List of Chinese monarchs

This list of Chinese monarchs includes rulers of China with various titles prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1912. From the Zhou dynasty until the Qin
王
dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: ; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so
common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (Chinese: 皇帝 ; pinyin: huángdì). The title
of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or
those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive.

Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly
known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an
emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the
most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated. Scholars also often use common terms to refer to some monarchs with special circumstances
— "Modi" ( 末帝 ; "last emperor"), "Mozhu" ( 末主 後主
; "last lord"), "Houzhu" ( 少帝
; "later lord"), "Shaodi" ( ; "young emperor"), "Shaozhu" ( 少主
; "young
廢帝
lord"), "Feidi" ( ; "deposed emperor"), etc.; these terms are not temple names, posthumous names or regnal names.

In some cases, the regnal or era name is changed in the same year as the death of the previous sovereign; in other cases, the name change occurs in the subsequent
year. Thus, the date given for the beginning of a reign may actually refer to the first full year of the sovereign's reign.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible
additional information.

Follow these links to see how they are related:

Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient) → Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese
emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)

Contents
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ( 三皇五帝) (2852–2070 BC)
Xia dynasty ( 夏朝) (2070–1600 BC)
Shang dynasty (商朝) (1600–1046 BC)

Zhou dynasty (周朝) (1046–256 BC)

Qin dynasty (秦朝) (221–207 BC)

Han dynasty (漢朝) (202 BC–9 AD, 25–220 AD)

Xin dynasty (新朝) (9–23 AD)

Three Kingdoms (三國) (220–280 AD)

Cao Wei (曹魏) (220–266 AD)
Shu Han (蜀漢) (221–263 AD)
Eastern Wu (東吳) (222–280 AD)

Jin dynasty (晉朝) (266–420 AD)

Sixteen Kingdoms (十六國) (304–439 AD)
Han Zhao (漢趙) (304–329 AD)
Cheng Han (成漢) (304–347 AD)
Later Zhao (後趙) (319–351 AD)
Former Liang (前涼) (320–376 AD)
Former Yan (前燕) (337–370 AD)
Former Qin (前秦) (351–394 AD)
Later Yan (後燕) (384–409 AD)
Later Qin (後秦) (384–417 AD)
Western Qin (西秦) (385–400 AD, 409–431 AD)
Later Liang (後涼) (386–403 AD)
Southern Liang (南涼) (397–414 AD)
Northern Liang (北涼) (397–439 AD)
Southern Yan (南燕) (398–410 AD)
Western Liang (西涼) (400–421 AD)
Hu Xia (胡夏) (407–431 AD)
 Northern Yan ( 北燕) (407–436 AD)
Other sovereignties traditionally not counted among the Sixteen Kingdoms
Ran Wei (冉魏) (350–352 AD)
Western Yan (西燕) (384–394 AD)
Western Shu (西蜀) (405–413 AD)
Tiefu tribe (匈奴 鐵弗部) (mid 3rd century–391 AD)
Yuwen tribe (鮮卑 宇文部) (late 3rd century–345 AD)
Duan tribe (鮮卑 段部) (303–338 AD)
Chouchi (仇池) (296–371 AD, 385–443 AD)
Wuxing (武興) (473–506 AD, 534–555 AD)
Yinping (陰平) (477 AD–mid-6th century)
Tuoba tribe (鮮卑 拓拔部) (219–376 AD) & Dai (代) (310–376 AD)

Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝) (386–589 AD)

Northern dynasties (北朝) (386–581 AD)
Northern Wei (北魏) (386–535 AD)
Eastern Wei (東魏) (534–550 AD)
Western Wei (西魏) (535–557 AD)
Northern Qi (北齊) (550–577 AD)
Northern Zhou (北周) (557–581 AD)
Southern dynasties (南朝) (420–589 AD)
Liu Song (劉宋) (420–479 AD)
Southern Qi (南齊) (479–502 AD)
Liang dynasty (梁朝) (502–557 AD)
Chen dynasty (陳朝) (557–589 AD)

Sui dynasty (隋朝) (581–619 AD)

Tang dynasty (唐朝) (618–690 AD, 705–907 AD)
Wu Zhou (武周) (690–705 AD)
Huang Qi (黃齊) (881–884 AD)

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十國) (907–979 AD)

Five Dynasties (五代) (907–960 AD)
Later Liang (後梁) (907–923 AD)
Later Tang (後唐) (923–937 AD)
Later Jin (後晉) (936–947 AD)
Later Han (後漢) (947–951 AD)
Later Zhou (後周) (951–960 AD)
Ten Kingdoms (十國) (907–979 AD)
Former Shu (前蜀) (907–925 AD)
Yang Wu (楊吳) (907–937 AD)
Ma Chu (馬楚) (907–951 AD)
Wuyue (吳越) (907–978 AD)
Min (閩) (909–945 AD) & Yin (殷) (943–945 AD)
Southern Han (南漢) (917–971 AD)
Jingnan (荊南) (924–963 AD)
Later Shu (後蜀) (934–965 AD)
Southern Tang (南唐) (937–976 AD)
Northern Han (北漢) (951–979 AD)
Independent regimes during Ten Kingdoms
Qingyuan Jiedushi (清源節度使) (949–978 AD)
Wuping Jiedushi (武平節度使) (950–963 AD)

Liao dynasty (遼朝) (916–1125 AD)

Northern Liao (北遼) (1122–1123 AD)
Western Liao (西遼) (1124–1218 AD)
Dongdan (東丹) (926–952 AD)
Song dynasty ( 宋朝) (960–1279 AD)
大理) (937–1094 AD, 1096–1253 AD)
Dali Kingdom (

Western Xia (西夏) (1038–1227 AD)

Jin dynasty (金朝) (1115–1234 AD)

Yuan dynasty (元朝) (1271–1368 AD)
Northern Yuan (北元) (1368–1388 AD)

Ming dynasty (明朝) (1368–1644 AD)

Shun dynasty (順朝) (1644–1645 AD)
Southern Ming (南明) (1644–1662 AD)

Qing dynasty (清朝) (1636–1912 AD)

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天國) (1851–1864 AD)

Empire of China (中華帝國) (1915–1916 AD)

See also
References
External links

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ( 三皇五帝) (2852–2070 BC)

皇
Although it is ingrained in Chinese accounts that the earliest legendary rulers of China included three huáng ( , generally translated "sovereign" or "august one")
帝
and five dì ( , generally translated "emperor"), both terms denoting demigod status, their identities have differed between different sources, with some
individuals, such as the Yellow Emperor, being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken
together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì ( 皇帝
, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself. They were perceived as admirable and loyal
to the individual members that belonged to the emperor.

Note: These figures are considered to be legendary

Title Name by which most commonly Reign (according to In Chinese Other names
known tradition)

Huang1,4,5 / Youchao 3162–2962 BC Yǒucháo 有巢 –

Di3

Huang/ Di3 Suiren 2962–2852 BC Suìrén 燧人 –

Huang4 / Di3 Fuxi 2852–2737 BC Fúxī 伏羲 –

Huang1 / Di1 Yan Emperor and/or Shennong 2737–2698 BC Yándì 炎帝 Shennong 神農

Huang5 / Yellow Emperor 2698–2598 BC Huángdì 黃帝 Xuanyuan 軒轅
Di1,2

Di2 Shaohao 2597–2514 BC Shǎohào 少昊 Jintian 金天

Di1,2 Zhuanxu 2514–2436 BC Zhuānxū 顓頊 Gaoyang 高陽
Di1 Emperor Ku 2436–2366 BC Dìkù 帝嚳 Gaoxin 高辛
Di1 Emperor Zhi 2366–2358 BC Dìzhì 帝摯 Qingyang 青陽
Di1 Emperor Yao (of Tang) 2356–2255 BC Dìyáo or Táng 帝堯 / 唐 Yiqi, Taotang and 伊祁、陶唐、放
Yáo
堯 Fangxun
勳
Di1 Emperor Shun (of Yu) 2255–2208 BC Dìshùn or Yú 帝舜 / 虞 Yao, Youyu and 姚、有虞、重華
Shùn
舜 Chonghua

1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian.

2 — According to the Chu Ci.

3 — According to the Book of Rites.

4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan ( 尚書大傳 ) and Baihu tongyi ( 白虎通義).

5 — According to the Diwang shiji ( 帝王世紀 )

Xia dynasty ( 夏朝) (2070–1600 BC)

Chinese convention: use "Xia" + regnal name
 Name by which most commonly known Reign (according to tradition) Regnal name1 Other names

Yu the Great 2150–2106 BC Yǔ 禹 –

Qi of Xia 2106–2077 BC Qǐ 啟 –

Tai Kang 2077–2048 BC Kāng 康 Tài Kāng 太康

Zhong Kang 2048–2036 BC Kāng 康 Zhòng Kāng 仲康
Xiang of Xia 2036–2008 BC Xiāng 相 –

Interregnum (about 40 years)

Shao Kang 1968–1946 BC Kāng 康 Shào Kāng 少康

Zhu of Xia 1946–1929 BC Zhù 杼 –

Huai of Xia 1929–1885 BC Huái 槐 –

Mang of Xia 1885–1867 BC Máng 芒 –

Xie of Xia 1867–1851 BC Xiè 泄 –

Bu Jiang 1851–1792 BC Jiàng 降 –

Jiong of Xia 1792–1771 BC Jiōng 扃 –

Jin of Xia 1771–1750 BC Jǐn 廑 Yìn Jiǎ 胤甲

Kong Jia 1750–1719 BC Kǒng Jiǎ 孔甲 –

Gao of Xia 1719–1708 BC Gāo 阜 –

Fa of Xia 1708–1689 BC Fā 發 Hou Jin 后敬

Jie of Xia 1689–1658 BC Jié 桀 Lǚ Guǐ 履癸

Shang dynasty ( 商朝) (1600–1046 BC)

Chinese convention: use "Shang" + posthumous name
 Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign (according to tradition)1 Posthumous name Temple name

Tang of Shang Zi Lü 子履 1658–1629 BC Tiān Yǐ 天乙 Tàizu 太祖

Wai Bing Zi Shèng 子勝 1629–1627 BC Wài Bǐng 外丙 –

Zhong Ren Zi Yōng 子庸 1627–1623 BC Zhōng Rén 中壬 –

Tai Jia Zi Zhì 子至 1623–1611 BC Tài Jiǎ 太甲 Tàizōng 太宗

Wo Ding Zi Xuàn 子絢 1611–1592 BC Wò Dīng 沃丁 –

Tai Geng Zi Biàn 子辯 1592–1567 BC Tài Gēng 太庚 –

Xiao Jia Zi Gāo 子高 1567–1550 BC Xiǎo Jiǎ 小甲 –

Yong Ji Zi Zhòu 子伷 1550–1538 BC Yōng Jǐ 雍己 –

Tai Wu Zi Mì 子密 1538–1463 BC Tài Wù 太戊 –

Zhong Ding Zi Zhuāng 子莊 1463–1452 BC Zhòng Dīng 仲丁 –

Wai Ren Zi Fā 子發 1452–1437 BC Wài Rén 外壬 –

He Dan Jia Zi Zhěng 子整 1437–1428 BC Hé Dān Jiǎ 河亶甲 –

Zu Ji Zi Téng 子滕 1428–1409 BC Zǔ Jǐ 祖己 Zhōngzōng 中宗

Zu Xin Zi Dàn 子旦 1409–1393 BC Zǔ Xīn 祖辛 –

Wo Jia Zi Yú 子踰 1393–1368 BC Wò Jiǎ 沃甲 –

Zu Ding Zi Xīn 子新 1368–1336 BC Zǔ Dīng 祖丁 –

Nan Geng Zi Gēng 子更 1336–1307 BC Nán Gēng 南庚 –

Yang Jia Zi Hé 子和 1307–1290 BC Yáng Jiǎ 陽甲 –

Pan Geng Zi Xún 子旬 1290–1262 BC Pán Gēng 盤庚 –

Xiao Xin Zi Sòng 子颂 1262–1259 BC Xiǎo Xīn 小辛 –

Xiao Yi Zi Liǎn 子敛 1259–1250 BC Xiǎo Yǐ 小乙 –

Wu Ding Zi Zhāo 子昭 1250–1192 BC Wǔ Dīng 武丁 Gāozōng 高宗

Zu Geng Zi Yuè 子躍 1192–1185 BC Zǔ Gēng 祖庚 –

Zu Jia Zi Zài 子載 1185–1158 BC Zǔ Jiǎ 祖甲 –

Lin Xin Zi Xiān 子先 1158–1152 BC Lǐn Xīn 廩辛 –

Geng Ding Zi Xiāo 子囂 1152–1147 BC Gēng Dīng 庚丁 –

Wu Yi Zi Qú 子瞿 1147–1112 BC Wǔ Yǐ 武乙 –

Wen Wu Ding Zi Tuō 子托 1112–1102 BC Wénwǔ Dīng/ Wén Dīng 文武丁 / 文丁 –

Di Yi Zi Xiàn 子羡 1101–1076 BC Dì Yǐ 帝乙 –

King Zhou of Shang Zi Shòu 子受 1075–1046 BC Xīn (Zhou) 辛(紂) –

1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000.
They are given only as a guide.

Zhou dynasty ( 周朝) (1046–256 BC)

Chinese convention: use "Zhou" + posthumous name ("Wang" is the chinese term for "King")

Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often
vigorous dispute.
 Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign1 Posthumous name

Western Zhou ( 西周) (1046–771 BC)

King Wen of Zhou Jī Chāng 姬昌 1100–1050 BC 1 King Wén 文王
King Wu of Zhou Jī Fā 姬發 1046–1043 BC 1 King Wǔ 武王
King Cheng of Zhou Jī Sòng 姬誦 1042–1021 BC 1 King Chéng 成王
King Kang of Zhou Jī Zhāo 姬釗 1020–996 BC 1 King Kāng 康王
King Zhao of Zhou Jī Xiá 姬瑕 995–977 BC 1 King Zhāo 昭王
King Mu of Zhou Jī Mǎn 姬滿 976–922 BC 1 King Mù 穆王
King Gong of Zhou Jī Yīhù 姬繄扈 922–900 BC 1 King Gōng 共王
King Yi of Zhou (Jian) Jī Jiān 姬囏 899–892 BC 1 King Yì 懿王
King Xiao of Zhou Jī Bìfāng 姬辟方 891–886 BC 1 King Xiào 孝王
King Yi of Zhou (Xie) Jī Xiè 姬燮 885–878 BC 1 King Yí 夷王
King Li of Zhou Jī Hú 姬胡 877–841 BC 1 King Lì 厲王
Gonghe Regency (共和) (841–827 BC)

King Xuan of Zhou Jī Jìng 姬靜 827–782 BC King Xuān 宣王

King You of Zhou Jī Gōngshēng 姬宮湦 781–771 BC King Yōu 幽王
Eastern Zhou (東周) (770–256 BC)

Spring and Autumn period (春秋時代) (770–476 BC)

King Ping of Zhou Jī Yijiu 姬宜臼 770–720 BC King Ping 平王

King Huan of Zhou Jī Lin 姬林 719–697 BC King Huan 桓王
King Zhuang of Zhou Jī Tuo 姬佗 696–682 BC King Zhuang 莊王
King Xi of Zhou Jī Huqi 姬胡齊 681–677 BC King Xi 釐王
King Hui of Zhou Jī Lang 姬閬 676–652 BC King Hui 惠王
King Xiang of Zhou Jī Zheng 姬鄭 651–619 BC King Xiang 襄王
King Qing of Zhou Jī Renchen 姬壬臣 618–613 BC King Qing 頃王
King Kuang of Zhou Jī Ban 姬班 612–607 BC King Kuang 匡王
King Ding of Zhou Jī Yu 姬瑜 606–586 BC King Ding 定王
King Jian of Zhou Jī Yi 姬夷 585–572 BC King Jian 簡王
King Ling of Zhou Jī Xiexin 姬泄心 571–545 BC King Ling 靈王
King Jing of Zhou (Gui) Jī Gui 姬貴 544–521 BC King Jing 景王
King Dao of Zhou Jī Meng 姬猛 520 BC King Dao 悼王
King Jing of Zhou (Gai) Jī Gai 姬丐 519–476 BC King Jing 敬王
Warring States period (戰國時代) (475–221 BC)

King Yuan of Zhou Jī Ren 姬仁 475–469 BC King Yuan 元王

King Zhending of Zhou Jī Jie 姬介 468–442 BC King Zhending 貞定王
King Ai of Zhou Jī Quji 姬去疾 441 BC King Ai 哀王
King Si of Zhou Jī Shu 姬叔 441 BC King Si 思王
King Kao of Zhou Jī Wei 姬嵬 440–426 BC King Kao 考王
King Weilie of Zhou Jī Wu 姬午 425–402 BC King Weilie 威烈王
King An of Zhou Jī Jiao 姬驕 401–376 BC King An 安王
King Lie of Zhou Jī Xi 姬喜 375–369 BC King Lie 烈王
King Xian of Zhou Jī Bian 姬扁 368–321 BC King Xian 顯王
King Shenjing of Zhou Jī Ding 姬定 320–315 BC King Shenjing 慎靚王
King Nan of Zhou Jī Yan 姬延 314–256 BC King Nan 赧王
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000.
They are given only as a guide.

