Apollo Program

-CR- 127327) A P O L L O PE"OG RAM American A v i a t i o n , I n c . ) Feb.
1966
1U2
00/99
Unclas .19105
SID 66-179
APOLLO PROGRAM
February 1966
NORTH A M E R I C A N AVIATION, INC. SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
NORTH
AMERICAN
A V I A T I O N , INC.
SPACE and I N F O R M A T I O N SYSTEMS D I V I S I O N
CONTENTS
Page No.
APOLLO PROGRAM Manned Spacecraft . . . . . . . . Apollo Spacecraft . . . . . . . . Apollo Spacecraft S&ID Responsibilities Apollo Spacecraft Technical Integration and Management Launch Escape System and Boost Protective Cover Command Module . . . . . . . . Command Module Exterior . . . . . . Command Module Living Area . . . . . . Command Module Subsystems . . . . . . Command Module Structure . . . . . . Command Module Inner Structure . . . . . Command Module Ablative Material Thickness C / M Reaction Control System . . . . . . Earth Landing System . . . Command Module Main Panel . . . . . . Stabilization a n d Control System . . . . . Guidance a n d Navigation System . . . . . Service Module . . . Service Module . . . . . . . . . Service Module Subsystems . . . . . . Service Propulsion System . . . . . . Reaction Control System . . . . . . . Electrical Power System . . . . . . . Environmental Control System . . . . . .
(55ASD10175A) (S125AP84509) (S105AP83067) (S105AP83068) (55ASD10515A) (S85AP82551) (55SD11142) (15SD10518) (35SD10783) (15SD10448A) (S95AP82337) (S75AP82216B) (35SD10792) (35SD10794) (35SD10818-1) (35SD10795) (35SD10793) (S85AP82550) (S105AP83069) (S115AP83048) (84AP77530A) (84AP77533) (S105AP83071) (S105AP83072)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
- 111 SID 66-179
NORTH
A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , INC.
SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
Page No. LEM/S-IVB Adapter C S M a n d L E M Comparison . . . . . . . . . Communications Modes . . . . . . . . . . Communications Installation . . . . . . . . . C S M Communication Ranges . . . . . . . . . Saturn V . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturn S-1C Stage . . . . Saturn S-II Stage Saturn S-IVB APOLLO MISSION Apollo Mission Plan . . . . . . . . . . . Geometry of Lunar Orbital, Earth Equatorial, and Ecliptic Planes . Launch Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . Geographic Window . . . . . . Launch Windows . . . . . . . Ascent Trajectory Escape Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . Apollo Spacecraft/S-IVB Earth Orbital Configuration . . . . Translunar Injection a n d Coast . . . . . . . . Transposition a n d Docking . . . . . . . . . Apollo Spacecraft Translunar Configuration . . . . . . Translunar Velocity Profile . . . . Apollo Mission Delta V . . . . . . . . . . Proposed Lunar Landing . . . . Lunar Orbit Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . L E M Separation a n d Descent . . . . . . . . . LEM Descent and Landing . . . . L E M Ascent . . . . . . . . . . . . Lunar Orbital Rendezvous a n d Docking . . . . . . . Apollo Spacecraft LOR Configuration (S125AP84511) (S125AP84504) (35SD10797) (65SD10817B) (35SD10796B) (S105AP83083) (S95AP82905A) (S85AP82549) (S85AP82552)
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66
(S115AP84500) (S85AP82548A) (S85AP82340) (S85AP82339) (65ASD11268) (35SD10618A) (S16AP84867) (S125AP84510) (S125AP84499) (S125AP84498) (S125AP84497) (114SD10178) (S125AP84501) (65ASD11088A) (S16AP85005) (S125AP84866) (S125AP84503) (S125AP84502) (55ASD10292A) (S125AP84507)
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
102 104 106 108
- iv -
SID 66-179
NORTH A M E R I C A N
Page No. Apollo Transearth Configuration . . . Transearth and Re-entry . . . . . Entry Corridors . . . . . . Command Module Aerodynamics and Lift Vector Typical Re-entry Ranges . . . . . Recovery Modes . . . . . . Spacecraft Development Flight Categories Apollo Launch Vehicles . . . . . Saturn IB Apollo Saturn 201 Mission (Spacecraft 009) . Apollo Saturn 202 Mission (Spacecraft O i l ) . Apollo Saturn 204A Mission (Spacecraft 0 1 2 ) . Saturn IB (With LEM) Apollo Spacecraft Useable Volume . . . . . (S105AP83078) (45SD10882) (35SD10621) (55ASD10622A) (65ASD10884A) (114SD10177) (S125AP84506) (65ASD11267) (114SD10280A) (S16AP85001) (S16AP85002) (S16AP85003) (S105AP83082) (S105AP83074)
. . Control . . . . . .
110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136
- vSID 66-179
APOLLO MISSION
CO CO
o
0_
S36AP85131
APOLLO
PROGRAM
NORTH A M E R I C A N AVIATION,
INC.
55ASD10175A
MANNED SPACECRAFT
The United States manned space programs have involved three spacecraft: Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. The Mercury has made six manned flights, of which two were suborbital and four were earth orbital. The Mercury spacecraft has approximately 5.0 cubic feet of usable space for the astronaut. The Gemini spacecraft will make a total of ten manned flights. Its total usable volume for the astronauts is 70 cubic feet, or 35 cubic feet per astronaut. The Apollo spacecraft will house three astronauts, and its total usable volume for the crew is 225 cubic feet, or 75 cubic feet per astronaut. The Saturn V launch vehicle has an initial thrust of 7 - 1 / 2 million pounds in the first stage, and can place 250, 000 pounds into a circular orbit 100 miles above the earth or propel 94, 000 pounds to the moon.
- 2-
SID 66-179
MANNED SPACECRAFT
55ASD1O175A
MERCURY MERCURY PAYLOAD, IBS EARTH ORBITAL TRANSLUNAR BOOSTER THRUST, IBS ATLAS 360,000 3,500
GEMINI GEMINI 7,000 TITAN II 430,000
APOLLO APOLLO
250,000
94,000 SATURN V 7,500,000
INC.
S125AP84509
APOLLO SPACECRAFT
The Saturn V launch vehicle with the Apollo has a total height of 360 feet. It weighs 6-million pounds at liftoff and is comprised of three stages: a first (S-IC) built by Boeing, the S-II built by North American Aviation, and the third stage (S-IVB) built by Douglas Aircraft. NASA considers the "Apollo spacecraft" to be everything forward of the S-IVB stage. The launch escape subsystem provides a method of escape during an abort in the early portion of the mission. The boost protective cover is a flexible dacron skirt that protects the command module from ablative charring of aerodynamic heating that occurs during the launch phase as the spacecraft leaves the earth's atmosphere. The command module houses the three astronauts during the entire mission except for that portion of the mission when two of the astronauts are transferred to the lunar excursion module for the lunar landing. The service module contains fuel, the service propulsion engine, and supplies for the entire mission. The service module is separated from the command module only minutes before re-entry into the earth's atmosphere. The adapter section is a housing for the lunar excursion module during the lunar mission through translunar injection.
- 4-
SID 66-179
S125AP84509
APOLLO
SPACECRAFT
LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM BOOST PROTECTIVE COVER COMMAND MODULE SERVICE MODULE
S-IVB
ADAPTER LUNAR EXCURSION MODULE
S-IC
INSTRUMENT UNIT
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
S105AP83067
APOLLO SPACECRAFT S&ID RESPONSIBILITIES
North American Aviation, Space and Information Systems Division, has contractual responsibilities to NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, for the development and manufacturing of the Apollo spacecraft command module, service module, launch escape system, spacecraft lunar excursion module adapter, ground support equipment, spare parts for the preceding items, part task trainers and evaluators, management of major subcontractors, operation of all North American Aviation facilities, and test site activation. Approximately 49 percent of NAA-S&ID's Apollo funding is channeled to subcontractors, suppliers, and vendors. In the execution of this contract, North American Aviation must interface with many associate contractors who have contracts directly with NASA for the development of certain subsystems and other portions of the Saturn V launch vehicle systems.
- 6-
SID 66-179
APOLLO SPACECRAFT S&ID RESPONSIBILITIES
S105AP83067
CM
SM
SLA
GSE
SPARES
MAJOR SUBS
FACILITIES TRAINERS TEST SITE ACTIVATION
INTERFACE WITH ASSOCIATE CONTRACTORS (GUIDANCE & NAVIGATION, ACCEPTANCE CHECKOUT EQUIPMENT, LUNAR EXCURSION MODULE, ETC.)
NORTH
A M E R I C A N AVIATION,
INC.
S105AP83068 APOLLO SPACECRAFT TECHNICAL INTEGRATION AND MANAGEMENT (Apollo Major Subcontractors) Company Aerojet General Aeronca Mfg. Co. Avco, Corp. Beech Aircraft Bell Aerosystems Co. Beckman Instruments, Inc. Collins Radio Co. Control Data Corp. Dalmo Victor Co. Electro-Optical Systems Gar r ett-Air e search Allison Div. , G. M. C. Link Div. , G. P. I. General Time Corp. Giannini Controls Honeywell, Inc. Lockheed Propulsion Co. Micro Systems, Inc. Motorola, Inc. Marquardt Corp. Northrop-Ventura Radiation, Inc. RCA Electronics Remanco, Inc. Sciaky Bros, Inc. Simmonds Precision Prod. Thiokol Chemical Corp. Transco Products, Inc. United Aircraft Corp. (Pratt & Whitney) Westinghouse Electric Location Sacramento, Calif. Middletown, Ohio Wilmington, Mass. Boulder, Colo. Buffalo, N. Y. Fullerton, Calif. Cedar Rapids, Iowa Minneapolis, Minn. Belmont, Calif. Pasadena, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. Indianapolis, Ind. Binghampton, N. Y. Rolling Meadows, 111. Duarte, Calif. Minneapolis, Minn. Redlands, Calif. Pasadena, Calif. Scottsdale, Ariz. Van Nuys, Calif. Newbury Park, Calif. Melbourne, Fla. Princeton, N. J. Santa Monica, Calif. Chicago, 111. Tarrytown, N. Y. Elkton, Md. Venice, Calif. East Hartford, Conn. Lima, Ohio
- 8-
Equipment Service propulsion system Stainless steel honeycomb panels Ablative heat shield Cryogenic gas storage system Reaction control system tanks Data acquisition equipment Telecommunications system Digital test command system Deep space communication antenna Temperature and pressure transducer instrumentation Environmental control system S/<M fuel and oxidize r tanks Apollo mission simulator Central timing system Reaction control gaging system Stabilization and control system Launch escape and pitch control motors Pressure and temperature transducers Up-data link SM reaction control motors Earth landing system Automated telemetry data processing system Block I TV camera (on-board) Rocket engine test set (GSE) Tooling, welding and machinery Propellant gaging mixture ratio control Escape system jettison motor Telemetry antenna system Fuel cell powerplants Static inverter conversion unit Block II (on-board TV camera)
SID 66-179
APOLLO SPACECRAFT TECHNICAL INTEGRATION & MANAGEMENT

