UNDS Midterms Reviewer In Brazil, women want to appear fit and toned, and

things like waxing, sculpting massages, and

The Self: Western vs. Eastern Thought manicures are everyday treatments, not only
Western Thought - Is about the focus on oneself reserved for the spa.
and personal need.
Eastern Thought - Focuses less on individual basis In both Asia and Africa, skin lightening has risen in
but more of group basis. popularity. Korea, Thailand, and Japan have all
been
Western Thought Eastern Thought known to champion skincare products that smooth
Individualistic (self) Collectivistic (others) and brighten, as milky, unblemished skin is the
more of Tilted towards less ultimate beauty goal.
acquisition of material assets.
things Skin tone is a proxy for socioeconomic status.
obsessed with being Inclined towards long
successful. life. In western countries a tan means that you have
disposable income to take vacations into sunny
Enterprise and hard Fortune and luck climates or have free time away from a desk job to
work wisdom of years and lay on the beach and get a tan. A tan symbolizes
the youth and being seniority wealth.
young
subscribe to the idea Concept of Beauty in terms of art refers to an interaction
of theory of evolution reincarnation
between line, color, texture, sound, shape, motion,
and size that is pleasing to the senses.
Unpacking the Self: The Physical Self
The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of
Cultural Traditions Can Help or Hurt
art, taste, and the creation and appreciation of
The culture in which we are surrounded by, has a
beauty.
significant impact on how we feel about ourselves
and
THE SEXUAL SELF
the manner in which we think about our body.
As we come to understand the beauty of physical
self, it is also proper to learn to understand the
Culture
sexual self. As psychoanalytic states that physical
Depending on the culture and overall emphasis of
body is the core of human experience as a form of
traditions involved, a person may find his
construction of self and personality.
surroundings either conducive or resistant to the
building of a healthy body image and self-esteem.
THE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Culture is just one of the many factors.

1. ORAL STAGE (Ages 0-1)
While culture alone is not responsible for a poor or
Most infants, pleasure comes from the
negative body image, the influence and potential in
stimulation of the mouth.
which it can impact how a person feels about
himself and his body is substantial.
2. ANAL STAGE (Ages 1-3)
Attention turns to process of elimination.
Child can gain approval or express aggression by
Self-Esteem defined:
letting go or holding on.
• The evaluative or affective
3. PHALLIC STAGE (Ages 3-6)
> consequence of one’s self-concept
It is the awakening of sexuality.
• The extent to which one feels positive
❖ Concept of the “Oedipus Complex”.
> or negative about one’s self-concept
• “How I feel about who I am.” ❖ Concept of the “Electra Complex”.
Not all countries feel the same way about the
concept of beauty. In fact, cultures around the 4. LATENCY STAGE (Ages 6-Puberty)
world have different ideas of what is beautiful. psychosexual development is dormant.
Same sex friendships and play occur here.
Some cultures in Africa, for example, do not Pleasure is gained through same-sex peer
celebrate thinness the way Americans do. friendship.
(Famously, the 5. GENITAL STAGE (Ages 12+ Puberty-on)
country of Mauritania has come to be known as Realization of full adult sexuality occurs
one that idolizes overweight women.) This is most here; sexual urges awaken.
often Pleasure is gained through sexual
seen as a sign of wealth and fertility. intercourse with non- relatives.
 the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The
UNDERSTANDING REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM vas deferens transports mature sperm to the
Reproductive system is an organ system by which urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to
we reproduce and bear live offspring. It requires outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.
the union between male and female reproductive
system to which carries out to produce another life Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine
form. from the bladder to outside of the body. In males,
Male it has the additional function of ejaculating semen
when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is
erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from
the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated
at
orgasm.

Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-

like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near
the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles
produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides
Female sperm with a source of energy to help them move.
The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of
the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or
ejaculate.

Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-

sized structure that is located below the urinary
bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland
contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate.
Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The
urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled
UNDERSTANDING THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE during orgasm,
SYSTEM runs through the center of the prostate gland.

Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual UNDERSTANDING THE FEMALE
intercourse. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin Bartholin's glands: These glands are located
that hangs behind and below the penis. It contains beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid
the testicles (also called testes), as well as many (mucus) secretion.
nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a
"climate control system" for the testes. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris,
a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to
Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold
the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum, of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the
secured at either end by a structure called the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the
spermatic cord. Most men have two testes. The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can
testes are responsible for making testosterone, the become erect.
primary male sex hormone, and for generating
sperm. Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix
(the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the
Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube body. It also is known as the birth canal.
that rests on the backside of each testicle. It
transports and stores sperm cells that are produced Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-
in the testes. It also is the job of the epididymis to shaped organ that is the home to a developing
bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the
emerge from the testes are immature and cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the
incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the
contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens. corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a
developing baby. A channel through the cervix
Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into
Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped
glands that are located on either side of the uterus.
The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.

Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve Sexual behaviour transcends in different
as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the forms. It may be influenced not only by
ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization physiological aspects (biological) of sexuality but
of an also by different expectations, attitudes, beliefs,
egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian and state of medical and biological knowledge.
tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, Also, sexual behaviour also varies in terms of
where it implants into the lining of the uterine wall. preference, orientation and gender role

PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL HETEROSEXUALITY

EXCITEMENT - is a sexual attraction and behaviour directed
to other sex. More than male-female
EROGENOUS ZONES intercourse, it also includes kissing, petting,
- These are part of the body that particularly caressing, massaging and other from of
sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration sexual activities.
which contributes to sexual arousal
(hotspots) HOMOSEXUALITY
- is a romantic and/or sexual attraction
PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE between members of the same sex. It may
- According to John and Master (1966), be between Male-to-male relationship or
sexual response follows a regular pattern female-to-female relationship.
consisting of four phases, namely.
BISEXUALITY
The AROUSAL Phase - is a sexuality that can be romantically or
- is subjective sense of sexual pleasure. The sexually attracted not just to the opposite
physiological sign in males is penile sex but also to the same sex.
tumescence (erection) and vasocongestion
to female leads to vaginal lubrication and PANSEXUALITY
nipple erection. - is a sexuality that can be applied to all of
the genders that are existing whether
The PLATEAU Phase romantically or sexually.
- is a brief period of time before the orgasm.
It is the body’s preparation for orgasm. TRANSSEXUALITY
- these are the people who believed that they
The ORGASM Phase were born with the body of the other
- is an intense, highly pleasurable gender. Men transsexuals believe that they
experience. When this phase is reached, rhythmic being trapped in a woman’s body and vice
muscular contractions occur in the gentials. versa. these are also the people who have
*For males, contractions expel semen. (ejaculation) undergone sexual surgeries or sex change.
*For females, contractions expel vaginal fluid.
(squirting). TRANSGENDERISM
- these are the people who themselves as
The RESOLUTION Phase belonging to the third gender. They may be
a stage where the decrease of arousal Transvestites or those people who wear
(particularly in males) happen. Genitals resume clothes of the opposite gender (cross-
their unaroused state and shape; blood pressure, dressing).
breathing and heart rate return to normal.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
- as overpopulation and countless cases of
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) such as
Gonorrhoea, syphilis etc. along with the
threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS), the government educates
people the importance of contraception.

NATURAL CONTRACEPTION
 ✓ are type of birth control that depend with
observations on woman’s body through monitoring
and recording different fertility signals during
menstrual cycle.

ARTIFICIAL CONTRACEPTION
✓ is a diverse method of contraception used
to prevent conception in women.

1. Body - The innermost part of our material self is

our BODY. Intentionally, we are INVESTING in our
body.

