EXPERIMENT NO.

12

A lab report submitted by

Shreya Pagaria (B20CH042)
Shreyansh Agrawal (B20CH043)
Sumit Kumar (B20CH045)
Suyash Surana (B20CH046)
Tak Prafful Champalal (B20CH047)
Ashish Waghmare (B20ME001)
Dhruv Agarwal (B20ES004)

Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur

Department of Chemical Engineering
September 2022

1
1. Objective:
a. to calculate the fourier number.
b. to calculate the biot number.
c. to calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
d. to calculate the heat transfer rate.

2. Theory:
2.1.Background:
Unsteady State: Temperature changing with time. Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal
energy from one body at a high temperature to another at a lower temperature. This
transfer of thermal energy may occur under steady or unsteady state conditions. By
energy balance for the metallic body over a small time interval, dt: Rate of heat transfer =
Rate of convection by water
2.2.Experimental setup (Description, Schematic Diagram)
Experimental Setup :
Carrier, Water Bath, Circulating Pump, Drain, Heating Element, Flow meter, Flow
control Valve, Low-Level switch.

3. Procedure:
1. The apparatus is checked to make sure it is in good working order.
2. The V1 and DV1 valves are both completely closed.
3. After that, the sample carrier is removed from the water bath tank.
4. Tap water is put into the tank through the flow duct chamber until it is halfway full.
5. The main power switch and the power supply are both switched on on the control panel.
6. The heater is activated when the temperature reaches 70°C.
7. The water pump is activated after the valve V1 is opened when the temperature reaches 70°C.
8. It can be inserted into the apparatus by fastening a brass slab with a thermocouple to the
carrier.
9. The specimen's temperature is monitored and recorded every 30 seconds till it achieves a
steady state, that is 70°C.

2
10. The specimen is removed from the water bath and dropped into a container of running water
to cool.
11. The specimen's temperature is then checked and recorded every 10 seconds till it reaches
room temperature, that is the steady state of the cooling process.
12. With a different specimen, such as a brass or stainless steel cylinder, repeat steps 7 through
10 once more.
13. The pump and the main power are both switched off at the control panel.
14. Once the water has cooled, a hose is connected to valve V1, and valve DV1 is opened to
empty the bath tank's water

4. Results and discussion:

4.1 Data:

Diameter of SS cylinder Dₛ 0. 038 m

Length of SS cylinder Lₛ 0.140 m

Diameter of brass cylinder Db 0.038 m

Length of brass cylinder Lb 0.140 m

Thermal conductivity of SS cylinder kₛ 16.3 W/m°C

Thermal conductivity of brass cylinder kb 110.7 W/m°C

Density of SS cylinder ρₛ 7817 kg/m³

Density of brass cylinder ρ𝑏 8522 kg/m³

Specific heat of SS cylinder Cps 461 J/kg°C

Specific heat of brass cylinder Cpb 385 J/kg°C

4.2.1 Observation Table 1(Stainless Steel)

S.No. t(sec) T(℃)

0 0 30.7

1 10 43.2

2 20 48.4

3
 3 30 53.1

4 40 55.4

5 50 57.1

6 60 58.3

7 70 59.5

8 80 60.4

9 90 61.2

10 100 62

11 110 62.5

12 120 63.2

13 130 63.7

14 140 64.1

15 150 64.6

16 160 65

17 170 65.3

18 180 65.7

19 190 65.9

20 200 66.1

V = 0.00015, A = 0.01897
𝑘 −6 2 α𝑡
α(ss) = ρ𝐶ₚ
= 4.52 x 10 𝑚 /𝑠 , 𝐹ₒ = 2 = 0.072 t
(𝑉/𝐴)
𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑙𝑛[ 𝑇ᵢ − 𝑇∞ ] 4*𝑘𝑠*𝐵𝑖
𝐵ᵢ = −𝐹ₒ
, ℎ = 𝐷𝑠
= 1715.78*Bi
−𝐵ᵢ𝐹ₒ −𝐵ᵢ𝐹ₒ
𝑄 = ρ𝑉𝐶ₚ(𝑇∞ − 𝑇)[1 − 𝑒 ] = 540.545(70-T)[1 − 𝑒 ]

S.No. t 𝐹𝑜 𝐵𝑖 1/Bi 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ h Q
𝑇ᵢ − 𝑇∞

0 0 0 - - 1 0 0

4
1 10 0.72 0.5316980991 1.880766551 0.68193 912.2769645 4607.74173
2 20 1.44 0.4156466696 2.405889601 0.54961 713.1582427 5258.553802
3 30 2.16 0.3906994893 2.55951192 0.43002 670.3543698 5206.837537
4 40 2.88 0.3438204827 2.90849455 0.37150 589.9203078 4960.084934
5 50 3.6 0.3094436688 3.231605946 0.32824 530.937258 4684.17316
6 60 4.32 0.2804712215 3.565428191 0.29770 481.2269125 4441.546855
7 70 5.04 0.2618748535 3.818617888 0.26717 449.3196362 4159.308092
8 80 5.76 0.2446981633 4.086667373 0.24427 419.8482146 3921.633344
9 90 6.48 0.2309371601 4.330182287 0.22391 396.2373605 3691.661018
10 100 7.2 0.2210809691 4.523229676 0.20356 379.3263051 3444.083155
11 110 7.92 0.2091315023 4.781680373 0.19083 358.823649 3280.406679
12 120 8.64 0.2030442022 4.925035974 0.17302 348.3791812 3039.70598
13 130 9.36 0.1955849237 5.112868524 0.16030 335.5807003 2859.524313
14 140 10.08 0.1881222389 5.315692636 0.15012 322.776375 2710.427422
15 150 10.8 0.1837801449 5.441284206 0.13740 315.3262971 2517.866863
16 160 11.52 0.1789745318 5.587387154 0.12722 307.0809222 2358.866858
17 170 12.24 0.1735017982 5.763629025 0.11959 297.6909153 2236.728445
18 180 12.96 0.1707260414 5.85733724 0.10941 292.9283273 2070.026018
19 190 13.68 0.1652220428 6.05246118 0.10432 283.4846766 1985.024285
20 200 14.4 0.1604338865 6.233097145 0.09923 275.2692538 1898.922206

