UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

JAIME HERNANDEZ AVE., NAGA CITY 4400

AQUAPOLIS:

A PROPOSED MARINE CONSERVATION CENTER

Nicole M. Nacario
Thesis Student

An undergraduate Thesis Proposal

Submitted to
The Dean of the college of Engineering and Architecture
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Architecture

August 2019
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3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section plays a significant role as it serves the basis for the
proposed research project. The studies made by other researchers could help
the researcher understand the research project better, clarify vague points
about the issues encountered during the research, and provide different
solutions that could bridge different researches and find the resemblance of
one study with previous ones. This section also guides the researcher in
comparing results of other related and similar researches as far as their
respective results are concerned. Thus, it is commendable to give importance
to the processes and conclusions of related studies on similar projects.

3.1. PROJECT FOCUS

Marine conservation is the protection and preservation of
ecosystems in oceans and seas through scheduled and proper
management, as well as providing a system that would limit degradation
of marine life and address worldwide threats to marine biodiversity. This
research is an attempt to draft an essential strategy to address the
dangers that threaten marine protected areas, to enhance the aquatic
ecosystem to answer properly the purpose for its establishment as well
as the sustainability of its services to the ecology of the ocean.

a. Introduction
The town of Mercedes is also known as “The Belle of Pacific”,
located in Camarines Norte. It is one of those quiet beauties that
often get overlooked. When one gets the drift by observing the town
more intimately, one would realize that the town is more than what
meets the eye as it has so much elements and quiet charm that
grows inside the beholder. Fishery, as an industry, plays a
significant role in the economic activity of Mercedes, being the
largest fishing bowl in the Bicol Region. The town plays as the
center of production in marine resources and most of the residents
are dependent on the resources of the ocean. But due to the high
dependency of the people on the resources of the ocean and to the
rapid growth of population along the coasts of these districts that
resulted in increased solid waste generation, sewage discharges
and beach erosion, much of the marine sanctuary is affected. Illegal
and overfishing is also one of the problems that people boldly claim
as their excuse for saying, “There’s plenty of fish in the sea”.

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However, the fact is that is the number of species of fish swimming

in the ocean are getting fewer and fewer every year. The rising
demand for seafood and a highly-efficient fishing technology have
led to many species being removed from the ocean faster than they
can repopulate. Many popular fish are now at serious risk of going
extinct. If that were to happen, millions of people would not only be
deprived of a vital food source, but countless other marine species
other than fish could go extinct.

The Marine Conservation Center, intended to address

pressing problems and adverse effects on marine species, habitats
and eventually people's lives, aims to protect the world's vital
marine and coastal biodiversity and to preserve productive habitats
to maximize the long-term ecological, social and financial
advantages for humans and nature.

b. Overview
The primary function of AQUAPOLIS: Marine Conservation
Center is to safeguard the marine ecosystem and to reduce
pollution by adopting policies, providing educational and research
equipment or laboratories that will offer essential marine
conservation protection. This Center will provide a strategy that will
improve ocean governance and reinforce marine management on
a sufficiently big spatial scale to produce significant ecological
results and advantages for human well-being. Likewise, the
Center’s function demands to uphold the delicate balance in
communicating with nature, including food production, economic
development, community participation, and traditional sharing of
information.

This project proposal also aims to transform the town of

Mercedes into a major tourism hub. It aspires to play a central role
in tourism development in the province of Camarines Sur. The
growth of tourist arrivals and tourism in the municipality may result
in tremendous impacts on the environment and culture of the town
of Mercedes. More people would become be aware of and support
the development in marine conservation and protection of the
country’s marine biodiversity. Social benefits generated from
tourism development included improvement in the municipality’s

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income and improved access to education about marine

conservation and other services.

c. Operations
i. Marine Research Center and Laboratories
Research is the main function of the marine conservation
center. Research programs are designed to address specific
areas of concern, such as marine environment protection,
pollution protection, pollution prevention, and marine
ecosystem degradation, and the need for sustainable marine
resource management system degradation areas of concern,
such as marine environment protection, pollution prevention,
marine ecosystem degradation, and the need for sustainable
marine resource management system.

marine resource management.

Image 3.1.1: Research Laboratory

Source: Baileyedward.com

• Experimental Species and Breeding Building

Aimed at controlling the variables affecting the

behavior or biological system being studied. This strategy
can be contrasted with field research that observes animals
in their natural settings or habitats.

• Marine Hatchery Facilities

A place for artificial breeding, hatching and rearing
through animals' early stages of life, in particular, finfish and
shellfish. Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish,
shellfish and crustaceans, primarily to support the

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aquaculture industry where they are transferred to growing

systems, such as fish farms, to reach harvest size.

Image 3.1.2: Research Laboratory

Source: Jedunn.com

• Wet Laboratory

With other liquid alternatives or gaseous stages,

chemicals and other liquid or gaseous substances are
treated in most laboratories. Wet laboratories involve
laboratory benches, sinks, hoods, safety equipment, etc.
due to the nature of the job and the handling of liquids. For
most laboratories, direct ventilation and piping are
important factors.

o Lab bench countertops and sinks that can be cleaned

easily
o Materials and finishes that are resistant to bacteria and
chemicals
o Piped in hot and cold water, often including reverse
osmosis or deionized water
o Biosafety cabinets
o Chemical fume hoods
o Facilities for handling live test specimens
o Specialized refrigerators and freezers
o Controlled environmental areas
o Sterilization equipment
o Safety showers, eye wash stations and hand washing
stations
o Drain, waste and vent services

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Image 3.1.3: Wet Laboratory

Source: Borackabn.com

• Dry Laboratory

The role of the dry lab has expanded from providing

a space for working with dry stored chemicals to a lab space
with a network of powerful computing systems. In dry labs,
computers are used to carry out analysis, modeling, and
simulations. A dry lab is place where analysis of data is
conducted with computers and mathematical analysis. The
design of these labs is critical as wet labs, but the
requirements are very different.

o Extensive HVAC controls to support cooling and

humidity levels of computer labs
o Clean power systems for sensitive computers, research
instruments and network communications
o Vibration controls for sensitive instruments that need to
maintain calibration
o Fire suppression systems
o Communication integration systems

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Image 3.1.4: Dry Laboratory

Source: qzland.com

• Hatchery Facilities
o Maturation Systems

Image 3.1.5: Maturation System

Source: aquaculture.urgent.be

Indoor facilities are usually favored for

maturation systems since they permit greater control of
temperature, light intensity and photoperiod, all of
which influence ovarian development. Nevertheless,
outdoor tanks, pens or ponds can also be used. The
successful application of this type of maturation system
depends on the availability of suitably sheltered
seawater sites. (Bray, 1992)
Wild-caught or pond-reared brood stock are held
in shallow (40-70 cm water depth) circular or elongated
tanks (3-5 m in diameter), made of fiberglass, plastic or

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cement, stocked with shrimp at 6-10 m-2. A maturation

tank must provide the shrimp with sufficient area and
depth of water for successful courting and mating
behavior. (Bray, 1992)
Operation Water depth range between 0.3 and
1m and best results are usually obtained with a steady
temperature around 28 ͦ C and salinity close to full
seawater (30-35 ppt). The sides are dark colored to
reduce collisions with the sides. Light level should be
dim. Photoperiod can vary from 13-14 hours/day to 24
hours/day. Maturation tanks should be located away
from the standby power system, and other sources of
vibration and noise. Some hatcheries use a sand
substrate for species while others do not. Sands
substrate significantly increase problems with hygiene
and water quality. (Colt, 1992)

o Spawning Tanks

Image 3.1.6: Spawning Tanks

Source: aquaculture.urgent.be

Spawning tanks should be circular with a flat or

conical shaped bottom. Water holding capacity may
vary from 50 liters to 1.5 tons. The tank can be made of
fiberglass, plexiglass, plastic or marine plywood. The
tanks are used to temporarily hold the gravid females
until spawning. (Kungvankij, 1986)

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o Larval Rearing Tanks

Image 3.1.7: Larval Rearing Tanks

Source: aquaculture.urgent.be

Larval Rearing tanks range from 1-2800m3.