After King Nan was deposed by Qin, Ji Jie ( 姬杰), Duke Wen of the vassal duchy of Eastern Zhou was proclaimed the new king of Zhou and claimed the title until
his death in 249 BC. However, the King of Qin had taken possession of the Nine Tripod Cauldrons ( 九鼎
), and Ji Jie's reign was not widely recognized.
Historians generally considered the title of Son of Heaven to be vacant from 256 to 221 BC.

Qin dynasty ( 秦朝) (221–207 BC)

Chinese convention: use regnal name

Note: The State of Qin was founded in the 9th century BCE as a vassal of the Zhou dynasty. In 325 BC, the Duke of Qing, Ying Si ( ), declared himself 嬴駟
king and was given the regnal name King Huiwen of Qin ( 秦惠文王
). In 256 BC, King Zhaoxiang of Qin ended the Zhou dynasty, and in 221 BC, Ying
Zheng completed the conquest of the other states (kingdoms) and declared himself Qin Shi Huang, or "First Emperor of Qin." The unification of China
under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China.

Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Regnal name

(King Zhaoxiang of Qin)1 Yíng Zé (Yíng Jì) 嬴則 (嬴稷) (306)1 (255–251 BC) Zhaoxiang of Qin 秦昭襄王
(King Xiaowen of Qin)1 Yíng Zhù 嬴柱 (250 BC) Xiaowen of Qin 秦孝文王
(King Zhuangxiang of Qin)1 Yíng Zǐchǔ 嬴子楚 (249–247 BC) Zhuangxiang of Qin 秦莊襄王
Qin Shi Huang1,2 Yíng Zhèng 嬴政 (246)2 221–210 BC Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇
Qin Er Shi Yíng Húhài 嬴胡亥 209–207 BC Qin Er Shi 秦二世
Ziying3 Yíng Zǐyīng 嬴子嬰 207 BC Qin San Shi 秦三世
1 — Zhaoxiang's reign as king of the State of Qin began in 306 BC before the fall of Zhou. Subsequently, in the absence of a Son of Heaven, historians conventionally used Qin
regnal dates to refer to the years 255 to 222 BC.

2 — Qin Shi Huang began his reign as king of Qin 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC.

3 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin ( 秦王子嬰).

Han dynasty ( 漢朝) (202 BC–9 AD, 25–220 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Han" + posthumous name (apart from Liu Bang, who is known as "Han Gaozu")
孝
Note that the posthumous names of many Han monarchs bear the character "xiao" ( ; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when they are
used (i.e. "Emperor Xiaowu" is normally known as "Emperor Wu")
Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
known years

Western Han ( 西漢) (202 BC–9 AD)

劉邦 202–195
高皇帝 太
Emperor Gaozu of Han Liu Bang
BC
– Emperor Gao Taizu
祖
劉盈 195–188 Emperor 孝惠皇
Emperor Hui of Han Liu Ying
BC
(Empress Lü regency)1
Xiaohui 帝 –

Emperor Qianshao of Han1 Liu Gong 劉恭 188–184

BC
(Empress Lü regency)1 – –

Emperor Houshao of Han1 Liu Hong 劉弘 184–180

BC
(Empress Lü regency)1 – –

劉恆 179–157
後元 Emperor 孝文皇 太
Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng
BC
Hòuyuán 163–156 BC
Xiaowen 帝 Taizong
宗
Zhōngyuán 中元 149–143 BC 孝景皇
Emperor Jing of Han Liu Qi 劉啟 156–141 Emperor
帝 –
BC
Hòuyuán 後元 143–141 BC
Xiaojing

Jiànyuán 建元 140–135 BC

Yuánguāng 元光 134–129 BC

Yuánshuò 元朔 128–123 BC

Yuánshòu 元狩 122–117 BC

Yuándǐng 元鼎 116–111 BC

劉徹 140–87
元封 孝武皇 世
Emperor Wu of Han Liu Che
BC
Yuánfēng 110–105 BC Emperor Xiaowu
帝 Shizong
宗
Tàichū 太初 104–101 BC

Tiānhàn 天漢 100–97 BC

Tàishǐ 太始 96–93 BC

Zhēnghé 征和 92–89 BC

Hòuyuán 後元 88–87 BC

Liu 劉弗 Shǐyuán 始元 86–80 BC

Emperor 孝昭皇
Emperor Zhao of Han
Fuling 陵 86–74 BC
Yuánfèng 元鳳 80–75 BC
Xiaozhao 帝
Marquis of Haihun Liu He 劉賀 74 BC Yuánpíng 元平 74 BC – –

Běnshǐ 本始 73–70 BC

Dìjié 地節 69–66 BC

Yuánkāng 元康 65–61 BC

劉詢 神爵 Emperor 孝宣皇 中
Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xun 73–49 BC Shénjué 61–58 BC
Xiaoxuan 帝 Zhongzong
宗
Wǔfèng 五鳳 57–54 BC

Gānlù 甘露 53–50 BC

Huánglóng 黃龍 49 BC

Chūyuán 初元 48–44 BCE

Yǒngguāng 永光 43–39 BC 孝元皇 高

Emperor Yuan of Han Liu Shi 劉奭 48–33 BC
Emperor
帝 Gaozong3
宗
Jiànzhāo 建昭 38–34 BC
Xiaoyuan 3

Jìngníng 竟寧 33 BC

Jiànshǐ 建始 32–28 BC

Hépíng 河平 28–25 BC

Yángshuò 陽朔 24–21 BC

劉驁 鴻嘉 Emperor 孝成皇 統
Emperor Cheng of Han Liu Ao 32–7 BC Hóngjiā 20–17 BC
Xiaocheng 帝 Tongzong3
宗 3

Yǒngshǐ 永始 16–13 BC

Yuányán 元延 12–9 BC

Suīhé 綏和 8–7 BC

Jiànpíng 建平 6–3 BC 孝哀皇

Emperor Ai of Han Liu Xin 劉欣 6–1 BC Emperor Xiao'ai
帝 –
Yuánshòu 元壽 2–1 BC

劉衎 1 BC – 5
元始 Emperor 孝平皇 元
Emperor Ping of Han Liu Kan
AD
Yuánshǐ 1 BC – 5 AD
Xiaoping 帝 Yuanzong3
宗 3

Jùshè 居攝 6 AD – Oct. 8 AD
Ruzi Ying2 Liu Ying 劉嬰 6–8 – –
Chūshǐ 初始 Nov. 8 AD – Dec. 8
AD
 Interregnum (9 AD – 23 AD)

Gengshi Emperor Liu Xuan 劉玄 23–25 AD Gēngshǐ 更始 23–25 AD – –

Eastern Han (東漢) (25–220 AD)

Jiànwǔ 建武 25–56 AD
劉秀 Emperor 光武皇 世
Emperor Guangwu of Han Liu Xiu 25–57 AD
建武中 56–57 AD Guangwu 帝 Shizu
祖
Jiànwǔzhōngyuán
元
Liu
劉莊 永平 58–75 AD Emperor 孝明皇 顯
Emperor Ming of Han
Zhuang
58–75 AD Yǒngpíng
Xiaoming 帝 Xianzong
宗
Jiànchū 建初 76–84 AD

劉炟 元和 Emperor 孝章皇 肅
Emperor Zhang of Han Liu Da 76–88 AD Yuánhé 84–87 AD
Xiaozhang 帝 Suzong
宗
Zhānghé 章和 87–88 AD

Yǒngyuán 永元 89–105 AD 孝和皇 穆

Emperor He of Han Liu Zhao 劉肇 89–105
Emperor Xiaohe
帝 Muzong3
宗
AD
Yuánxīng 元興 105 AD
3

劉隆 延平 9 months in 106 Emperor 孝殤皇

Emperor Shang of Han Liu Long 106 AD Yánpíng
AD Xiaoshang 帝 –

Yǒngchū 永初 107–113 AD

Yuánchū 元初 114–120 AD 孝安皇 恭

Emperor An of Han Liu Hu 劉祜 106–125
Emperor Xiao'an
帝 Gongzong3
宗
AD
Yǒngníng 永寧 120–121 AD
3

Jiànguāng 建光 121–122 AD

Marquess of Beixiang Liu Yi 劉懿 125 AD Yánguāng 延光 122–125 AD – –

Yǒngjiàn 永建 126–132 AD

Yángjiā 陽嘉 132–135 AD

劉保 125–144
永和 Emperor 孝順皇 敬
Emperor Shun of Han Liu Bao
AD
Yǒnghé 136–141 AD
Xiaoshun 帝 Jingzong3
宗 3

Hàn'ān 漢安 142–144 AD

Jiànkāng 建康 144 AD

劉炳 144–145
永嘉 Emperor 孝沖皇
Emperor Chong of Han Liu Bing
AD
Yōngxī 145 AD
Xiaochong 帝 –

劉纘 145–146
本初 Emperor 孝質皇
Emperor Zhi of Han Liu Zuan
AD
Běnchū 146 AD
Xiaozhi 帝 –

Jiànhé 建和 147–149 AD

Hépíng 和平 150 AD

Yuánjiā 元嘉 151–153 AD

劉志 146–168
永興 Emperor 孝桓皇 威
Emperor Huan of Han Liu Zhi
AD
Yǒngxīng 153–154 AD
Xiaohuan 帝 Weizong3
宗 3

Yǒngshòu 永壽 155–158 AD

Yánxī 延熹 158–167 AD

Yǒngkāng 永康 167 AD

Jiànníng 建寧 168–172 AD

Xīpíng 熹平 172–178 AD 孝靈皇

Emperor Ling of Han Liu Hong 劉宏 168–189 Emperor
帝 –
AD
Guānghé 光和 178–184 AD
Xiaoling

Zhōngpíng 中平 184–189 AD

Guīngxī 光熹 189 AD
Prince of Hongnong Liu Bian 劉辯 189 AD – –
Zhàoníng 昭寧 189 AD

Yǒnghàn 永漢 189 AD

Chūpíng 初平 190–193 AD

劉協 189–220
興平 Emperor 孝獻皇
Emperor Xian of Han Liu Xie
AD
Xīngpíng 194–195 AD
Xiaoxian 帝 –

Jiàn'ān 建安 196–220 AD

Yánkāng 延康 220 AD

1 — Emperors Qianshao and Houshao reigned as children and were subsequently deposed. Their reigns were completely dominated by Empress Dowager Lü ( 吕后, personal name: Lü Zhi, 吕
雉), who is often listed in their place on lists of Han rulers and Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.

2 — Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6AD to 9AD.

3 — Temple name was subsequently withdrew.

Xin dynasty ( 新朝) (9–23 AD)
Chinese convention: use personal name

Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Shǐjiànguó 始建國 9–13 AD

Wang Mang Wang Mang 王莽 9–23 AD Tiānfēng 天鳳 14–19 AD – –

Dìhuáng 地皇 20–23 AD

Three Kingdoms ( 三國) (220–280 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name

Cao Wei ( 曹魏) (220–266 AD)

Name by which most commonly Personal Era names and their corresponding range of
Courtesy name Reign Posthumous name
known name years

曹 子 220–226
黃初 Emperor 文皇
Cao Pi Cáo Pī
丕 Zihuan
桓 AD
Huángchū 220–226 AD
Wen 帝
Tàihé 太和 227–233 AD
曹 元 226–239
青龍 Emperor 明皇
Cao Rui Cáo Ruì
叡 Yuanzhong
仲 AD
Qīnglóng 233–237 AD
Ming 帝
Jǐngchū 景初 237–239 AD

曹 蘭 Zhèngshǐ 正始 240–249 AD
Cao Fang
Cáo
芳 Lanqing
卿
239–254
Duke Li 厲公
Fāng AD
Jiāpíng 嘉平 249–254 AD

Cáo 曹 彥 254–260
Zhèngyuán 正元 254–256 AD
Cao Mao
Máo 髦 Yanshi
士 AD
Gānlù 甘露 256–260 AD
–

Cáo 曹 景 260–266
Jǐngyuán 景元 260–264 AD
Emperor 元皇
Cao Huan
Huàn 奐 Jingming
明 AD
Xiánxī 咸熙 264–266 AD
Yuan 帝

Shu Han ( 蜀漢) (221–263 AD)

Name by which most commonly Personal Courtesy Era names and their corresponding range of
Reign Posthumous name
known name name years

劉 玄 221–223
章武 Emperor 昭烈皇
Liu Bei Liú Bèi
備 Xuande
德 AD
Zhāngwǔ 221–223 AD
Zhaolie 帝
Jiànxīng 建興 223–237 AD

Liú 劉 公 223–263
Yánxī 延熙 238–257 AD
Emperor 孝懷皇
Liu Shan
Shàn 禪 Gongsi
嗣 AD
Jǐngyào 景耀 258–263 AD
Xiaohuai 帝
Yánxīng 炎興 263 AD

Eastern Wu ( 東吳) (222–280 AD)

 Name by which most commonly Personal Era names and their corresponding range of
Courtesy name Reign Posthumous name
known name years

Huángwǔ 黃武 222–229

Huánglóng 黃龍 229–231 AD

Sūn 孫 仲 222–252
Jiāhé 嘉禾 232–238 AD
Emperor 大皇
Sun Quan
Quán 權 Zhongmou
謀 AD
Chìwū 赤烏 238–251 AD
Da 帝
Tàiyuán 太元 251–252 AD

Shénfèng 神鳳 252 AD

Jiànxīng 建興 252–253 AD
Sūn 孫 子 五鳳
Sun Liang
Liàng 亮 Ziming
明 252–258 Wǔfèng 254–256 AD –

Tàipíng 太平 256–258 AD

孫 子 258–264
永安 Emperor 景皇
Sun Xiu Sūn Xiū
休 Zilie
烈 AD
Yǒngān 258–264 AD
Jing 帝
Yuánxīng 元興 264–265 AD

Gānlù 甘露 265–266 AD

Bǎodǐng 寶鼎 266–269 AD

孫 元 264–280
Jiànhéng 建衡 269–271 AD
Sun Hao Sūn Hào
皓 Yuanzong
宗 AD
Fènghuáng 鳳凰 272–274 AD
–

Tiāncè 天冊 275–276 AD

Tiānxǐ 天璽 276 AD

Tiānjì 天紀 277–280 AD

Jin dynasty ( 晉朝) (266–420 AD)

Chinese convention: Use "Jin" + posthumous name

孝
Note that the posthumous names of some Jin monarchs bore the character "xiao" ( ; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when referencing
these monarchs by their posthumous names (i.e. "Emperor Xiaohui" is normally known as "Emperor Hui")
 Era names Posthumous name
Name by which most commonly
known
Personal name Reign and their corresponding range of
years
(Shi Hao 諡號)
Temple name

西晉) (266–316 AD)

Western Jin (

Tàishǐ 泰始 266–274 AD

Xiánníng 咸寧 275–280 AD 世
Emperor Wu of Jin Sīmǎ Yán 司馬炎 266–290
Emperor Wu 武皇帝 Shizu
祖
AD
Tàikāng 太康 280–289 AD

Tàixī 太熙 290 AD

Yǒngxī 永熙 290 AD

Yǒngpīng 永平 291 AD

Yuánkāng 元康 291–299 AD

Yǒngkāng 永康 300–301 AD

Yǒngníng 永寧 301–302 AD
Sīmǎ
司馬衷 290–306
太安 Emperor 孝惠皇
Emperor Hui of Jin
Zhōng AD
Tàiān 302–303 AD
Xiaohui 帝 –

Yǒngān 永安 304 AD

Jiànwǔ 建武 304 AD

Yǒngān 永安 304 AD

Yǒngxīng 永興 304–306 AD

Guāngxī 光熙 306 AD

司馬熾 307–313
永嘉 Emperor 孝懷皇
Emperor Huai of Jin Sīmǎ Chì
AD
Yǒngjiā 307–313 AD
Xiaohuai 帝 –

