CHEMISTRY (Code No.

043) (2022-2023)
Higher Secondary is the most crucial stage of school education because specialized
discipline-based, content-oriented courses are introduced at this juncture. Students reach
this stage after 10 years of general education and opt for Chemistry to pursue their career
in basic sciences or professional courses like medicine, engineering, technology and study
courses in applied areas of science and technology at the tertiary level. Therefore, there
is a need to provide learners with sufficient conceptual background in Chemistry, which
will make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses
after the senior secondary stage.
The new and updated curriculum is based on a disciplinary approach with rigour and depth
taking care that the syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the
international level. The knowledge related to the subject of Chemistry has undergone
tremendous changes during the past decade. Many new areas like synthetic materials,
biomolecules, natural resources, and industrial chemistry are coming in a big way and
deserve to be an integral part of the chemistry syllabus at the senior secondary stage. At
the international level, new formulations and nomenclature of elements and compounds,
symbols and units of physical quantities floated by scientific bodies like IUPAC and CGPM
are of immense importance and need to be incorporated into the updated syllabus. The
revised syllabus takes care of all these aspects. Greater emphasis has been laid on the
use of new nomenclature, symbols and formulations, the teaching of fundamental
concepts, application of concepts in chemistry to industry/ technology, logical sequencing
of units, removal of obsolete content and repetition, etc.

OBJECTIVES
The curriculum of Chemistry at Senior Secondary Stage aims to:

• promote understanding of basic facts and concepts in chemistry while retaining the
excitement of chemistry.
• make students capable of studying chemistry in academic and professional courses
(such as medicine, engineering, technology) at tertiary level.
• expose the students to various emerging new areas of chemistry and apprise them
with their relevance in future studies and their application in various spheres of
chemical sciences and technology.
• equip students to face various challenges related to health, nutrition, environment,
population, weather, industries and agriculture.
• develop problem solving skills in students.
• expose the students to different processes used in industries and their technological
applications.
• apprise students with interface of chemistry with other disciplines of science such as
physics, biology, geology, engineering etc.
• acquaint students with different aspects of chemistry used in daily life.
• develop an interest in students to study chemistry as a discipline.
• integrate life skills and values in the context of chemistry.
COURSE STRUCTURE
 CLASS–XI (THEORY) (2022-23)

Time:3Hours Total Marks70

S.NO UNIT PERIODS MARKS
1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 18 7
2 Structure of Atom 20 9
3 Classification of Elements and 12 6
Periodicity in Properties
4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular 20 7
Structure
5 Chemical Thermodynamics 23 9
6 Equilibrium 20 7
7 Redox Reactions 9 4
8 Organic Chemistry: Some basic 20 11
Principles and Techniques
9 Hydrocarbons 18 10
TOTAL 160 70

Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 18 Periods

General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry. Nature of matter, laws of
chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and
molecules. Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage
composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and
calculations based on stoichiometry.

Unit II: Structure of Atom 20 Periods

Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars.
Thomson's model and its limitations. Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model
and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de
Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum
numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau
principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms,
stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 12 Periods

Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern

periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of
elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain
enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number
greater than 100.

Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 20 Periods

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis’s structure, polar
character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory,
resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization,
involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory
of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), Hydrogen bond.

Unit VI: Chemical Thermodynamics 23 Periods

Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive
and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics -internal energy and
enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess's law of
constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation,
atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of
Thermodynamics (brief introduction) Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb's
energy change for spontaneous and non- spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).

Unit VII: Equilibrium 20 Periods

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of
mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier's principle,
ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of
ionization, ionization of poly basic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts
(elementary idea), buffer solution, Henderson Equation, solubility product, common ion
effect (with illustrative examples).

Unit VIII: Redox Reactions 09 Periods

Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox
reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number,
applications of redox reactions.