Large larval tanks are built from coated concrete, while
fiberglass or plastic are used for smaller tanks.
Concrete tanks must be filled with a seawater and aged
for at least 50-60 days before use. Larval tanks must be
designed to allow rapid complete draining. Most larval
rearing tanks are in doors. Large tanks systems are
usually enclosed in greenhouse structures or buildings
with translucent fiberglass panels. Larvae should be
protected from freshwater inflow, direct sunlight, and
dust. (Colt, 1992)

o Water Storage and Filtration Tanks

The water storage tank is normally elevated to

effectively distributed by gravity to the hatchery. The
water storage tank capacity should be at least 20% of
the larval rearing tanks. Storage tanks are normally
constructed out of reinforced concrete to withstand the
water pressure. (Kungvankij, 1986)

When the water is turbid, installation of a filtering

screen and sand filter unit become necessary. The filter
chamber may be constructed adjoining the holding
tank. There are two types of filter system:

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▪ Gravity filter where water is pumped into the filter

chamber over the surface of the filter bed and
allowed to pass through the filter material by gravity
to the holding chamber which is located under the
filter chamber
▪ Reversing filter where water is pumped directly to
the space under the filter chamber and pumped
upward through the filter to the surface and on the
holding tank. In both systems, the filter chamber
usually contains either white sand, charcoal,
gravel, or all the three as filter material.
(Kungvankij, 1986)

ii. Educational Laboratory Facilities

Laboratory work is a critical element of all chemistry

programs, starting with undergraduate courses at the
introductory level. Students, therefore, need to create a strong
basis in the fundamental laboratory safety principles and
processes and deepen their understanding as they advance
through their academic career.

Image 3.1.8: Dry Laboratory

Source: gcrc.gl

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• Recognize the Hazards

Students should be able to recognize common

hazards in the laboratory, explain why they are hazards,
and be familiar with hazard rating systems.

• Assess the Risks of the Hazards

The risks of specific hazards should be assessed by

students. Risk is the likelihood of injury or damage from
hazard exposure. Under certain circumstances, students
should be able to determine the relative severity of a
particular hazard and provide an estimate of the likelihood
of exposure.

• Minimize the Risks of the Hazards

Students should be able to find methods to reduce

the danger. This may require the use of suitable
engineering controls (equipment such as hoods, ventilation
systems, and safety interlocks), administrative controls
(procedures, processes, and training), and personal
protective equipment (PPE) to decrease or mitigate the
danger. Students should be aware of prevalent techniques
of minimizing risks and the constraints of these protective
measures. Students must be aware that there are risks in
all laboratory research and that careful planning and
preparation can reduce these risks to acceptable levels.

• Prepare for Emergencies from Uncontrolled Hazards

Students should prepare for emergencies by

explaining how to respond to common laboratory
emergencies such as fires, explosions, chemical
exposures, injuries, and chemical spills. Students should be
able to clarify how emergency equipment such as fire
extinguishers, eyewash stations, safety showers, spill kits,
first aid kits, fire alarms and fire blankets are selected and
used properly. Students should know the importance of
reporting laboratory incidents and the lessons that can be
learned from the incidents. Training, walking to locations of

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all emergency equipment, and considering what one would

do should occur before an incident or emergency occurs.

iii. Marine Science Library

The Marine Science Library is a dedicated library that

promotes research, graduate-level training and extension
services goals of the marine research center. The library
maintains a collection of books and monographs, journals,
audio-visual and cartographic materials, vertical files and prints
as a comprehensive source of information in various fields of
marine biology, oceanography, ecology, environmental
management, fisheries, and aquaculture.

Services and equipment include book loans, search for

reference and literature, scanning and photocopying services,
an audio-visual material viewing space and Wi-Fi connection for
the Internet requirements of our customers.

Image 3.1.9: Library

Source: macademy.gov.bd

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iv. Marine Museum

Image 3.1.10: Marine Museum

Source: meiwoplastination.com

The Marine Science Center is a marine science and

natural history museum. The museum's exhibits include a skull
marine mammal species, reef aquarium, freshwater turtles,
turtle rehabilitation area, artificial reef aquarium, stingray and
jellyfish aquarium.

The project incorporates interdisciplinary science,

culture, and education to support community engagement in the
conservation of natural heritage and environment through
sustainable development. The project brings together scientific
research, educational activity, cultural experience, tourism,
learning, and daily commitment. It aims at improving residents '
quality of life, promoting scientific innovation and promoting
economic development, especially tourism.

Image 3.1.11: Marine Museum

Source: eng.taiwan.net.tw

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Schedule:

Monday-Friday 8:00am-5:00pm

Saturday 8:00am-12:00pm

Sunday Closed

Rate: Php 150 for regular rates. 20% discount is offered to

students with valid IDs, senior citizens and persons with
disabilities.

What to see: Marine museum active in producing educational

workshops and events. It offers marine science gallery, fishery
science gallery, marine environment gallery, wonders of the
deep-sea gallery, marine technology gallery and the deep-sea
theater.

• Marine Science gallery

• Fishery Science Gallery

• Marine Environment Gallery

• Wonders of the Deep-Sea Gallery

• Marine Technology Gallery

• Deep-Sea Theater

v. Rescue and Response Building

Once a rescued marine mammal is brought to the center,

during its recovery period, the animal will provide medical care
and care. It operates in the treatment of patients much like a
hospital for human or domestic animals. Marine mammals,
however, have unique adaptations to marine life that present
challenges requiring special medical attention. (Blackbaud,
2019).

Nutrition, handling methods, hygiene and sanitation,

housing, illness prevention and stress reduction are the key
elements of our rehabilitation attempts. Volunteers are helping
with many rehabilitation elements and releasing initiatives,
including much of the animal’s daily care. Maintaining the

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wildness of the animals and reducing their stress is an integral

part of our work. The animals are not used to interacting with
beings, and with their instincts and skills intact, we want to be
able to eventually return them to their habitat.

The hospital for marine life involves such as dolphins,

porpoises, sea turtles and other species of marine mammals. In
different stages of treatment or rehabilitation, it may have
dozens of patients on site at any given time.

Image 3.1.12: Marine Museum

Source: tampabay.com

• The most common reasons these animals have been

rescued and are under human care are:
o Malnutrition as a result of an ever-changing shift in the
ocean food chain, becoming separated from
mom during weaning, or illness
o Illnesses such as toxic algae poisoning, bacterial
infections and even skin disease
o Entanglements in ocean trash
o Gunshots
o Boat strikes
o Shark bites

• Releasing Wildlife

Returning to the wild is the ultimate goal for every

patient and affirming volunteers and staff's hours of service
and hard work. Animals must pass final examinations in

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order to be released and must be able to forage fish

successfully. All patients receive a flipper tag; some
released may obtain satellite or radio tags so that if they are
re-sighted, their progress can be tracked.

vi. Marine Life Hospital and Rehab Center

• Medical Treatment

Rehabilitation centers are primarily veterinary-

supervised hospital operations. Newly admitted animals
require a thorough examination, which veterinarians
attending the workshop agreed should include: assessing
animal behavior (e.g. responsive, comatose, convulsive),
physical condition (e.g., injuries and deformities) and vital
signs (e.g., body temperature, heart and respiratory rates),
and blood, parasitological, microbiological, and treatment.