司馬鄴 313–317
建興 Emperor 孝愍皇
Emperor Min of Jin Sīmǎ Yè
AD
Jiànxīng 313–317 AD
Xiaomin 帝 –

東晉) (317–420 AD)

Eastern Jin (

Jiànwǔ 建武 317–318 AD

司馬睿 317–322
大興 元皇帝 中
Emperor Yuan of Jin Sīmǎ Ruì
AD
Dàxīng 318–321 AD Emperor Yuan Zhōngzōng
宗
Yǒngchāng 永昌 321–322 AD

Yǒngchāng 永昌 322–323 AD 肅
Emperor Míng of Jin Sīmǎ Shào 司馬紹 322–325
Emperor Ming 明皇帝 Suzu
祖
AD
Tàiníng 太寧 323–325 AD

Tàiníng 太寧 325 AD

司馬衍 325–342
咸和 成皇帝 顯
Emperor Cheng of Jin Sīmǎ Yǎn
AD
Xiánhé 326–334 AD Emperor Cheng Xianzong
宗
Xiánkāng 咸康 335–342 AD

Emperor Kang of Jin Sīmǎ Yuè 司馬岳 342–344

AD
Jiànyuán 建元 343–344 AD Emperor Kang 康皇帝 –

Yǒnghé 永和 345–356 AD 顯
Emperor Mu of Jin Sima Dān 司馬聃 345–361
Emperor Mu 穆皇帝 Xianzong
宗
AD
Shēngpíng 升平 357–361 AD

Lónghé 隆和 362–363 AD
Emperor Ai of Jin Sīmǎ Pī 司馬丕 361–365
Emperor Ai 哀皇帝 –
AD
Xīngníng 興寧 363–365 AD

Emperor Fei of Jin Sīmǎ Yì 司馬奕 365–371

AD
Tàihé 太和 365–371 AD – –

司馬昱 371–372
咸安 Emperor 簡文皇 太
Emperor Jianwen of Jin Sīmǎ Yù
AD
Xiánān 371–372 AD
Jianwen 帝 Taizong
宗
Níngkāng 寧康 373–375 AD 孝武皇 烈
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Sīmǎ Yào 司馬曜 372–396 Emperor
帝 Lièzōng
宗
AD
Tàiyuán 太元 376–396 AD
Xiaowu

Lóngān 隆安 397–401 AD
Sīmǎ 司馬德 396–418
元興 安皇帝
Emperor An of Jin
Dézōng 宗 AD
Yuánxīng 402–404 AD Emperor An –

Yìxī 義熙 405–418 AD

Sīmǎ 司馬德 419–420

元熙 恭皇帝
Emperor Gong of Jin
Déwén 文 AD
Yuánxī 419–420 AD Emperor Gong –

Sixteen Kingdoms ( 十六國) (304–439 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name
Han Zhao ( 漢趙) (304–329 AD)
漢
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Han ( ) and Qian (Former) Zhao ( 前趙)
Personal
Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name
name

北漢) (304–318 AD)

Northern Han (

建 304–307
Jiànxīng
興 AD

Liu 劉 永 Emperor 光文皇 高

Yuan 淵 304–310 AD Yǒngfèng
鳳 308 AD
Guangwen 帝 Gao Zu
祖
河
Héruì
瑞 309 AD

劉 光
Liu He
和 7 days in 310 AD Guāngxīng
興 310 – –

嘉 311–315
Jiāpíng
平 AD

Liu 劉 建 昭武皇 Lie 烈

Cong 聰 310–318 AD Jiànyuán
元 316 AD Emperor Zhaowu
帝 Zong 宗
麟 317–318
Línjiā
嘉 AD

劉 a month and some days in 318 Hànchāng (until renaming as Former 漢 隱皇帝
Liu Can
粲 AD Zhao) 昌 318 AD Emperor Yin –

Former Zhao (前趙) (318–329 AD)

劉 Guāngchū (until conquest by Later 光 318–329

Liu Yao
曜 318–329 AD
Zhao) 初 AD
– –

Cheng Han ( 成漢) (304–347 AD)

成
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng ( ) and Han ( ) 漢
Personal Posthumous
Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name
name name

成
Cheng ( ) (304–338 AD)

始祖
李 建初 景 Shǐzu
Li Te
特 303 AD Jiànchū Emperor
皇 or
or

or or
Jing
帝 Shìzu
世祖
303 AD

several
Jǐngchū 景初 秦
李 months
Prince
文
Li Liu
流 in 303
AD
Wen of
Qin 王
–

李 Jiànxīng 建興 304–305 AD 武
Li
雄
303–334 Emperor
皇 Taizong 太宗
Xiong AD
Yànpīng 晏平 306–310 AD
Wu
帝
李
7 哀
Li
班
months Yùhéng 玉衡 311–334 AD Emperor
皇 –
Ban in 334
AD
Ai
帝
李 334–338
漢興 Duke 幽
Li Qi
期 AD
Hànxīng 337–338 AD
You 公 –

漢
Han ( ) (338–347 AD)

昭
Li 李 338–343 Hànxīng ( 漢興 ) 338–343
漢興 338–343 AD Emperor 文 中宗
Shou 壽 AD AD (continuation) (continuation) Zhaowen 皇 Zhongzong

帝
Tàihé 太和 344–345 AD
李
Li Shi
勢 343–347
Jiāníng 嘉寧
346–347 AD
(until conquest
– –

by Eastern Jin)

Later Zhao ( 後趙) (319–351 AD)

 Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Prince Zhao 趙王 319–327

Tàihé 太和 328–329 AD
Shi Le 石勒 319–333 AD Emperor Ming 明皇帝 Gaozu 高祖
Jiànpíng 建平 330–332 AD

Yánxī 延熙 333 AD

Yánxī 延熙 333 AD
Shi Hong 石弘 333–334 AD – –
Jiànwǔ 建武 334 AD

Shi Hu 石虎 334–349 Jiànwǔ 建武 335–348 AD Emperor Wu 武皇帝 Taizu 太祖

Shi Shi 石世 73 days in 349 AD – –
Taìníng 太寧 349 AD
Shi Zun 石遵 183 days in 349 AD – –

Shi Jian 石鑒 103 days within 349–350 AD Qīnglóng 青龍 (changed mid-year) – –

Shi Zhi 石祗 350–351 AD Yǒngníng 永寧 350–351 AD (until Ran Min's coup) – –

Former Liang ( 前涼) (320–376 AD)

Era names and their corresponding Temple
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
range of years name

Zhang Mao 張茂 320–324 AD

Prince
Cheng
成王 –

Zhang Jun 張駿 324–346 AD

Prince
Wen
文王 –

Zhang 張重 Jianxing 建興 320–354 AD Prince

桓王
Chonghua 華 346–353 AD
Huan
–

Zhang 張曜 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth

哀公
Yaoling 靈 month) in 353 AD
Duke Ai –

Zhang Zuo 張祚 353–355 AD Heping 和平 354–355 AD

Prince
Wei
威王 –

Jianxing 建興 355–361
Duke
敬悼公
Zhang 張玄 Jingdao
or
Xuanjing 靚 355–363 AD or –

Shengping 升平 361–376 AD
Prince
Chong 沖王
張天 悼公
Zhang Tianxi
錫 364–376 AD Duke Dao –

Former Yan ( 前燕) (337–370 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Murong Huang 慕容皝 337–348 AD Yànwáng 燕王 337–348 AD Emperor Wenming 文明皇帝 Taizu 太祖
Yànyuán 燕元 349–351 AD

Yuánxǐ 元璽 352–357 AD
Murong Jun 慕容俊 348–360 AD Emperor Jingzhao 景昭皇帝 Liezong 烈宗
Shēngpíng 升平 357 AD (as vassal of Jin)

Guāngshòu 光壽 357–359 AD

Jiànxī 建熙 359–365 AD
Murong Wei 慕容暐 360–370 AD Emperor You 幽皇帝 –
Jiànyuán 建元 366–370 AD

Former Qin ( 前秦) (351–394 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Fu Jian 苻健 351–355 AD Huangshi 皇始 351–355 AD Emperor Jingming 景明皇帝 Gaozu 高祖

Fu Sheng 苻生 355–357 AD Shouguang 壽光 355–357 AD Prince Li 厲王 –

Yongxing 永興 357–359 AD

Fu Jian 苻堅 357–385 AD Ganlu 甘露 359–364 AD Emperor Xuanzhao 宣昭皇帝 Shizu 世祖

Jianyuan 建元 365–385 AD

Fu Pi 苻丕 385–386 AD Taian 太安 385–386 AD Emperor Aiping 哀平皇帝 –

Fu Deng 苻登 386–394 AD Taichu 太初 385–394 AD Emperor Gao 高皇帝 Taizong 太宗

Fu Chong 苻崇 several months in 394 AD Yanchu 延初 394 AD – –
Later Yan ( 後燕) (384–409 AD)
Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Yànwáng 燕王 384–385 AD
Murong Chui 慕容垂 384–396 AD Emperor Chengwu 成武皇帝 Shizu 世祖
Jianxing 建興 386–396 AD

Murong Bao 慕容寶 396–398 AD Yongkang 永康 396–398 AD Emperor Huimin 惠愍皇帝 Liezong 烈宗
Jianping 建平 398 AD
Murong Sheng 慕容盛 398–401 AD Emperor Zhaowu 昭武皇帝 Zhongzong 中宗
Changle 長樂 399–401 AD

Guangshi 光始 401–406 AD
Murong Xi 慕容熙 401–407 AD Emperor Zhaowen 昭文皇帝 –
Jianshi 建始 407 AD

Later Qin ( 後秦) (384–417 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Baique 白雀 384–386 AD
Yao Chang 姚萇 384–393 AD Emperor Wuzhao 武昭皇帝 Taizu 太祖
Jianchu 建初 386–393 AD

Huangchu 皇初 394–399 AD
Yao Xing 姚興 394–416 Emperor Wenhuan 文桓皇帝 Gaozu 高祖
Hongshi 弘始 399–416 AD

Yao Hong 姚泓 416–417 AD Yonghe 永和 416–417 AD – –

Western Qin ( 西秦) (385–400 AD, 409–431 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Qifu Guoren 乞伏國仁 385–388 AD Jianyi 建義 385–388 AD Prince Xuanlie 宣烈王 Liezu 烈祖
388–400 AD Taichu 太初 388–400 AD
Qifu Qiangui 乞伏乾歸 Prince Wuyuan 武元王 Gaozu 高祖
409–412 AD Gengshi 更始 409–412 AD

Yongkang 永康 412–419 AD
Qifu Chipan 乞伏熾磐 412–428 AD Prince Wenzhao 文昭王 Taizu 太祖
Jianhong 建弘 420–428 AD

Qifu Mumo 乞伏暮末 428–431 AD Yonghong 永弘 428–431 AD – –

Later Liang ( 後涼) (386–403 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Taian 太安 386–389 AD
Lü Guang 呂光 386–399 AD Emperor Yiwu 懿武皇帝 Taizu 太祖
Linjia 麟嘉 389–396 AD

Lü Shao 呂紹 399 AD Longfei 龍飛 396–399 AD Prince Yin 隱王 –

Lü Zuan 呂纂 399–401 AD Xianning 咸寧 399–401 AD Emperor Ling 靈皇帝 –

Lü Long 呂隆 401–403 AD Shending 神鼎 401–403 AD – –

Southern Liang ( 南涼) (397–414 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Tufa Wugu 禿髮烏孤 397–399 AD Taichu 太初 397–399 AD Prince Wu 武王 Liezu 烈祖

Tufa Lilugu 禿髮利鹿孤 399–402 AD Jianhe AD 建和 399–402 AD Prince Kang 康王 –

Hongchang 弘昌 402–404 AD
Tufa Rutan 禿髮傉檀 402–414 AD Prince Jǐng 景王 –
Jiaping 嘉平) 409–414 AD

Northern Liang ( 北涼) (397–439 AD)

Note: The Northern Liang was re-established at Gaochang in 442 AD.
 Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Shenxi 神璽 397–399 AD
Duan Ye 段業 397–401 AD – –
Tianxi 天璽 399–401 AD

Yongan 永安 401–412 AD

Xuanshi 玄始 412–428 AD
Juqu Mengxun 沮渠蒙遜 401–433 AD Prince Wuxuan 武宣王 Taizu 太祖
Chengxuan 承玄 428–430 AD

Yihe 義和 430–433 AD

Juqu Mujian 沮渠牧犍 433–439 AD Yonghe 永和 433–439 AD Prince Ai 哀王 –

Chengping 承平 442–443 AD
Juqu Wuhui 沮渠無諱 442–444 AD – –
Qianshou 乾壽 443–444 AD

Juqu Anzhou 沮渠安周 444–460 AD Chengping 承平 444–460 AD – –

Southern Yan ( 南燕) (398–410 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Yanwang 燕王 398–400 AD
Murong De 慕容德 398–405 AD Emperor Xianwu 獻武皇帝 Shizong 世宗
Jianping 建平 400–405 AD

Murong Chao 慕容超 405–410 AD Taishang 太上 405–410 AD – –

Western Liang ( 西涼) (400–421 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Gengzi 庚子 400–405 AD
Li Gao 李暠 400–417 AD Prince Wuzhao 武昭王 Taizu 太祖
Jianchu 建初 406–416 AD

Li Xin 李歆 417–420 AD Jiaxing 嘉興 417–420 AD – –

Li Xun 李恂 420–421 AD Yongjian 永建 420–421 AD – –

Hu Xia ( 胡夏) (407–431 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Longsheng 龍升 407–413 AD

Fengxiang 鳳翔 413–418 AD
Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃 407–425 AD Emperor Wulie 武烈皇帝 Shizu 世祖
Changwu 昌武 418–419 AD

Zhenxing 真興 419–425 AD

Helian Chang 赫連昌 425–428 AD Chengguang 承光 425–428 AD – –

Helian Ding 赫連定 428–431 AD Shengguang 勝光 425–428 AD – –

Northern Yan ( 北燕) (407–436 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name

Gao Yun 高雲/慕容雲 407–409 AD Zhengshi 正始 407–409 AD Emperor Huiyi 惠懿皇帝 –

Feng Ba 馮跋 409–430 AD Taiping 太平 409–430 AD Emperor Wencheng 文成皇帝 Taizu 太祖

Feng Hong 馮弘 430–436 AD Daxing 大興 430–436 AD Emperor Zhaocheng 昭成皇帝 –

Other sovereignties traditionally not counted among the Sixteen Kingdoms

Convention: use personal name

Ran Wei ( 冉魏) (350–352 AD)

Note: addressed as Wei in traditional texts

Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Heavenly King Wudao 武悼天王

Ran Min 冉閔 350–352 AD Yongxing 永興 350–352 AD or or
Emperor Ping 平皇帝
Western Yan ( 西燕) (384–394 AD)
Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Murong Hong 慕容泓 384 AD Yanxing 燕興 384–385 AD Emperor Liewen 烈文皇帝

Murong Chong 慕容沖 384–386 AD Gengshi 更始 385–386 AD Emperor Wei 威皇帝
Duan Sui 段隨 386 AD Changping 昌平 386 AD –

Murong Yi 慕容顗 386 AD Jianming 建明 386 AD –

Murong Yao 慕容瑤 386 AD Jianping 建平 386 AD –

Murong Zhong 慕容忠 386 AD Jianwu 建武 386 –

Murong Yong 慕容永 386–394 AD Zhongxing 中興 386–394 AD –

Western Shu ( 西蜀) (405–413 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Qiao Zong 譙縱 405–413 AD – –

Tiefu tribe ( 匈奴 鐵弗部) (mid 3rd century–391 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Liu Qubei 劉去卑 mid-3rd century – –

Liu Gaoshengyuan 劉誥升爰 mid-3rd century – late 3rd century – –

Liu Hu 劉虎 early 4th century (309?) – 341 AD – –

Liu Wuheng 劉務恒 341–356 AD – –

Liu Eloutou 劉閼陋頭 356–358 AD – –

Liu Xiwuqi 劉悉勿祈 358–359 AD – –

Liu Weichen 劉衛辰 359–391 AD – –

Yuwen tribe ( 鮮卑 宇文部) (late 3rd century–345 AD)

Era names (and their corresponding range of Posthumous
Personal name Reign
years) name

Yuwen Mohuai 宇文莫槐 late 3rd century – 293 AD – –

宇文普回
Yuwen Puhui
or
or 293 AD – late 3rd century – –
Yuwen Pubo
宇文普撥
Yuwen
Qiubuqin
宇文丘不勤 late 3rd century – –