LOCKHEEDi NORTHROP-VENTURA WESTINGHOUSE BELL ROCKETDYNE AVCO
P&W
S105AP83068
THIOKOL
BEECH HONEYWELL AIRESEARCH COLLINS GIANNINI MARQUARDT 'ALLISON AEROJET GPI TRAINER
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ \S&/11 SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
55ASD10515A
LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM AND BOOST PROTECTIVE COVER The launch escape system (LES) provides immediate escape capabilities from the launch pad, or away from the path of the launch vehicle in the event of a pad abort or an abort shortly after launch. The LES, about 29 feet in overall length, has as its primary components the launch escape motor (solid-propellant, 155, 000 pounds thrust), the tower jettison motor (solid-propellant, 30, 000 pounds thrust), the pitch control motor (solid-propellant, 10, 000 pounds thrust), and the forward structure which houses canard surfaces and ballast and is topped by a "Q-ball" for detecting angle of attack. Upon receipt of an abort signal, the CSM separation device is detonated, and, subsequently, the simultaneous ignition of the launch escape motor and pitch control motor occurs'. These motors provide sufficient thrust for the lift and lateral translation of the CM away from the launch pad or trajectory of the launch vehicle where, at. a safe altitude, the LES is jettisoned and the earth landing system is activated. The purpose of the boost protective cover (BPC) is to protect the external surfaces of the CM from thermal heating damage during the atmospheric boost phase of the mission. Also, in case of an abort, the windows of the CM are protected by the BPC and will not become covered with soot from the launch escape motor which would, thereby, obstruct the crew's ability to orient themselves and to monitor earth landing system operations visually. The BPC consists of two primary sections: the apex section, .or hard cover, and the skirt section, or soft cover. The hard cover is constructed of fiberglass honeycomb material and is externally covered with a cork ablator. The soft cover is constructed of reinforced Teflon impregnated glass cloth covered with cork ablator.
- 10 -
SID 66-179
55ASD10515A
LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM & BOOST PROTECTIVE COVER

PITCH CONTROL MOTOR BOOST PROTECTIVE COVER
TOWER JETTISON MOTOR LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTOR
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION.
INC.
S85AP82551
COMMAND MODULE
The command module is the mission crew compartment. It provides the environmental control system devices to maintain proper cabin environment for the astronauts during the entire mission. The command module also houses the flight control system that includes the stabilization and control system, the guidance and navigation system, and the reaction control system for attitude control during the reentry phase. The communications systems are also in the command module. On top of the command module is the lunar excursion module docking mechanism that provides a connecting means to join and hold the command service modules and lunar excursion module during the translunar portion of the mission and for lunar orbital rendezvous. The command module also serves as the reentry vehicle for the astronauts and is shielded from the intense heat of re-entry by the stainless-steel honeycomb heat shield and ablative material covering. The command module also houses the earth landing system that includes two drogue chutes, three pilot chutes, and three main chutes.
- 12 -
SID 66-179
S85AP82551
COMMAND MODULE
MISSION CREW COMPARTMENT
ECS
FLIGHT CONTROLS
SCS,G&N, RCS, COMM
LEM DOCKING MECHANISM RE-ENTRY VEHICLE EARTH LANDING SYSTEM
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
55SD11142
COMMAND MODULE EXTERIOR
Significant features of the command module exterior include the crew access hatch used only during ingress and egress on earth. Also shown are the dual rocket motors, reaction controls that provide pitch, yaw, and roll control for the command module before and during re-entry into the earth's atmosphere. Two forward-looking windows are provided for lunar excursion module rendezvous. Two side windows are also provided. The umbilical tunnel is opposite the crew access hatch and near the base of the command module. This tunnel connects the service module systems required to supply and support the command module. An instrument access hatch is located above the umbilical tunnel in the crew compartment area. This hatch can be opened during space flight to extend the space telescope and sextant.
- 14 -
SID 66-179
55S011142
COMMAND MODULE EXTERIOR
DOCKING MECHANISM
,LES TOWER LEG WELLSs
RENDEZVOUS WINDOWS
FWD HEAT SHIELD CREW COMPT HEAT SHIELD

AFT COMPT HEAT SHIELD
CREW ACCESS HATCH INSTRUMENT ACCESS HATCH CM/SM UMBILICAL SIDE WINDOW (typ 2 places)
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ v^SPT/J
15SD10518
COMMAND MODULE LIVING AREA
The command module living area consists of approximately 225 cubic feet of usable space for the astronauts. The three astronauts are positioned in their couches during the high-acceleration phases of the mission (launch and re-entry). During the remainder of the mission, one astronaut can assume a standing position at the work station. The standing astronaut can be without his spacesuit; the other two astronauts located in the couches will remain in their spacesuits. The astronauts can rotate duty stations as desired. The environment for the astronauts is 100-percent oxygen at 5 psi, which is equivalent to 27, 000 feet in pressurized altitude, or better than the 3. 75 psi of oxygen breathed at sea level.
- 16 -
SID 66-179
15SD1O518
COMMAND MODULE LIVING AREA

FORWARD ACCESS CREW HATCH WORK STATION CONTROLS & DISPLAYS DUTY STATIONS
CENTER COUCH PARTIALLY STOWED
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
35SD10783
COMMAND MODULE SUBSYSTEMS
In this view, the command module has been split along the plane of the yaw (orZ) axis. The high-density packaging of equipment is evident. The spacecraft commander's couch is shown on the left, the centrally located navigator's couch is deleted for clarity, and the systems manager's couch is shown on the right. At the apex of the command module is seen the crew transfer tunnel through which two of the three astronauts will transfer from the C/M into the lunar excursion module. The location of various subsystem components is indicated. The center couch has been deleted in this drawing for simplicity.
- 18 SID 66-179
COMMAND MODULE SUBSYSTEMS

STABILIZATION CONT (MINN-HONEYWELL) RECOVERY ANTENNA (AIRBORNE) PARACHUTE LANDING (NORTHROP-VENTURA) ELS SEQUENCER (NORTHROPVENTURA)
35SD1O783
OPERATIONAL BEACON ANTENNA (EMERTRON)
CENTRAL TIMING (ELGIN)
STATIC INVERTER (WESTIN GROUSE) RE-ENTRY BATTERIES (EAGLE PITCHER)
ENV CONTROL (Al RESEARCH)
COMM (COLLINS)
BATTERY CHARGER (ITT) REACTION CONTROL ENGINES (ROCKETDYNE)
UP-DATALINK (MOTOROLA)
REACTION CONTROL POSITIVE EXP TANKS (BELL)
GUID &NAV (MIT)
HONEYCOMB H/S PANELS (AERONCA)
HEAT SHIELD (AVCO)
INC.
15SD10448A
COMMAND MODULE STRUCTURE
The command module is built like a vacuum bottle in that it consists of an inner structure (called the inner crew compartment) which is an adhesive-bonded aluminum-honeycomb reinforced structure. The inner shell (inner face sheet of the aluminum honeycomb sandwich) is a welded assembly of 60 separate chemically milled skins and machined parts. The inner shell is surrounded by a brazed stainless-steel honeycomb outer structure to the outside of which is bonded the ablator material for thermal protection during re-entry. Insulating material is installed between the two primary structures at the base for added thermal protection.
- 20 SID 66-179
15SD1O448A
COMMAND MODULE STRUCTURE

ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB INNER STRUCTURE
ABLATIVE MATERIAL HEATSHIELD STAINLESS STEEL HONEYCOMB
INSULATING MATERIAL
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
S95AP82337
COMMAND MODULE INNER STRUCTURE
The inner crew compartment has two major parts: the aft section forms the lower wall and base of the module, and the forward (apex) section forms the upper tapered walls and the crew transfer tunnel. The two sections are joined together by a single continuous "close-out" welding operation. The aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel thickness varies from 3/4 inch on the sides to 1-1/2 inches on the bottom.
- 22 -
SID 66-179
S95AP82337
COMMAND MODULE INNER STRUCTURE
AV I ATI ON, I NC.
SPACE and I N F O R M A T I O N SYSTEMS D I V I S I O N
S75AP82216B
COMMAND MODULE ABLATIVE MATERIAL THICKNESS
The ablative material is applied to the heat shield in an asymmetric pattern to match the heat load distribution during re-entry. Maximum aerodynamic heating is at the forward and top leading edge of the command module; i. e. , the aerodynamic stagnation point. The maximum temperature will be approximately 5000 F in this area.
- 24 SID 66-179
COMMAND MODULE ABLATIVE MATERIAL THICKNESS

2.5 IN. 2.7 IN.
S75AP82216B
17% HEAT LOAD

1.5 IN.
RELATIVE WIND
.75 IN
1.0 IN.
80% HEAT LOAD 3% HEAT LOAD

2.0 IN
1.8 IN.
AVIATION,
INC.
35SD10792
C/M REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM
The command module reaction control system provides the impulse required for controlling spacecraft attitude during the terminal phases of a mission. It consists of two identical and independent systems, both of which operate simultaneously. In the event of a malfunction in one system, the remaining system has the capability of providing the impulse required to perform necessary pre-entry and entry maneuvers. Each system consists of two 94-pound thrust reaction control engines per axis (roll, pitch, and yaw), propellant storage and pressurization tanks, and associated components and lines. Hypergolic propellants for the CM-RCS consist of nitrogen tetroxide (N2C>4) as oxidizer and monometyl-hydrazene (MMH) as fuel. The CM-RCS is not activated until CSM separation takes place just prior to re-entry.
- 26 SID 66-179
35SD1O792
C/M
HELIUM TANK
REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM

YAW ENGINES PITCH ENGINES
OXIDIZER PANEL ROLL ENGINES OXIDIZER TANKS PITCH ENGINES
ROLL ENGINES FUEL TANKS
HELIUM TANK
FUEL PANEL YAW ENGINES
INC.
35SD10794
EARTH LANDING SYSTEM
The purpose of the earth landing system (ELS) is to provide a safe landing for the astronauts and the command module following an abort or a normal entry from an earth orbital or lunar mission. The ELS consists of the forward heat shield ejection subsystem, the sequence controllers, recovery aids, and the parachute subsystem. The parachute subsystem is composed or two fist-ribbon nylon drogue parachutes, 13. 1 feet in diameter; three ring-slot nylon pilot parachutes, 7. 2 feet in diameter; three ring-sail nylon main parachutes, 83. 5 feet in diameter; and deployment bags, harness, mortars, and the necessary hardware for attachment to the CM.
- 28 SID 66-179
EARTH LANDING SYSTEM

MAIN & PARACHUTE (3)
35SD1O794
DOCKING PROBE PILOT PARACHUTES & MORTARS (3) FWD TUNNEL DROGUE PARACHUTES & MORTARS
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
35SD10818-1
COMMAND MODULE MAIN PANEL
The controls and displays for most of the spacecraft systems are located on the main display console situated above the couches. This location permits frequent attention and quick control by the astronauts. The displays that read out within given parameters are range-marked to aid the crew in more rapidly determining slight out-of-tolerance conditions. This is in addition to the caution and warning lights that will call the crew's attention to out-of-tolerance conditions. Regardless of the various types of controls in the CM, provisions have been made for all controls to be operated with an astronaut's gloved hand.
- 30 -
SID 66-179
35SD1O818-1
COMMAND MODULE MAIN PANEL
MALFUNCTION DETECTION AUDIO & LIGHTING CONTROL RCS PROP MGMT ENVjR CONTROL ELEC PWR CIRCUIT BREAKER & BUS SWITCH AUDIO & LIGHTING CONTROL
FLIGHT CONTROLS CIRCUIT BREAKER & SCS POWER MISSION SEQUENCE CONTROLS
SPS PROP MGMT
BUS SWITCHING
INC.
35SD10795
STABILIZATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM
The stabilization and control system (SCS) is the f i r s t of four integrated systems for spacecraft control. (The other three are the service propulsion system, the reaction control system, and the guidance and navigation system. ) The SCS receives manual inputs from the crew and electrical inputs from the inertial sensors to generate commands that result in rotation and translation maneuvers. The major components of the SCS (all located in the CM are rate gyro assembly; attitude gyro and accelerometer assembly; pitch, yaw, and roll electronic control assemblies (ECSs); display and attitude gyro accelerometer assembly (EGA); auxiliary ECA, velocity change indicator, gimbal position and attitude set indicator, flight director attitude indicator (FDAI), two rotation controls, and two translation controls. System controls and displays are located on the CM main display panel.
- 32 -
SID 66-179
35SD10795
STABILIZATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM
RATE GYRO PACKAGE ATTITUDE GYRO ACCELEROMETER PACKAGE ROTATIONAL
TRANSLATIONAL
MANUAL CONTROLS
ELECTRONIC CONTROL ASSEMBLIES
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , INC.
35SD10793
GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION SYSTEM
The guidance and navigation (G&N) system is a semiautomatic system, directed and operated by the flight crew, which performs two basic functions: inertial guidance and optical navigation. The system consists of inertial, optical, and computer subsystems, each of which can be operated independently, if necessary. Thus, a failure in one subsystem will not disable the entire system. The G&N equipment is located in the lower equipment bay and on the main display console of the command module. The three subsystems, individually or in combination, can perform the following functions: 1. Periodically establish an inertial reference which is used for measurements and computations. Align the inertial reference by precise optical sightings. Calculate the position and velocity of the spacecraft by optical navigation and inertial guidance. Generate steering signal and thrust commands necessary to maintain the required spacecraft trajectory. Provide the flight crew with a display of data which indicates the status of the G&N problem.
2. 3.
4.
5.
- 34 -
SID 66-179
5SDtOl93
GUIDANCE
opi^fthv ^SSEN^
iy
SIDE VIEW
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
S85AP82550
SERVICE MODULE
The service module provides support services for the spacecraft during the entire mission. It provides oxygen for the environmental control system. The electrical power system is provided by three Pratt fe Whitney fuel cells. The service propulsion engine provides thrust for maneuvering and velocity changes during the mission. The four reaction control packages on the service module provide pitch, yaw, and roll control for the combined spacecraft configuration, and also longitudinal changes in velocity. Antennas for the Apollo spacecraft are located on the service module. Space radiators are installed in the exterior panels that provide heating and cooling for the spacecraft systems.
- 36 -
SID 66-179
S85AP8255O
SERVICE MODULE
ECS EPS
I/IHIH,
LJ
00
SPS RCS
ANTENNAS RADIATORS
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ \ \flp77 J SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
S105AP83069
SERVICE MODULE
- 38 -
SID 66-179
S105AP83069
SERVICE MODULE
RADIATOR EPS RADIATOR
HIGH-GAIN ANTENNA
INC.
S115AP83048
SERVICE MODULE SUBSYSTEMS
The service module propulsion system consists of an ablatively cooled liquid rocket engine using hypergolic propellants. The oxidizer is nitrogen tetroxide and the fuel is unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine. This engine has 21, 500 pounds of thrust and attains full thrust in 0. 5 second. Helium tanks provide pressurization of the service propulsion propellant tanks. Four reaction control packages are installed around the service module. Each package has four rocket motor nozzles with 100 pounds of thrust per nozzle. The minimum impulse capability per nozzle is 0. 2-pound seconds. This capability provides fine vernier control for attitude control in space. The reaction control system control packages also use hypergolic propellant. Each package is independent. The electrical power cells generate 1500 watts. Hydrogen and oxygen are provided f r o m the two liquid oxygen storage tanks and the one liquid hydrogen storage tank. The fuel cells consume oxygen and hydrogen that react chemically to generate electrical power. The by-product of the fuel cells is water, the astronauts' source of drinking water during the mission. The space radiators use water-glycol circulated through the thin-walled radiator tunnels to provide heating and cooling for temperature control of the service module subsystems.
- 40 -
SID 66-179
SIIAP83048
SERVICE MODULE SUBSYSTEMS
REACTION CONTROL PACKAGE

(MARQUARDT)
SPS TANKS
(ALLISON)
i-SM PROPULSION ENGINE

(AEROJET)
HELIUM TANKS
(ARITE PROD)
FUEL CELLS
(P& W)
LH2 TANKS
(BEECH)
HI-GAIN ANTENNA
(DALMO-VICTORl
NORTH
INC.
84AP77530A
SERVICE PROPULSION SYSTEM
The service propulsion system (SPS) provides the 22, 000-pound thrust required for large changes in spacecraft velocity after booster separation. The SPS consists of a gimbal-mounted single-rocket engine, pressurization and propellant tanks, and associated components, all of which are located in the service module. Conditions and time will vary the use of the SPS thrust. During a lunar landing mission, for example, the SPS could conceivably be fired for many events. The first use might occur shortly after booster separation to carry out an abort during the postatmospheric portion of the launch trajectory. It could also be used for earth-orbit injection or for transferring from one earth orbit to another. Following translunar injection, normal midcourse corrections or a post-injection abort could be accomplished using the SPS. Further along on the mission, the SPS provides for insertion of the spacecraft into lunar orbit, as well as ejection from lunar orbit (transearth injection) into a transearth t r a j e c tory. During the lunar orbit phase, transferral from one orbit to another is also possible. Hypergolic propellants for the SPS consist of a 50:50 blend of UDMH and hydrazine as fuel, and nitrogen tetroxide as oxidizer. The storage and distribution system for these propellants consist of two fuel tanks, two oxidizer tanks, two helium tanks, associated components, lines, and electrical wiring. P r e s surization of the propellant tanks is accomplished using helium. Automatic control and regulation is utilized in the SPS, as well as backup components and operational modes. A quantity gauging system is provided for monitoring the amount of propellant remaining in the tanks.
- 42 SID 6 6 - 1 7 9
84AP77530A
SERVICE PROPULSION SYSTEM

FUEL TANKS (2)
OXIDIZER TANKS (2)
HELIUM TANKS (2)
+Z
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
SPACE: and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
84AP77533
The service module reaction control system consists of four independent, equally capable, and functionally identical packages. Each package contains four 100-pound thrust reaction control engines, fuel and oxidizer tanks, a helium tank, and associated components such as regulators, valves, filters, lines, and a nucleaonic quantity gauging system. These components are mounted on a panel, or package that is installed on the exterior of the SM near the forward end. All components, with the exception of the engines, are located inside the SM. In each package, two of the engines are for roll control and the other two are for pitch or yaw control, depending upon the location of the package. Hypergolic propellants for the SM-RCS consist of a 50:50 blend of UDMH and hydrazine as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as oxidizer. During an Apollo lunar mission, the SM-RCS will be used to accomplish many of the following maneuvers: the service propulsion system ullage maneuver, thrust vectors for three-axis stabilization and attitude control, separation of various combinations of modules and/or boosters under normal or abort conditions, LEM docking and separation, and minor orbital or midcourse velocity corrections.
- 44 -
SID 66-179
84AP77533
GROUND SERVICING CONNECTORS
HELIUM TANK OXIDIZER TANK FUEL TANK NUCLEONIC QUANTITY GAUGING SYSTEM
REACTION CONTROL ENGINES
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
SPACE and I N F O R M A T I O N SYSTEMS DIVISION
S105AP83071
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
The primary purpose of the electrical power system (EPS) is to provide the electrical energy sources, power generation and controls, power conversion and conditioning, and power distribution to a-c and d-c electrical buses to meet the requirements of the various spacecraft systems during the mission flight and postlanding phases. The secondary purpose of the EPS is to furnish the environmental control system with potable water required by the three astronauts during the mission. This water is obtained as a by-product of the three fuel cell powerplants. Two d-c power sources provide the spacecraft with 28-volt d-c power. The first source consists of three Bacon-type, hydrox (hydrogen-oxygen) fuel cell powerplants. The second source is obtained from zinc-silver oxide-type storage batteries. The fuel cell powerplants are connected in parallel and used throughout the mission until command-service module (CSM) separation. Any two of the three fuel cells will provide sufficient power for normal mission loads. The fuel cell powerplants, the cryogenic storage system for the hydrogen and oxygen, and the glycol coolant space radiators are located in the service module. CRYOGENIC GAS STORAGE SYSTEM The cryogenic gas' storage system supplies the hydrogen and oxygen consumed by the three fuel cell powerplants. In addition, the oxygen used by the ECS is also supplied from this source. The hydrogen and oxygen are stored in a super-critical state. However, by the time both reactants reach the fuel cells, they have warmed considerably and are in a gaseous state. FUEL CELL POWERPLANTS Each of the three fuel cell powerplants consist of 31 single cells connected in series. Each cell consists of a hydrogen compartment, an electrolyte compartment, an oxygen compartment, and two electrodes. The electrolyte is compose d of potassium hydroxide (78 percent) and water (22 percent) and remains constant in cell reaction by simply providing an ionic conduction path between the electrodes. The hydrogen electrode is composed of nickel, while the oxygen electrode is composed of nickel and nickel oxide. This electrode structure also remains constant throughout the fuel cell operation. The consumable reactants of hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the cell under regulated pressure, using nitrogen pressure as a reference as well as for pressurizing the powerplants. By chemical reaction, electricity, water, and heat are produced, with the reactants being consumed in proportion to the electrical load. The by-products, water (17 gallons per day) and heat, are utilized to maintain the supply of potable water and to keep the electrolyte at the proper operating temperature.
- 46 -
SID 66-179
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

