1

MODUL PERKULIAHAN

P142100008 (2D7143EL)
ENGLISH FOR ENGINEERING 1

Describe the Shapes and Appearance

Abstract Competence
Adjectives are words that Students are able to understand the key
describe or modify another terms for different branches of engineering
shapes and appearance

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Introduction
Simple Present Tense

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
do base
There are three important exceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.

2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the
auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

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Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:

• The action is general

• The action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
• The action is not only happening now
• The statement is always true

Look at these examples:

• I live in New York.

• The Moon goes round the Earth.
• John drives a taxi.
• He does not drive a bus.
• We do not work at night.

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 • Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that
are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these
examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense—some of them are general, some
of them are now:

Present Continuous Tense

I am singing
We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple
present tense, both in structure and in use.
How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?
The structure of the present continuous tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
be base + ing

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Look at these examples:

How do we use the Present Continuous Tense?

We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
• Action happening now
• Action in the future
Present continuous tense for action happening now
a) For action happening exactly now

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b) For action happening around now
The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after
now, and it is not permanent or habitual.

Look at these examples:

• Muriel is learning to drive.
• I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.

Present continuous tense for the future

We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future—if we add a future
word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words"
include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the
present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something
before, we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.

Look at these examples:

• We're eating in a restaurant tonight.
• We've already booked the table.
• They can play tennis with you tomorrow.
• They're not working.
• When are you starting your new job?
In these examples, we have a firm plan or programme before speaking. The decision and
plan were made before speaking.

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How do we spell the Present Continuous Tense?
We make the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it's
simple—we just add -ing. But sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps we
double the last letter, or we drop a letter. Here are the rules to help you know how to spell
the present continuous tense.

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Reading and Vocabulary:
Engineering
Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics, and their
extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and
rate processes, and systems analysis. Engineering as a profession involves different tasks.
It can refer specifically to the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools and
machine parts. It is also used more generally to describe the creative application of
scientific principIes to design, develop, construct and forecast the behaviour of structures,
apparatus, machines, manufacturing processes and works.
The function of scientists is to know, while that of engineers is to do: they must
solve specific problems.
Branches of engineering
The following words/phrases are all followed by 'engineering'

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Here is an extract from a speech made by a career’s advisor to a group of students
choosing their future courses of study at university. Complete the speech by choosing one
of the words from the box.

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 1. Difference between appearance and shape

Definition Appearance
• The act of appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye.
• A thing seen; a phenomenon; an apparition.
• Personal presence; look; aspect; mien.

* (John Milton) (1608-1674)

And now am come to see . . . It thy appearance answer loud report.

• (legal) The coming into court of either of the parties; the being present in court; the
coming into court of a party summoned in an action, either by himself or by his
attorney, expressed by a formal entry by the proper officer to that effect; the act or
proceeding by which a party proceeded against places himself before the court, and
submits to its jurisdiction.
• (medical) Chiefly used by nurses: the act of defecation by a patient.

Synonyms Appearance

* (act of coming into sight) arrival, manifestation, * (a thing seen) spectacle, apparition,
phenomenon, presence * (aspect of a person) aspect, air, figure, look, manner, mien *
(outward show) semblance, show, pretense, or facade * (act of appearing in public) debut

Definition Shape

• he status or condition of something

The used bookshop wouldn't offer much due to the poor shape of the book.
• Condition of personal health, especially muscular health.
The vet checked to see what kind of shape the animal was in.
We exercise to keep in good physical shape.
• The appearance of something, especially its outline.
He cut a square shape out of the cake.
• A figure with unspecified appearance; especially a geometric figure.
What shape shall we use for the cookies? Stars, circles, or diamonds?
• Form; formation.

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* 2006, Berdj Kenadjian, Martin Zakarian, From Darkness to Light:

• (iron manufacture) A rolled or hammered piece, such as a bar, beam, angle iron,
etc., having a cross section different from merchant bar.
• (iron manufacture) A piece which has been roughly forged nearly to the form it will
receive when completely forged or fitted.
• A mould for making jelly, blancmange etc., or a piece of such food formed
moulded into a particular shape.

*1918, (Rebecca West), The Return of the Soldier, Virago 2014, p. 74:

Synonyms Shape
* (give shape) form, mold

As nouns the difference between appearance and shape is that appearance is the act of
appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye while shape is the
status or condition of something.
As a verb shape is to give something a shape and definition.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines engineering as:

The branch of science and technology concerned with the development and modification of
engines (in various senses), machines, structures, or other complicated systems and
processes using specialized knowledge or skills, typically for public or commercial use; the
profession of an engineer. Frequently with distinguishing word: chemical, civil, electrical,
mechanical, military engineering, etc.