Yuwen Mogui 宇文莫圭 late 3rd century (299?) – early 4th century
(302?)
– –

Yuwen
Xiduguan
宇文悉獨官 early 3rd century – –

Yuwen
Qidegui
宇文乞得歸 early 3rd century – 333 AD – –

Yuwen
Yidougui
宇文逸豆歸 333–345 AD – –

Duan tribe ( 鮮卑 段部) (303–338 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Duan Wuwuchen 段務勿塵 303 – 310 or 311 AD – –

Duan Jilujuan 段疾陸眷 310 or 311 – 318 AD – –

Duan Shefuchen 段涉復辰 318 AD – –

Duan Pidi 段匹磾 318–321 AD – –

Duan Mopei 段末柸 318–325 AD – –

Duan Ya 段牙 325 AD – –

Duan Liao 段遼 326–338 AD – –

Chouchi ( 仇池) (296–371 AD, 385–443 AD)
Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Former Chouchi ( 前仇池) (296–371 AD)

Yang Teng 楊騰 late 2nd century – early 3rd century – –

Yang Ju 楊駒 early 3rd century – –

Yang Qianwan 楊千萬 early 3rd century – mid-3rd century – –

Yang Feilong 楊飛龍 mid-3rd century – late 3rd century – –

Yang Maosou 楊茂搜 late 3rd century – 317 AD – –

Yang Nandi 楊難敵 317–334 AD – –

Yang Yi 楊毅 334–337 AD – –

Yang Chu 楊初 337–355 AD – –

Yang Guo 楊國 355–356 AD – –

Yang Jun 楊俊 356–360 AD – –

Yang Shi 楊世 360–370 AD – –

Yang Cuan 楊篡 370–371 AD – –

Later Chouchi ( 後仇池) (385–473 AD)

Yang Ding 楊定 385–394 AD – King Wǔ 武王
Yang Sheng 楊盛 394–425 AD – King Huìwén 惠文王
Yang Xuan 楊玄 425–429 AD – King Xiàozhāo 孝昭王
Yang Baozong 楊保宗 429 and 443 AD – –

Yang Nandang 楊難當 429–441 AD Jianyi 建義 436–440 AD –

Yang Baochi 楊保熾 442–443 AD – –

Yang Wende 楊文德 443–454 AD – –

Yang Yuanhe 楊元和 455–466 AD – –

Yang Sengsi 楊僧嗣 466–473 AD – –

Wuxing ( 武興) (473–506 AD, 534–555 AD)

Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Yang Wendu 楊文度 473–477 AD – –

Yang Wenhong 楊文弘 477–482 AD – –

Yang Houqi 楊後起 482–486 AD – –

Yang Jishi 楊集始 482–503 AD – King An 安王

Yang Shaoxian 楊紹先 503–506 AD, 534–535 AD – –

Yang Zhihui1 楊智慧 535–545 AD – –

Yang Bixie1 楊辟邪 545–553 AD – –

1 — Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person.

Yinping ( 陰平) (477 AD–mid-6th century)

Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Yang Guangxiang 楊廣香 477–483? – –

Yang Jiong 楊炯 483–495 AD – –

Yang Chongzu 楊崇祖 495-before 502 AD – –

Yang Mengsun 楊孟孫 before 502–511 AD – –

Yang Ding 楊定 511- ? – –

Tuoba tribe ( 鮮卑 拓拔部) (219–376 AD) & Dai (代) (310–376 AD)
 Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name

Tuoba Liwei3 拓拔力微 219–277 AD – Emperor Shényuán 神元皇帝

Tuoba Xilu 拓拔悉鹿 277–286 AD – Emperor Zhāng 章皇帝
Tuoba Chuo 拓拔綽 286–293 AD – Emperor Píng 平皇帝
Tuoba Fu 拓拔弗 293–294 AD – Emperor Sī 思皇帝
Tuoba Luguan 拓拔祿官 294–307 AD – Emperor Zhāo 昭皇帝
Tuoba Yituo 拓拔猗㐌 295–305 AD – Emperor Huán 桓皇帝
Tuoba Yilu 拓拔猗盧 295–316 AD – Emperor Mù 穆皇帝
Tuoba Liugen 拓跋六根 316 AD – –

Tuoba Pugen 拓拔普根 316 AD – –

Tuoba Shisheng 拓跋始生 316 AD – –

Tuoba Yulü 拓拔鬱律 316–321 AD – Emperor Píngwén 平文皇帝

Tuoba Heru 拓拔賀傉 321–325 AD – Emperor Huì 惠皇帝
Tuoba Hena 拓拔紇那 325–329 AD and 335–337 AD – Emperor Yáng 煬皇帝
Tuoba Yihuai 拓拔翳槐 329–335 AD and 337–338 AD – Emperor Liè 烈皇帝
Tuoba Shiyijian 拓拔什翼健 338–376 AD Jianguo 建國 338–376 AD Emperor Zhāochéng 昭成皇帝
王
1 — All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as king (wáng) ( ) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba
Yi Lu.

2 — The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will
start with him, not as a continuation of this table.

3 — Tuoba Liwei had the temple name Shizu ( 始祖). He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name

Northern and Southern Dynasties ( 南北朝) (386–589 AD)

Northern dynasties ( 北朝) (386–581 AD)
Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

Northern Wei ( 北魏) (386–535 AD)

Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known of years

Dengguo 登國 386–
396

Huangsh 皇始 396–
398 道武皇
Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei Tuoba Gui 拓拔珪 386–
409
Emperor Daowu
帝
Tianxing 天興 398–
404

Tianci 天賜 404–
409

Yongxing 永興 409–
413
Emperor Mingyuan of Northern
拓拔嗣 409–
神瑞 414– Emperor 明元皇
Wei
Tuoba Si
423
Shenrui
416 Mingyuan 帝
Taichang 泰常 416–
423

Shiguang 始光 424–
428

Shenjia 神䴥 428–
431

Yanhe 延和 432–

拓拔燾 424–
434
太武皇
Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei Tuoba Tao
452
Taiyan 太延 435–
Emperor Taiwu
帝
440

太平真 440–
Taipingzhenjun
君 451

Zhengping 正平 451–
452

Tuoba Yu Tuoba Yu 拓拔余 452 Chengping 承平 452 Prince Yin 隱王

Xingan 興安 452–
454

Xingguang 興光 454–
455 文成皇
Emperor Wencheng of Northern
Wei
Tuoba Jun 拓拔濬 452–
465
Emperor
Wencheng 帝
Tai'an 太安 455–
459

Heping 和平 460–
465

Tian'an 天安 466–
467 獻文皇
Emperor Xianwen of Northern
Wei
Tuoba Hong 拓拔弘 466–
471
Emperor Xianwen
帝
Huangxing 皇興 467–
471

Yanxing 延興 471–
476
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Yuan1 Hong (Tuoba 元宏 (拓跋 471–
承明 孝文皇
Wei Hong) 宏) 499
Chengming 476 Emperor Xiaowen
帝
Taihe 太和 477–
499

Jingming 景明 500–
503

Zhengshi 正始 504–
508 宣武皇
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Yuan Ke 元恪 499–
515
Emperor Xuanwu
帝
Yongping 永平 508–
512

Yanchang 延昌 512–
515

Xiping 熙平 516–
518

Shengui 神龜 518–
520
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern
元詡 516– Emperor 孝明皇
Wei
Yuan Xu
528 Zhengguang 正光 520–
525 Xiaoming 帝
Xiaochang 孝昌 525–
527

Wutai 武泰 528

Yuan Zhao Yuan Zhao 元釗 528 – –

Jianyi 建義 528
孝莊皇
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern
Yuan Ziyou 元子攸 528– Emperor
帝
Wei 530
Yong'an 永安 528–
530
Xiaozhuang

Yuan Ye Yuan Ye 元曄 530– Jianming ( 建明) 530– 建明 530–

–
531 531 531
 Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei Yuan Gong 元恭 531– 普泰) 531–532
Putai ( 普泰 531– Emperor Jiemin 節閔皇
532 532
帝
Yuan Lang Yuan Lang 元朗 531– Zhongxing (中興) 531– 中興 531–
–
532 532 532

Taichang 太昌 532

元脩 532– Yongxing 永興 532 孝武皇

Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei Yuan Xiu
535
Emperor Xiaowu
帝
Yongxi 永熙 532–
535

1 – The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of the Emperor Xiaowen in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well.

Eastern Wei ( 東魏) (534–550 AD)

Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known years

Tianping 天平 534–537

Yuan 元善 534–
Yuanxiang 元象 538–539
Emperor 孝靜皇
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
Shanjian 見 550
Xinghe 興和 539–542
Xiaojing 帝
Wuding 武定 543–550

Western Wei ( 西魏) (535–557 AD)

Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name

Emperor Wen of Western Wei Yuan Baoju 元寶炬 535–551 Datong 大統 535–551 Emperor Wen 文皇帝
Emperor Fei of Western Wei Yuan Qin 元欽 552–554 – –

Emperor Gong of Western Wei Tuoba Kuo 拓拔廓 554–557 – Emperor Gong 恭皇帝

Northern Qi ( 北齊) (550–577 AD)

Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reigns Posthumous name
known years

高洋 天保 Emperor 文宣皇
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi Gao Yang 550–559 Tianbao 550–559
Wenxuan 帝
Emperor Fei of Northern Qi Gao Yin 高殷 559–560 Qianming 乾明 560 –

高演 皇建 Emperor 孝昭皇
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi Gao Yan 560–561 Huangjian 560–561
Xiaozhao 帝
Taining 太寧 561–562 武成皇
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Gao Zhan 高湛 561–565
Emperor
帝
Heqing 河清 562–565
Wucheng

Tiantong 天統 565–569

Gao Wei Gao Wei 高緯 565–577 Wuping 武平 570–576 –

Longhua 隆化 576

Gao Heng Gao Heng 高恆 577 Chengguang 承光 577 –

Gao 高紹 577–
Gao Shaoyi
Shaoyi 義 579?
– –

Northern Zhou ( 北周) (557–581 AD)

 Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range
Personal name Reigns Posthumous name
known of years

Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Yuwen 宇文 Emperor

孝閔皇帝
Zhou Jue 覺 557 –
Xiaomin

明皇帝
Emperor Ming
宇文 557–
武成 or or
Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou Yuwen Yu
毓 560
Wucheng 559–560
Emperor
Xiaoming 孝明皇帝
Baoding 保定 560–565

宇文 Tianhe 天和 566–572
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
Yuwen
邕
561–
Emperor Wu 武皇帝
Yong 578
Jiande 建德 572–578

Xuanzheng 宣政 578

Yuwen 宇文 578–
大成 宣皇帝
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
Yun 贇 579
Dacheng 579 Emperor Xuan

宇文 Daxiang 大象 579–581
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou
Yuwen
闡
579–
Emperor Jing 靜皇帝
Chan 581
Dading 大定 581

Southern dynasties ( 南朝) (420–589 AD)

Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

Liu Song ( 劉宋) (420–479 AD)

Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name

Emperor Wu of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉裕 420–422 Yongchu 永初 420–422 Emperor Wu 武皇帝

Emperor Shao of Liu Song Liu Yifu 劉義符 423–424 Jingping 景平 423–424 –

Emperor Wen of Liu Song Liu Yilong 劉義隆 424–453 Yuanjia 元嘉 424–453 Emperor Wen 文皇帝
Xiaojian 元嘉 454–456
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song Liu Jun 劉駿 454–464 Emperor Xiaowu 孝武皇帝
Daming 大明 457–464

Yongguang 永光 465
Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song Liu Ziye 劉子業 465 –
Jinghe 景和 465

Taishi 泰始 465–471
Emperor Ming of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉彧 465–472 Emperor Ming 明皇帝
Taiyu 泰豫 472

Emperor Houfei of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉昱 473–477 Yuanhui 元徽 473–477 Prince Cangwu 蒼梧王
Emperor Shun of Liu Song Liu Zhun 劉準 477–479 Shengming 昇明 477–479 Emperor Shun 順皇帝

Southern Qi ( 南齊) (479–502 AD)

Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known years

Xiao 蕭道 479–
建元 高皇帝
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
Daocheng 成 482
Jianyuan 479–482 Emperor Gao

Emperor Wu of Southern Qi Xiao Ze 蕭賾 482–

493
Yongming 永明 483–493 Emperor Wu 武皇帝
蕭昭 493–
隆昌
Xiao Zhaoye Xiao Zhaoye
業 494
Longchang 494 –

蕭昭 延興 恭王
Xiao Zhaowen Xiao Zhaowen
文 494 Yanxing 494 Prince Gong

Jianwu 建武 494–498
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi Xiao Luan 蕭鸞 494–
Emperor Ming 明皇帝
498
Yongtai 永泰 498

蕭寶 499–
永元 煬侯
Xiao Baojuan Xiao Baojuan
卷 501
Yongyuan 499–501 Marquess Yang

蕭寶 501–
中興 和皇帝
Emperor He of Southern Qi Xiao Baorong
融 502
Zhongxing 501–502 Emperor He

Liang dynasty ( 梁朝) (502–557 AD)

 Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known years

Tianjian 天監 502–519

Putong 普通 520–527

Datong 大通 527–529

Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan 蕭衍 502–

549
Zhongdatong 中大通 529–534 Emperor Wu 武皇帝
Datong 大同 535–546

Zhongdatong 中大同 546–547

Taiqing 太清 547–549

蕭綱 549–
大寶 簡文皇
Emperor Jianwen of Liang Xiao Gang
551
Dabao 550–551 Emperor Jianwen
帝
Xiao Dong Xiao Dong 蕭棟 551–
552
Tianzheng 天正 551–552 –

蕭繹 552–
承聖 Emperor 孝元皇
Emperor Yuan of Liang Xiao Yi
555
Chengsheng 552–555
Xiaoyuan 帝
Xiao 蕭淵 天成 閔皇帝
Xiao Yuanming
Yuanming 明 555 Tiancheng 555 Emperor Min

蕭方 Shaotai 紹泰 555–556
Emperor Jing of Liang Xiao Fangzhi
智
555–
Emperor Jing 敬皇帝
557
Taiping 太平 556–557

Western Liang (西梁) (555–587 AD)

Emperor Xuan of Western Liang Xiao Cha 蕭詧 555–
562
Dading 大定 555–562 Emperor Xuan 宣皇帝
蕭巋 562–
天保 Emperor 孝明皇
Emperor Ming of Western Liang Xiao Kui
585
Tianbao 562–585
Xiaoming 帝
蕭琮 585–
廣運 孝靖皇
Emperor Jing of Western Liang Xiao Cong
587
Guangyun 562–585 Emperor Xiaojing
帝

Chen dynasty ( 陳朝) (557–589 AD)

Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known years

陳霸 557–
永定 武皇帝
Emperor Wu of Chen Chen Baxian
先 559
Yongding 557–559 Emperor Wu

Tianjia 天嘉 560–566
Emperor Wen of Chen Chen Qian 陳蒨 559–
Emperor Wen 文皇帝
566
Tiankang 天康 566

Chen 陳伯 566–
光大
Emperor Fei of Chen
Bozong 宗 568
Guangda 566–568 –

陳頊 569–
太建 Emperor 孝宣皇
Emperor Xuan of Chen Chen Xu
582
Taijian 569–582
Xiaoxuan 帝
Chen 陳叔 583–
Zhide 至德 583–586
Chen Shubao
Shubao 寶 589
Zhenming 禎明 587–589
–

Sui dynasty ( 隋朝) (581–619 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Sui" + posthumous name
 Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known years

楊 4 March 581 - 13 August 604

Kāihuáng 開皇 581–600
Emperor 文皇
Emperor Wen of Sui Yáng Jiān
堅 AD
Rénshòu 仁壽 601–604
Wen 帝
Yáng 楊 大業 Emperor 煬皇
Emperor Yang of Sui
Guǎng 廣 605–617 Dàyè 605–617
Yang 帝
楊 義寧 Emperor 恭皇
Yang You1 Yáng Yòu
侑 617–618 Yìníng 617–618
Gong 帝
楊
Yang Hao2 Yáng Hào
浩 618 –
Huángtài 皇泰 618–619
楊 Emperor 恭皇
Yang Tong3 Yáng Tóng
侗 618–619
Gong 帝
1 — Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as
Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized
this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now
generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan.

2 — Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him
許
later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu ( ) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and
only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor.

3 — After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took
the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also
known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed.