• Need for Quarantine

Clinical proof of disease may carry pathogens in a

rehabilitation facility or continuous colony that may be
transferred to others.

New arrivals who are ill may be more susceptible to

resident animal infections themselves. Therefore,
stranding’s should be isolated until adequate diagnostic
testing is carried out and therapy is instituted. Well done,
isolation includes a discrete supply of water, distinct food
preparation area, rigorous disinfection processes, no public
access, pets or other domestic animals, and distinct
protective clothing, or better yet, distinct personnel.

It was pointed out that meeting this objective is costly

and difficult, but should be considered essential and
incorporated into the design of the facility. Some facilities
use recirculating water in a closed system: others have
several pools in a common filtration system, or contiguous
pens and no control over air movement.

Under trying circumstances, some centers attempt

reasonable quarantine measures; others improvise as they

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can. Where no quarantine exists, it is possible for a

strangling to arrive at a busy facility more or less free of
disease, and become infected with a serious pathogen
hours before release.

vii. Marine Ecolodges

Image 3.1.13: Marine Ecolodges

Source: Choosephilippines.com

The ecolodges is exclusive for the researchers, marine

ecologist and biologists, scientists, environmentalist, students
and other related professionals who are going to visit the marine
research complex. However, it is open for the public but it is
only limited and need an appointment before lodging in.

Tourism is one of the best ways to educate the public

about ecology. By providing physical spaces and activities that
promote responsible tourism, ecolodges educate travelers,
including the ecolodge staff themselves, on the relevance of
environmental conservation in property development.

Nature and culture become the main attractions hand in

hand with a unique tourism experience. Tourist activities
through eco-tourism help preserve natural resources and the
environment for future generations to enjoy. This sustainable
type of tourism has a low impact on nature and carbon footprint
is minimal.

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3.2. TYPOLOGY
a. Definition and Historical Overview
During the 1950s and
early 1960’s, as coastal and
marine ecosystems became
increasingly degraded by
human activities and heavily
exploited by fishing, the
calls for the management
Image 3.2.1: Great Barrier reef and protection of the marine
Source: travelbrocure.org environments and
resources became more stressing. The international community
travelbrocures.org
started to develop a response to the need for effective conservation
and management of coastal and marine systems. National and
global policies were developed around concepts of integrated marine
resources and environmental management, and were fostered by
several international initiatives, including the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972
(United Nations 1972), the protracted negotiations leading to the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS; United
Nations 1982) and the creation of the UNEP Regional Seas Program
in 1972. (Richard Kenchington, 2003)
Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been considered and
promoted as an important and interactive tool to achieve effective
ocean conservation when nested in a broader framework of
integrated management.
The World Conservation Strategy (IUCN, UNEP and WWF
1980) and Our Common Future (WCED 1987) have both highlighted
the need for an integrated strategy for managing oceans and coasts.
This comprehensive strategy was further enhanced when it adopted
a policy statement (IUCN 1988) on the protection and conservation
of the marine environment (IUCN GA Resolution 17.38) that
recognized the high degree of linkage between marine environments
and their connection to terrestrial activities and called for an overall
marine conservation strategy “to provide for the protection,
restoration, wise use, understanding and enjoyment of the marine
heritage of the world in perpetuity through the creation of a global

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representative system of marine protected areas and through the

management, in accordance with the principle of the world
conservation strategy, of human activities that use or affect the
marine environment.

Image 3.2.2: Marine Museum

Source: detroitzoo.org

IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas have

played a key role in providing guidance to foster initiatives in marine
and coastal protection, conservation and management at
government and agency levels and amongst non-government
organizations and individuals.

Following the WCED and other international initiatives,

various countries started establishing and managing MPAs. The
concept of what marine protected areas are defined as and what they
can accomplish was further elaborated, often with varying
interpretations. Many nations have established marine protected
areas; however, these differ considerably in their extent and
objectives.

Through this program, nations could communicate and make

agreements about marine conservation. After the formation of the
IUCN, new independent organizations known as non-governmental
organizations started to appear. These organizations were self-
governed and had individual goals for marine conservation. At the
end of the 1970s, undersea explorations equipped with new
technology such as computers were undertaken. During these
explorations, fundamental principles of change were discovered in
relation to marine ecosystems. Through this discovery, the
interdependent nature of the ocean was revealed. This led to a
change in the approach of marine conservation efforts, and a new

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emphasis was put on restoring systems within the environment,

along with protecting biodiversity.

b. Architectural Standards and Guidelines

i. Republic Act No. 8550- The Philippine Fisheries Code of
1998
UTILIZATION, MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT,
CONSERVATION AND ALLOCATION SYSTEM OF FISHERIES
AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
Sec. 5. Use of Philippine Waters- The use and exploitation of
the fishery and aquatic resources in Philippine waters
shall be reserved exclusively to Filipinos; provided,
however, that research and survey activities may be
allowed under strict regulations, for purely research,
scientific, technological and educational purpose that
would also benefit Filipino citizens.

Sec. 10. Introduction of Foreign Aquatic Species- No foreign

finfish, mollusk, crustacean or aquatic plants shall be
introduced in Philippine waters without a sound
ecological, biological and environmental jurisdiction
based on scientific studies subject to the bio-safety
standards as provided for by existing laws; Provided,
however, that the Department may approve the
introduction of foreign aquatic species for scientific/
research purposes.

Sec. 11. Protection of Rare, Threatened and Endangered

Species- The Department shall declare closed
seasons and take conservation and rehabilitation
measures for rare, threatened and/or endangered
species, including their eggs/offspring as identified by
existing laws in concurrence with concerned
government agencies.
The said code is essential for the researcher. This will
serve as a guide for the Rescue and Conservation on
protecting the aquatic wildlife.

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ii. Water Code of the Philippines (PD1067)

Because of rational concepts of integrated and multi-

purpose water resource management and sufficiently flexible to
meet future development needs, the need for the code is very
evident. Since the government sees water as a vital part of
national development, they increasingly need to actively impart
water to improve water resource management.

The purpose of this code is to establish the basic

principles and framework related to water resource control and
conservation; to define the extent of water users ' rights and
obligations, and; to coordinate with other code that may help to
strengthen the code's objectives.

iii. The Philippine Environmental Code (PD 1151)

The Philippine Environmental Code (PD 1151) is a law

giving environmentally friendly development goals and policies.
In pursuing this policy, it is the government's duty, in
collaboration with the private organizations and individuals
concerned, to use all possible means by following other vital
domestic policy factors. In promoting the general welfare to end
that the Nation may: (a) recognize, discharge and fulfill the
responsibilities of each generation as trustee and guardian of the
environment for succeeding generations; (b) assure the people
of a safe, decent, healthful, productive and aesthetic
environment; (c) promote the most extensive exploitation of the
environment without degrading or endangering human life,
health, and safety or creating unfavorable conditions for
agriculture, trade, and industry; (d) strike a rational and orderly
balance between population and resource use, and; improve the
use of renewable and non-renewable resources.

iv. Republic Act No. 9147- The Wildlife Resources Conservation

and Protection Act Of 2001

Section 7. Collective of Wildlife- Collection of wildlife may be

allowed in accordance with Section 6 of this Act:
Provided, that in the collection of wildlife,
appropriate and acceptable wildlife collection
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techniques with least or no detrimental effects to

the existing wildlife populations and their habitats
shall, likewise, be required: Provided, further that
collection of wildlife by indigenous people may be
allowed for traditional use and not primarily for
trade: Provided, furthermore that collection and
utilization for said purpose shall not cover
threatened species: Provided, finally that Section
23 of this Act shall govern the collection of
threatened species.

