants,animals and microbes

C. Ecosystem diversity : It refers to variation in ecosystem present in the nature.These

ecosystems are formed by the interaction between plants,animals,their habitats and
changes in the environment .Each ecosystem has its own biotic and abiotic factors.

d. Sacred Groves -

I. The forest protected or conserved in the name of God (on religious grounds ) and
considered to be sacred is known as sacred grove

ii. Sacred groves are in fact sanctuaries conserved by the society and not by the
government forest department

iii. It has special protection as it has been conserved due to special religious
importance,

Sacred groves are present not only in Western Ghats of India but in the entire country.

e.Disaster and its management :-

I.The dangerous events that occur many times in the environment and cause
human,material,economic and / or environmental loss are called as disasters. E.g.
floods, famines,cyclones,earthquakes etc.

Ii. Disasters are of two types - natural disasters and man made disasters

Iii. The impact of the disasters depend on the duration of disasters or their after effects

Iv. Disasters management is the prevention of disasters or making arrangements to

face it or at least achieve the abilities to face it.It can be divided in to two parts-
predisaster management and post disaster management.

Q4. How will you justify that overcoming the pollution is a powerful way of
environmental management?

i.Pollution affects the environment adversely.

ii.Environmental pollution is a major concern because of the harmful effects it has on

the environment as well as on health of humans

iii.The impact of pollution is severe in developing countries,leading to illhealth,death

and disabilities in people.Developed countries have powerful ways of environmental
management as they have resources as well as technologies to combat pollution
iv.Reducing pollution will help to reduce production of toxic wasted therby saving the
cost of disposal of wastes

v.The ultimate effect of pollution is on the existence of living organisms

vi We as stakeholders of environment need to come together to overcome pollution.It

will preserve outr precious environmental resources and improve the environment
quality. Thus overcoming the pollution is a powerful way of environmental
management.

5. Which projects will you run in relation to environmental conservation? How?

i. Projects on collection of plastic wastes for recycling ,conservation of biodiversity,

tree plantation programme etc.can be carried out for environmental conservation.

ii. These projects can be carried out in the following ways.

a. Explaining the adverse effects of use of plastic on environment ,disposal and

management of waste to people.

b. Convincing people about the importance of trees and the need to participate in tree
plantATION COMPAIGN

C. Making posters that provide more information about environment

conservation ,saving energy and other natural resources to raise public awareness.

d Spreading awareness through celebrating earth day and environment protection day.

e.Organizing seminars in which environmentalists will guide students about

environmental conservation.

6.Answer the following

a. Write the factors affecting environment.

i..The factors which affect the environment are grouped into two categories- biotic
and abiotic factors. 

ii. Biotic factors refer to the living components of an ecosystem like animals and
plants. 
iii.Abiotic factors refer to the non living components of an ecosystem, for example,
sunlight, temperature, air etc.
iv.The biotic and abiotic factors together affect the environment as both are connected
to each other. Abiotic factors are required for the existence and survival of organisms.
v.There is an inter relationship between humans and environment which means
humans and environment are interconnected. 

vi.The existence of humans is not possible without striking a balance with the
environment. Humans developed ways to use these natural resources for their
existence, however when these needs turned into greed, it resulted in over exploitation
of resources.

Vii.Over exploitation of resources by humans have threatened the existence of other

species as well, resulting in their extinction. Various problems like global warming,
changed weather patterns, water scarcity etc. are results of human activities.

Viii. These problems highlight the fact that how imporatant is the role of humans with
respect to environment.

ix.If human activites are controlled and an effort is made to make harmony with the
nature, it is most probable we can revert these environmental changes and if we fail to
do so, it could have devastating effects.

b. Why does the human beings have important place in environment?

I.Human life is an integral part of nature and human survival is closely linked with
environment

Ii.Due to rapid increase in human population and industrialization ,humans have over
utilized natural resources leading to degradation of environment

Iii.The environment influences the life of humanbeing s modify their environment as

humansare the apex producers in the food chain

Iv.Humans are capable of conserving and improving the quality of nature and thus
play a major role in maintaining environmentalbalance.Humans therefore have
important place in environment

c. Write the types and examples of biodiversity.

I. Biodiversity is the richness of living organisms in nature due to the presence of
varieties of varieties of organisms, ecosystems and genetic variations within a species.

ii. Biodiversity occurs at three different levels.

A. Genetic diversity: It refers to the occurrence of diversity among organisms of same

specieseg. Each humanbeing is different from other

B. Species diversity : It refers to the innumerable species of organisms that occur in

nature. Eg Variety of plants,animals and microbes

C. Ecosystem diversity : It refers to variation in ecosystem present in the nature.These

ecosystems are formed by the interaction between plants,animals,their habitats and
changes in the environment .Each ecosystem has its own biotic and abiotic factors.
d.How the biodiversity can be conserved?