Unit XII: Organic Chemistry -Some Basic Principles and Techniques 20 Periods
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis,
classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements
in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations,
carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons 18 Periods

Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties,
chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and
pyrolysis.
Alkenes - Nomenclature, the structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism,
physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect),
ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes - Nomenclature, the structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods
of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of -
hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties:
mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel
Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in
monosubstituted benzene. Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

PRACTICALS

3 HOURS/ 30 Marks

Evaluation Scheme for Examination Marks

Volumetric Analysis 08
Salt Analysis 08
Content Based Experiment 06
Project Work 04
Class record and viva 04
Total 30

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS Total Periods: 60

Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments,
wherever possible such techniques should be used.
A. Basic Laboratory Techniques
1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod
2. Bending a glass tube
3. Drawing out a glass jet
4. Boring a cork
B. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substances
1. Determination of melting point of an organic compound.
2. Determination of boiling point of an organic compound.
3. Crystallization of impure sample of any one of the following: Alum, Copper
Sulphate, Benzoic Acid.
C. Experiments based on pH
1. Any one of the following experiments:
• Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices,
solution of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts
using pH paper or universal indicator.
 • Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acids of same
concentration. Study the pH change in the titration of a strong base
using universal indicator.
2. Study the pH change by common-ion in case of weak acids and weak bases.
D. Chemical Equilibrium
One of the following experiments:
1. Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by
increasing/decreasing the concentration of either of the ions.
2. Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6]2+ and chloride ions by changing
the concentration of either of the ions.

E. Quantitative Estimation
1. Using a mechanical balance/electronic balance.
2. Preparation of standard solution of Oxalic acid.
3. Determination of strength of a given solution of Sodium hydroxide by titrating it
against standard solution of Oxalic acid.
4. Preparation of standard solution of Sodium carbonate.
5. Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it
against standard Sodium Carbonate solution.

F. Qualitative Analysis
1. Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt
Cation:
Pb2+, Cu2+ As3+, Aℓ3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+
Anions:
(CO3)2-, S2-, (SO3)2-, (NO2)-, (SO4)2-, Cℓ-, Br-, I-, (PO4)3-, (C2O4)2-, CH3COO-, NO3-
(Note: Insoluble salts excluded)

2. Detection of -Nitrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine in organic compounds.

G. PROJECTS
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other
sources.
A few suggested Projects
• Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ion
• Study of the methods of purification of water
• Testing the hardness, presence of Iron, Fluoride, Chloride, etc., depending upon the
regional variation in drinking water and study of causes of presence of these ions
above permissible limit (if any).
• Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of
addition of Sodium carbonate on it
• Study the acidity of different samples of tea leaves.
• Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids.

• Study the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibers.
• Study of acidity of fruit and vegetable juices.

Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be
chosen with the approval of the teacher.

PRACTICAL EXAMINATION FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED STUDENTS

Note: Same Evaluation scheme and general guidelines for visually impaired students as
given for Class XII may be followed.

A. List of apparatus for identification for assessment in practical (All

experiments)

Beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod, funnel, filter paper, Bunsen burner, test-tube,
test-tube stand, dropper, test tube holder, ignition tube, china dish, tongs, standard flask,
pipette, burette, conical flask, clamp stand, dropper, wash bottle

• Odour detection in qualitative analysis

• Procedure/Setup of the apparatus

B. List of Experiments A. Characterization and Purification of Chemical

Substances

1. Crystallization of an impure sample of any one of the following: copper sulphate,

benzoic acid

C. Experiments based on pH

1. Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of

known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper
2. Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acids of same concentration.

D. Chemical Equilibrium
1. Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by
increasing/decreasing the concentration of either ions.
2. Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6]2+ and chloride ions by
changing the concentration of either of the ions.

E. Quantitative estimation
1. Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid.
2. Determination of molarity of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it
against standard solution of oxalic acid.

F. Qualitative Analysis
1. Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt
2. Cations - NH4 +
 Anions – (CO3)2-, S2-, (SO3)2-, Cl-, CH3COO-
(Note: insoluble salts excluded)
3. Detection of Nitrogen in the given organic compound.
4. Detection of Halogen in the given organic compound.

Note: The above practical may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than
recording observations.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:

1. Chemistry Part – I, Class-XI, Published by NCERT.

2. Chemistry Part – II, Class-XI, Published by NCERT.

3. Laboratory Manual of Chemistry, Class XI Published by NCERT

4. Other related books and manuals of NCERT including multimedia and online
sources

Note:
The content indicated in NCERT textbooks as excluded for the year 2022-23 is not to be
tested by schools.