Section 8. Possession of Wildlife- No person or entity shall be

allowed possession of wildlife unless such person
or entity can prove financial and technical capability
and facility to maintain said wildlife: Provided, that
the source was not obtained in violation of this Act.

Section 11. Exportation and/or Important of Wildlife- Wildlife

species may be exported to or imported from
another country as may be authorized by the
Secretary or the designated representative, subject
to strict compliance with the provisions of this Act
and rules and regulations promulgated pursuant
thereto: Provided, that the recipient of the wildlife is
technically capable to maintain it.

Section12. Introduction, Reintroduction or Restocking of

Endemic or Indigenous Wildlife- The introduction,
reintroduction or restocking of endemic and
indigenous wildlife shall be allowed only for
population enhancement or recovery purposes
subject to prior clearance from the Secretary or the
authorized representative pursuant to Section 6 of
this Act.

Section 13. Introduction of Exotic Wildlife- No exotic species

shall be introduced into the country, unless a
clearance from the Secretary or the authorized
representative is first obtained. In no case shall

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exotic species be introduced into protected areas

covered by Republic Act. No. 7586 and to critical
habitats under Section 25 hereof.

v. Republic Act No. 9147- The Wildlife Resources Conservation

and Protection Act Of 2001 (Annex “A”)

The Act, approved on 11 February 1998 and amended in

2013 by RA 10631, aims to protect and promote the welfare of
all animals in the Philippines and allows the Bureau of Animal
Industry (BAI) to supervise and regulate the establishment and
operations of all facilities, including zoos and any other form of
structure, utilized for breeding, maintaining, keeping, treating, or
training of all animals.

The Act also authorize the BAI to supervise and regulate

the transport of such animals in any form of public or private
transportation facility in order to provide maximum comfort while
in transit and minimize, if not totally eradicate, incidence of
sickness or death and prevent any cruelty from being inflicted
upon the animals. It requires the owner or operator of any land,
air or water public utility transporting pet, wildlife, and all other
animals to provide in all case, adequate, clean, and sanitary
facilities for the safe conveyance and delivery thereof to their
consignee.

vi. DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-46 Of 13 June 2000-

Guidelines on The Establishment of Regional Wildlife
Rescue Center (Annex “D”)

Under this DAO, Regional Wildlife Rescue Centers

(RWRC) shall be established to provide adequate care and
maintenance for confiscated, donated and/ or abandoned wild
plants and animals with the ultimate objective of releasing/
putting back to the natural habitats those which are fit to survive.

The said regulations of the Philippines gave the scientist

thoughts and expertise to regulate/balance the aquatic
ecosystem. It also provided data on the various facilities needed

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in a center for rescue and conservation. Also, the investigator

was able to obtain data on aquatic animal rehabilitation.

vii. Wildlife Rescue Center Manual of Operation Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
(BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT BUREAU)
General principles in the operation of WRC
The operation of the WRC shall be guided by the following
general principles:

Section 4. Wildlife Welfare

The welfare of captive wildlife must take precedence in all
aspects of management. Rescued wildlife often comes from very
stressful situation hence, wildlife taken into the WRC need to be
treated carefully. Wildlife needs are often overlooked; thus, it is
important to keep in mind each of the following five
internationally- recognized freedoms:
• Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition
• Freedom from physical discomfort and pain
• Freedom from injury and disease
• Freedom from fear and distress
• Freedom to conform to essential behavioral patterns

All these freedoms should determine the manner of

housing, feeding, management and care of wild animals in
WRCs.

Section 5. Health

In many instances, the wild animals received by WRC are

unhealthy and would need to be restored to good health.
Ensuring the welfare of the animals is the key in the recovery of
these animals. Also, many diseases can be prevented by
assuring the animals welfare.

All WRC personnel contribute to the health condition of

the wildlife. Animal keepers are especially important sentinels of
wildlife health and are considered the first line of defense in
disease outbreaks. Together with veterinarians and other
technical staff, they prevent disease occurrence and maintain the
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overall health condition of the animals. Keen observation, good

line of communication and good documentation by WRC
personnel are crucial in the early detection of abnormal behavior
and signs of illness. They are also essential in diagnosing
diseases.

Similarly, health of WRC personnel must be fully

considered in the operation of WRC. All measures must be taken
to ensure that they are physically fit. Safeguards to prevent
possible disease transmission from human to animals, and
exposure to potential health risks and hazards posed by the
animals must be adopted.

Section 6. Hygiene
WRC must be free from any adverse condition such as
microbial infection, disease occurrence, pest infestation, water
stagnation, waste accumulation, etc. that would compromise the
health of humans and animals. Hygiene plays an important role
in breaking the chain of disease among animals and between
animals and man. Hence, all WRC staff should at all times
observed good hygiene to prevent cross-contamination and
prevent possible transmission of infection that may be affect the
health of the wildlife.
Sanitation is equally important in minimizing and
preventing disease occurrence. Soiled materials like bedding
must be removed. Solid wastes such as feces, unconsumed
food/feeds and other waste materials should be properly
disposed of daily. A proper drainage system should be in place
to prevent water stagnation. The WRC’s enclosure floorings and
surroundings must be cleaned and disinfected regularly and
maintained dry at all times.
Special attention should be given to the maintenance of
cleanliness of drinking and feeding utensils, wildlife enclosure
and surroundings including hygiene of WRC staff/personnel, in
order to minimize the risk of disease occurrence and
transmission.
A veterinarian-approved pest control program should be
available and efficiently implemented within the WRC and its

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premises, including the food preparation and food storage areas.

The program should include measures to prevent intrusion of
domestic animals into WRC premises. The techniques or
methods employed should be properly documented and may be
revised as warranted.
Section 7. Feeding and Nutrition

Foremost, food similar or closest to their diet in the wild

should be made available and provided to the animals being
maintained at WRC. Food to be provided to the animals should
be in accordance with their respective nutritional and quantitative
needs, condition, size and age.

Gathering the complete history of the animals being

turned over to the Center is beneficial to facilitate the diet
transition. Only diet that would be accepted by the animals must
be provided to avoid unnecessary and additional stress that may
compromise the animal’s health. Off-feeding and special diets for
animals undergoing treatment or hand- rearing shall be
observed, as warranted by the attending veterinarian.

Food should be prepared and offered to the wildlife under

hygienic conditions, and the manner by which they are offered
should follow the natural behavior, biology, and ecology of the
animal. Clean drinking water should be provided at all times.

The feeding regimen prepared by the veterinarian should

be strictly implemented and should be reviewed periodically to
detect nutritional problems and provide valuable data for the
development of new diets. Generally, appropriate and right
amount of food, about 10% of the animal’s body weight, should
be given to the animal.

Section 8. Transport and Handling

Wildlife welfare and keeper safety should be the utmost

priority in the transport and handling of wildlife. In all, instances
the goal should be to minimize stress and injury to the wildlife
and to limit injuries to the wildlife handler. Wildlife restraint should
be performed only by experienced personnel and, if possible,

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supervised by the veterinarian. Physical restraint should be the

first option, but chemical restraint should always be available in
cases of emergency and shall only be performed by a qualified
veterinarian. There should be no direct physical contact to the
public during the period of restraint and transport.

Section 9. Observation and Record-keeping

Good observation skills are one of the bases of proper

wildlife management and thus should be developed by the
wildlife management team composed of animal keepers,
veterinarians and the WRC head or Officer-in Charge. The
importance of this skill cannot be overemphasized, as early
disease detection, conflict resolution among individuals kept in
herds or groups, signs of impending breeding, enclosure quality,
and other relevant aspects of management are reliant on good
observation.