Two approaches followed for the conservation of biodiversity are:

 In-situ conservation: In order to conserve biodiversity better, biodiversity

hotspots all around the world have been identified and protected. In India,
biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and national parks have been
developed for this purpose.
 Ex-situ conservation: The threatened species of plants and animals are taken
out of their habitats and are kept in special settings such as zoological parks,
botanical gardens, and wildlife parks. Nowadays, the gametes of endangered
species can be preserved by methods such as cryopreservation. They can also
be fertilized in-vitro followed by propagation through tissue culture methods.
Similarly, seeds can be preserved in seed banks.

e. What do we learn from the story of Jadav Molai Peyang?

I.Jadav Molai Peyang was a nomadic tribe born in Assam. II.There is a
jungle which has been named on his name to hounour his hardwork.

III.After a flood affected the areas of Assam, Jadav started a reforestation

process by planting 20 bamboo plants.

IV.This initiative was then supported by the Assam government and with the
hardwork of Jadav and the government, the barren area witnessed the forest cover
over the 1360 acres.

V.His contrbution to the environment was acknowleged by honouring him with the
'Padmashree' award. His story gives us a message that a single person can bring about
a big change and it is the will which is required to do so.

f. Write the names of biodiversity hot spots.

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species richness and high degree of
endemism. Endemism is the indigenousness of a species to a particular region.
Western Ghats, Sri Lanka, Himalaya and Indo-Burma are the high biodiversity
regions that cover India.

I. Biodiversity hotspots are the geographical areas with high species diversity which
need maximum protection.

Ii.Around 36 highly sensitive biodiversity spots are reported all over the
world.currently only 2.3 % area of earth has been left withthe hotspots
Iii. Biodiversity hotspots once occupied 15.7% area of the earth but at present 86% of
these sensitive areas are already destroyed.

Iv. Biodiversity hotspots include 1,50,000 plant species accounting to 50% of the
world count.

D. In India, Out of 135 species of animals,85 species are found in the jungles of
eastern region.Around 1,500 endemia plant species are found in western Ghats,also
out of the total plant species in the entire world 50,000 are endemic.

g. Which are the reasons for endangering the many species of plants and animals?
How can we save those?

Following are the reasons for plant and animal species to become endangered.

I. Natural cause : earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,flood ,drought ,dry and wet famines
etc.

II. Man made cause :

A. Overutilization of resources- It is a major cause for endangering many plant and

animal species. Excessive cutting of forest trees,over grazing ,over fishing lead to
extinction of many species.

B. Environmental pollution : Pollution of air,water and soil leads to depletion of

wi;dlife

C. Hunting,poaching for meat ,skin,fur,horns etc leads to decline in number of wild

animals

D. Destruction of habitats: Due to human activities like construction of

dams,reservoirs,buildings,roads,railway tracks,mining activities etc,the natural habitat
of animals get destroyed.

E. Other causes : Use of plant and animal species for manufacturing

pharmaceuticals ,perfumes,cosmetics,medicines etc.

F. Endangered animals can be saved by the following ways

I. Controlling the pollution can have a positive impact animals

II. Habitats of the species should be protected and human disturbances should be
limited.

III. Use of ecofriendly resources

IV. Public awareness about the importance and protection of wildlife.

7.What are the meanings of following symbols? Write your role accordingly?

ANSWER:

Symbol 1 represents recycle. This sign is seen on various packaged food

materials. Recycling is the process in which a substance that has been discarded is
reprocessed to make the same or a different substance. It is one of the methods to
conserve our environment, for example recycling of paper saves several others trees
from being cut down. Also, chemicals that are produced at the time of manufacturing
paper are directly released into rivers and lakes. Therefore, recycling of paper will not
only prevent deforestation but also prevent water pollution.

Symbol 2 represents water conservation. Water conservation refers to the act of

conserving water with the help of various methods such as rain water
harvesting. Conservation of water is essential for maintaining a proper hydrological
cycle, ensuring timely rainfall and maintaining the availability of fresh water in rivers
and other sources. Conservation of water is essential for securing food grain
production and sustaining various life-forms. Water can be conserved by various
methods. The most effective means of conserving water is rainwater harvesting,
which involves collecting rainwater and storing it for further use. Water can also be
conserved by checking our day-to-day habits and ensuring that there is no wastage of
water. Innovative irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation also help in water
conservation to a great extent.

Symbol 3 represents solar pannels. Solar energy can be harnessed with the help of
solar cells. Several solar cells are connected together to form a solar panel. Solar
panels devices are used to convert thermal energy of sun into electric energy. There
are various reasons for which solar energy is being prefered over other sources:

 being a tropical country India receives abundant sunlight throughout the year
as the number of sunny days across a large geographical portion of country is
around 300.
 it requires less investment in infrastructure as compared to other forms of
energy.
 solar energy can be utilised for rural electrification and irrigation through solar
powered water pumping system.
 it will eventually reduce the dependance upon fossils fuels hence will help in
the conservation of environment.
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