There is a lot wrapped up in this dictionary definition, reflecting the fact that engineering
draws on many different skills and covers a large variety of specialisms. The following
section explores the definition through some real examples of engineering.

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The fundamental strength of different shapes, illustrating why structural engineers continue
to use the triangle as the structural shape of choice. Examples from everyday life are
introduced to show how this shape is consistently used for structural strength
Many engineers across various specialty fields engage in structural engineering, from
aerospace engineers who design the satellite structures, to civil engineers who design
bridges and highway flyovers, to mechanical engineers who design vehicle chassis and the
placement of components inside computers and cell phones. The shapes included in these
designs have significant effect on the strength of the structures.
The strength of various geometric shapes, such as squares and triangles, without the need
for more advance physics-based analysis.
A geometric shape is the geometric information which remains when location, scale,
orientation and reflection are removed from the description of a geometric object. Such
shapes are called polygons and include triangles, squares, and pentagons. Other shapes
may be bounded by curves such as the circle or the ellipse.
Here you will find our list of different Geometric shapes.
There is a 2d shape area followed by a 3d shape area.
There is an image of each shape, as well as the properties that the shape has.

Equilateral triangles have all angles equal to 60°

and all sides equal length.
All equilateral triangles have 3 lines of symmetry.
Equilateral Triangle

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 Isoscles Triangle

Isosceles triangles have 2 angles equal and 2 sides

of equal length.
All isosceles triangles have a line of symmetry.

Scalene Triangle

Scalene triangles have no angles equal, and no

sides of equal length.

Right Triangle

Right triangles (or right angle triangles) have

one right angle (equal to 90° ).

Obtuse Triangle

Obtuse triangles have one obtuse angle (an angle

greater than 90°). The other two angles are acute
(less than 90° ).

Acute Triangle

Acute triangles have all angles acute.

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 " In geometry, an isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two sides of equal length.
Sometimes it is specified as having two and only two sides of equal length, and
sometimes as having at least two sides of equal length, the latter version thus including
the equilateral triangle as a special case. "

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_triangle

This means that there is some dispute as to whether an equilateral triangle is a special
case of an isosceles triangle or not!

Most modern textbooks include use the 'at least' definition for isosceles triangles.

A quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 sides.

Quadrilaterals are also sometimes called quadrangles or tetragons.
There are quite a few members of the quadrilateral family. There are also
some members which are a subset of other members of this family!
See below if this confuses you!
Square
Squares have 4 equal sides and 4 right
angles.
They have 4 lines of symmetry.
All squares belong to the rectangle family.
All squares belong to the rhombus family.
All squares are also parallelograms.

Rectangle
Rectangles have 4 sides and 4 right angles.
They all have 2 lines of symmetry (4 lines if
they are also a square!)
All rectangles belong to the parallelogram
family.

Rhombus Rhombuses (rhombii) have 4 equal sides.

Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
They all have 2 lines of symmetry (4 lines if
they are a square!)
All rhombuses belong to the parallelogram
family.

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 Parallelogram

Parallelograms have 2 pairs of parallel sides.

Some parallelograms have lines of symmetry
(depending on whether they are also
squares, rectangles or rhombuses), but most
do not.

Trapezoid US
(Trapezium UK)

Trapezoids US (Trapeziums UK) have one

pair of parallel sides.
Some trapezoids have a line of symmetry.

Kite

Kites have 2 pairs of equal sides which are

adjacent to each other.

Trapezium US
(Trapezoid UK)

Trapeziums US (Trapezoids UK) are

quadrilaterals with no parallel sides.

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 Convex and Concave Polygons

Polygons can be concave or convex in their shape.

Convex shapes have all angles less than 180°
Concave shapes have at least one reflex angle greater than 180°
Triangles are always convex.
Convex hexagon Concave hexagon

Convex shapes have no reflex angles Concave shapes have at least one reflex
(angles > 180° ) angle greater than 180°
Convex pentagon Concave pentagon

Convex octagon Concave octagon

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 Regular and Irregular Polygons

Here is a list of regular polygons from 3 to 10 sides.

For each polygon, a regular and an irregular example have been shown.
Any regular shape will be mathematically similar to the example shown
(having the same angles).
Regular shapes are always convex.
Irregular shapes can be concave or convex.
There are an infinite number of examples of different irregular polygons
that could be shown, and only one example is given.
Equilateral Triangle Irregular Triangle

Angle: 60°
Interior angles add up to 180°
Square Irregular Quadrilateral

Angle: 90°
Interior angles add up to 360°
Pentagon Irregular Pentagon

Angle: 108°
Interior angles add up to 540°
Hexagon Irregular Hexagon

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 Angle: 120°
Interior angles add up to 720°
Heptagon Irregular Heptagon

Angle: 128.6°
Interior angles add up to 900°
Octagon Irregular Octagon

Angle: 135°
Interior angles add up to 1080°
Nonagon Irregular Nonagon

Angle: 140°
Interior angles add up to 1260°
Decagon Irregular Decagon

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 Angle: 144°
Interior angles add up to 1440°

List of Geometric Shapes - Curved 2d Shapes

Here are some curved 2d shapes which have not yet been included.
Circle Circles have a point in the centre
from which each point on the
diameter is equidistant.
They have infinite lines of symmetry.
How many sides does a circle have?
This is an interesting question - the
answer could be 0 (no straight
sides), 1 curved side, or an infinite
number of sides are all possible
answers.