4.2Observation Table 1(Brass)

S.No. t(sec) T(℃)

0 0 30.3

1 10 31.7

5
 2 20 35.5

3 30 40.1

4 40 44

5 50 46.8

6 60 49

7 70 50.7

8 80 52.1

9 90 53.2

10 100 54.1

11 110 55

12 120 55.5

13 130 56

14 140 56.5

15 150 56.9

16 160 57.2

17 170 57.7

18 180 58

19 190 58.3

20 200 58.8

V = 0.00015, A = 0.01897
−5 2 α𝑡
α(𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠) = 3.374 x 10 𝑚 /𝑠, 𝐹𝑜 = 2 = 0.054*t
(𝑉/𝐴)
𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑙𝑛[ 𝑇ᵢ − 𝑇∞ ] 4*𝑘𝑏*𝐵𝑖
𝐵ᵢ = −𝐹ₒ
, ℎ = 𝐷𝑏
= 11652.6*Bi
−𝐵ᵢ𝐹ₒ −𝐵ᵢ𝐹ₒ
𝑄 = ρ𝑉𝐶ₚ(𝑇∞ − 𝑇)[1 − 𝑒 ] = 492.1455(𝑇∞ − 𝑇)[1 − 𝑒 ]

S.No. t 𝐹𝑜 𝐵𝑖 1/Bi 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ h Q
𝑇ᵢ − 𝑇∞

6
0 0 0 - - 1 0 0

1 10 0.54 0.06648 15.0412 0.9647355164 774.664848 664.6683073

2 20 1.08 0.12999 7.69275 0.8690176322 1514.721474 2223.912907
3 30 1.62 0.17499 5.71443 0.7531486146 2039.088474 3632.356558
4 40 2.16 0.19595 5.10331 0.6549118388 2283.32697 4415.651022
5 50 2.7 0.19896 5.02607 0.5843828715 2318.401296 4745.377009
6 60 3.24 0.19655 5.08771 0.5289672544 2290.31853 4868.112666
7 70 3.78 0.19080 5.24092 0.4861460957 2223.31608 4880.6921
8 80 4.32 0.18438 5.42338 0.4508816121 2148.506388 4837.291278
9 90 4.86 0.17694 5.65134 0.4231738035 2061.811044 4769.070997
10 100 5.4 0.16945 5.90143 0.4005037783 1974.53307 4691.119433
11 110 5.94 0.16385 6.10294 0.3778337531 1909.27851 4592.85556
12 120 6.48 0.15543 6.43366 0.3652392947 1811.163618 4529.679995
13 130 7.02 0.14847 6.73514 0.3526448363 1730.061522 4460.217305
14 140 7.56 0.14268 7.00868 0.3400503778 1662.592968 4384.68011
15 150 8.1 0.13688 7.30559 0.3299748111 1595.007888 4319.700138
16 160 8.64 0.13100 7.63314 0.322418136 1526.4906 4268.267387
17 170 9.18 0.12764 7.83442 0.3098236776 1487.337864 4177.874838
18 180 9.72 0.12309 8.12407 0.3022670025 1434.318534 4120.616476
19 190 10.26 0.11908 8.39770 0.2947103275 1387.591608 4061.127498
20 200 10.8 0.11717 8.53459 0.282115869 1365.335142 3956.996388

4.3 Plots with discussion:

7
6. Conclusion:
Using the Lumped Capacitance approach, we can determine the heat transfer coefficient from the
experiment. We learned how to determine the biot number of the specimen used in the
experiment when the heat transfer process occurs under various circumstances and conditions.
Other than that, the study leads us to the conclusion that it is important to consider the
specimen's size and material in order to stay under the material temperature limit. According to
the results of the experiment, brass has better thermal conductivity than stainless steel, making
heat transport within brass more simpler than it is in stainless steel. Because the relationship
between the Biot number and a material's thermal conductivity is inverse, a material with a
considerably higher Biot number will require more time to attain steady state temperature.
Consequently, a connection is established between heat transfer, heat conductivity, its coefficient,
and biot number. The experiment's goals have been met and are well understood.

7. Contribution:
Shreya Pagaria: data, calculations, observations.
Shreyansh Agrawal: aim, graphs, observations.
Sumit Kumar: theory, background,observations.
Suyash Surana: procedure, graphs, observations.
Tak Prafful Champalal: procedure, observations,
Ashish Waghmare: data,observations.
Dhruv Agarwal: experimental setup, graphs, observations.