2. Clothes - Herman Lotze’s ‘Philosophy of Dress’

James believed that: Clothing is an essential part of
the material self.Lotze book: ‘Microsmus ’any time
we bring an object into the surface of our body, we
MATERIAL SELF invest that object into the consciousness of our
SELF personal existence taking in its contours to be our
William James conceptualized SELF as having 2 own and making it part of the self.’ (Watson 2014)
aspects- the “I” and the “me”.
The “I” is the thinking, acting, and feeling self and 3. Immediate Family - Our parents and siblings
the “me” on the other hand, is physical hold another great important part of our self. What
characteristics as well as psychological capabilities they do or become affects us.When an immediate
that makes who you are. family member dies, part of our self dies, too.
When their lives are in success, we feel their
The material self is a total of all of the tangible victories as if we are the one holding the trophy.In
things you own: their failures, we are put to shame or guilt. When
• your possessions they are in disadvantage situation, there is
• your home an urgent urge to help like a voluntary instinct of
• your body saving one’s self from danger.We place HUGE
The material self to tangible objects, people, or INVESTMENT in our immediate family when we see
places that carry the designation: “my or mine” them as the nearest
Two subclasses: REPLICA of our self.
• Bodily self
4. Home - Home is the earliest nest of our
selfhood. Our experiences inside the home were
recorded and marked on particular parts and things
in our home. The home thus is an extension of self,
because in it, we can directly connect our self.

Investment
The collections in different degree of investment of
•Extracorporeal self
self, becomes part of the self. As James (1890)
described self: “a man’s self is the sum total of all
what we CAN call his.” Possessions then become a
part or an extension of the self.

Russel Belk (1988) – “we regard our possessions

as part of ourselves.

WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE AND WHAT WE

POSSESS.
It includes all of the people, places, and things that
The identification of the self to things started in our
we regard as “ours.”
infancy stage when we make a distinction among
self and environment and others who may desire
our possessions.
Material possession gains higher value in our
lifetime if we use material possession to find
HAPPINESS, associate these things with significant
events, accomplishment, and people in our lives.

There are even times, when material possession of

a person that is closely identified to the person,
gains acknowledgement with high regard even if
the person already passed away.

Spiritual Self
Buddhism Believes that life is not a bed of roses.
William James define the spiritual self as
Instead, there are suffering pain, and frustrations.
“the innermost workings of the person’s mind,
behavior, beliefs, and even morals that involves ❖ They have this belief for reincarnation.
every aspect of the human as a person. Christianism believes in Trinitarian God. One God
in three personas.
Manifestation of the Spiritual Self ❖ They believe in the Holy Trinity.
In relation to:
◦ Person’s will Hinduism believes that existence is a cycle of
◦ Intelligence and abilities birth, death and rebirth, governed by karma.
◦ Morals
◦ Values Islam believed in Allah, who is their “One God”.
They believe in the unity and universality of God.
Person’s will
Refers to one’s wishes, these are things that we Religion
want to see and achieve in our lives. Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works on the
definition of religions as set of cultural beliefs and
Intelligence and abilities practices that usually includes some or all the
These are the perceived strengths of a person, the characteristics.
things that they have confidence in doing and 1. A belief in supernatural being such as
believe to have certain level of mastery. Spirit and God
2. A focus on the sacred supernatural
Morals 3. The performance of ritual activities that
It is the definition of what is right or wrong, involves manipulation of sacred object.
distinguishing the things that are acceptable for a
person and the society. Ritual is the performance of ceremonial acts
prescribed by a tradition or sacred law.
Values
Is the person’s ability to distinguish what is Viktor Frankl
important and what is not. He was the originator of Logotherapy. Frankl
indicates how his involvement in quest for the
What is spirituality and spiritual self? significance of life in a Nazi death camp changed
❖ Spiritual self is the most intimate, inner his viewpoint of the world.
subjective part of self. It is the most intimate
version of the self because of the satisfaction LOGOTHERAPY is about finding the meaning in
experience when thinking of one’s ability to argue life. In short, we have to know our purpose.
and discriminate of one’s moral sensibility and
conscience, and of our unconquerable will. DIGITAL SELF
❖ Spirituality does not mean any particular Tim Berners-Lee - Made the world wide web
available to the public. The internet has already
practice. It is a certain way of being.
become an integral part of everyday life for most of
the world’s population.
What is religion?
Philippines
❖ Religion is an organized system of ideas
▪ Almost two-thirds of the world’s
about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along
population now has a mobile phone.
with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices.
▪ More than half of the world’s web traffic
❖ A collective practice done by certain
now comes from mobile phones.
community or society to praise the God that they
▪ More than half of all mobile connections
believe in.
around the world are now: broadband”.
 ▪ More than one in five of the world’s ➢ Foreign cultures, beliefs, language and
population shopped online in the past 30 days. religion have made a huge dent on our own by
IDENTITY setting a
The categories people use to specify who they are foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity
– that is to locate themselves relative to other and culture.
people.
Does Filipinos have truly developed an identity of
ONLINE IDENTITY their own? Or do we still live in the shadow of our
is actually the sum of all our characteristics and our past
interactions. colonizers?