Section 10. Shelter

Enclosure should have adequate space to allow the

animals to exercise, and the proper environment, such as
shelter, hiding places, perches, feeding, bathing, nesting, resting
and isolation areas to enable them to show their natural
behavioral patterns and prevent possible occurrence of
behavioral problems. Perches, hides and shelters should be
made of natural materials and free from protrusions and sharp
edges that may harm the animal or the keeper. Provision of
enclosure enrichment such as vegetation is encouraged.

• Facility Requirements

A wildlife Rescue Center should have various facilities

to meet the ultimate goal of releasing the animals back to
their natural habitat. These facilities should have limited
access, free from noise and other unnecessary disturbances.
The public shall be accommodated only in the designated
display/viewing area.

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Section 11. Basic Facilities

A Wildlife Rescue Center should have the following basic

facilities:

11.1. Animal Receiving Area (ARA)

The ARA is where wild animals are accepted and

initially assessed as to their physical condition. It should
be adjacent to the veterinary clinic and quarantine area. It
should be well-ventilated and provided with a footbath,
basic capture tools, restraining materials and portable
cages. Animal Acceptance and Health Record Forms
must also be readily available in this area. The ARA
should be manned by a WRC staff knowledgeable on
wildlife identification. All animals received by the Center
shall be properly documented.

11.2. Quarantine Facility (QF)

The floor and walls of the QF should be made of

materials that are easy to clean and resistant to cleaning
agents. Floors should be non-slippery and should be
slightly slanting downward to the drainage system to
facilities drying. The drainage should be properly covered.

The QF should have a small table and sink. The QF

should also be equipped with a whiteboard where the
veterinarian’s special instruction on particularly animals
are posted. It must also be provided with a logbook where
the assigned animal keeper/caretaker shall record all
observations on animals therein. WRC staff working at the
QF should use PPE at all times.

11.3. Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory (VCL)

The VCL is the facility where apparently sick

animals are examined and temporarily housed for
treatment. The Veterinary Clinic should be located near
the quarantine area. It should be well-ventilated and

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provided with an examination table, basic diagnostic and

treatment instruments and materials; and, a range of
drugs/medicines for treatment. Stocking of
drugs/medicines that are seldom used and/or have short
expiration period must be avoided. They should be
purchased only when need arises.

The laboratory may be located within the clinic, or

adjacent to it. Basic laboratory equipment such as
microscopic and centrifuge should be available to be able
to perform basic laboratory lets such as focalizes,
Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Packed Cell Volume
(PVC) that are necessary in evaluating the health
status/conditions of the animal. Ideally, the laboratory
should have a Veterinary Pathologist.

Laboratory analysis or examination of blood, fecal

and other samples should be referred to the nearest
laboratory facility or to the Regional Animal Disease
Diagnostic Laboratory (RADDL) in case a WRC has no
laboratory or capacity to do the examination and analysis.

11.4. Commissary Area (CA)

The commissary area is the storage and

preparation area of food for the captive wild animals at
WRC. This area should be equipped with a refrigerator,
freezer and pantry. The pantry should be able to
accommodate dry, wet and fresh farm products. A space
to temporarily keep live prey may be designated within the
CA.

It must have a working table, a large sink and vats

(large basins) for soaking food bowls, drinking troughs and
other utensils for disinfection. Equipment such as knives
should be sharp and well-maintained to ease the effort put
into food preparation. Separate cutting boards for meat,
vegetables and fruits are recommended. A stove, a food
processor and cooking equipment should also be made
available to meet the various dietary needs of the animals.

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Other articles such as aprons, pot holders, cleaning

materials and disinfectants should also be accessible for
use exclusively in the food preparation area.

Strict sanitation in this area should be observed at

all times to prevent habitation of flies, rats, mice,
cockroaches and other pests that might contaminate food
and other animal’s feeds.

11.5. Pre-Release Area (PRA)

The PRA shall house animals which have

completed the quarantine period as well as the newly-
accepted individuals found it for release. Enclosures in the
PRA should simulate the natural environment of the
animals in preparation for their eventual release. In case
of avian species, enclosures should be big enough for the
flight exercise. Also, habitat simulation should be done
through the provision of enrichment materials, e.g.
wooden perches, ropes, live prey (whenever appropriate),
etc., that will motivate the animals to display their normal
behavioral patterns. Animal-human interaction in this area
should be minimized.

11.6. Holding Area

This area shall house animals that have completed

the quarantine period but require further assessment (e.g.
animals of unknown origin) to determine the mode of final
disposition. Enclosure in this area may be portable but
must be spacious enough to allow free movement of the
animals and their easy capture for follow-up health
assessments.

11.7. Post-mortem/Necropsy Area

Animals that died at WRC shall be brought to this

area for post-mortem examination (necropsy) to
determine the cause of death. This area should be located
away from the receiving area, clinic and quarantine
facilities. A footbath should be available at the entrance.

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The area should be enclosed and equipped with a

necropsy table, freezer, sink, faucet and hose. Storage
areas for necropsy instruments, sample/specimen
containers and supplies needed for labeling of
carcasses/specimens/samples, as well as equipment
necessary for the disposal of carcasses should also be
available in this area. It must have a separate sewage
channel and a septic tank, and should be equipped with
its own provisions for cleaning and disinfection at all times.

Taxidermy or dry preservation of carcasses shall

also be conducted in this area, hence, materials and
equipment for this purpose should likewise be available in
this area.

11.8. Carcass Disposal Area (Animal Burial Ground)

The carcass disposal area shall be the place

exclusively designated for burial of wild animals that died
at the center. It shall be adjacent to the necropsy area,
where entry is limited only to personnel authorized to
undertaken post-mortem examination or handle dead
specimens. The burial pit should be at least 3 times the
lateral height of the carcass.

11.9. Display Area/ Public viewing Area

This area shall house healthy animals not fit for

release but can be used for public education and
recreation purposes. Display enclosures should be
situated away from the animal receiving area, clinic and
quarantine facilities to minimize the risk of disease
transmission. Each enclosure should have a proper
signage, indicating therein relevant information about the
animals on display.

The enclosure where the animals for public viewing

would be kept may be divided according to animal group,
e.g. mammals, reptiles, birds, and amphibians, or
according to the ecosystem where the animal occurs

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(thematic approach). Social animals may be kept or

placed together in an enclosure.

Exhibit enclosure should have good drainage and

ventilation. An enclosure should always have a pre-
enclosure access area located at the enclosure entrance
with double-doors to prevent possible escape of the
animals, and to ensure safety of keepers. Footbaths
should be constructed and installed at the entrance of
each individual cage. Pre-enclosure areas should be
accessible only to animal keepers and authorized
personnel. Service path walks leading to this area should
be different from the path walks intended for the public.

11.11. Stock Room

The stock room shall serve as storage for materials

and equipment of the WRC such as cleaning and
enrichment devices, transport boxes and crates,
construction and carpentry tools as well as materials for
handling wildlife in captivity. Materials and equipment
stored therein should be properly secured.

11.12. Staff Quarters

Animal keepers and office personnel should have a

staff quarter with a kitchen, a locker room, a toilet and
bathroom. Beddings should be provided to accommodate
staff who will conduct round-the-clock monitoring of
animals under intensive care and receive animals that
may be turned over beyond regular office hours.

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Section 12. Other Facilities (Optional).

The following may be established as adjunct facilities of the

WRC:

12.1. Animal Hospital (AH)

As resources may allow, the VCL may be upgraded

into an Animal Hospital (AH) to accommodate a larger
number of wild animals for confinement and treatment.
The AH shall be accessible to authorized veterinarians
and animal keepers only.

