CM1- CU1

Introduction
Concept of Stresses
Objectives

• Review of statics needed to determine forces in members of simple structures.

• Introduce concept of stress.
• Define different stress types: axial normal stress, shearing stress and bearing
stress.
• Discuss engineer’s two principal tasks, namely, the analysis and design of
structures and machines.
• Develop problem solving approach.
• Discuss the components of stress on different planes and under different
loading conditions.

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Topic Outline

• Review of the methods of statics

• Stresses in the members of a structure
• Stress on an oblique plane under axial loading
• Stress under general loading conditions;
Components of stress
• Design Considerations

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Strength of Materials
Deals with the relations
between externally applied
loads and their internal
effect on bodies.

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 P

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1.
Review of the
Methods of Statics

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Crane booms
used to load
and unload
ships.

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Example No. 1

◎ Consider the structure shown in Fig. 1.1, which was

designed to support a 30-kN load. It consists of a
boom AB with a 30 x 50-mm rectangular cross section
and a rod BC with a 20-mm-diameter circular cross
section. These are connected by a pin at B and are
supported by pins and brackets at A and C,
respectively. Analyze the structure.

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 Fig 1.1
Boom used to
support a
30-kN load

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 Fig. 1.2
Free-body diagram of
boom showing
applied load and
reaction forces.

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Equilibrium equations:

Fig. 1.2
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 Equilibrium equations:

Reactions (in vector form):

Fig. 1.3 Free-body diagram of member AB

freed from structure.

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 Fig 1.4
Free-body diagrams of
two-force members
AB and BC.

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Fig. 1.5 Free-body diagram of boom’s joint B and associated force triangle.

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Fig. 1.5

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Fig 1.6 Free-body Diagrams of Sections of Rod BC.

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Analysis

◎ The internal force in Boom AB is 40 kN and is in

compression.
◎ The internal force produced in Rod BC is 50 kN and
is in tension.

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2.
Stresses in the
Members of a
Structure

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Stresse in the Members of a Structure

◎ Axial Stress
◎ Shearing Stress
◎ Bearing Stress in Connections
◎ Application to the Analysis and Design of Simple
Structures

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Axial Stress
the amount of force per unit of cross-sectional area that
acts in the lengthwise direction of a member.

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“

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 Stress, 𝝈
𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨
The force per unit area, or intensity
of the forces distributed over a
given section, is called the stress.

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 A positive sign indicates a
tensile stress (member in
tension), and a negative sign
indicates a compressive
stress (member in
compression).
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Stresses in the Members of a Structure

Normal Stress Axial force

the corresponding refers to a load whose line
of action runs along the
stress is perpendicular
length of a structure or
to the axis of the perpendicular to the
member. structure's cross-section.

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Normal stress in
a member under
axial loading
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26
Fig 1.10 Idealized uniform stress distribution implies the resultant force
passes through the cross section’s center.

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Fig 1.11
Centric loading having
resultant forces passing
through the centroid of
the section.

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Fig 1.12
An example of
simple eccentric
loading.

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SI metric units for Stress, 𝜎

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U.S. customary units for Stress, 𝜎

2
1 psi = 1 lb/in
2 3 2
1 ksi = 1 kip/in = 10 lb/in

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 Concept Application 1.1
“
Considering the structure of Fig. 1.1, assume that rod BC
is made of a steel with a maximum allowable stress σall
= 165 MPa. Can rod BC safely support the load to which
it will be subjected? The magnitude of the force FBC in
the rod was 50 kN. Recalling that the diameter of the
rod is 20 mm, determine the stress created in the rod by
the given loading.

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Solution

𝑷 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = +50 kN = +𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍

2
2
20 mm
𝑨 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 10 × 10−3 m 2
2
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟐

𝑷 +50 × 103 N 6 Pa = +𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚

𝝈= = = +159 × 10
𝑨 314 × 10−6 m2
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 Concept Application 1.2
“
Considering the structure of Fig. 1.1, assume that rod BC
is made of a aluminum with a maximum allowable
stress σall = 100 Mpa is to be used. The rod will still be
under the given loading force 50 kN. What is the
minimum diameter of the rod to be used if its
aluminum?