-Z
EPS RADIATORS
S105AP83071
-Y-
-+Y
FUEL CELLS
+Z
OXYGEN TANKS (2) EPS RADIATORS
HYDROGEN TANK
S105AP83072
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM
The basic purpose of the environmental control system (ECS) is to provide a controlled environment for three astronauts in the Apollo spacecraft during missions of up to 14 days duration. This environment consists of a pressurized suit circuit for use during normal or emergency conditions and a pressurized shirtsleeve cabin atmosphere used only when normal conditions exist. Metabolically, the system is responsible for supplying oxygen and hot and cold potable water as well as for removing carbon dioxide, odors, water production, and heat output. The ECS also disperses electronic equipment heat loads and provides for venting the waste management system (WMS).
- 48 -
SID 66-179
S105AP83072
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM

ECS RADIATOR ECS CONTROL PACKAGE
+Y
FUEL CELLS (3)
ECS SPACE RADIATORS (2) ECS RADIATOR
OXYGEN TANKS (2)
INC.
S125AP84511
LEM/S-IVB ADAPTER
The spacecraft LEM adapter (SLA) is a truncated cone, constructed of bonded aluminum honeycomb, which connects the SM with the S-IVB instrument unit and houses the LEM. The adapter is 28 feet in length, 12. 8 feet in diameter at the forward end, and 2 1 . 6 feet in diameter at the aft end. The SLA consists of eight 2-inch-thick bonded aluminum honeycomb panels that are joined together with riveted inner and outer doublers. Linear-shaped charges will be installed on four of the panels, which are hinged at the aft end, to provide a means of exposing the LEM and separating the SM f r o m the SLA. The panels fold outward 45 degrees to make the lunar excursion module accessible for the transposition and docking maneuver.
- 50 -
SID 66-179
LEM/S-IVB ADAPTER
PANEL SEPARATION BY LINEAR SHAPED CHARGES
S125AP845J
INC.
S125AP84504
CSM AND LEM COMPARISON
Two of the three astronauts in the command module will be transferred to the lunar excursion module for a lunar landing. The lunar excursion module is a true spacecraft in that it has no aerodynamic features. It weighs approximately 3Z, 000 pounds and is built in two stages: a descent stage and an ascent stage. The descent engine has a 10, 500-pound throttleable thrust engine. This engine will provide retro-thrust for the lunar landing. The descent stage is used as a launching platform for the ascent stage from the moon for rendezvous with the orbiting command and service modules. The ascent stage has a restartable 3500-pound constant-thrust engine. Both engines burn hypergolic propellants. Four sets of reaction controls are mounted on the ascent stage and provide attitude control and small translations for the combined stages or the ascent stage only.
- 52 SID
S125AP84504
CSM & LEM COMPARISON
~ J
L_
CSM
LEM
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \\TOB77
35SD10797
COMMUNICATIONS MODES
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM The function of the telecommunication (T/C) system is to provide for the communication of voice, television, telemetry, and tracking and ranging data between the spacecraft and the MSFN, the LEM and EVA PLSS. It also provides for spacecraft intercommunications and includes the central timing equipment for synchronization of other equipment and correlation of telemetry data. Controls and switches for operation of the T/C system are located near the engineer's station in the crew compartment. There are also three separate groups of controls (one for each crewmember) for individual control of audio inputs and outputs of the crewmembers headsets. VOICE OPERATIONS Spacecraft voice communications originate and terminate in the astronauts headsets. They are used for all voice transmission and reception, spacecraft intercommunications, and hardline communications with the launch control center (LCC) during prelaunch checkout. Each astronaut has an individual audio control panel, on the main display console (MDC), which enables him to select and control the inputs and outputs of his headset. Three methods of voice transmission and reception are possible: the VHP/AM transmitter-receiver, the HP transceiver, or the S-band transmitter and receiver in the unified S-band equipment. Transmission is controlled by either the push-to-talk (PTT) switch, located in the electrical umbilical cord provided for each astronaut, or the voice-operated relay (VOX) circuitry. The PTT switch also serves as a keying switch during USBE emergency key transmission. DATA OPERATIONS The spacecraft structure and operational systems are instrumented with sensors and transducers which gather data on their physical status. Biomedical data from sensors worn by the astronauts, TV data from the TV camera, and timing data from the central timing equipment are also acquired. These various forms of raw data are assimilated into the system, processed, and then transmitted to the MSFN. Data from the operational instrumentation may be stored in the DSE for later transmission or analysis. Analog data from the flight qualification instrumentation is stored in the flight qualification recorder for postflight analysis only. TRACKING AND RANGING OPERATIONS The T/C tracking and ranging equipment assists the MSFN in accurately determining the angular position and range of the spacecraft. Two methods are used: C-band tracking and S-band tracking.
- 54 -
t- i 70
COMMUNICATIONS MODES
TV, DOWN DATA, VOICE, & KEY
35SD10797
UP-DATA, & VOICE
TV VOICE RENDEZVOUS RADAR VOICE RECOVERY BEACON
VOICE & BIOMED DATA
NORTH
A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , INC.
\ \ Y^P77 /
SI'ACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
65SD10817B
COMMUNICATIONS INSTALLATION
- 56 SID 66-179
65SD10817B
COMMUNICATIONS INSTALLATION
2-KMC HIGH GAIN ANTENNAS COMMUNICATION PKGS
PLSS ANTENNA
RECOVERY ANTENNA 2 KMC OMNI ANTENNAS (4) C-BAND ANTENNAS (4)
VHP 2 KMC OMNI ANTENNAS (2) 180 APART
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ \ \$l&7l I
35SD10796B
CSM COMMUNICATION RANGES
- 58 -
SID 66-179
CSM COMMUNICATION RANGES

VHP OMNI VOICE TO 2000 NM 2KMC OMNI VOICE TM (WIDE BAND) TM (NARROW BAND) PRN (RANGING) UP DATA C-BAND RADAR TRACKING 2-KMC HIGH GAIN ANTENNA UP DATA VOICE TM PRN RANGING IR TRACKING
BACKUP VOICE
35SD10796B
KEY
WIDE B E A M W I D T H MEDIUM B E A M W.IDTH NARROWABEAM WIDTH
W I D E IR B E A M (AUTOMATIC TRACKING)
N A R R O W IR B E A M (AUTOMATIC TRACKING)
MANUAL TRACKING
LEM T R A N S P O S E D HIGH GAIN A N T E N N A UNIT D E P L O Y E D (2500 N Ml)
TV NEAR EARTH AND DEEP SPACE
DEEP S P A C E BLIND A R E A
MOON LUNAR O P E R A T I O N S VHF, V O I C E C / M - L E M RENDEZVOUS RADAR: C/M-LEM
-4 4.6 8 20 30 40 50 70 RANGE FROM E A R T H ' S SURFACE IN NAUTICAL MILES - (THOUSANDS)
210
NORTH
AMERICAN
AV I ATI ON, I NC.
S105AP83083
SATURN V
The Saturn V, with the Apollo spacecraft, is 360-feet tall and weighs 6-million pounds at liftoff. The first stage is the S-IC built by Boeing. It has five North American Aviation, Rocketdyne, F-l engines with 1. 5-million pounds of thrust each for a combined thrust of 7. 5-million pounds. They burn liquid oxygen and kerosene. This stage weighs 4. 8-million pounds, of which 4. 4million is propellant. The S-IC burns 150 seconds. The second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle, or S-II, is built by North American Aviation, Space and Information Systems Division, and has five Rocketdyne J-2 engines with 200, 000 pounds of thrust each, or a combined thrust of 1-million pounds. These engines burn liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen for 395 seconds. The third stage of the Saturn V system is the S-IVB, built by Douglas Aircraft. It uses one Rocketdyne J-2 engine with 200, 000 pounds thrust. It burns.liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, and has a gross weight of 257, 500 pounds which includes 230, 000 pounds of propellant. The S-IVB has a total burn time of 470 seconds which includes 160 seconds for the first burn that is used for final earth orbital injection, and 310 seconds for the second burn that is used for translunar injection of the Apollo spacecraft. The instrument unit contains an inertial guidance system for the mission through translunar injection. The Apollo spacecraft is located forward of the instrument unit.
- 60 -
SID 66-179
SATURN V
LEM ADAPTER S&ID INSTRUMENT UNIT MSFC/IBM S-IVB DOUGLAS
S-ll S&ID S-IC BOEING
S105AP83083
APOLLO CM S&ID
LES S&ID
APOLLO SM S&ID
LEM GRUMMAN
1 J-2 ENGINE ROCKETDYNE

360 FT
5 J-2 ENGINES ROCKETDYNE
5 F-l ENGINES ROCKETDYNE
TOTAL WT 6,000,000 LB
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ V^PT/
S95AP82905A
SATURN S-1C STAGE
- 62 -
SID 66-179
S95AP82905A
SATURN S-1C STAGE

CONTRACTOR ENGINES (5)F-1 BOEING ROCKETDYNE 7,500,000 LB
150 SEC
THRUST BURNOUT TIME PROPELLANT GROSS WEIGHT BURNOUT WEIGHT
4,400,000 LB .4,753,000 LB 353,000 LB
AVIATION,
INC.
S85AP82549
SATURN S-ll STAGE
The S-II is 33 feet in diameter and 81.5 feet tall. It has five Rocketdyne J-2 engines, each of which has 200, 000 pounds thrust, a combined thrust of 1-million pounds. The burn time is 395 seconds. There are 935, 000 pounds of propellant; i. e. , liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Liquid hydrogen is -423F and liquid oxygen is -297F.
- 64 SID 66-179
S85AP82549
SATURN S-ll STAGE