The AH shall have the following component

rooms/units:

12.1.1. Surgery Room (SR)

Basic surgical and emergency procedures

shall be performed in this room. The SR should be
provided with basic surgical and anesthetic
equipment. Anesthetic drugs and other surgical
materials should always be available and
accessed only by authorized personnel. It should
also have adequate lighting and ventilation, and a
space to serve as a post-surgical recovery area.

12.1.2. Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

Animals that require priority medical

attention (e.g. severely injured), special care (e.g.
hatchlings), and constant monitoring must be
placed at the intensive care unit. This unit should
be provided with life-support equipment, i.e., heat
lamps and/or pads, oxygen tanks, ventilator,
brooders, nebulizers, etc. It should be well-
ventilated and provided with adequate lighting.

12.1.3. X-ray Room

The x-ray room should have a table, chair

and cabinet to store radiological supplies and a

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Dark Room for processing films. The walls of the

x-ray room must be covered with lead for safety
and protection. The operation and maintenance of
an x-ray room must be accompanied by
necessary clearance/permit from the Department
of Health (DoH) and/or other appropriate
government agencies.

12.1.4. Pharmacy

All medicines, vaccines, and other medical

supplies shall be kept in the pharmacy. This room
should have cabinets to keep the supplies and a
refrigerator to solely keep vaccines and medicines
requiring cold storage.

12.1.5. Library

This part of the Manual defines the

standard operating procedures in the acceptance,
rehabilitation, maintenance and disposition of
wildlife admitted at the Wildlife Rescue Center.

viii. The National Building Code of The Philippines (PD 1096)

The rules and regulations provided by this code shall be

considered and determined to safeguard life, health, property,
and public welfare and to provide a framework of minimum
standards and requirements to regulate and control the location
of buildings, site, design, and quality of material, construction use
and maintenance.

It may be possible to adopt the said minimum quantitative

variety for specific spaces, but these regions are not just the least
area. The researcher may use other development-oriented
laws/codes.

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Implementing Rules and

Description / Illustration
Regulations

General Classification Group E – Business and Mercantile

of Use/Occupancy Division E-1 Inter-modal

One (1) car slot for every 500.00 sq. meters of

gross floor area or a fraction thereof; and one
(1) off-RROW (or off-street) passenger loading
space that can accommodate two (2) queued
Zoning Classification
jeepney/shuttle slots or two (2) queued bus slots
whichever is applicable; maneuvering area of
buses, trucks, and like vehicles shall be outside
of the RROW (within property or lot lines only)

• Allowable Maximum Building Footprint

(AMBF) = Total Lot Area (TLA) – Required
open spaces + Additional buildable area (if
permitted under this rule)
• Percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO =

Minimum Required AMBF ÷ TLA

Parking Slot • Resultant Height = Building Height Limit

(BHL) x Desired floor to floor height
• Gross Floor Area (GFA) = TLA x
Recommended Floor to Lot Area Ratio
(FLAR)
• Total Gross Floor Area = GFA + non-GFA
areas* - Courts Required

Development Controls
(DC)

Maximum Allowable PSO – Maximum

o To determine the
Allowable Impervious Surface Area (ISA) –
maximum
development potential Minimum Unpaved Surface Area (USA)

of a lot to determine 70/20/10 TOSL=30

the appropriate
building bulk (volume)

ix. The Law to Enhance Mobility of Disabled Person BP344

Pursuant to the said law, no building permit shall be issued

for the construction, repair or renovation of public and private
building for public use, educational institutions, airports, sports
and recreational centers and complexes, shopping centers or
establishments and parking spaces and such other places as

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classified in the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR)

unless the owner thereof shall install and incorporate in such
building establishment or institution such architectural facilities or
structural features as shall reasonable enhance the mobility of
disabled person such as sidewalks, ramps, railings, and such
other devices be provided in the same IRR. The said law is
essential to the researcher to be able to come up with better
solutions and design by applying its Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR).

• Length- 1.10 to 1.30meters

• Width – 0.60 to 0.75meters
Wheelchair
• Turning space -1.50 meters
• Reach – 0.70 to 1.20 meters above the floor
• Clear space under table – 0.75meters
4-50 persons----------2 seats

Seating Provisions In 51-300 persons---------4 seats

places of Assembly
301-500 persons--------6 seats

Increase of 100----------+ 1 seat

Width----0.90 m min.

Gradient---1:12 max
Dropped Curb
Cross Gradient ---1:20 max to avoid water

Lowest Portion--- 0.025 m max

Curb Cut-Outs Width---0.90 m min

Gradient—1:12 max

Walkways Width---- 1.20 m min

Gradient---1:20 or 5% max

Cross gradient---1:100

Lengthy walkways----- Width of 1.50m x 1.90m

rest stop max distance 12.00m

Ramps Clear Width-------1.20 m

Gradient-----------1:12

Length-------------6.00 m max.

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Landings----------1.50 min.

Top & Bottom----1.80 m min.

Doors Width--------0.80 m min

Clear level Spac-1.50 m or 1.20 m

Door Knobs---- 0.82m–1.06m

0.90 m preferred

Washroom & Storage Stall------1.70 m x1.80 m

Turning Space-----1.50 m

No. of water closets for disabled 1:20 +1 if

greater than 20

Height of water closet-- 0.45m

Flush--------------------1.20m

Max. height of lavatorie-0.80 m

Knee recess height0.60 m-0.70 m

Depth--------------------0.50m

Handrail-----------------0.80 m

Urinal Height------------0.48 m

Turnabouts------1.50 m x 1.50 m.

Switches From edge of door 0.20 m

Height 1.20 m-1.30 m

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c. Case Studies and Theories of Similar Projects

i. The Marine Conservation Project in San Salvador,
Zambales: A Case Study of Fisheries Co-Management in the
Philippines (Brenda M. Katon, 1998)

Image 3.2.3: San Salvador, Zambales

Source: dlc.dlib.indiana.edu

• Introduction

San Salvador, an island village of Masinloc

municipality in Zambales, Philippines, has been inhabited by
approximately three generations of residents. In the late
1960s, San Salvador residents recalled that there were an
abundance of coastal resources and a lack of resource use
conflicts, which enabled fishers to enjoy an open and
unrestricted access to the fishery. The scenario began to
change in the 1970s due to three events: 1) influx of Visayan
migrants from the Central Philippines, who belonged to a
different ethnolinguistic group with different fishing practices;
2) integration of the village economy into the international
market for aquarium fish; and, 3) shift to destructive fishing
operations. Together, these events progressively devastated
San Salvador's fishing grounds. They also gave rise to
conflicts over fishing gear and over productive fishing spots.

Fisheries co-management refers to the sharing of

responsibility and/or authority between the government and
community of local fishers to manage a fishery (Williams,
1996). As part of its Fisheries Co-management Research

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Project, ICLARM staff have identified several case studies

sites in the Philippines in which there is sufficient experience
with fisheries co-management to begin examining
performance according to three measures: sustainability,
equity, and efficiency. ICLARM's research team selected
San Salvador Island, Zambales Province as a case study
site. The San Salvador case study examines the steps
leading up to the creation, practical management issues, and
the impact on ecosystem health, both natural and human, of
a marine reserve and sanctuary off the island's northwest
coast within the overall context of co-management.

The San Salvador case study adopted an institutional

analysis approach to the study of fisheries co-management.
The institutional analysis research framework is designed to
examine the set of rights and rules governing the use of
fishery resources and to assess the way in which these
institutional arrangements affect the resource users in terms
of their incentives to cooperate and their methods of
resolving conflicts over resource access.

o Physical, Technical and Biological Attributes of San

Salvador

Masinloc Bay, together with Oyon Bay, was

declared as a protected seascape under Presidential
Proclamation No. 231 dated 18 August 1993. The
rationale is to protect and conserve the ecological, scenic,
scientific and educational features of the area. Technical
boundaries now exist with the division of Masinloc Bay into
seven management zones: 1) strict protection; 2)
restoration; 3) multiple use; 4) sustainable use; 5)
recreational zone; 6) special zone; and 7) research and
development zones. The marine sanctuary of San
Salvador falls under the strict protection zone, where
harvesting of marine resources is prohibited within defined
boundaries to assure continued resource regeneration.