Tang dynasty ( 唐朝) (618–690 AD, 705–907 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Tang" + temple name (except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong ( 唐玄宗 ) is sometimes referred as Emperor
Ming of Tang Dynasty ( 唐明皇 ))
 Name by
which
most Personal name Reign Era names (and the corresponding range of years)
commonly
known

E
Emperor S
Gaozu of Lǐ Yuān 李渊 618–626 Wude 武德 618–
626
D
Tang D
X

E
Emperor W
Taizong of Lǐ Shìmín 李世民 627–649 Zhenguan 貞觀 627–
649
D
Tang D
X

Yonghui 永徽 650–
655

Xianqing 顯慶 656–
661

Longshuo 龍朔 661–
663

Linde 麟德 664–
665

Qianfeng 乾封 666–
668

Zongzhang 總章 668–
670
E
Emperor Xianheng 咸亨 670–
T
Gaozong Lǐ Zhì 李治 650–683
674
D
of Tang
Shangyuan 上元 674–
676
D
X

Yifeng 儀鳳 676–
679

Tiaolu 調露 679–
680

Yonglong 永隆 680–
681

Kaiyao 開耀 681–
682

Yongchun 永淳 682–
683

Hongdao 弘道 683

Sisheng 嗣聖 684
Li Xian 李显 684
E
Emperor
Zhongzong
or or and Shenlong 神龍 705–
707
D
D
of China
Li Zhe 李哲 705–710
D
X

Jinglong 景龍 707–
710

Wenming 文明 684–
690
684–690
E
Emperor
Ruizong of Li Dan 李旦 and Jingyun 景雲 710–
711
X
D
Tang D
710–712 Taiji 太極 712 X

Yanhe 延和 712

Interregnum (690–705)

Emperor
Shang of Li Chongmao 李重茂 710 Tanglong 唐隆 710
E
S
Tang

Emperor Li Longji 712–756 Xiantian 712– E

Xuanzong
of Tang
李隆基 先天 713 Z
D
Kaiyuan 開元 713–
741
D
X

Tianbao 天寶 742–
756

Jide 至德 756–
758

E
W
Emperor
Suzong of Li Heng 李亨 756–762 Qianyuan 乾元 758–
760
W
D
Tang
D
X

Shangyuan 上元 760–
761

Baoying 寶應 762–
763

Emperor Guangde 廣德 763–

764 E
Daizong of Li Yu 李豫 762–779 R
Tang Yongtai 永泰 765–
766
X

Dali 大曆 766–
779

Jianzhong 建中 780–
783
Emperor E
Dezong of Li Gua 李适 780–805 Xingyuan 興元 784 S
Tang X
Zhenyuan 貞元 785–
805

E
Emperor Z
Shunzong Li Song 李誦 805 Yongzhen 永貞 805 H
of Tang D
D

E
Z
Emperor
Xianzong Li Chun 李純 806–820 Yuanhe 元和 806–
820
Z
D
of Tang
Z
X

E
Emperor
Muzong of Li Heng 李恆 821–824 Changqing 長慶 821–
824
R
W
Tang
X

E
Emperor
Jingzong Li Zhan 李湛 824–826 Baoli 寶曆 824–
826
R
Z
of Tang
X

Emperor
Wenzong
Li Ang 李昂 826–840 Dahe 大和 827–
835
E
Y
of Tang or Z
or X
 Taihe 太和
Kaicheng 開成 836–
840

E
Emperor
Wuzong of Li Yan 李炎 840–846 Huichang 會昌 841–
846
Z
Z
Tang
X

E
Y
Z
C
Emperor
Xuanzong Li Chen 李忱 846–859
X
R
of Tang
Z
Dachong 大中 847–
859 S
Y
D

E
Emperor
Yizong of Li Cui 李漼 859–873
Z
G
Tang
X
Xiantong 咸通 860–
874

Qianfu 乾符 874–
879

Guangming 廣明 880–
881 E
Emperor
Xizong of Li Xuan 李儇 873–888 Zhonghe 中和 881–
885
H
G
Tang
X
Guangqi 光啟 885–
888

Wende 文德 888

Longji 龍紀 889

Dashun 大順 890–
891

Jingfu 景福 892–
893
E
Emperor
Zhaozong Li Ye 李曄 888–904 Qianning 乾寧 894–
898
S
Ji
of Tang
X
Guanghua 光化 898–
901

Tianfu 天復 901–
904

Tianyou 天佑 904

E
A
or
Emperor Ai
of Tang
Li Zhu 李柷 904–907 Tianyou 天佑 904–
907
E
Z
G
X

Wu Zhou ( 武周) (690–705 AD)

 Name by which most
commonly known
Personal
Name
Reign
Era names and their
corresponding range of years
Regnal name (Zun Hao 尊號) Posthumous name
Temple
name

Tianshou 天授 690–
692

Ruyi 如意 692

Changshou 長壽 692–
694

Yanzai 延載 694

Zhengsheng 證聖 695

天冊 695–
Tiancewansui
萬歲 696

武 萬歲 Empress Regnant 天冊金 則天順

Wu Zetian
Wǔ
曌
690–
Wansuidengfeng
登封 696 Tiance Jinlun 輪聖神 Empress Consort
Zetian Shunsheng1
聖皇后 –
Zhào 705
Shengshen 皇帝 1

萬歲 696–
Wansuitongtian
通天 697

Shengong 神功 697

Shengli 聖曆 698–
700

Jiushi 久視 700

Dazu 大足 701

Chang'an 長安 701–
705
1 — While Wu Zetian was empress regnant from 690 to 705, she was posthumously honored as empress consort of the Emperor Gaozong of Tang.

Huang Qi ( 黃齊) (881–884 AD)

Name by which most commonly known Personal Name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name

Wángbà 王霸 878–880
Huang Chao Huang Chao 黃巢 881–884 –
Jīntǒng 金統 881–884

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 五代十國) (907–979 AD)

Five Dynasties ( 五代) (907–960 AD)
Chinese convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name

Later Liang ( 後梁) (907–923 AD)

Personal Era names and their corresponding range of
Reign Posthumous name Temple name
Name years

神武元聖孝皇 Kaīpíng 開平 907–911

Zhū Wēn 朱溫 907– Emperor Shenwu Yuansheng
帝 Taizu 太祖
912 Xiao
Qiánhuà 乾化 911–912

朱友 912–
Qiánhuà 乾化 912–913
Zhu Yougui
珪 913
–
Fengli 鳳曆 913
–

Qiánhuà 乾化 913–915

Zhū Zhèn 朱瑱 913–

923
– Zhēnmíng 貞明 915–921 –

Lóngdé 龍德 921–923

Later Tang ( 後唐) (923–937 AD)

 Era names and their
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
corresponding range of years

李存勗 923– Emperor Guangsheng 光聖神閔 同光 莊

Lǐ Cúnxù
926 Shenmin Xiao 孝皇帝 Tongguang 923–926 Zhuangzong
宗
Lǐ Sìyuán 李嗣源 Tiancheng 天成 926–930
or or 926– Emperor Shengde 聖德和武 明
933 Hewu Qinxiao 欽孝皇帝 Mingzong
宗
Lǐ Dǎn 李亶 Changxing 長興 930–933

Lǐ Cónghòu 李從厚 933–

934
Emperor Min 閔皇帝 Yingshun 應順 933–934 –

Lǐ Cóngkē 李從珂 934–

937
– Qingtai 清泰 934–936 –

Later Jin ( 後晉) (936–947 AD)

Era names and their corresponding range of Temple
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name
years name

Shi 石敬 936– Emperor Shengwen Zhangwu Mingde 聖文章武明德孝皇 高

Jingtang 瑭 942 Xiao 帝 Tianfu 天福 936–944
Gaozu
祖
Shi 石重 942–
出皇帝
Chonggui 貴 947
Emperor Chu
Kaiyun 開運 944–947
–

Later Han ( 後漢) (947–951 AD)

Era names and their corresponding range of Temple
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name
years name

劉知 947– Emperor Ruiwen Shengwu Zhaosu 睿文聖武昭肅孝皇 天福 高

Liu Zhiyuan
遠 948 Xiao 帝 Tianfu 947 Gaozu
祖
Liu 劉承 948–
隱皇帝 乾祐
Chengyou 祐 951
Emperor Yin Qianyou 948–951 –

Later Zhou ( 後周) (951–960 AD)

Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
years

郭威 951– Emperor Shengshen Gongsu Wenwu 聖神恭肅文武孝皇 廣順 太

Guo Wei
954 Xiao 帝 Guangshun 951–954 Taizu
祖
柴榮 954–
睿武孝文皇帝 世
Chai Rong
959
Emperor Ruiwu Xiaowen Shizong
宗
Xiande 顯德 954–960
Chai 柴宗 959–
恭皇帝
Zongxun 訓 960
Emperor Gong –

Ten Kingdoms ( 十國) (907–979 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal names, noted otherwise

Former Shu ( 前蜀) (907–925 AD)

Era names and their corresponding range of Temple
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name
years name

Tianfu 天復 907

Wucheng 武成 908–910

神武圣文孝德明惠 Yongping 永平 911–915 高

Wang Jian 王建 907– Emperor Shenwu Shengwen Xiaode
皇帝 Gaozu
祖
918 Minghui
Tongzheng 通正 916

Tianhan 天漢 917

Guangtian 光天 918

Wang 王宗 918–
Qiande 乾德 918–925
Zongyan 衍 925
–
Xiankang 咸康 925
–

Yang Wu ( 楊吳) (907–937 AD)

 Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name

Yang Xingmi 楊行密 904–905 Emperor Wu 武皇帝 Taizu 太祖

Tianyou 天祐 904–919
Yang Wo 楊渥 905–908 Emperor Jing 景皇帝 Liezong 烈宗
Yang Longyan 楊隆演 908–921 Emperor Xuan 宣皇帝 Wuyi 武義 919–921 Gaozu 高祖
Shunyi 順義 921–927

Qianzhen 乾貞 927–929
Yang Pu 楊溥 921–937 Emperor Rui 睿皇帝 –
Dahe 大和 929–935

Tianzuo 天祚 935–937

Ma Chu ( 馬楚) (907–951 AD)

Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name

Ma Yin 馬殷 897–930 King Wumu 武穆王 – –

Ma Xisheng 馬希聲 930–932 – – –

Ma Xifan 馬希範 932–947 King Wenzhao 文昭王 – –

Ma Xiguang 馬希廣 947–950 – – –

Ma Xi'e 馬希萼 950 King Gongxiao 恭孝王 – –

Ma Xichong 馬希崇 950–951 – – –

Wuyue ( 吳越) (907–978 AD)

Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name

Tianbao 天寶 908–923

Qian Liu 錢鏐 904–932 King Wusu 武肅王 Baoda 寶大 923–925 Taizu 太祖

Baozheng 寶正 925–932

Qian Yuanguan 錢元瓘 932–941 King Wenmu 文穆王 – Shizong 世宗

Qian Hongzuo 錢弘佐 941–947 King Zhongxian 忠獻王 – Chengzong 成宗
Qian Hongzong 錢弘倧 947 King Zhongxun 忠遜王 – –

Qian Chu (Qian Hongchu) 錢俶 (錢弘俶) 947–978 King Zhongyi 忠懿王 – –

閩 殷
Min ( ) (909–945 AD) & Yin ( ) (943–945 AD)

Era names and their corresponding

Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
range of years

王 太
Wang
審 909–
Emperor Zhaowu Xiao 昭武孝皇帝 – Taizu
祖
Shenzhi
知 925

王
Wang
延 925–
– – –
Yanhan
翰 926

王 Longqi 龍啟 933–935
惠
Wang
延 926–
Emperor Qisu Mingxiao 齊肅明孝皇帝 Huizong
宗
Yanjun
鈞 935
Yonghe 永和 935

王 聖神英睿文明廣武應道 康
Wang
繼 935– Emperor Shengshen Yingrui Wenming Guangwu
大弘孝皇帝 Tongwen 通文 936–939 Kangzong
宗
Jipeng
鵬 939 Yingdao Dahong Xiao

王 睿文廣武明聖元德隆道 景
Wang
延 939– Emperor Ruiwen Guangwu Mingsheng Yuande
大孝皇帝 Yonglong 永隆 939–944 Jingzong
宗
Yanxi
羲 944 Longdao Daxiao

王
Wang
延 943–
Prince Gongyi 恭懿王 Tiande 天德 943–945 –
Yanzheng
政 945

Southern Han ( 南漢) (917–971 AD)

 Era names and their corresponding
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
range of years

劉巖 Qiánhēng 乾亨 917–925
Liú Yán
or 917–
天皇大帝 白龍 高
or
925
Emperor Tianhuang Da Báilóng 925–928 Gaozu
祖
Liú Yǎn
劉龑 Dàyǒu 大有 928–941

Liú Bīn 劉玢 941–

943
Emperor Shang 殤皇帝 Guāngtiān 光天 941–943 –

文武光圣明孝 Yìngqián 應乾 943 中

Liú
劉晟 943– Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng
皇帝 Zhongzong
宗
Shèng 958 Mingxiao
Qiánhé 乾和 943–958

Liú
Chǎng
劉鋹 958–
971
– Dàbǎo 大寶 958–971 –

Jingnan ( 荊南) (924–963 AD)

Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name

Gao Jixing 高季興 909–928 King Wuxin 武信王 – –

Gao Conghui 高從誨 928–948 King Wenxian 文獻王 – –

Gao Baorong 高寶融 948–960 King Zhenyi 貞懿王 – –

Gao Baoxu 高寶勗 960–962 – – –

Gao Jichong 高繼沖 962–963 – – –

Later Shu ( 後蜀) (934–965 AD)

Era names and their corresponding range of Temple
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name
years name

Meng 孟知 Emperor Wenwu Shengde Yinglie 文武聖德英烈明孝 明德 高

Zhixiang 祥 934
Mingxiao 皇帝 Mingde 934–938 Gaozu
祖
Meng Chang 孟昶 938–
965
Prince Gongxiao 恭孝王 Guangzheng 廣政 938–965 –

Southern Tang ( 南唐) (937–976 AD)

Chinese convention for this dynasty only: Use Nan (Southern) Tang + "Qianzhu" (lit. "first lord"), "Zhongzhu" (lit. "middle lord") or "Houzhu" (lit. "last lord").

Personal Era names and their corresponding range of

Reign Posthumous name Temple name
Name years

李昪 937–
光文肅武孝高皇帝 昇元 烈
Li Bian
943
Emperor Guangwen Suwu Xiaogao Shengyuan 937–943 Liezu
祖
Baoda 保大 943–958

李璟 943– Emperor Mingdao Chongde Wenxuan 明道崇德文宣孝皇 交泰 元

Li Jing
961 Xiao 帝 Jiaotai 958 Yuanzong
宗
Zhongxing 中興 958

Li Yu 李煜 961–
976
– – –

Northern Han ( 北漢) (951–979 AD)

Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name

Liu Min 劉旻 951–954 Emperor Shenwu 神武皇帝 Qianyou 乾祐 951–957 Shizu 世祖

Liu Chengjun 劉承鈞 954–968 Emperor Xiaohe 孝和皇帝 Tianhui 天會 957–968 Ruizong 睿宗
Liu Ji'en 劉繼恩 970 – – –

Liu Jiyuan 劉繼元 970–982 Emperor Yingwu 英武皇帝 Guangyun 廣運 970–982 –

Independent regimes during Ten Kingdoms

(local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)

Qingyuan Jiedushi ( 清源節度使) (949–978 AD)

 Personal name Name of posts Period on post

Liu Congxiao 留從效 Commander-in-Chief of Quanzhang 泉漳都指揮使 945–962

Liu Shaozi 留紹鎡 Regent of Quanzhang 泉漳留守 962

Zhang Hansi 張漢思 962–963

Military Commissioner of Quanzhang 泉漳節度使
Chen Hongjin 陳洪進 963–978

Wuping Jiedushi ( 武平節度使) (950–963 AD)

Personal name Name of posts Period on post

Liu Yan 劉言 950–953

Wang Kui 王逵
or or
Military Commissioner of Wuping 武平節度使
953–956
Wang Jinkui 王進逵
Zhou Xingfeng 周行逢 956–962
Military Commissioner of Hunan 湖南節度使
Zhou Baoquan 周保權 962–963

Liao dynasty ( 遼朝) (916–1125 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + regnal name
 Name by which
most commonly Personal name Reign Posthumous name Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Temple name
known

耶 大聖 Shence 神冊 916–
律 Emperor 大明 922
太
Emperor Taizu Yēlǜ
阿 916– Dasheng
神烈 Tianzan 天贊 922– Taizu
祖
of Liao Ābǎojī
保 926 Daming Shenlie
Tian 天皇 926
機 帝 Tianxian 天顯 926