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 Solution
𝑷 𝑷
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍 =
𝑨
; 𝑨=
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍

50 × 103 N −6 2
= = 500 × 10 m
100 × 106 Pa
And since 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 ,

𝐴 500 × 10−6 m2
𝒓= = = 12.62 × 10−3 m = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 𝐦𝐦
𝜋 𝜋

𝒅 = 2𝑟 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟐 𝐦𝐦
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Shearing Stress
Dividing the shear P by the area A of the cross section

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 “

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Stresses in the Members of a Structure

Shearing Stress Shear force

the corresponding is a force acting in a
direction that's parallel to
stress is created by the
a surface or cross section
magnitude shear P of a body, thus opposing a
divided by the area A of transverse load applied to
the cross section of the the body.
body.
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The value obtained is an
average value of the
shearing stress over
the entire section.

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40
Single shear

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42
Double shear

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Bearing Stress
the contact pressure between the separate bodies

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“

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Bearing Stress in Connections

The value obtained is an

average value of the
shearing stress over
the entire section.

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Method of Problem Solution
SMART methodology

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SMART Methodology

◎ Strategy
◎ Modeling
◎ Analysis
◎ Reflect & Think

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Sample Problems 1 – Normal Stress

◎ A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm

must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to
120 MN/m2 .

400 kN 400 kN
100 𝐷0
mm

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Sample Problems 2 – Normal Stress

◎ A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either

end by a cable as shown in the figure below. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to
exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Bronze 4m 3m Steel

A 10 m
B
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Sample Problems 3 – Normal Stress

◎ The homogeneous bar shown in the figure is supported by a

smooth pin at C and a cable that runs from A to B around the
smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

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Sample Problems 4 – Normal Stress

◎ A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached

between steel and bronze sections, as shown in the figure. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the
cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in^2 , determine the stress in
each section.
Steel Aluminum Bronze
4P P
2ft 3ft 2.5ft

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Sample Problems 5 – Normal Stress

◎ An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a

bronze rod as shown in the figure below. Axial loads are applied
at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will
not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or
in bronze of 100 MPa.

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Sample Problems 6 – Normal Stress

◎ Determine the largest

weight W that can be
supported by two wires
shown in the figure. The
stress in either wire is
not to exceed 30 ksi. The
cross-sectional areas of
wires AB and AC are 0.4
in2 and 0.5 in2,
respectively.

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Sample Problems 7 – Shearing Stress

◎ What force is
required to punch a
20-mm-diameter
hole in a plate that is
25 mm thick? The
shear strength is 350
MN/m2

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Sample Problems 8 – Shearing Stress

◎ As in the figure, a hole is to be

punched out of a plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is
limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the
maximum thickness of plate in which
a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be
punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch
thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole that can be punched.

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Sample Problems 9 – Shearing Stress

◎ Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the

clevis shown in the figure if P = 400 kN. The shearing
strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

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Sample Problems 10 – Shearing Stress

◎ Compute the
shearing stress in
the pin at B for the
member supported
as shown in the
figure. The pin
diameter is 20 mm.

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Sample Problems 11 – Shearing Stress

◎ The members of the

structure in the figure
weigh 200 lb/ft.
Determine the smallest
diameter pin that can
be used at A if the
shearing stress is
limited to 5000 psi.
Assume single shear.
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Sample Problems 12 – Shearing Stress

◎ Referring to the figure below, compute the maximum force P that

can be applied by the machine operator, if the shearing stress in
the pin at B and the axial stress in the control rod at C are limited
to 4000 psi and 5000 psi, respectively. The diameters are 0.25 inch
for the pin, and 0.5 inch for the control rod. Assume single shear for
the pin at B.

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Sample Problems 13 – Bearing Stress

◎ In the figure shown, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the

plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120
MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of
rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b)
the largest average tensile stress in the plates.

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Sample Problems 14 – Bearing Stress

◎ The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter

rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if
the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is
uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

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Sample Problems 15 – Bearing Stress

◎ In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b,

find the minimum bolt diameter
and the minimum thickness of
each yoke that will support a load
P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a
bearing stress of 20 ksi.

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