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o Fishery-Related Property Rights and Rules in San

Salvador
▪ Property Rights.

Traditional or customary rights and tenure do not

exist in San Salvador. Fishers could fish anywhere
whenever they pleased without fear of being
apprehended by formal government authorities. With
the implementation of the sanctuary ordinance in 1989,
however, the open access area was reduced to give
way to the 127-hectare marine sanctuary and marine
reserve, where legal sanctions now prevail. The
sanctuary is strictly a no-fishing zone while the marine
reserve is a traditional fishing zone where non-
destructive technologies are allowed. Thus, with the
marine reserve, rights of access (entry rights) and
withdrawal (harvesting) exist. Management rights exist
for all fishers in San Salvador. Exclusive fishery
privileges can be granted by the Municipal Council to
operator’s offish corrals and mollusk beds in municipal
waters outside of the marine reserve. Beyond these
restricted boundaries, open access still prevails.

▪ Fishery-Related Rules in San Salvador.

The shift in San Salvador to a communal

property regime was accompanied by the formulation
and enforcement of various rules over time: 1)
operational; 2) collective choice; and 3) constitutional.
Operational rules govern and regulate resource use.
They directly affect day-to-day decisions made by the
fisher concerning where, when and how to harvest fish;
who should monitor the actions of others and how; and
what rewards and sanctions are assigned to certain
actions (Ostrom 1991). Operational rules can be formal
(written, legitimized) or informal (unwritten, traditional).
In San Salvador, operational rules may be classified
into: 1) boundary rules (who can enter the fishery); 2)
allocation rules (actions or procedures for fish

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harvesting); 3) scope rules (specification of the

characteristics of fish that can be harvested); 4)
aggregation rules (procedures in decision-making that
involve multiple individuals); 5) penalty rules
(punishment for non-compliance); and 6) input rules
(requirements from fishers in terms of time, money
and/or materials for management and participation).

▪ Informal operational rules.

Informal operational rules, made by village

fishers themselves, pertain to the first come, first served
entry to the fishing ground, the exclusive privilege to
fish near artificial reefs by members of the aquarium
gatherers' association, and the observance of a 30-
meter distance between boats during fishing
operations. The first two rules are boundary rules, while
the third is an allocation rule.

▪ Formal operational rules.

Formal operational rules in San Salvador are

largely embodied in municipal ordinances and other
related legislation. For instance, the Municipal Council
requires fishers to secure fishing permits before they
can fish in the municipal waters. This represents a
boundary rule. Formal allocation rules strictly prohibit
fishing and gathering of marine products from the
sanctuary, except for scientific research or study. They
also ban destructive fishing gear and practices in the
marine reserve, such as dynamite fishing, muro-ami
type or related fishing methods using scare lines or
poles, spear fishing using compressor or scuba,
cyanide or other strong poisons, fine mesh gillnets
(below 3 cms), and kunay (beach seine) fishing gear.
Penalty rules also exist, to support the association's
operations, apart from their participation in guarding the
sanctuary, monitoring illegal fishing activities, and

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reporting rule violations to the village and municipal

governments.

▪ Collective choice rules

Rules used by fishers, officials or external

authorities about how the fishery should be managed.
These basically define how rules are made and
enforced. Responsible for reporting violations of fishery
laws in San Salvador are members of the government-
deployed sea patrol (Bantay Dagat) and SPSS
members. They are assisted by other law enforcement
officers who apprehend illegal fishers.

▪ Constitutional rules

Determine which types of rules are permissible

and who has collective choice rights (governance and
modification). They define who is eligible to participate
in the system and establish the process and rules by
which collective choice rules are created, enforced and
modified (Ostrom 1991). In San Salvador, everyone
participates in the system, but the SPSS members are
more active in rule making. They empower local
institutions to establish rules and initiate action for
resource management, among other provisions.

o Characteristics of Successful Fisheries Co-

Management Institutional Arrangements
▪ Existence of a resource availability problem.

The perception of a resource crisis has

motivated them to interact with others and actively seek
more information on fisheries. In the absence of skills
on fish stock management, the San Salvador fishers
drew on the expertise of external catalysts and derived
inspiration from the experience of Apo Island in coral
reef rehabilitation.

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▪ Specification and enforcement of property rights.

Property/user rights address resource

ownership and management. The San Salvador
experience affirms that when user rights are clearly
specified, legitimate, and enforced, as with the marine
reserve and sanctuary, there is a likely change in the
behavior and attitude of fishers toward conservation
and a much greater chance that the intervention will be
maintained.

▪ Influence of fishers on project planning and

participation by those affected.

Active participation by those affected,

particularly in mapping out co-management activities,
is vital to ensure agreement with the proposed
interventions and encourage fishers to take
responsibility for implementation.

▪ Supportive local leadership and cooperation

among fishers.

In the early years of project implementation, the

informal, yet committed and determined core group,
provided the leadership and the will to obtain
community support for the sanctuary, file petitions and
resolutions, report rule violations, and carry out
environmental outreach efforts to neighboring villages.
Later, the formally organized fishers' association, which
spanned off from the core group, was at the forefront of
protecting the sanctuary and marine reserve from
illegal fishers and other law violators. Based on the
regression results, the attitude that fishers can work
together can help bring about perceived increases in
the overall well-being of fishery resources, conflict
resolution, household income, and knowledge of
fisheries

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▪ Knowledge of project objectives.

A clear understanding of project objectives is

likewise essential to co management, particularly in
enhancing perceived changes in collective decision-
making, compliance with fishery rules, and benefits
from the marine reserve. It is also linked to perceived
improvements in control over fisheries and fair
allocation of access rights.

▪ Positive attitude toward rules.

Also crucial to co-management institutional

arrangements is a proper attitude toward rules (e.g.,
rule-breaking is not acceptable). This highlights the
importance of deliberately transforming attitudes to
support the management of a marine sanctuary and
marine reserve, hand in hand with technical
interventions. In a communal property regime, stability
is partly dependent on a positive attitude toward rules,
which influences rule compliance.

▪ Presence of legal and policy support.

Legitimacy of co-management interventions

must also be provided through legal and policy support,
complemented by a vigorous, fair and sustained law
enforcement. Eventually, the government-organized
marine guards and village police also assisted in
patrolling the coastal waters of San Salvador. Co-
management resulted in an actual imposition of
sanctions against violators of fishery laws, higher rule
compliance, and reduced incidence of community
conflicts. At the local government level, the municipal
government of Masinloc demonstrated visible support
to the project at the outset, primarily in terms of
enabling legislation, conflict resolution, and law
enforcement.

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▪ Community cooperation.

The attitude that the community can work

together is positively associated with perceived
improvements in control over fishery resources and fair
allocation of access rights. Being able to work together
as a community means giving up unrestricted, open
access rights, as well as independent decision-making
and control, in order to achieve a collective good.

▪ Job satisfaction of fishers.

Targeting fishers who would still choose fishing

as an occupation if they were to live their lives over
appears promising as a strategy for achieving a
perceived improvement in rule compliance, which partly
fosters the stability of fisheries co-management
institutional arrangements, and in collective decision-
making on fishery rules, which contributes to efficient
institutional arrangements.

▪ Dependence on fishing as the most important

source of total household income.