CONTRACTOR S&ID
ENGINES_(5) J-2 _ ROCKETDYNE THRUST BURNING TIME PROPELLANT_ 1,000,000 LB

395 SEC
935,000 LB 1,018,900 LB
GROSS WEIGHT
BURNOUT WEIGHT
88,900 LB
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , INC. \ \vQ&7j
S85AP82552
SATURN S-IVB
- 66 SID 66-179
S85AP82552
SATURN S-IVB
CONTRACTOR ENGINE THRUST BURN TIME PROPELLANT GROSS WEIGHT BURNOUT WEIGHT DOUGLAS
(1) J-l ROCKETDYNE 200,000 LB 470 SEC 230,000 LB 257,500 LB 29,670 LB

59.3 FT
* FIRST BURN 160 SEC SECOND BURN 310 SEC
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ Vvi^/7 / SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
S115AP84500 APOLLO MISSION PLAN The Apollo spacecraft with the Saturn V launch vehicle system will be launched into earth orbit from Cape Kennedy, after a total of 12 minutes of burn time. With the third stage still attached, the Apollo spacecraft and the S-IVB will be in a circular coasting orbit around the earth 100 nautical miles high. The Apollo spacecraft must be injected into translunar flight no later than the third orbit around the earth, otherwise the circular orbit will decay and will not permit a satisfactory launch to the moon. At a precise time, the S-IVB will be reignited and will burn for 310 seconds placing the Apollo spacecraft in translunar flight. One hour later, or approximately 13, 000 miles from the center of the earth, the transposition and docking maneuver will be performed and will provide the proper spacecraft configuration for the translunar coasting flight. The entire trip to the moon will be in coasting flight except for midcourse corrections as necessary. The translunar flight will require about 65 hours or 2-1/2 days. Upon arrival in the vicinity of the moon, the service module propulsion engines will be fired in a retro attitude to establish a circular orbit 80 miles above the moon's surface. The spacecraft will be in the vicinity of the moon one to two days and the lunar excursion module with two astronauts will descend to the moon's surface. After lunar surface exploration, the ascent stage of the lunar excursion module will be launched from the moon's surface and effect a rendezvous with the orbiting command service modules. After rendezvous, the two lunar excursion module astronauts will transfer back to the command module and the ascent stage of the lunar excursion module will be jettisoned and programmed to impact on the moon's surface. The astronauts will then compute their navigational requirements for the transearth flight and will reignite the service module engine for transearth injection. The spacecraft will then coast to the earth for approximately three days. Midcourse corrections will be made as necessary. Just prior to entry into the earth's atmosphere, the service module will be separated from the command module. The command module will enter the earth's atmosphere at 36, 000 feet per second, or 25, 000 miles per hour. The earth landing system will be sequenced beginning at 25, 000 feet altitude and will lower the command module to the surface of the earth. The entire lunar mission will require approximately seven days.
- 70 -
SID 66-179
1
WVHOOHd OTIOdV
O Q.
S95AP83038
APOLLO
ISSION
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . I vvSpyl) SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
S115AP84500
APOLLO MISSION PLAN The Apollo spacecraft with the Saturn V launch vehicle system will be launched into earth orbit from Cape Kennedy, after a total of 12 minutes of burn time. With the third stage still attached, the Apollo spacecraft and the S-IVB will be in a circular coasting orbit around the earth 100 nautical miles high. The Apollo spacecraft must be injected into translunar flight no later than the third orbit around the earth, otherwise the circular orbit will decay and will not permit a satisfactory launch to the moon. At a precise time, the S-IVB will be reignited and will burn for 310 seconds placing the Apollo spacecraft in translunar flight. One hour later, or approximately 13, 000 miles from the center of the earth, the transposition and docking maneuver will be performed and will provide the proper spacecraft configuration for the translunar coasting flight. The entire trip to the moon will be in coasting flight except for midcourse corrections as necessary. The translunar flight will require about 65 hours or 2-1/2 days. Upon arrival in the vicinity of the moon, the service module propulsion engines will be fired in a retro attitude to establish a circular orbit 80 miles above the moon's surface. The spacecraft will be in the vicinity of the moon one to two days and the lunar excursion module with two astronauts will descend to the moon's surface. After lunar surface exploration, the ascent stage of the lunar excursion module will be launched from the moon's surface and effect a rendezvous with the orbiting command service modules. After rendezvous, the two lunar excursion module astronauts will transfer back to the command module and the ascent stage of the lunar excursion module will be jettisoned and programmed to impact on the moon's surface. The astronauts will then compute their navigational requirements for the transearth flight and will reignite the service module engine for transearth injection. The spacecraft will then coast to the earth for approximately three days. Midcourse corrections will be made as necessary. Just prior to entry into the earth's atmosphere, the service module will be separated from the command module. The command module will enter the earth's atmosphere at 36, 000 feet per second, or 25, 000 miles per hour. The earth landing system will be sequenced beginning at 25, 000 feet altitude and will lower the command module to the surface of the earth. The entire lunar mission will require approximately seven days.
- 70 -
SID 66-179
APOLLO MISSION PLAN

MOON AT EARTH LANDING ENTRY & LANDING CM/SM SEPARATION
S115APS4SOO
TRANSEARTH INJECTION
LUNAR LANDING & LUNAR ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS MIDCOURSE CORRECTIONS
TRANSPOSITION & DOCKING TRANSLUNAR INJECTION
LUNAR ORBIT INSERTION MOON AT EARTH LAUNCH
NORTH A M E R I C A N AVIATION, INC.
S85AP82548A
GEOMETRY OF LUNAR ORBITAL, EARTH EQUATORIAL, AND ECLIPTIC PLANES
The ecliptic plane is the plane established by the apparent path of the sun around the earth, or it might be considered by the plane relationship between the earth and the sun. The earth is inclined 23. 5 degrees on its axis and the equatorial plane of course is 23. 5 degrees from the ecliptic. The lunar orbital plane varies in angular relationship to the earth equatorial plane in a sinusoidal pattern, over a period of years, with an angle of 18. 5 degrees in December 1959 and July 1978. In April 1969 this angle is 28. 5 degrees. We might conclude that the moon's movement around the earth creates a constantly changing target for the lunar mission launch.
- 72 -
SID 66-179
ftFOMETRY OF LUNAR ORBITAL, EARTH EQUATORIAL & ECLIPTIC PLANES