Ellipse Ellipses are like circles which have

been squashed or stretched.
They have 2 lines of symmetry.
They are also a special type of oval.
The longest and shortest diameters
of the ellipse are called the major
and minor axes.
These axes are also the lines of
symmetry.
Crescent Crescent shapes are made when two
circles overlap, or when one circle is
removed from another circle.
The perimeter of crescents is made
from two circular arcs.
They have 1 line of symmetry.
Our moon forms crescent shapes
during its phases.
Some countries such as Turkey or
Algeria have crescent shapes on their
flags.

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List of Geometrics Shapes - 3D
Shapes
Cube

Cubes have 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices.

All sides on a cube are equal length.
All faces are square in shape.
A cube is a type of cuboid.

Cuboid

Cuboids have 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices.

All the faces on a cuboid are rectangular.

Sphere

Spheres have either 0 or 1 faces, 0 edges and 0

vertices.

Ellipsoid

Ellipsoids have either 0 or 1 faces, 0 edges and 0

vertices.

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 Cylinder

Cylinders have either 2 or 3 faces, 0 or 2 edges, and 0

vertices.

Cone

Cones have either 1 or 2 faces, 0 or 1 edges, and 1

apex (which is described by some mathematicians as a
vertex).

Triangular Prism
Triangular Prisms have 5 faces, 9 edges, and 6
vertices.
The two faces at either end are triangles, and the rest
of the faces are rectangular.

Hexagonal Prism

Hexagonal Prisms have 8 faces, 18 edges, and 12

vertices.
The two faces at either end are hexagons, and the rest
of the faces are rectangular.

Triangular-based Pyramid

Triangular-based pyramids have 4 faces, 6 edges and

4 vertices.
The base is a triangle. All of the faces are triangular.
If the triangular faces making up the prism are all
equilateral, then the shape is also called
a Tetrahedron.

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 Square-based Pyramid

Square based pyramids have 5 faces, 8 edges and 5

vertices
The base is a square. All the other faces are triangular.

Hexagonal Pyramid

Hexagonal pyramids have 7 faces, 12 edges, and 7

vertices.
The base is a hexagon. All of the other faces are
triangular.

The 5 Platonic Solids

The platonic solids form a set of 5 polyhedra with the following special
properties:

• the faces of the platonic solids have to be regular and congruent.

• the same number of faces meet at each vertex.

They are named after the Greek philosopher Plato who wrote about them
in his philosophical discussions.
There are only 5 platonic solids:

• Regular tetrahedron
• Cube or regular hexahedron
• Regular octahedron
• Regular dodecahedron
• Regular icosahedron

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 Tetrahedron

A Tetrahedrons is the same as a triangular pyramid.

They have 4 triangular faces, 6 edges and 4 vertices.
A regular tetrahedron has equilateral triangles for its
faces, and is one of the 5 platonic solids.

Cube (regular hexahedron) Cubes have 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices.

All sides on a cube are equal length.
All faces are square in shape.
A cube is a type of cuboid and is one of the 5 platonic
solids.

Octahedron

Octahedrons are a shape with 8 faces, 12 edges and 6

vertices.
A regular octahedron has equilateral triangles for its
faces, and is one of the 5 platonic solids.

Dodecahedron

Dodecahedrons are a shape with 12 faces, 30 edges

and 20 vertices.
A regular dodecahedron has regular pentagons for its
faces, and is one of the 5 platonic solids.

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 Icosahedron Icosahedron are a shape with 20 faces, 30 edges and
12 vertices.
All the faces are triangles.
A regular icosahedron is one of the 5 platonic solids
with all faces being equilateral triangles.

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References

[1] Giancoli. (2001). Fisika. 5th ed., Jakarta, Erlangga

[2] Giancoli. (2013). Physics Principles With Applications. 7th ed. NY. Pearson.
[3] Tripler. (2001). Fisika Untuk Sains dan Teknik. 3rd ed. Jakarta: Erlangga
[4] Tripler, Paul A & Gene Mosca. (2008). Physics For Scientists and Engineers. 6th
ed. NY: W. H. Freeman and Company
[5] David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker. (2010). Fundamental of Physics
Extended. 9th ed. NY. John Wiley & Sons.

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