耶 Tianxian 天顯 927–

律 孝武 938
太
Emperor Yēlǜ
德
926– Emperor Xiaowu
惠文 Huitong 會同 938– Taizong
宗
Taizong of Liao Déguāng
光
947 Huiwen
皇帝 947

Datong 大同 947

耶 孝和 世
Emperor Yēlǜ
律 947– Emperor Xiaohe
莊憲 Tianlu 天祿 947–
Shizong
宗
Shizong of Liao Ruǎn
阮 951 Zhuangxian
皇帝 951

耶 孝安 穆
Emperor
Yēlǜ Jǐng 律 951– Emperor Xiao'an
敬正 Yingli 應曆 951–
Muzong
宗
Muzong of Liao
璟 969 Jingzheng
皇帝 969

Emperor 耶 Emperor 孝成 Baoning 保寧 969–

979 景
Jingzong of Yēlǜ Xián 律 969–
Xiaocheng 康靖 Jingzong
宗
Liao 賢 982
Kangjing 皇帝 Qianheng 乾亨 979–
982

Qianheng 乾亨 982

耶 文武 Tonghe 統和 983–
Emperor
Yēlǜ 律 982– Emperor Wenwu 大孝 1012
聖
Shengzong of
Liao
Lóngxù 隆 1031 Daxiao Xuan 宣皇 Kaitai 開泰 1012–
Shengzong
宗
緒 帝 1021

Taiping 太平 1021–
1031

耶 神聖 Jingfu 景福 1031–
Emperor Yēlǜ 律 1031–
Emperor
孝章
1032 興
Xingzong Liao Zōngzhēn 宗 1055
Shensheng
Xiaozhang 皇帝 重熙 1032–
Xingzong
宗
真 Chongxi
1055

Qingning 清寧 1055–
1064

Xianyong 咸雍 1065–
1074

Taikang 太康
or or 1075–
耶 仁聖 1084
Emperor Yēlǜ 律 1055–
Emperor
大孝 Dakang 大康 道
Daozong of Liao Hóngjī 洪 1101
Rensheng
Daxiao Wen 文皇 Daozong
宗
基 帝 Da'an 大安 1085–
1094

Shouchang 壽昌
or or 1095–
1101
Shoulong 壽隆
耶
Qiantong 乾統 1101–
1110
Emperor Yēlǜ 律 1101–
天慶 1111–
Tianzuo of Liao1 Yánxǐ 延 1125
– Tianqing
1120
–

禧 Baoda 保大 1121–
1125

1 — "Emperor Tianzuo" was the regnal name ( 尊號) of Yelü Yanxi.

Northern Liao ( 北遼) (1122–1123 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name or "Northern Liao" + temple name
 Name by which most commonly Era names (and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
known years)

耶律淳 Emperor 孝章皇 建福 宣

Yelü Chun Yelü Chun 1122
Xiaozhang 帝 Jianfu 1122 Xuanzong
宗
Xiao Puxiannü Xiao 蕭普賢 1122–
德興
(regent) Puxiannü 女 1123
– Dexing 1122–1123 –

Western Liao ( 西遼) (1124–1218 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name or "Western Liao" + posthumous name

Name by
which
Posthumous T
most Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years)
name n
commonly
known

Yēlǜ Dàshí 耶律大石 天 1124

祐 Yanqing 延慶 or
or or 1124–
Emperor
武 1125–
Yelü Dashi
1144
Tianyou
烈 1134 Dezo

Yēlǜ Dáshí1 耶律達實 Wulie

皇 康國 1134–
帝 Kangguo
1144

感
Xiao
蕭塔不煙 1144–
Empress
天 咸清 1144–
Tabuyan
(regent)
Xiāo Tǎbùyān
1150
Consort
Gantian 皇 Xianqing
1150
–

后
Shaoxing 紹興
or
Yelü Yilie Yēlǜ Yíliè 耶律夷列 1150–
1164
–
or 1150–
1164
Renz
Xuxing2 續興
承
Yelü
耶律普速完 1164–
Empress
天 Chongfu ( 崇福 Chóngfú) 崇福 1164–
Pusuwan
(regent)
Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán
1178
Dowager
Chengtian 太 1164–1178 1178
–

后
Yelü
Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ 耶律直魯古 1178–
– Tianxi ( 天禧 Tiānxī) 1178– 天禧 1178–
–
Zhilugu 1211 1218 1218

Kuchlug Qūchūlǜ 屈出律 1211–

1218
– – –

1 — "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests.

2 — Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources
incorrect.[1]

Dongdan ( 東丹) (926–952 AD)

Name by which most commonly Era names (and their corresponding range Temple
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known of years) name

耶律倍 926– Emperor Wenxian 文獻欽義 義

Yelü Bei Yelü Bei
930 Qinyi 皇帝 Yizong
宗
Lady Xiao Ganlu 甘露 926–936
Empress Consort Duanshun
(name
unknown)
蕭氏 930–
940
Empress Consort
Duanshun
端順皇后 –
(regent)

Emperor Shizong of Liao

耶律阮 940– Emperor Xiaohe 孝和莊憲
(same person as the third Liao emperor)
Yelü Ruan
947 Zhuangxian 皇帝 – –

耶律安 947–
Yelü Anduan Yelü Anduan
端 952
– – –

Song dynasty ( 宋朝) (960–1279 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Song" + temple name or posthumous name (except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing ( 宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng))
 Name by
Era names and their
which most
Personal name Reign Posthumous name corresponding range of Temple name
commonly
years
known

北宋) (960–1127 AD)

Northern Song (

啟運 建
立極 Jianlong
隆
960–
963
英武
Emperor
Emperor Qiyun
Liji Yingwu 睿文 乾 太
Taizu of Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤 960–
Ruiwen Shende 神德 Qiande
德
963–
Taizu
祖
Song
976
Shenggong 聖功 968
Zhiming Daxiao
至明 開
大孝 Kaibao
寶
968–
皇帝 976

太
平 976–

趙匡義 至仁
Taipingxingguo
興 984

Zhao Kuangyi 應道 國
or Emperor Zhiren
神功 雍 984–
Emperor
or
Zhao Guangyi
趙光義
Yingdao
Shengong 聖德 Yongxi
熙 987
太
Taizong of
or
976–
Shengde 文武 端 Taizong
宗
Song
or
997
Wenwu Ruilie 睿烈 Duangong
拱
988–

Zhao Jiong
Daming
大明 989

趙炅
Guangxiao
廣孝 淳 990–
皇帝 Chunhua
化 994

至 995–
Zhidao
道 997

咸 998–
Xianping
平 1003

應符 景 1004–
稽古 Jingde
德 1007
Emperor Yingfu
神功 大
Emperor
Jigu Shengong
Rangde 讓德 中 真
Zhenzong of Zhao Heng 趙恆 997–
Wenming 文明 Dazhongxiangfu
祥
1008–
Zhenzong
宗
Song
1022
Wuding 武定 符
1016
Zhangsheng
章聖
Yuanxiao
元孝 天 1017–
皇帝 Tianxi
禧 1021

乾
Qianxing
興 1022

天 1023–
Tiansheng
聖 1032

明 1032–
Mingdao
道 1033

景 1034–

體天
Jingyou
祐 1038

法道 寶 1038–
Emperor Titian
極功 Baoyuan
元 1040
Emperor
Fadao Jigong
Quande 全德 康 仁
Renzong of Zhao Zhen 趙禎 1022–
Shenwen 神文 Kangding
定
1040–
Renzong
宗
Song
1063
Shengwu 聖武 1041
Ruizhe
睿哲 慶 1041–
Mingxiao
明孝 Qingli
曆 1048
皇帝 皇 1049–
Huangyou
祐 1054

至 1054–
Zhihe
和 1056

嘉 1056–
Jiayou
祐 1063

體乾
應曆
Emperor Tiqian 隆功
Emperor
Yingli Longgong 盛德 治 英
Yingzong of Zhao Shu 趙曙 1063– Shengde
憲文 Zhiping
平
1064–
Yingzong
宗
Song
1067 Xianwen Suwu
Ruisheng 肅武 1067

Xuanxiao 睿聖
宣孝
皇帝
Emperor Zhao Xu 趙頊 1067– Emperor Tiyuan 體元 Xining 熙 1068– Shenzong 神
Shenzong of 1085 Xiandao Fagu
顯道 寧 1077
宗
Song Lixian Dide
Wanggong 法古
Yingwen Liewu 立憲
Qinren 帝德
Shengxiao
王功
英文 元 1078–
烈武
Yuanfeng
豐 1085
欽仁
聖孝
皇帝
憲元 元
繼道 Yuanyou
祐
1086–
1094
Emperor
世德
Emperor
Xianyuan Jidao
Shede 揚功 紹 哲
Zhezong of Zhao Xu 趙煦 1085–
Yanggong 欽文 Shaosheng
聖
1094–
Zhezong
宗
Song
1100
Qinwen Ruiwu 睿武 1098
Qisheng
齊聖 元
Zhaoxiao
昭孝 Yuanfu
符
1098–
皇帝 1100

建
中
Jianzhongjingguo
靖 1101

國
體神 崇
合道 Chongning
寧
1102–
Emperor Tishen 駿烈 1106

Emperor
Hedao Junlie 遜功 大 1107– 徽
Huizong of Zhao Ji 趙佶 1100– Xungong
聖文 Daguan
觀 1110 Huizong
宗
Song
1125 Shengwen
仁德
Rende Cixian
Xianxiao 慈憲 政 1111–
顯孝
Zhenghe
和 1118
皇帝 重 1118–
Chonghe
和 1119

宣 1119–
Xuanhe
和 1125

Emperor 恭文
Emperor
趙桓 1126– Gongwen 順德 靖 1125– 欽
Qinzong of
Song
Zhao Huan
1127 Shunde 仁孝 Jingkang
康 1127
Qinzong
宗
Renxiao
皇帝
南宋) (1127–1279 AD)
Southern Song (

受命
Emperor 中興 建 1127–
Shouming
全功 Jianyan
炎 1130
Emperor
Zhongxing
Quangong 至德 高
Gaozong of Zhao Gou 趙構 1127–
Zhide 聖神 Gaozong
宗
Song
1162
Shengshen 武文
Wuwen
昭仁 紹 1131–
Zhaoren
Xianxiao 憲孝 Shaoxing
興 1162
皇帝
紹統 隆
Emperor 同道 Longxing
興
1163–
1164
Shaotong
冠德
Emperor
Tongdao
Guande 昭功 乾 孝
Xiaozong of Zhao Shen 趙昚 1162–
Zhaogong 哲文 Qiandao
道
1165–
Xiaozong
宗
Song
1189
Zhewen 神武 1173
Shenwu
明聖 淳
Mingsheng
Chengxiao 成孝 Chunxi
熙
1174–
皇帝 1189

循道
憲仁
Emperor
明功
Emperor
Xundao Xianren
Minggong 茂德 紹 光
Guangzong Zhao Dun 趙惇 1189–
Maode Wenwen 溫文 Shaoxi
熙
1190–
Guangzong
宗
of Song
1194
Shunwu 順武 1194
Shengzhe
聖哲
Cixiao
慈孝
皇帝
Emperor Zhao Kuo 趙擴 1194– Emperor Fatian 法天 慶 1195– Ningzong 寧
Ningzong of 1224 Beidao Chunde
備道 Qingyuan
元 1200 宗
Song Maogong
Renwen Zhewu 純德 嘉
Shengrui 茂功 Jiatai
泰
1201–
1204
Gongxiao 仁文
 哲武 開
聖睿 Kaixi
禧
1205–
恭孝 1207

皇帝 嘉 1208–
Jiading
定 1224

寶 1225–
Baoqing
慶 1227

紹 1228–
Shaoding
定 1233

建道 端 1234–
備德
Duanping
平 1236

Emperor 大功 嘉 1237–
Emperor
Jiandao Beide 復興 Jiaxi
熙 1240
理
Lizong of Zhao Yun 趙昀 1224– Dagong Fuxing
烈文 Lizong
宗
Song
1264 Liewen Renwu
仁武 淳 1241–
Shengming
Anxiao 聖明
Chunyou
祐 1252
安孝 寶
皇帝 Baoyou
祐
1253–
1258

開
Kaiqing
慶 1259

景 1260–
Jingding
定 1264

Emperor 端文
Emperor
趙禥 1264– Duanwen 明武 咸 1265– 度
Duzong of
Song
Zhao Qi
1274 Mingwu 景孝 Xianchun
淳 1274
Duzong
宗
Jingxiao
皇帝
Emperor
趙顯 1274– 德 1275–
Gong of
Song
Zhao Xian
1276
– Deyou
祐 1276
–

裕文
Emperor
趙昰 1276–
Emperor Yuwen
昭武 景 1276– 端
Duanzong of
Song
Zhao Shi
1278
Zhaowu
Minxiao 愍孝 Jingyan
炎 1278
Duanzong
宗
皇帝
趙昺 1278– 祥 1278–
Zhao Bing Zhao Bing
1279
– Xiangxing
興 1279
–

Dali Kingdom ( 大理) (937–1094 AD, 1096–1253 AD)

 Name by which most Era names (and their corresponding
Personal name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
commonly known range of years)

前大理) (937–1094 AD)

Former Dali (

段思 937– Emperor Shengshen 聖神文武 Wende 文德 938–? 太

Duan Siping Duan Siping
平 944 Wenwu 皇帝 Shenwu 神武 ?–944
Taizu
祖
段思 944–
文經
Duan Siying Duan Siying
英 945
– Wenjing 945 –

段思 945– Emperor Shengci 聖慈文武 至治

Duan Siliang Duan Siliang
良 952 Wenwu 皇帝 Zhizhi 946–951 –

Mingde 明德 952–?
段思 952– Emperor Zhidao 至道廣慈 廣德
Duan Sicong Duan Sicong
聰 968 Guangci 皇帝 Guangde ?–967 –

Shunde 順德 968

Duan 段素 968–
應道皇帝 明政
Duan Sushun
Sushun 順 985
Emperor Yingdao Mingzheng 969–985 –

Guangming 廣明 986–?

Mingying 明應 ?
段素 985–
昭明皇帝 明統
Duan Suying Duan Suying
英 1009
Emperor Zhaoming Mingtong ? –

Mingsheng 明聖 ?

Mingzhi 明治 ?

段素 1009–
宣肅皇帝 明啟
Duan Sulian Duan Sulian
廉 1022
Emperor Xuansu Mingqi 1010–1022 –

段素 1022–
秉義皇帝 明通
Duan Sulong Duan Sulong
隆 1026
Emperor Bingyi Mingtong 1023–1026 –

Duan 段素 1026–
聖德皇帝 正治
Duan Suzhen
Suzhen 真 1041
Emperor Shengde Zhengzhi 1027–1041 –

段素 1041–
Shengming 聖明 1042–?
Duan Suxing Duan Suxing
興 1044
–
Tianming 天明 ?–1044
–

Bao'an 保安 1045–1052

Zheng'an 政安 1053–?
段思 1044–
孝德皇帝 正德 興
Duan Silian Duan Silian
廉 1075
Emperor Xiaode Zhengde ? Xingzong
宗
Baode 保德 ?–1074

Minghou 明侯 ?