Self- Presentation However, according to the 1987 Philippine

▪ is the process of controlling how one is Constitution…
perceived by other people.
▪ is the key to relationship inception and ARTICLE V: CITIZENSHIP, SECTION 1: The
development. following are citizens of the Philippines…

2 Types of Self- Presentation Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the
Pleasing Audience - This tries to match one self time of the adoption of this constitution.
to the expectations and preferences of the
audience. Those whose father or mother are citizens of the
Philippines
Self – construction - This tries to match oneself to
one’s own ideal self. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
Multiple Aspect of the Self reaching
Higgins (1987) argues that there are three domain the age of majority, and…
of the self: Those who are naturalized in accordance with the
❑ The Actual Self – refers to the attributes law.
an individual possess.
❑ The Ideal Self – attributes an individual The individual’s race, ethnicity and physical
would ideally possess. characteristics are not the only sole basis that
❑ The Ought Self – attributes an individual makes a person’s national identity. Consequently,
ought to possess. the importance of values and traits could not be
What do we like about the Internet? possibly set a part from one’s identity whether a
1. Use for research. good or bad characteristics.
2. Connect with friends.
3. Communicate with celebrities or famous TRAITS VS. VALUES
people. TRAIT
4. Posts pictures. Referred to as a distinguishing characteristics,
5. Watch videos from all over the world. typically one belonging to a person.
6. Learn new skills.
7. Updated on news/current affairs and fads. VALUES
8. Play online games. Is the regard that something is held to deserve; the
What Harm Can Internet Make? importance, worth, or usefulness of something.
1. Prone to deception.
2. Exposure to obscene language (i.e. curses), WHO IS A FILIPINO?
pictures and videos. ❖ The Filipino values can best be seen from
3. Disclosure of private posts, pictures and/or the aspects of personal and social relationships.
video. Personally, the Filipinos value more their honor and
4. Publicize secrets and private details. status than anything else.
5. Giving out/sharing of fake news. Example:
✓ Karangalan
POLITICAL SELF ✓ Palabra de honor (Word of honor)
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDENTITY Filipinos have high respects in the elderlies, that is
➢ The Philippines today has only emerged why in decision-making, they usually consult them
in the 1980s after over three century colonization and take into consideration the consensus of the
of the Spaniards. family members.
➢ The Japanese only occurred in 1946.
Socially speaking, Filipinos give more emphasis on
social relationship. This can be seen through the
hospitality they give to visitors, friends and even
strangers.
Example: Bayanihan.

WHAT ARE THE FILIPINO VALUES?

INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES AND TRAITS OF
FILIPINOS.
❖ DUALISM OF FILIPINO TRAITS.
the positive and negative traits of Filipino people.
❖ ACCOMMODATIVE SURFACE VALUE
✓ Hiya
✓ Pakikisama
✓ Utang na loob
❖ CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUE
✓ Bahala na
✓ Sama/Lakas ng loob
✓ Pakikibaka
❖ PIVOTAL INTERPERSONAL VALUE
✓ Pakikiramdam
❖ LINKING/SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUE
✓ Kagandahang loob
❖ ASSOCIATED SOCIETAL VALUE
✓ Karangalan
✓ Katarungan
✓ Kalayaan