DEC 1959 & JUL 1978 (iM = 18.5)
ECLIPTIC
LUNAR ORBITAL PLANE EARTH EQUATORIAL PLANE EARTH EQUATORIAL PLANE ECLIPTIC LUNAR ORBITAL PLANE
APR 1969
S85AP82548A
(iM = 28.5)
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ V^H&Jl I
S85AP82340
LAUNCH GEOMETRY
Certain launch restrictions are imposed for the lunar mission from Cape Kennedy. Launch azimuths are confined between 72 degrees and 108 degrees compass heading f r o m the Cape. There are two possible launch situations every 24 hours (i. e. , the south injection and the north injection). These injection situations are caused by the earth rotating one revolution on its axis each 24 hours. In the south injection situation, the translunar injection would be pointed in a southerly heading in relation to the earth's poles and most of the translunar flight would be below the lunar orbital plane with the final portion of the flight occurring above this plane as it comes into the lunar orbit. The north injection situation would establish the translunar injection in a northerly heading with the translunar flight above the lunar orbital plane coming down towards the moon. In each case, the target for lunar orbital insertion is defined by the earth orbit and translunar orbital plane intersection with the lunar orbital plane. The line of intersection of these two planes will pierce the centers of the earth and moon.
- 74 -
SID 66-179
LAUNCH GEOMETRY
S85AP82340
SOUTH INJECTION
APOLLO EARTH ORBIT & TRANSFER PLANE
NORTH INJECTION
N O R T H A M E R I C A N AV I ATI ON, I NC.
S85AP82339
GEOGRAPHIC WINDOW
The Apollo spacecraft with the Saturn V launch vehicle will be boosted from Cape Kennedy between the azimuths of 72 degrees and 108 degrees. The translunar injection points are shown by dots and arrows near the earth's equator. These points represent the position of the spacecraft above the surface 100 miles high. It is noted that the injection points move westward 22. 5 degrees with each 1. 5-hour earth orbit, because the earth rotates 15 degrees on its axis each hour.
- 76 SID 66-179
A LATITUDE
GEOGRAPHIC WINDOW
S8SAP82339
SOUTH INJECTION
NORTH INJECTION LONGITUDE
65ASD11268
LAUNCH WINDOWS
The launch restrictions of 72 to 108 degrees create window of 4 hours each I Z - h o u r period. However, there few launch windows each month because of other factors, position in relation to the earth, range, payload, etc. It a night launch is undesirable since an abort would create astronauts during darkness hours.
a theoretical launch are usually only a which include lunar should be noted that a hazard to the
- 78 -
SID 66-179
65ASD11268
LAUNCH WINDOWS
180
LAUNCH AZIMUTH
SOUTH INJECTION
NORTH INJECTION
108 90 72 o
4.0-HR LAUNCH WINDOW 4.0-HR LAUNCH WINDOW
LAUNCH TIME (HR)
24
NORTH
INC.
35SD10618A
ASCENT TRAJECTORY
The f i r s t stage, or Boeing S-IC, will burn for approximately 150 seconds after liftoff and will be burned out at an altitude of 36 miles. The second stage, the North American Aviation S-II, will ignite shortly t h e r e a f t e r and will burn for 395 seconds or to an altitude of 95 miles. During this S-II burning, the launch escape system will be jettisoned at about 400, 000 feet because it would no longer be required for an abort. The third stage, the Douglas S-IVB, will be ignited shortly after S-II burnout and will place the spacecraft with the S-IVB attached into a coasting circular orbit 100-nautical-miles high after an S-IVB burn of 160 seconds. Orbit acquisition will occur about 1400 miles down the Eastern test range toward Africa.
- 80 SID 66-179
ALT (FT)
600,000
ASCENT TRAJECTORY
35SD10618A
500,000 S-IVB 400,000 -
ORBIT ACQUISITION
LES JETTISON S-IVB IGNITION
300,000 -
S-ll IGNITION
200,000 -
S-IC
100,000
JJM
i
500
SATURN V
1000
1500
RANGE (N Ml)
AVIATION,
INC.
S16AP84867
ESCAPE TRAJECTORIES
The launch escape system (LES) is initiated automatically by the emergency detection system (EDS) of the launch-boost vehicle, or manually by the astronauts at any time from pad to launch escape assembly jettison altitude (320, 000 feet). Upon receipt of an abort signal, regardless of its source, the booster is cut off (after the f i r s t ' 4 0 seconds of flight), the command and service module (CSM) separation device is detonated, and, subsequently, the simultaneous ignition of the launch escape and pitch control motors takes place. These motors provide sufficient thrust for the lift and lateral translation of the CM away from the launch pad or t r a j e c t o r y of the launch vehicle where, at a safe altitude, the launch escape assembly is jettisoned and the earth landing system is activated. Approximately 11 seconds after abort initiation, the canard surfaces are deployed; 3 seconds later, or at approximately 24, 000 feet, the tower explosive bolts are detonated and the tower jettison motor is ignited. These actions will carry the spent launch escape assembly and boost protective cover away from the CM t r a j e c t o r y and impact zone; 0.4-second later the apex cover (forward heat shield) is jettisoned, and the earth landing system (ELS) is activated. The canard surfaces are not deployed for an abort above 120, 000-feet altitude since the LES tower is manually jettisoned between 6 to 10 seconds after abort initiation.
- 82 -
SID 66-179
ESCAPE TRAJECTORIES
ALT-1000 FT ABORT ABOVE 320,000 FT INITIATED BY RCS/SPS
400 _
S16AP84867
ALTITUDE-FT sooo r
PAD ABORT
320 - -
4000
8000
CANARDS DEPLOYED AFTER ESCAPE MOTOR BURNOUT
DOWNRANGE-FT
200 _
LES JETTISONED DURING DESCENT AT 25,000 FT
4
LES JETTISONED AT T + 14 SEC
RECOVERY RANGE TO 100 Ml
RECOVERY RANGE TO 500 Ml
AVIATION,
INC.
S125AP84510
APOLLO SPACECRAFT/S-IVB EARTH ORBITAL CONFIGURATION
The Apollo spacecraft with the S-IVB attached will be in a coasting circular orbit 100. nautical miles in altitude. The launch escape system has been jettisoned and the lunar excursion module docking mechanism is exposed at the top of the command module. Attitude control during this portion of the mission is provided through an inertial guidance system located in the instrument section of the S-IVB between the S-IVB and the spacecraft lunar excursion module adapter. This guidance system signals a set of rocket reaction controls located at the base of the S-IVB. This system maintains the earth orbital configuration in an attitude that is tangential to the circular earth orbit. It maintains pitch, yaw, and roll attitude.
- 84 -
SID 66-179
SU5AP84510
INC.
S125AP84499
TRANSLUNAR INJECTION AND COAST
At a precise moment (i. e. , plus or minus one second) the third stage or S-IVB rocket engine is reignited for translunar injection. The engine will burn for 310 seconds and accelerate the Apollo and S-IVB from 25, 000 feet per second to approximately 36, 000 feet per. second. The translunar injection window is based upon tracking information f r o m the NASA Manned Spaceflight Network on tracking and communication stations throughout the world. The astronauts will program reignition of the S-IVB based upon these data. About one hour after translunar injection, or 12, 800 miles radius from the center of the earth, the transposition and docking maneuver will be performed.
- 86 -
SID 66-179
S125AP84499
TRANSLUNAR INJECTION & COAST
12,800 N Ml RADIUS 1HR AFTER TRANSLUNAR INJECTION
MOON
TRANSPOSITION & DOCKING
AVIATION,
INC.
S125AP84498
TRANSPOSITION AND DOCKING
The transposition and docking maneuver is begun by blowing the spacecraft lunar excursion module adapter apart using linear-shaped charges to cut the adapter into four segments. These segments will be folded outward 45 degrees. The adapter section being opened will f r e e the command service modules and permit the command service modules to execute a f r e e fly-around maneuver using the service module reaction control system. The lunar excursion module adapter mechanism on the nose of the command module will be inserted into the top hatch of the lunar excursion module. The command service modules will then pull the lunar excursion module away from the burned out S-IVB and adapter section. This entire maneuver is executed while the combined command service modules, lunar excursion module, and burned out S-IVB with the adapter section are coasting at a high velocity toward the moon and, of course, without any aerodynamic f o r c e s involved.
- 88 -
SID 66-179
TRANSPOSITION & DOCKING
S125AP84498
ADAPTER SEPARATION
FREE FLY-AROUND
DOCKING
S125AP84497
APOLLO SPACECRAFT TRANSLUNAR CONFIGURATION
The accompanying illustration shows the spacecraft configuration during the entire translunar flight after the transposition and docking maneuver. The combined spacecraft can assume any attitude in space to p e r f o r m any required task; i. e. , midcourse corrections, orientation for better communication with the earth, or orientation to perform a particular navigational observation.
- 90 -
SID 66-179
S125AP84497
APOLLO SPACECRAFT TRANSLUNAR CONFIGURATION
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ \\Q&Tl I

114SD10178
TRANSLUNAR VELOCITY PROFILE
The S-IVB stage, with its 200, 000-pound-thrust Rocketdyne J-2 engine, will accelerate the spacecraft from earth orbit to translunar injection velocity, which will be 35, 850 feet per second or 99. 024 percent of earth escape velocity at 100 nautical miles. Actually, t r u e escape velocity from the earth is not required for translunar flight. The distance from the earth to the moon averages 239, 000 miles. This velocity profile represents a coasting flight condition. Course corrections are not used to change the basic velocity profile but to provide proper correction in course to arrive at a point adjacent to and 80 miles above the moon's surface. At a point about 200, 000 nautical miles from the earth or 39, 000 nautical miles from the moon the spacecraft will be acquired in the moon's gravitational influence, and its velocity -will increase during the remaining trip to the moon. Velocity at a perilune arrival will be 8400 feet per second.
- 92 -
SID 66-179
114SD1O178
TRANSLUNAR VELOCITY PROFILE

VELOCITY (FT/SEC)(xl03)
36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0
TRANSLUNAR INJECTION
PERILUNE ARRIVAL
I
40
I
80
1
120
1
160 200
DISTANCE FROM EARTH CENTER
Ml) (xlO )
240
NORTH
AMERICAN
AV I AT I O N, I N C.
S125AP84501
APOLLO MISSION DELTA V
From translunar injection to r e - e n t r y into the earth's atmosphere after the mission is completed, the entire mission is conducted in a coasting flight situation except during periods of delta V or change in velocity as required to execute the mission. The delta V or change in velocity of the spacecraft are primarily executed by use of the service module propulsion engine. The total burn time to execute all of the delta V maneuvers is about ten minutes. They may be categorized into four major areas: (1) midcourse corrections during translunar flight, lunar orbit insertion, or retro upon arrival at the moon, (2) lunar orbital rendezvous to assist in rendezvousing with the ascending lunar excursion module, (3) transearth injection, and (4) midcourse corrections during transearth flight. Approximate delta V values for typical mission maneuvers are as follows: " Lunar orbit insertion Lunar orbital rendezvous Transearth injection 3000 feet per second 650 feet per second 3600 feet per second
- 94 -
SID 66-179
S125AP84501
APOLLO MISSION
MIDCOURSE CORRECTION
MIDCOURSE CORRECTIONS
LUNAR ORBIT INSERTION
VELOCITY CHANGE
N O R T H A M E R I C A N AVI ATI ON, I NC.
65ASD11088A
PROPOSED LUNAR LANDING
The proposed lunar landing area for the lunar excursion module is in the equatorial area of the moon, as we see it from the earth, and covers an area 5 degrees north and south of the lunar equator and 40 degrees east and west of the center of the moon, as we view it. The Ranger spacecraft impacts are noted.
- 96 -
SID 66-179
65ASD11O88A
PROPOSED LUNAR
NG
RANGER IM PACTS
\ \v&7l I
'AC-K and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
S16AP85005
This view of the moon is depicted as looking down at the north pole and through the polar axis. As the spacecraft approaches the moon, a 180-degree maneuver is performed to assume a retro-thrust attitude. At a very precise point, the service module engine will be fired for a total duration of 5 minutes to establish lunar orbit 80 miles above the moon's surface for an orbital velocity of 5280 feet per second. The orbital period at this altitude and speed is 2 hours.
- 98 SID 66-179
S16AP85005
EARTH
INITIATION OF RETROTHRUST
AVIATION,
INC.
S125AP84866
LEM SEPARATION AND DESCENT
After approximately two lunar orbits, the astronauts will have determined their trajectory over the moon's surface, and their intended landing area. Two of the three astronauts will then transfer into the lunar excursion module, power up its systems and conduct necessary checkouts. During these checkouts, they will deploy the LEM's landing gear. Then, after verifying satisfactory operation of all LEM systems and at a point in the lunar orbit affording line of sight (LOS) to and from earth (for maintaining direct communications), the LEM will detach f r o m the command and service modules (CSM) and maneuver via reaction control system (RCS) engines to a distance of 50 to 100 feet from the CSM. The LEM will remain in this relative position until it arrives at a precise point on the far side of the moon. Upon reaching that point, the LEM descent engine will be fired to initiate a r e t r o - t h r u s t to establish a delta V of 97 feet per second. The LEM r e t r o - t h r u s t will be fired tangential to the orbital t r a j e c t o r y and will place the lunar excursion module in a coasting decaying orbit so that the module will touch down 1 hour or 180 degrees later on the side of the moon facing the earth in the preselected landing area. This 180-degree descent is called a Hohmann transfer or minimum energy transfer and is typical of space rendezvous where there is a requirement to burn a minimum of propellant.
- 100 -
SID 66-179
SEPARATION & DESCENT

