History of Baking

BREAD AND PASTRY ARTS
with Chef John

What is baking?
Baking, process of cooking by dry heat,
especially in some kind of oven. It is
probably the oldest cooking method.
Bakery products, which include bread,
rolls, cookies, pies, pastries, and
muffins, are usually prepared from
flour or meal derived from some form
of grain. Bread, already a common
staple in prehistoric times, provides
many nutrients in the human diet.
History of Baking
12,000 BCE
Evidence of 14,000 Year Old Bread
• Evidence of baking bread was discovered

dated back to the Epipaleolithic period, which
is in between the Paleolithic and Neolithic era.
The people of this time were hunter-gatherers,
and the bread crumb remains show they knew
how to process grains into flour.
– Zeldovich, L. (2018). "14,000-Year-Old Piece
Of Bread Rewrites The History Of Baking
And Farming."
1500 BCE
Yeast in Ancient Egypt
• Yeast was used in baking bread and

fermentation for alcohol in Egypt.
• With doughs made by mixing flour, water, salt,
and leaven, the Egyptian baking industry
eventually developed more than 50 varieties
of bread, varying the shape and using such
flavoring materials as poppy seed, sesame,
and camphor. Samples found in tombs are
flatter and coarser than modern bread.
Egyptian Oven
• The Egyptians developed the first ovens. The

earliest known examples are cylindrical vessels
made of baked Nile clay, tapered at the top to
give a cone shape and divided inside by a
horizontal shelflike partition. The lower
section is the firebox, the upper section is the
baking chamber. The pieces of dough were
placed in the baking chamber through a hole
provided in the top.
1st century AD
First Dough Mixer
• The first mechanical dough mixer,

attributed to Marcus Vergilius
(sometimes spelled Virgilius) Eurysaces,
a freed slave of Greek origin, consisted
of a large stone basin in which wooden
paddles, powered by a horse or donkey
walking in circles, kneaded the dough
mixture of flour, leaven, and water.
1490
First Brick Oven
• The first recorded oven made of

brick and tile was in Alsace,
France.
1662
Corn as a Substitute for Wheat
• Wheat was difficult to grow in the British

colonies, so colonial women learned
from the Native American women and
incorporated corn into their cooking and
bread making. The resulting bread was
half rye, half corn meal, and very dense.
– (Civitello, 2017).
1780 – 1790
Compressed Yeast Hits the Market
• Early recipes for commercial

pressed yeasts consisted of a
pressed block of fermented hops,
rye, and malt, or some mixture of
the three depending on the country
and local producer.
–(Lahue et al., 2020)
1800
Cookbooks Begin Circulating
• At the end of the 18th century,

American women started writing
their own cookbooks to be passed
down through their families.
(Civitello, 2017)
1826
First Patented Gas Oven
• Gas ovens were patented by James

Sharp, and then during the 1920's
became common in households
once gas lines were available to
most houses and neighborhoods.
1879
"Pure" Yeast Cultures Sets Standards for Today's Yeast
• John Pennington used microscopes to

see if yeast was contaminated by
bacteria, prompting the production of
sterile equipment to keep yeast cultures
pure. Improvements in equipment
increased production capability, allowing
the commercial baking industry to
expand.
1856
The Introduction of Baking Powder
• Baking powder was patented in 1856,

and chemical leaveners soon became a
commodity in grocery stores. Civitello, L.
(2017).
– Baking powder wars : the cutthroat
food fight that revolutionized cooking
. University of Illinois Press.
1900 – 2000
Evolving Baked Goods- Cake Mixes
• The emphasis on bread and baked foods

started shifting in the 1900's from
something that housewives had to make
themselves to looking for faster ways to
bake. Stores sold pre-made desserts,
and while cake mixes weren't as popular
as household cake recipes, they started
to gain traction by the 1960's.
True or False. Write TOTOO
NGA if the statement is true
but if is false, write CHAROT
LANG.
QUIZ 1
1. Evidence of baking bread was
discovered dated back to the
Epipaleolithic period, which is in
between the Paleolithic and Neolithic
era.
2. Yeast was used in baking bread and
fermentation for alcohol in Rome in
1500BCE.
3. The earliest known examples of ovens
are cylindrical vessels made of baked
Nile cement.
4. The first dough mixer consisted of a large
stone basin in which wooden paddles,
powered by a horse or donkey walking in
circles, kneaded the dough mixture of flour,
leaven, and water.
5. The first recorded oven made of brick and tile
was in Alsace, France.
6. Wheat was difficult to grow in the British
colonies, so colonial women learned from the
Native American women and incorporated
coffee into their cooking and bread making.
7. At the end of the 18th century, Asian women
started writing their own cookbooks to be
passed down through their families.
8. Gas ovens were patented by James Sharp,
and then during the 1950's became common
in households.
9. Baking powder was patented in 1856.
10.The emphasis on bread and baked foods
started shifting in the 1900's from something
that housewives had to make themselves to
looking for faster ways to bake.
TIME TO
CHECK YOUR
ANSWERS!!!!
1. Evidence of baking bread was
discovered dated back to the
Epipaleolithic period, which is in
between the Paleolithic and Neolithic
era. TOTOO NGA
2. Yeast was used in baking bread and
fermentation for alcohol in Rome in
1500BCE. CHAROT LANG
3. The earliest known examples of ovens
are cylindrical vessels made of baked
Nile cement. CHAROT LANG
4. The first dough mixer consisted of a large
stone basin in which wooden paddles,
powered by a horse or donkey walking in
circles, kneaded the dough mixture of flour,
leaven, and water. TOTOO NGA
5. The first recorded oven made of brick and tile
was in Alsace, France. TOTOO NGA
6. Wheat was difficult to grow in the British
colonies, so colonial women learned from the
Native American women and incorporated
coffee into their cooking and bread making.
CHAROT LANG
7. At the end of the 18th century, Asian women
started writing their own cookbooks to be
passed down through their families. CHAROT
LANG
8. Gas ovens were patented by James Sharp, and
then during the 1950's became common in
households. TOTOO NGA
9. Baking powder was patented in 1856. TOTOO
NGA
10.The emphasis on bread and baked foods started
shifting in the 1900's from something that
housewives had to make themselves to looking
for faster ways to bake. TOTOO NGA
• WATCH THIS VIDEO ABOUT THE
LIFE OF A BAKER IN CANADA.
• ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS:
1. Describe the life of a baker as
LET’S shown in the video.
2. What do you think are the
WATCH!!! important tasks of a baker?
3. What are the pros and cons
of being a baker?
4. If you would be given a
chance, would you want to be
a baker? Why or why not?
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS:
1. Describe the life of a baker
as shown in the video.
2. What do you think are the
LET’S TALK important tasks of a baker?
ABOUT IT! 3. What are the pros and cons
of being a baker?
4. If you would be given a
chance, would you want to
be a baker? Why or why
not?
WE’RE DONE

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BREAD AND PASTRY ARTS

with Chef John

• Evidence of baking bread was discovered

• Yeast was used in baking bread and

• The Egyptians developed the first ovens. The

• The first mechanical dough mixer,

• The first recorded oven made of

• Wheat was difficult to grow in the British

• Early recipes for commercial

• At the end of the 18th century,

• Gas ovens were patented by James

• John Pennington used microscopes to

• Baking powder was patented in 1856,

• The emphasis on bread and baked foods

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