段廉 1075–
上德
Duan Lianyi Duan Lianyi
義 1080
– Shangde 1076 –

Duan 段壽 1080–
上明
Duan Shouhui
Shouhui 輝 1081
– Shangming 1081 –

Baoli 保立 1082
Duan 段正 1081–
保定皇帝 建安
Duan Zhengming
Zhengming 明 1094
Emperor Baoding Jian'an 1083–1091 –

Tianyou 天祐 1091–1094

後大理) (1096–1253 AD)

Later Dali (

Tianshou 天授 1096

段正 Mingkai 明開 1097–1103 中
Duan Zhengchun
Duan
淳
1096–
Emperor Wen'an 文安皇帝 Zhongzong
宗
Zhengchun 1108
Tianzheng 天政 1103–1104

Wen'an 文安 1104–1108

Rixin 日新 1109–1110

Wenzhi 文治 1110–?
Duan 段正 1108–
宣仁皇帝 永嘉 憲
Duan Zhengyan
Zhengyan 嚴 1147
Emperor Xuanren Yongjia ?–1128 Xianzong
宗
Baotian 保天 1129–1137

Guangyun 廣運 1138–1147

Duan Zhengxing Duan 段正 1147– Emperor Zhengkang 正康皇帝 Yongzhen 永貞 1148 Jingzong 景
Zhengxing
興 1171
Dabao 大寶 1149–1156
宗
Longxing 龍興 1157–1161

Shengming 盛明 1162–?
 Jiande 建德 ?–1171

Lizhen 利貞 1172–1174

Shengde 盛德 1176–1180
段智 1171–
功極皇帝 嘉會 宣
Duan Zhixing Duan Zhixing
興 1200
Emperor Gongji Jiahui 1181–1184 Xuanzong
宗
Yuanheng 元亨 1185–1195

Ding'an 定安 1195–1200

段智 Fengli 鳳曆 1200–? 英
Duan Zhilian Duan Zhilian
廉
1200–
Emperor Hengtian 亨天皇帝 Yingzong
宗
1204
Yuanshou 元壽 ?–1204

Tiankai 天開 1205–1225
Duan 段智 1204–
天輔 神
Duan Zhixiang
Zhixiang 祥 1238
– Tianfu 1226 Shenzong
宗
Tianshou 仁壽 1227–1238

Duan 段祥 1238–
孝義皇帝 道隆
Duan Xiangxing
Xiangxing 興 1251
Emperor Xiaoyi Daolong 1239–1251 –

段興 1251–
天定
Duan Xingzhi Duan Xingzhi
智 1254
– Tianding 1251–1254 –

Western Xia ( 西夏) (1038–1227 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Western Xia" + temple name (or use personal name)

The Tangut names for about half of the Western Xia eras are known from Tangut texts or monumental inscriptions, or from Western Xia coins.
 Name by which most Era names and their corresponding range
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
commonly known of years

Xiǎndào 顯道 1032–
1034

Kāiyùn 開運 1034

Emperor Jǐngzōng of Western Lǐ 李元 1032– 武烈皇 Guǎngpíng 廣平 1035–

景
Xia Yuánhào 昊 1048
Emperor Wǔliè
帝 1036 Jǐngzōng
宗
Dàqìng 大慶 1036–
1038

天授禮法 1038–
Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò
延祚 1048

Yánsìníngguó 延嗣寧國 1048–

1049

Tiānyòuchuíshèng 天祐垂聖 1050–

1052
Lǐ 李諒 1048– Emperor 昭英皇 福聖承道 1053– 毅
Emperor Yìzōng of Western Xia
Liàngzuò 祚 1067 Zhāoyīng 帝 Fúshèngchéngdào
1056
Yìzōng
宗
Duǒdū 奲都 1057–
1063

Gǒnghuà 拱化 1063–
1067

Qiándào 乾道 1067–
1069

天賜禮盛 1070–
Emperor Huìzōng of Western Lǐ 李秉 1067– Emperor 康靖皇
Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng
國慶 1074
惠
Xia Bǐngcháng 常 1086 Kāngjìng 帝 Dà'ān 大安 1075–
Huìzōng
宗
𘜶𗵐 1085

Tiān'ānlǐdìng 天安禮定 1085–

𘓺𗪚𗅲𗧯 1086

Tiānyízhìpíng 天儀治平 1086–

1089

Tiānyòumín'ān 天祐民安 1090–

𘓺𗼕𘂀𗴴 1097

Yǒng'ān 永安 1098–
1100

Zhēnguān 貞觀 1101–
Emperor Chóngzōng of Lǐ 李乾 1086– Emperor 聖文皇 𗣼𘝯 1113
崇
Western Xia Qiánshùn 順 1139 Shèngwén 帝 Yōngníng 雍寧 1114–
Chóngzōng
宗
𗖠𗪚 1118

Yuándé 元德 1119–
𗣼𗪘 1127

Zhèngdé 正德 1127–
𗣼𘇚 1134

Dàdé 大德 1135–
𘜶𗣼 1139

Dàqìng 大慶 1139–
𘜶𘅝 1143

Rénqìng 人慶 1144–
Emperor Rénzōng of Western 李仁 1139– Emperor 聖德皇 𗸦𘅝 1148 仁
Xia
Lǐ Rénxiào
孝 1193 Shengde 帝 Tiānshèng 天盛 1149–
Rénzōng
宗
𘓺𘃸 1170

Qiányòu 乾祐 1170–
𘀗𘑨 1193

Emperor Huánzōng of Western Lǐ 李純 1193– Emperor 昭簡皇 天慶 1193– 桓

Xia Chúnyòu 佑 1206 Zhāojiǎn 帝 Tiānqìng
𘓺𘅝 1206
Huánzōng
宗
李安 敬穆皇
Yīngtiān 應天 1206–
1209 襄
Emperor Xiāngzōng of Western 1206– Emperor
Xia
Lǐ Ānquán
全 1211 Jingmu 帝 Huángjiàn 皇建 1210–
Xiāngzōng
宗
𘓺𘚪 1211

Emperor Shénzōng of Western 李遵 1211– Emperor 英文皇 光定 1211– 神

Xia
Lǐ Zūnxū
頊 1223 Yīngwén 帝 Guāngdìng
𗪚𗏴 1223
Shénzōng
宗
Emperor Xiànzōng of Western 李德 1223– 孝哀皇 乾定 1223– 獻
Xia
Lǐ Déwàng
旺 1226
Emperor Xiao'ai
帝 Qiándìng
1226
Xiànzōng
宗
Emperor Mò of Western Xia Lǐ Xiàn 李晛 1226–
1227
– Bǎoyì 寶義 1226–
1227
–

Jin dynasty ( 金朝) (1115–1234 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese
 Jin dynasty 1115–1234
Name by which Era names and their
Personal
most commonly Reign corresponding range of Posthumous name Temple name
name
known years

阿 收
骨 Shōuguó
國
1115–
Āgǔdǎ
打 1116
Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode 應乾興運昭德定功 太
Emperor Taizu of or
or
1115–
Dinggong Renming Zhuangxiao Dasheng 仁明莊孝大聖武元 Tàizǔ
祖
Jin Wányán
Mǐn 完 1123
天 Wuyuan 皇帝
顏 Tiānfǔ
輔
1117–
1123
旻
吳
乞
Emperor Taizong
Wúqǐmǎi
or
買 1123– 天 1123– Emperor Tiyuan Yingyun Shide 體元應運世德昭功 太
of Jin Wányán
Shèng
or
完 1134
Tiānhuì
會 1134 Zhaogong Zhehui Rensheng Wenlie 哲惠仁聖文烈皇帝 Tàizōng
宗
顏
晟
合 天 1135–

剌
Tiānhuì
會 1138
Hélá
Emperor Xizong of or or 1135– 天 1138– Emperor Hongji Zuanwu Zhuangjing 弘基纘武莊靖孝成 熙
Jin Wányán 完 1149
Tiānjuàn
眷 1141 Xiaocheng 皇帝 Xīzōng
宗
Dǎn 顏 皇
亶 Huángtǒng
統
1141–
1149

迪 天 1149–
古
Tiāndé
德 1153
Dígǔnǎi 乃 貞
Wanyan Liang
or
or
1149–
Zhènyuán
元
1153–
Prince Yáng 煬王 –
Wányán
Liàng 完 1161 1156

顏 正 1156–
亮 Zhènglóng
隆 1161

烏
Wūlù 祿
Emperor Shizong or or 1161– 大 1161– Emperor Guangtian Xingyun Wende 光天興運文德武功 世
of Jin Wányán 完 1189
Dàdìng
定 1189 Wugong Shengming Renxiao 聖明仁孝皇帝 Shìzōng
宗
Yōng 顏
雍
麻 明 1190–
達
Míngchāng
昌 1196

Emperor
Mádágě
or
葛 1190– 承 1196– Emperor Xiantian Guangyun Renwen 憲天光運仁文義武 章
Zhangzong of Jin Wányán
Jǐng
or
完 1208
Chéng'ān
安 1200 Yiwu Shensheng Yingxiao 神聖英孝皇帝 Zhāngzōng
宗
顏 泰 1200–
璟 Tàihé
和 1208

大 1209–

完
Dà'ān
安 1212

Wányán 顏 1209– 崇 1212–

紹王
Wanyan Yongji
Yǒngjì 永 1213
Chóngqìng
慶 1213
Prince Shào –

濟 至
Zhìníng
寧 1213

吾 貞 1213–
睹
Zhēnyòu
祐 1217

Emperor Xuanzong
Wúdúbǔ
or
補 1213– 興 1217– Emperor Jitian Xingtong Shudao Qinren 繼天興統述道勤仁 宣
of Jin Wányán
Xú
or
完 1223
Xīngdìng
定 1222 Yingwu Shengxiao 英武聖孝皇帝 Xuānzōng
宗
顏 元 1222–
珣 Yuánguāng
光 1223

寧 正 1224–
甲 Zhèngdà
大 1232
Níngjiǎsù 速
Emperor Aizong of or or 1224– 開 莊皇帝 哀
Jin Wányán 完 1234
Kāixīng
興 1232 Emperor Zhuang Āizōng
宗
Shǒuxù 顏
守 天 1232–
緒 Tiānxīng
興 1234

Emperor Mo of Jin Hūdūn 呼 1234 – – –

or
Wányán
敦
or
Chénglín
完
顏
 承
麟

Yuan dynasty ( 元朝) (1271–1368 AD)

Chinese convention: for rulers before Kublai Khan use given name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names, use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after

Note:
1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271
2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame (Tamerlane).
 Era names and their
Khan Name Personal name Reign corresponding range of Regnal name (Zun Hao 尊號) Posthumous name Temple name
years

孛兒只 法天
Genghis Borjigin
斤鐵木 1206–
Emperor
啟運 太
Khan Temüjin
真 1227
– – Fatian Qiyun
Shengwu 聖武 Tàizǔ
祖
皇帝
孛兒只 Emperor 仁聖 睿
Tolui Borjigin Tolui
斤拖雷 1228 – – Rensheng 景襄 Ruìzōng
宗
Jingxiang 皇帝
孛兒只 英文 太
Ögedei Khan
Borjigin
斤窩闊 1229–
– –
Emperor
皇帝 Tàizōng
宗
Ögedei
台 1241 Yingwen

孛兒只 1246– Emperor 簡平 定

Güyük Khan Borjigin Güyük
斤貴由 1248
– –
Jianping 皇帝 Dìngzōng
宗
Möngke Borjigin 孛兒只 1251– Emperor 桓肅 憲
Khan Möngke 斤蒙哥 1259
– –
Huansu 皇帝 Xiànzōng
宗
中 1260– 憲天述道 聖德
孛兒只 Zhōngtǒng
統 1264 Emperor Xiantian 仁文義武
Emperor
神功 世
Kublai Khan Borjigin Kublai 斤忽必 1260–
Shudao Renwen
大光孝皇
Shengde
文武 Shìzǔ
祖
烈 1294
至 1264– Yiwu Daguang Xiao
帝
Shengong
皇帝
Zhìyuán
元 1294
Wenwu

1294– 元 1295–
孛兒只 1307
Yuánzhēn
貞 1297 Emperor 欽明 成
Temür Khan Borjigin Temür 斤鐵穆 – Qinming 廣孝 Chéngzōng
宗
耳 1307– 大 1297– Guangxiao 皇帝
1308
Dàdé
德 1307

Emperor Tongtian 統天繼聖 仁惠

Borjigin 孛兒只 1308– 至 1308– Jisheng Qinwen 欽文英武 Emperor
宣孝 武
Külüg Khan
Qayshan 斤海山 1311
Zhìdà
大 1311 Yingwu Dazhang 大章孝皇 Renhui
Xuanxiao 皇帝
Wǔzōng
宗
Xiao
帝
孛兒只 1311– 皇 1312–
Ayurbarwada 斤愛育 1320
Huángqìng
慶 1313 Emperor 聖文 仁
Buyantu
Borjigin
黎拔力 – Shengwen 欽孝 Rénzōng
宗
Khan
Ayurparibhadra
八達 1320– 延 1314– Qinxiao 皇帝
1321
Yányòu
祐 1320

孛兒只 繼天體道 睿聖
Gegeen Borjigin
斤碩德 1321– 至 1321–
Emperor Jitian Tidao
敬文仁武 Emperor
文孝 英
Khan Suddhipala
八剌 1323
Zhìzhì
治 1323
Jingwen Renwu
Dazhao Xiao 大昭孝皇 Ruisheng
Wenxiao 皇帝
Yīngzōng
宗
帝
泰 1324–
孛兒只 Tàidìng
定 1328
Yesün Borjigin Yesün-
斤也孫 1323–
– – –
Temür1 Temür
鐵木兒 1328
致
Zhìhé
和 1328

孛兒只 天
Ragibagh
Khan1
Borjigin
斤阿速 1328 Tiānshùn
順 1328 – – –
Arigaba
吉八
孛兒只 1328– 天 1328– Emperor Qintian 欽天統聖 聖明
Jayaatu
Borjigin Toq-
斤圖帖 1329 and
Tiānlì
曆 1330 Tongsheng Zhide 至德誠功 Emperor
元孝 文
Khan Tugh
Temür
Temür
睦爾 1329– Chenggong Dawen 大文孝皇 Shengming
Yuanxiao 皇帝
Wénzōng
宗
1332 Xiao
帝
孛兒只 順天立道 翼獻
Khutughtu Borjigin
斤和世
Emperor Shuntian
睿文智武 Emperor
景孝 明
Khan Kusala Qoshila
剌
1329
至 1330–
Lidao Ruiwen Zhiwu
Dasheng Xiao 大聖孝皇 Yixian
Jingxiao 皇帝
Míngzōng
宗
Zhìshùn
順
1332
帝
孛兒只 Emperor 沖聖 寧
Rinchinbal Borjigin
斤懿璘 1332 – Chongsheng 嗣孝 Níngzōng
宗
Khan Irinchibal
質班 Sixiao 皇帝
1333

元 1333–
Yuántǒng
統 1335
宣仁
孛兒只 至
Emperor
Xuanren 普孝
Toghon Borjigin
斤妥懽 1333– Zhìyuán
元
1335–
1340 Puxiao 皇帝 惠
Temür2 Toghan-Temür
帖睦爾 1368
–
or or
Huìzōng
宗
至 1341–
Emperor 順皇
Zhìzhèng
正 1368
Shun
帝
至 1368–
Zhìyuán
元 1370
 1 — Chinese convention: for these sovereigns only, use "Yuan" + era name (e.g. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tàidìng Dì).
2 — Chinese convention: for this sovereign only, use "Yuan" + posthumous name.

Northern Yuan ( 北元) (1368–1388 AD)

Retreat of the Yuan court to the Mongolian Plateau after being overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1368 (1368 – early 15th century)

Convention: use khan names or birth names.