SEPARATION
RETRO
INC.
S125AP84503
LEM DESCENT AND LANDING
The command service modules, with one astronaut, will continue to orbit the moon at an 80-mile altitude. The lunar excursion module will approach the moon's surface in a very flat trajectory, firing its.descent engine for a total of 7. 7 minutes prior to touchdown or landing in a vertical attitude. The final letdown phase during the r e t r o - t h r u s t is a v e r y flat t r a j e c t o r y requiring ZOO nautical miles distance over the moon's surface to descend the last 50, 000 feet. . . .
- 102 -
SID 66-179
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ \vQ&Tj I
S125AP84502
LEM ASCENT
After lunar exploration by the lunar excursion module astronauts, the ascent stage will be launched using the descent stage as a launching platform. The launch will be coordinated with the orbiting command service modules. The lunar excursion module launch will occur when the command and service modules are directly over the lunar excursion module. The lunar excursion module ascent t r a j e c t o r y will be very flat and will require 140 nautical miles to ascend the f i r s t 50, 000 feet. Burn time for the ascent engine, which generates 3500 pounds of thrust, is 5 minutes.
- 104 -
SID 66-179
TO RENDEZVOUS
DESCENT STAGE AS ^LAUNCH PLATFORM
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ \ ^t&J] I
55ASD10292A
LUNAR ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING
In the lower left-hand portion of the chart, the lunar excursion module ascent stage is shown in a coasting ascent after the 5-minute burn during liftoff. It will coast to a position 165 degrees around the moon or 55 minutes in time passing the orbiting command service modules. The a s c e n t ' s t a g e will assume a position above and ahead of the command service modules. The lunar excursion module ascent stage will then initiate small delta V retro.thrust firings to effect a rendezvous with the command service modules. Note that"this rendezvous occurs on the-dark side of the moon.
- 106 -
SID 66-179
55ASD1O292A
LUNAR ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS & DOCKING
CSM & LEM DOCKING
LEM TAKEOFF & LUNAR ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS
INC.
S125AP84507
APOLLO SPACECRAFT LOR CONFIGURATION
Shown in the illustration is the lunar-orbital rendezvous configuration after the two lunar excursion module astronauts have transferred back to the command module. The lunar excursion module ascent, stage will be disconnected and programmed to r e t r o - f i r e and impact on the moon's surface so that it will not remain in permanent orbit around the moon as orbiting debris.
- 108 SID 66-179
S125AP84507
APOLLO SPACECRAFT LOR CONFIGURATION
N O R T H A M E R I C A N AV I AT I ON, I NC. \ \^&Tj I
S105AP83078
APOLLO TRANSEARTH CONFIGURATION
The astronauts will require at least two lunar orbits to determine the navigational requirements for their transearth trip.
- 110 SID 66-179
Ap
Uo
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \\TO0y7J
45SD10882
TRANSEARTH AND RE-ENTRY
Based upon on-board navigational information and information from the deep space information facilities on earth, the astronauts will reignite the service module engine and accelerate to transearth injection velocity. Service module engine burning for this maneuver is about 3. 5 minutes. During transearth coasting flight, midcourse corrections will be made as necessary to arrive at the proper entry corridor on earth. The service module will be separated only a few minutes prior to re-entry into the earth's atmosphere. Transearth flight will be between 72 and 80 hours duration.
- 112 -
SID 66-179
TRANSEARTH & RE-ENTRY
45SD1O882
RE-ENTRY CORRIDOR
MID COURSE CORRECTIONS
CM / SM SEPARATION
INC.
35SD10621
ENTRY CORRIDORS
The command service modules must be on a t r a j e c t o r y that will place them into the required entry corridor. This corridor is defined by angles between 5. 5 d e g r e e s and 7. 7 d e g r e e s tangent to the earth's atmosphere, which is considered to begin at 400, 000 feet in altitude above the earth's surface. After the command.service modules are properly established in this corridor, the .service module will be separated and the command module will assume the proper attitude for r e - e n t r y into the earth's atmosphere at 3 6 , 0 0 0 feet per .second. .
- 114 SID 66-179
ENTRY
CORRIDORS
35SD10621
NORTH
INC.
55ASD10622A
COMMAND MODULE AERODYNAMICS AND LIFT VECTOR CONTROL
The center of gravity of the command module is purposely offset from the longitudinal axis of the command module. This center of gravity offset provides the command module with a lift to drag value of 0. 3. This L/D will prevail during the entire re-entry flight unless the command module is rolled with its rocket motor reaction control system to change the lift vector to a lateral or inverted attitude. The lift can be deleted to zero by rolling the command module 90 degrees or can provide negative lift by rolling the command module to an inverted attitude. Rolling the command module 90 degrees would displace the flight path laterally; therefore, if a zero-lift condition is desired, the command module can be rolled alternately left and right in order to maintain zero lift with no lateral change in flight path. Aerodynamic heating will be at a maximum at the upper leading edge or stagnation point of the command module during the re-entry. Temperatures in this area will rise to 5000 F.
- 116 SID 66-179
55ASD10622A
COMMAND MODULE AERODYNAMICS & LIFT VECTOR CONTROL

FORCE DRAG LOCATION OF HEAVY EQUIP.
NORTH
INC.
65ASD10884A
TYPICAL RE-ENTRY RANGES
The command module will touch down on the earth's surface 2500 nautical miles f r o m the atmospheric entry point of 400, 000 feet with a L/D of 0. 3. .If the astronauts desire to depress their t r a j e c t o r y and touch down on the earth's surface sooner, they may roll the. command .module inverted and depress their t r a j e c t o r y so that they will touch down on the earth's surface 1500 nautical miles from the entry point. The footprint for touch down permitted by the maneuverability of the command module during the aerodynamic re-entry phase is noted and can be defined as 100 "miles in length or 50 miles laterally left and right at the shorter range of 1500 nautical miles or 200 miles laterally left or right at the extreme range of 2500 nautical miles.
- 118 -
SID 66-179
65ASD10884A
TYP1CAL
RE-ENTRY RANGES
INC.
114SD10177
RECOVERY MODES
The command module will have a velocity of Mach 0. 3 at 25, 000 feet altitude from the aerodynamic drag characteristics of the command module. At 25, 000 feet, the forward heat shield will be jettisoned. After a 3-second delay, the drogue chutes will be mortar deployed. The drogue chutes will be released and the pilot chute will be mortar deployed at 15, 000 feet. The pilot chute will extract the main parachutes which will be deployed to a reefed condition at 13, 500 feet. The main parachutes will be fully opened after being reefed for 6 seconds. The three main parachutes will lower the command module to the earth's surface at a velocity of 23 feet per second.
- 120 -
SID 66-179
RECOVERY MODES
HEAT SHIELD JETTISONED AT 25,000 FEET DROGUE CHUTES RELEASED & PILOT CHUTES DEPLOYED AT 15,000 FEET
AFTER 3-SEC TIME DELAY DROGUE CHUTES DEPLOYED MAIN CHUTES EXTRACTED & DEPLOYED TO A REEFED CONDITION AT APPROX 13,500 FT
AIM CHUTES FULLY OPENED AFTER BEING REEFED FOR 6 SEC
NORTH
AMERICAN
AVIATION,
INC.
S125AP84506
SPACECRAFT DEVELOPMENT FLIGHT CATEGORIES
Many months of ground and flight tests will be required for development of those flight techniques required to execute a manned lunar landing mission. Flight categories include such tests as abort and recovery, test flight using instrumented test vehicles, and booster spacecraft test vehicle flights into . . suborbit and earth orbital flights. Early in 1966, the f i r s t Apollo spacecraft will be flown unmanned in a suborbital flight to qualify spacecraft .subsystems and demonstrate heat shield integrity. After two unmanned suborbital flights in 1966, the f i r s t manned Apollo spacecraft flight will be performed for an earth orbital mission with three astronauts. Manned earth orbital flights will continue with ^he lunar excursion module to demonstrate rendezvous and docking . techniques, and elliptical earth orbital flights will be made to demonstrate other flight techniques including navigation, etc. The suborbital flights and early earth orbital flights will use the S-IB launch vehicle and later flights will be . conducted using the Saturn V launch vehicle which is required for the lunar mission. The manned lunar landing mission will be accomplished before 1970.
- 122 -
SID 66-179
S125AP84506
SPACECRAFT DEVELOPMENT FLIGHT CATEGORIES

MAJOR STEPS TO ULTIMATE MISSION
LUNAR LANDING ELLIPTICAL ORBIT EARTH ORBITS WITH LEM EARTH ORBITS SUBORBIT BOOSTER - S C COMPATIBILITY ABORT & RECOVERY
INC.
65ASD11267
APOLLO LAUNCH VEHICLES
Ten satisfactory flights have been conducted with the Saturn I launch vehicle system. This system has the ability to place 20. 2-thousand pounds into earth orbit 100 nautical miles in altitude. Only Apollo instrumented test vehicles were flown with the Saturn I system. The f i r s t actual Apollo spacecraft will be flown with the S-IB launch vehicle which has the ability to place 33, 500 pounds into earth orbit 100 nautical miles in altitude. The f i r s t Apollo manned flights will be made with this launch vehicle system. Later Apollo flights will be conducted using the Saturn V which will also be used for the manned lunar landing mission. The Saturn V with the Apollo spacecraft weighs 6. 0-million pounds at liftoff. The Saturn V has the ability to place 250, 000 pounds in earth orbit 100 nautical miles high or send 94, 000 pounds to the moon.
- 124 -
SID 66-179
65ASD11267
APOLLO LAUNCH VEHICLES

WEIGHT PAYLOAD THRUST
TRANSLUNAR .094M .250M
SATURN I
SATURN IB
SATURN V
AVIATION,
INC.
114SD10280A
SATURN IB
The Saturn IB is the second in the family of three Saturn boosters. It consists of an S-IB first-stage booster and an S-IVB second stage. The S-IB f i r s t stage (manufactured by Chrysler) is a lightweight version of the earlier S-I booster but is approximately the same size. A weight reduction of 15, 000 pounds per engine, or 120, 000 pounds total, is realized while maintaining 1, 600, 000 pounds of total thrust. The S-IVB second stage (manufactured by Douglas) is approximately 22 feet in diameter and 58 feet in length. It employs a single Rocketdyne J-2 engine that burns liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to produce approximately 200, 000 pounds of thrust. An instrument unit, located between the S-IVB and the SLA, controls each of the two stages during flight.
- 126 -
SID 66-179
SD "
SATURN IB
APOLLO CM S&ID APOLLO SM S&ID LEM ADAPTER S&ID S-IVB DOUGLAS
S-l CHRYSLER
LES S&ID
114SD1OSSOA
1 J-2 ENGINE ROCKETDYNE
8H-1 ENGINES ROCKETDYNE
NORTH A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N ,
INC.
S16AP85001
APOLLO SATURN 201 MISSION (SPACECRAFT 009)
The AS-201 mission begins at liftoff from Launch Complex 34, Cape Kennedy. Following launch, the vehicle is accelerated to a supercircular entry velocity and a steep entry flight path angle that will result in a maximum convective heat rate. The S-IB f i r s t stage flight profile is close to that for a nominal manned earth orbital mission, while the flight profile of the S-IVB second stage will be shaped for a suborbital ellipse which provides safe entry "g" loading in the event the major SPS b u r n fails to o c c u r . After S-IVB cutoff, the S-IVB will orient the spacecraft to the fixed inertial attitude required for two burns of the SPS. S-IVB and CSM separation will occur 4 minutes following S-IVB cutoff. The spacecraft will coast in the. inertially fixed attitude through apogee (approximately 250 nautical miles altitude) along a ballistic t r a j e c t o r y , and the first SPS burn (3-minute duration) begins 2 minutes 42 seconds beyond apogee. A second SPS burn (10-second duration) occurs approximately 18 seconds after first SPS burn cutoff. This will verify the system's r e s t a r t capability. The second SPS burn will be followed by CSM orientation, CM and SM separation and a CM entry orientation maneuver.
The CM enters the atmosphere at a velocity of approximately 27, 000 feet per second. The CM will touch down approximately 200 miles east of Ascension Island, 39 minutes after liftoff, and 4700 miles from Cape Kennedy.
- 128 -
SID 66-179
APOLLO SATURN 201 MISSION

(SPACECRAFT 009)
+20.9 MIN
S16AP85001
ALTITUDE N Ml
300
N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . I \\$Slpy/ J SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
S16AP85002
APOLLO SATURN 202 MISSION (SPACECRAFT Oil)
This mission will be a suborbital unmanned flight test for three q u a r t e r s of one earth orbit. The f i r s t - o r d e r spacecraft test objectives of this mission include an evaluation of the thermal performance of the command module heat shield ablator during a high-heat load, long-duration e n t r y , and to demonstrate launch vehicle (Saturn-IB) and spacecraft compatibility and s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y . Among the remaining test objectives are the requirements to demonstrate CM adequacy for manned entry from low earth orbit; demonstrate multiple service propulsion system (SPS) r e s t a r t ; evaluate SPS propellant retention device; and demonstrate operation of the parachute recovery s u b s y s t e m and recovery aids following entry. Apollo Saturn Mission AS-202 will utilize Launch Complex 34, Cape Kennedy. The f i r s t stage boost profile is similar to that to be used on the f i r s t Apollo manned mission. Second stage boost will accelerate the vehicle to obtain maximum inertial velocity at e n t r y of at least 28, 500 feet per second. Following S-IVB cutoff a 10-second constant inertial attitude coast will be accomplished followed by command and service module (CSM) separation from the S-IVB stage. ' The f i r s t SPS burn occurs 10 seconds after CSM and S-IVB separation. At the same time, guidance and navigation active guidance is initiated to steer the spacecraft onto a h i g h - e n e r g y ellipse which ultimately intersects the atmosphere near the nominal entry point. This burn lasts approximately 3. 9 minutes. Immediately after cutoff, a constant pitch rate is introduced to align the spacecraft longitudinal axis downward, along the local vertical, to provide maximum coverage of the spacecraft antennas. A long coasting period follows which carries the s p a c e c r a f t through the 660-nautical miles (approximate) apogee on a ballistic t r a j e c t o r y towards the entry point north of Australia. This coasting period lasts approximately 52. 7 minutes. The second SPS burn begins approximately 66 minutes a f t e r liftoff and lasts 85 seconds. Two short SPS b u r n s of 3 seconds duration each follows, after which reorientation of the CSM is accomplished for CM and SM separation. CM and SM separation occurs approximately two minutes prior to entry (penetration of 400, 000 feet, altitude). Entry occurs at a velocity of approximately 28, 500 feet per second some 400 nautical miles north of Arnhem Land, Australia, 73. 5 minutes following liftoff. Splash-down occurs approximately 240 nautical miles southeast of Wake Island, 94 minutes after liftoff.
- 130 -
SID 66-179
APOLLO SATURN 202 MISSION

(SPACECRAFT Oil)
2nd, 3rd& 4th SPS BURN
S16AP85002
BLACKOUT
LU
400 200
AMR - SHIP I ASCI
60
-90
-60
-30
-0
30
60
90
WEST
LONGITUDE DEG
NORTH
AMERICAN
AV I AT I ON,
I NC.
\VTOp77)
S16AP85003 APOLLO SATURN 204A MISSION (SPACECRAFT 012) Mission 204A will be the f i r s t Apollo spacecraft earth orbital flight. It will also be the f i r s t manned Apollo flight. Primary objectives of the flight will be to evaluate crew and spacecraft compatibility, crew tasks and subsystems performance, manual and backup modes of subsystem separations, and to demonstrate closed loop emergency detection system performance. Following liftoff from Cape Kennedy, the Saturn-IB launch vehicle will place the Apollo spacecraft into an elliptical earth orbit with a perigee of 88 nautical miles and an apogee of 133 nautical miles. Orbital insertion will be accomplished by the second stage of the launch vehicle (S-IVB stage) approximately 1000 nautical miles down range. The S-IVB stage will remain mated to the spacecraft for the f i r s t two earth orbits. Shortly after beginning the third orbit, command and service module (CSM) separation from the S-IVB will be executed. Following separation, the spacecraft will'be translated forward via the SM reaction control system (RCS), until the two vehicles are separated by approximately 200 feet. The CSM will then be reoriented (approximately 150) to afford the crew a view of the S-IVB through the spacecraft windows. This relative position will be maintained for approximately 15 minutes to obtain photographs of the adapter panel deployment. The f i r s t SPS burn will be accomplished on the second day of flight during the 17th orbit. This burn will result in a 0. 1 change in orbital plane, increasing the ascending and descending nodes. The second major SPS burn will be accomplished during the 19th orbit to circularize the orbit at 133 nautical miles. Throughout the remainder of the mission, additional SPS burns will be accomplished but they will be of relatively short duration. Deorbit will be accomplished by means of the SPS at an altitude of approximately 100 nautical miles. This SPS burn will occur over the west coast of the North American continent. Following this r e t r o maneuver, the CSM will be reoriented to afford CM and SM separation. Separation will occur near the vicinity of Houston, Texas. Following separation, the CM will be reoriented to the proper entry attitude and entry will occur east of Florida. The primary splash-down area is approximately 1300 miles east of Cape Kennedy.
- 132 SID 66-179
APOLLO/SATURN 204A MISSION

(SPACECRAFT 012)
MANNED
S16AP85D03B
UP TO 14 DAYS
100
BOOST 3RD ORBIT 17TH ORBIT
DEORBIT 19TH ORBIT
S-IVB/CSM SEPARATION CSM PITCH MANEUVER
1ST SPS BURN & PLANE CHANGE
2ND SPS BURN ORBIT CIRCULARIZED
INC.
S105AP83082
SATURN IB (WITH LEM)
Later in the Apollo program, manned flights will be conducted with operational Lunar Excursion Modules. Saturn IB vehicles will be utilized for these earth-orbital flights. This Saturn IB configuration includes the lunar mission-configured Apollo Spacecraft, in addition to the operational Lunar Excursion Module.
- 134 SID 66-179
S105AP83082
SATURN IB
APOLLO CM S&ID APOLLO SM S&ID
LEM ADAPTER S&ID S-IVB DOUGLAS
LEM GRUMMAN
s-i
CHRYSLER
1 J-2 ROCKETDYNE
8 H-l ENGINES ROCKETDYNE
S105AP83074
APOLLO SPACECRAFT USEABLE VOLUME
The basic Apollo spacecraft configuration provides considerable payload volume for missions other than manned lunar exploration. As indicated on the illustration, three separate compartments are available in the Block II configuration: (1) the command module cabin, (2) Bay No. 1 in the Service Module, and (3) the spacecraft LEM adapter interior, aft of the service propulsion system engine nozzle extension. The volume available is as follows: Compartment Command module cabin Bay No. 1, service module Spacecraft LEM adapter Total Volume (cubic feet)
225 213 5104
5542
- 136 SID 66-179
S105AP83074
APOLLO SPACECRAFT USEABLE VOLUME
S/M 213 CU FT
SLA 5,104 CU FT

Apollo Program

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Apollo Program

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Apollo Program

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

-CR- 127327) A P O L L O PE"OG RAM American A v i a t i o n , I n c . ) Feb.

NORTH A M E R I C A N AVIATION, INC. SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

SPACE and I N F O R M A T I O N SYSTEMS D I V I S I O N

- 111 SID 66-179

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

GEMINI GEMINI 7,000 TITAN II 430,000

94,000 SATURN V 7,500,000

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

ADAPTER LUNAR EXCURSION MODULE

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

APOLLO SPACECRAFT S&ID RESPONSIBILITIES

APOLLO SPACECRAFT S&ID RESPONSIBILITIES

FACILITIES TRAINERS TEST SITE ACTIVATION

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

APOLLO SPACECRAFT TECHNICAL INTEGRATION & MANAGEMENT

N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , I N C . \ \S&/11 SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM & BOOST PROTECTIVE COVER

TOWER JETTISON MOTOR LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTOR

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

LEM DOCKING MECHANISM RE-ENTRY VEHICLE EARTH LANDING SYSTEM

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

COMMAND MODULE EXTERIOR

COMMAND MODULE EXTERIOR

,LES TOWER LEG WELLSs

FWD HEAT SHIELD CREW COMPT HEAT SHIELD

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

COMMAND MODULE LIVING AREA

COMMAND MODULE LIVING AREA

CENTER COUCH PARTIALLY STOWED

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

COMMAND MODULE SUBSYSTEMS

COMMAND MODULE SUBSYSTEMS

OPERATIONAL BEACON ANTENNA (EMERTRON)

CENTRAL TIMING (ELGIN)

STATIC INVERTER (WESTIN GROUSE) RE-ENTRY BATTERIES (EAGLE PITCHER)

ENV CONTROL (Al RESEARCH)

BATTERY CHARGER (ITT) REACTION CONTROL ENGINES (ROCKETDYNE)

REACTION CONTROL POSITIVE EXP TANKS (BELL)

GUID &NAV (MIT)

HONEYCOMB H/S PANELS (AERONCA)

HEAT SHIELD (AVCO)

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

COMMAND MODULE STRUCTURE

COMMAND MODULE STRUCTURE

ABLATIVE MATERIAL HEATSHIELD STAINLESS STEEL HONEYCOMB

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

COMMAND MODULE INNER STRUCTURE

COMMAND MODULE INNER STRUCTURE

AV I ATI ON, I NC.

SPACE and I N F O R M A T I O N SYSTEMS D I V I S I O N

COMMAND MODULE ABLATIVE MATERIAL THICKNESS

COMMAND MODULE ABLATIVE MATERIAL THICKNESS

17% HEAT LOAD

80% HEAT LOAD 3% HEAT LOAD

SPACE and INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION

C/M REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM

REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM

OXIDIZER PANEL ROLL ENGINES OXIDIZER TANKS PITCH ENGINES