Posthumous
Khan Names Personal Name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name
name

Zhìshùn 至順 1333 宣
仁
Yuántǒng 元統 1333–
1335 普
孛兒只斤
Emperor
Xuanren 孝
Toghon Temür Borjigin
妥懽帖睦 1368– Zhìyuán 至元 1335– Puxiao 皇 惠
(same person as the
last Yuan emperor)
Toghan-
Temür 爾 1370 1340 or
Emperor
帝 Huìzōng
宗
Zhìzhèng 至正 1341–
1368 Shun
or
順
至元 1368– 皇
Zhìyuán
1370 帝
武
孛兒只斤 承
Biligtü Khan Borjigin
愛猷識里 1370–
宣光 1371–
Emperor
和 昭
Ayushiridara Ayushiridara
達臘 1378
Xuānguāng
1378
Wucheng
Hexiao 孝 Zhāozōng
宗
皇
帝
Tiānyuán 天元 益
孛兒只斤 聖
Uskhal Khan Borjigin
脫古思帖 1378– or or 1378–
Emperor
寧
Tögüs Temür Tögüs Temür
木兒 1388 1388
Yisheng
孝 –

Tiānguāng1 天光 Ningxiao
皇
帝
1 — Recently discovered Northern Yuan coins have the era name "Tianguang", suggesting that the era name "Tianyuan" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[2]

Ming dynasty ( 明朝) (1368–1644 AD)

 Name by
which Posthumous
most Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years name1 (Shi Hao
commonly
known
諡號 )
(

開
天
行
道
肇
紀
立
極
Emperor
Kaitian 大
Xingdao 聖
朱 Zhaoji Liji 至
Hongwu Zhū
元 1368–1398 Hóngwǔ 洪武 1368–1398
Dasheng
神
Emperor Yuánzhāng
璋 Zhishen
Renwen 仁
Yiwu Junde 文
Chenggong 義
Gao
武
俊
德
成
功
高
皇
帝
嗣
天
章
道
誠
懿
Emperor
Sitian 淵
Zhangdao 功
朱 Chengyi 觀
Jianwen Zhū
允 1398–1402 Jiànwén 建文 1398–1402
Yuangong
文
Emperor Yǔnwén
炆 Guanwen
Yangwu 揚
Keren 武
Duxiao 克
Rang
仁
篤
孝
讓
皇
帝
啟
天
弘
道
高
明
Emperor
Qitian 肇
Hongdao 運
朱
Gaoming 聖
Yongle
Zhū Dì
棣 1402–1424 Yǒnglè 永樂 1402–1424
Zhaoyun
武
Emperor Shengwu
Shengong 神
Chunren 功
Zhixiao 純
Wen
仁
至
孝
文
皇
帝
Hongxi Zhū 朱 1424–1425 Hóngxī 洪熙 1424–1425 Emperor 敬
Emperor Gāochì
高 Jingtian
天
熾 Tidao
Chuncheng 體
Zhide 道
Hongwen 純
Qinwu
誠
Zhangsheng
Daxiao 至
Zhao 德
弘
文
欽
 武
章
聖
達
孝
昭
皇
帝
憲
天
崇
道
英
明
Emperor
Xiantian 神
Chongdao 聖
朱 Yingming 欽
Xuande
Zhū Zhānjī 瞻 1425–1435 Xuāndé 宣德 1425–1435
Shensheng
天
Emperor
基 Qintian
Zhaowu 昭
Kuanren 武
Chunxiao 寬
Zhang
仁
純
孝
章
皇
帝
法
天
立
道
仁
明
Emperor 誠
1435–1449 Zhèngtǒng 正統 1435–1449 Fatian Lidao
敬
Emperor 朱 Renming
Chengjing 昭
Yingzong
Zhū
祁 and and and and
Zhaowen 文
of Ming
Qízhèn
鎮 1457–1464³ Tiānshùn 天順 1457–1464
Xianwu 憲
Zhide
武
Guangxiao
Rui 至
德
廣
孝
睿
皇
帝
符
天
建
道
恭
仁
Emperor
Futian 康
Jiandao 定
朱 Gongren 隆
Jingtai
Zhū Qíyù 祁 1449–1457 Jǐngtài 景泰 1449–1457
Kangding
文
Emperor
鈺 Longwen
Buwu 布
Xiande 武
Chongxiao 顯
Jing
德
崇
孝
景
皇
帝
Chenghua Zhū 朱 1464–1487 Chénghuà 成化 1464–1487 Emperor 繼
Emperor Jiànshēn
見 Jitian
天
深 Ningdao
Chengming 凝
Renjing 道
Chongwen 誠
Suwu
明
Hongde
Shengxiao 仁
Chun 敬
崇
文
肅
 武
宏
德
聖
孝
純
皇
帝
建
天
明
道
誠
純
Emperor 中
Jiantian
正
朱 Mingdao
Chengchun 聖
Hongzhi Zhū
祐 1487–1505 Hóngzhì 弘治 1487–1505 Zhongzheng 文
Emperor Yòuchēng
樘 Shengwen 神
Shenwu
武
Zhiren Dade
Jing 至
仁
大
德
敬
皇
帝
承
天
達
道
英
肅
Emperor 睿
Chengtian
哲
朱 Dadao
Yingsu 昭
Zhengde Zhū
厚 1505–1521 Zhèngdé 正德 1505–1521 Ruizhe 德
Emperor Hòuzhào
照 Zhaode 顯
Xiangong
功
Hongwen
Sixiao Yi 弘
文
思
孝
毅
皇
帝
欽
天
履
道
英
毅
Emperor 神
Qintian
聖
朱 Lüdao
Yingyi 宣
Jiajing Zhū
厚 1521–1566 Jiājìng 嘉靖 1521–1566 Shensheng 文
Emperor Hòucōng
熜 Xuanwen 廣
Guangwu
武
Hongren
Daxiao Su 洪
仁
大
孝
肅
皇
帝
Longqing Zhū 朱 1566–1572 Lóngqìng 隆慶 1566–1572 Emperor 契
Emperor Zǎihòu
載 Qitian
天
垕 Longdao
Yuanyi 隆
Kuanren 道
Xianwen 淵
Guangwu
懿
Chunde
Hongxiao 寬
Zhuang 仁
顯
文
光
 武
純
德
弘
孝
莊
皇
帝
範
天
合
道
哲
肅
Emperor
Fantian 敦
Hedao 簡
朱 Zhesu 光
Wanli
Zhū Yìjūn 翊 1572–1620 Wànlì 萬曆 1572–1620
Dunjian
文
Emperor
鈞 Guangwen
Zhangwu 章
Anren 武
Zhixiao 安
Xian
仁
止
孝
顯
皇
帝
崇
天
契
道
英
睿
Emperor 恭
Chongtian
純
朱 Qidao
Yingrui 憲
Taichang Zhū
常 1620 Tàichāng 泰昌 1620 Gongchun 文 G
Emperor Chángluò
洛 Xianwen 景
Jingwu
武
Yuanren
Yixiao Zhen 淵
仁
懿
孝
貞
皇
帝
達
天
闡
道
敦
孝
Emperor
Datian 篤
Chandao 友
朱 Dunxiao 章
Tianqi Zhū
由 1620–1627 Tiānqǐ 天啓 1620–1627
Duyou
文
Emperor Yóujiào
校 Zhangwen
Xiangwu 襄
Jingmu 武
Zhuangqin 靖
Zhe
穆
莊
勤
悊
皇
帝
Chongzhen Zhū 朱 1627–1644 Chóngzhēn 崇禎 1627–1644 Emperor 紹
Emperor Yóujiǎn
由 Shaotian
天
檢 Yidao
Gangming 繹
Kejian 道
Kuiwen 剛
Fenwu
明
Dunren
Maoxiao Lie 恪
儉
揆
文
奮
 武
敦
仁
懋
孝
烈
皇
帝
1 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For examp
emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.

2 — The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was
escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince
the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong.

3 — After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong Emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and w
His brother the Jingtai Emperor assumed the throne and as a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong Emperor who retu
seclusion. However the Zhengtong Emperor was able to regain his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun dynasty ( 順朝) (1644–1645 AD)

The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they
defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.

Name most commonly known Reign Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Alternative title
by years years

Li 李自 永昌 Chuǎng Wáng (The Dashing 闖

Li Zicheng
Zicheng 成 1644–1645 Yongchang 1644–1645
King) 王

Southern Ming ( 南明) (1644–1662 AD)

The Southern Ming refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already
destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's
name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.

Name by which
Personal Era names and their corresponding range
most commonly Reign Posthumous name Temple name
name of years
known

朱 奉天遵道寬和
Zhū
由 1644– 弘 1644–
Emperor Fengtian Zundao
靜穆修文布武 安
Zhu Yousong
Yóusōng
崧 1645
Hóngguāng
光 1645
Kuanhe Jingmu Xiuwen Buwu
Wengong Renxiao Jian 溫恭仁孝簡皇 Ānzōng
宗
帝
朱 配天至道弘毅
聿 1645– 隆 1645–
Emperor Peitian Zhidao
肅穆思文烈武 紹
Zhu Yujian Zhū Yùjiàn
鍵 1646
Lóngwǔ
武 1646
Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu
Minren Guangxiao Xiang 敏仁廣孝襄皇 Shàozōng
宗
帝
朱
Zhu Changfang
Zhū
常 1645 潞 Prince Min 閔王 –
Chángfāng
淓 None given, but sometimes
referred to as the "Regency of 王
朱 the Prince of Lu/Luh" 臨 1646

Zhu Yihai Zhū Yǐhǎi 以 1645– (Lù Wáng Lín Guó)

國 – –
海 1653

朱 紹
Zhu Yuyue
Zhū
Yùyuè 聿 1646 Shàowǔ
武 1646 – –
𨮁

朱 應天推道敏毅
Zhū
由 1646– 永 1646–
Emperor Yingtian Tuidao Minyi
恭儉經文緯武 昭
Zhu Youlang
Yóuláng
榔 1662
Yǒnglì
曆 1662
Gongjian Jingwen Weiwu Liren
Kexiao Kuang 禮仁克孝匡皇 Zhāozōng
宗
帝
*The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge
History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are
distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing dynasty ( 清朝) (1636–1912 AD)

 Name by
which most
commonly
Personal
name1
Reign Era names (and Lifespan) Posthumous name2 (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name2
(Miao Hao 廟號
)
known

Later Jin (後金) (1616–1636 AD)

承天廣運聖
努 17 February 1616 – 30
Emperor Chengtian
Guangyun Shengde 德神功肇紀
爾 September 1636 (20 天 Abkai 1616– Shengong Zhaoji Liji 立極仁孝睿 太
Nurhaci Nurhaci
哈 years, 7 months, and
Tiānmìng
命 fulingga 1626 Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi 武端毅欽安 Tàizǔ
祖
赤 13 days)3 Qin'an Hongwen Dingye
弘文定業高
Gao
皇帝
Emperor Yingtian 應天興國弘
皇 天
Xingguo Hongde 德彰武寬溫 太
Huang Taiji
Hong
Taiji4
太 1626–1636 Tiāncōng
聰 Abkai sure
1627– Zhangwu Kuanwen
仁聖睿孝敬 Tàizōng
宗
極 1636 Rensheng Ruixiao
Jingmin Zhaoding 敏昭定隆道
Longdao Xiangong Wen 顯功文皇帝
Qing dynasty ( 清朝) (1636–1912 AD)
Emperor Yingtian 應天興國弘
Huang Taiji
皇 崇
Xingguo Hongde 德彰武寬溫 太
(same person Hong
Taiji4
太 1636–1643 Chóngdé
德
Wesihun 1636– Zhangwu Kuanwen
仁聖睿孝敬 Tàizōng
宗
as the last Later
Jin khan) 極 erdemungge 1643 Rensheng Ruixiao
Jingmin Zhaoding 敏昭定隆道
Longdao Xiangong Wen 顯功文皇帝
體天隆運定
福 順
Emperor Titian Longyun
Dingtong Jianji Yingrui 統建極英睿 世
Shunzhi
Fúlín
臨 1643–16615 Shùnzhì
治
Ijishūn 1643–
Qinwen Xianwu Dade 欽文顯武大 Shìzǔ
祖
Emperor dasan 1661
Honggong Zhiren 德弘功至仁
Chunxiao Zhang
純孝章皇帝
合天弘運文
玄 康
Emperor Hetian Hongyun
Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian 武睿哲恭儉 聖
Kangxi
Xuányè
燁 1661–1722 Kāngxī
熙 Elhe taifin
1661–
Kuanyu Xiaojing 寬裕孝敬誠 Shèngzǔ
祖
Emperor 1722
Chengxin Zhonghe 信中和功德
Gongde Dacheng Ren
大成仁皇帝
Emperor Jingtian 敬天昌運建
胤 雍
Changyun Jianzhong 中表正文武 世
Yongzheng
Yìnzhēn
禛 1722–1735 Yōngzhèng
正
Hūwaliyasun 1722– Biaozheng Wenwu
英明寬仁信 Shìzōng
宗
Emperor tob 1735 Yingming Kuanren Xinyi
Ruisheng Daxiao 毅睿聖大孝
Zhicheng Xian 至誠憲皇帝
法天隆運至
弘 乾
Emperor Fatian Longyun
Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan 誠先覺體元 高
Qianlong
Hónglì
曆 1735–17966 Qiánlóng
隆
Abkai 1735–
Liji Fuwen Fenwu 立極敷文奮 Gāozōng
宗
Emperor wehiyehe 1796
Qinming Xiaoci 武欽明孝慈
Shensheng Chun
神聖純皇帝
Emperor Shoutian 受天興運敷
顒 嘉
Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou 化綏猷崇文 仁
Jiaqing
Yóngyǎn
琰 1796–1820 Jiāqìng
慶
Saicungga 1796– Chongwen Jingwu
經武光裕孝 Rénzōng
宗
Emperor fengšen 1820 Guangyu Xiaogong
Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe 恭勤儉端敏
Rui 英哲睿皇帝
效天符運立
旻 道
Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun
Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen 中體正至文 宣
Daoguang
Mínníng
寧 1820–1850 Dàoguāng
光
Doro 1820–
Shengwu Zhiyong Renci 聖武智勇仁 Xuānzōng
宗
Emperor eldengge 1850
Jianqin Xiaomin 慈儉勤孝敏
Kuanding Cheng
寬定成皇帝
協天翊運執
奕 咸
Emperor Xietian Yiyun
Zhizhong Chuimo Maode 中垂謨懋德 文
Xianfeng
Yìzhǔ
詝 1850–1861 Xiánfēng
豐
Gubci 1850–
Zhenwu Shengxiao 振武聖孝淵 Wénzōng
宗
Emperor elgiyengge 1861
Yuangong Duanren 恭端仁寬敏
Kuanmin Zhuangjian Xian
莊儉顯皇帝
Emperor Jitian Kaiyun 繼天開運受
載 同
Shouzhong Juzheng 中居正保大 穆
Tongzhi
Zǎichún
淳 1861–18757 Tóngzhì
治
Yooningga 1861– Baoda Dinggong
定功聖智誠 Mùzōng
宗
Emperor dasan 1875 Shengzhi Chengxiao
Xinmin Gongkuan Mingsu 孝信敏恭寬
Yi 明肅毅皇帝
同天崇運大
載 光
Emperor Tongtian
Chongyun Dahong 中至正經文 德
Guangxu
Zǎitián
湉 1875–19087 Guāngxù
緒
Badarangga 1875–
Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu 緯武仁孝睿 Dézōng
宗
Emperor doro 1908
Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian 智端儉寬勤
Kuanqin Jing
景皇帝
Xuantong Pǔyí 溥 1908–1912, 191710 Xuāntǒng 宣 Gehungge 1908– Emperor Peitian Tongyun 配天同運法 Gōngzōng9 恭
Emperor
(also
儀 統 yoso 1912 Fagu Shaotong Cuiwen
古紹統粹文 宗 9
or
Puyi
known Jingfu Kuanrui Zhengmu
Tiren Lixiao Min8, 9 敬孚寬睿正
 as 穆體仁立孝
Henry)
愍皇帝 8, 9

1 — The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro ( 愛新覺羅 Aixinjueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or
clan name in an individual's personal name.

2 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic
name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.

金
3 — Nurhaci founded the Jin ( ) or Later Jin ( 後金
) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to
Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.

4 — Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai ( 阿巴海).

5 — The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.

6 — The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus ( 太上皇帝
). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that
he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death
in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.

7 — The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu
emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her
death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer
Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.

8 — Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the common name by which mainland China and Taiwan's history books refer to Puyi.

9 — In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi.
Posthumous name: Emperor Min ( 愍帝
). Temple name: Gongzong ( 恭宗
). Both titles are not commonly used in academia to refer to this
sovereign.

10 — The Xinhai Revolution started on October 10, 1911. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. The Qing
dynasty was overthrown with his abdication on that day. However, that same day the Chinese Republic granted the "Articles of Favourable
Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" ( 清帝退位優待條件
) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated
that he should be treated by the government of the Republic of China with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were
revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and
henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling
emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917, in the Manchu Restoration), and non-ruling emperor
between February 12, 1912, and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the
reign name Datong ( 大同
) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under the reign name Kangde ( 康德
) (1934–1945).

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ( 太平天國) (1851–1864 AD)

Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
Hong Xiuquan Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864
Taiping Tianguo 太平天國
Hong Tianguifu Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福 6 June 1864 – 18 November 1864

Empire of China ( 中華帝國) (1915–1916 AD)

A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule was universally accepted as
inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.

Name by which most commonly

No. Portrait known Personal name Reign Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
(birth/death)

Yuan Shikai
Yuan 袁世 22 December 1915 – 22 March
洪憲
1
(1859-1916) Shikai 凱 1916
Hóngxiàn

See also
Dynasties in Chinese history
Timeline of Chinese history
Monarchy of China
List of Chinese leaders
List of leaders of the Republic of China
List of presidents of the Republic of China
List of leaders of the People's Republic of China
 List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China
List of presidents of the People's Republic of China
List of rulers of Taiwan
List of Khagans of the Göktürks
List of rulers of Tibet
List of emperors of Tibet
List of Khitan rulers
List of Jurchen chieftains
List of Mongol rulers
Chairman of the Kuomintang
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party
List of leaders of the Democratic Progressive Party

References
1. Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao
Emperor Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.
2. "北元《天光元宝、重宝》篆书光背 咏生藏泉 新浪博客 _ _ " (http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_ac349fd50102xfdr.html).

External links
List of Chinese rulers (https://web.archive.org/web/20130615034730/http://www.thailex.asia/THAILEX/THAILEXENG/LEXICON/List%20of%2
0Chinese%20Dynasties%20and%20Rulers.htm)

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