Dependence on fishing as the most important

source of total household income, however, is
negatively associated with perceived changes in other
co-management indicators such as conflict resolution,
collective decision-making, household income, and
overall well-being of fishery resources. Thus, any threat
to household earnings predominantly derived from
fishing is likely to negatively affect perceptions of
fishery conflict resolution and collective decision-
making. In fishing villages driven largely by economic
survival and poverty, it is important to introduce
alternative, non-destructive technologies in a timely
manner, provide supplemental income sources, and
diversify existing skills.

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▪ Tangible benefits from co-management

arrangements.

Fish yield monitoring surveys in San Salvador

indicated a 35 percent increase in fish density within
two years of establishing the marine sanctuary.
Changes in fish diversity also took place. In the
process, both project cooperators and non-cooperators
gained from fish stock management. Tangible
observations since the sanctuary was established
include an increase in fish catch, decline in illegal
fishing, re-appearance of various types of fish, and
improved condition of coastal waters.

▪ Built-in monitoring and evaluation schemes.

Co-management interventions need to show

concrete benefits to stimulate commitment and
participation. Keeping track of the effects of
management on the environment (e.g., fish abundance
and reef health) and on the community (e.g., attitudes,
income, assets, etc.) provides information that helps
the clientele and the implementors understand what is
occurring and helps sustain interest in the project. It
also provides a basis to rethink the situation, identify
new concerns, and refine earlier management
strategies.

▪ Reinforced incentives to collaborate.

Over time, incentives must be reinforced at

various levels to motivate resource users and other
groups to cooperate. Disincentives must also be closely
analyzed to come up with measures to reduce
resentment and indifference. These will help activate
interest in collective resource management.

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ii. Coral Restoration and Conservation in Serangan Island,

Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia: Turning Coral Miners into
Conservation Advocates (PEMSEA, 2016)

Image 3.2.4: Pontoon built for tourists

Source: pemsea.org

• Introduction

Serangan Island is a small island in Bali that lies in front

of Benoa Bay, close to three famous tourist destinations in
Bali—Sanur, Kuta, and Nusa Dua. With a high diversity of
coastal ecosystems including seagrass beds, mangroves,
coral reefs, seaweeds, and tidal flats, the island ecosystems
support an abundance of marine resources. The community
of fishers did not need to and were not trained to catch fish far
out into the deep sea, away from the island; the shallow
coastal waters of the island provided abundant resources.
Serangan Island is also a natural nesting site of the green sea
turtles, thus earning its monicker as the “Turtle Island.”

The fishers also lost their fishing grounds. The decline

of the coastal resources forced some of the already poor
fishers into using cyanide for fishing and engage in mining the
coral reefs. Beautiful coral colonies were taken out of the sea
and sold as ornaments for aquariums. Stony corals were
excavated, and large coral boulders were sawed off and used
as building materials. The income derived from these illegal
and harmful activities was not huge, but there were hardly any
alternatives to fishing.

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The local economy in the community was highly

dependent on the coastal resources such that the level of
welfare was determined by the reserves and the quality of the
resources available for access and utilization by the
community.

Their awareness of the importance of preserving the

environment was a result of their interaction with external
parties and campaigns on the conservation of coral reefs in
Bali. They learned that there are ways to use the resources of
the environment in accordance with the principles of
conservation, which in the long run would also provide
alternative sources of income.

Capitalizing on the community’s willingness to improve

and effect change, the Bali ICM program, in this case, took the
role of providing approaches and methodologies in dealing
with the problems in Serangan Island using a holistic and
integrated approach. The integrated coastal management
(ICM) principles and processes served as guidelines in the
implementation of the project where the environmental, social,
and economic problems were viewed as integrated elements
of a whole.

Through a pilot project in Serangan Island that aimed

to increase the awareness of the broad community about the
importance of conserving marine and coastal resources and
to develop alternative livelihoods, the capacities and
resources of the community, agencies, and other stakeholders
in addressing the problems were harnessed through a
collaborative management approach. Some of the solutions
developed for that project include:

o Empower the community through various awareness

campaigns and educational forums, with the support of
local champions/motivators

As a core element in achieving positive change,

community empowerment activities were implemented in
Serangan Island, strongly supported by the presence of

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motivators, the young pioneers who encouraged the

initiative of the youth to organize themselves.

The program gave priority to campaigns that raised

awareness through the use of media. These campaigns
were followed by educational forums that were supported
by the local government, universities, and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The main topics
of these activities were information on:

▪ The ecological processes of the ecosystem and the

implications of resource use activities on ecosystem; the
negative effects that result from harmful human activities
on the coral reefs; and
▪ The functions of the coral reef ecosystem (physical,
ecological, and socioeconomic aspects) and the
importance of conservation efforts to reduce the
pressure and damage to the ecosystem in order to
maintain the functions of the coral reef ecosystem and
use the resources in a sustainable manner.

o Develop the community organization and the skills of

its members

Image 3.2.5: Coral restoration and protection in Serangan Island

Source: pemsea.org

The existing community organization was

strengthened by providing the necessary facilities, including
land, office buildings, and operating resources, which were
made available through the support of the traditional
villages, local government, and grants from various parties.

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A number of training programs aimed to develop

skills of the members of the group were also organized.
Some of the major training programs were: (a) life skills
training, such as diving, salvage, and underwater
construction; (b) training of environment-friendly fishing and
ornamental fish handling; and (c) training of reef
restoration, such as the construction of artificial reefs, coral
transplantation, and coral reef monitoring.

o Strengthen the community economically through

development of alternative sources of income

The economic empowerment of the community was

implemented through development of alternative sources of
income. In the short term, the alternative sources of income
were: (1) the development of market access for fish catch
that used eco-friendly methods, transplanted soft corals,
and artificial live rock for tropical aquariums; and (2) the
provision of employment to members of the organization
who had skills for underwater works and construction.

The medium-term alternative sources of income

were expanded by building networks with local
governments in and outside of Bali, and with the private
sector. The organization capitalized on the new knowledge,
skills, and experiences that its members acquired on the
restoration and rehabilitation of coral reefs. The
organization received many orders from local governments
and the private sector to work on the rehabilitation of coral
reefs in different areas throughout Indonesia. At the same
time, the organization was able to build partnerships with
the private sector.

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Image 3.2.6: A pontoon built with the support of private sector partners and
operated by the Coastal Fishers Group of Karya Segara where
tourists learn about marine conservation
Source: pemsea.org

The long-term development of alternative livelihoods

aimed towards achieving self-reliance of the community.
Working closely with travel agents and tourism
entrepreneurs, the sites of coral reef restoration in
Serangan Island were used as tourist attractions, which
included a program of adopting corals as part of a creative
tour package. The business has shown good results and
has provided a sustainable source of capital for sustainable
livelihoods.

A pontoon built with the support of private sector

partners and operated by the Coastal Fishers Group of
Karya Segara where tourists learn about marine
conservation, at the same time choose tour packages that
include transplanting corals, releasing seahorses, diving,
and snorkeling. The seahorses come from the culture farm
of the community group.

o Engage and mobilize support from various levels of

government and stakeholders in an integrated manner

Collaborative programs among government, NGOs,

universities, and the private sector were implemented in
harmony and in support of each other. Public awareness,
education, and training for the community were supported
by several NGOs and universities. NGOs and academics

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also helped the community in the overall implementation of

the program.

o A sustainable business opportunity

Since 2008, restoration of coral reefs has been used

as a tourist attraction through the coral adoption program.
Tourists are offered to participate in transplanting corals, an
activity that has become an attraction in the island along
with other recreational activities such as swimming or
snorkeling. Each tourist is charged a fee for each coral
cutting that they transplant; the fee goes to the host
community. Experience shows that on the whole, tourists
participate in the program — they count themselves as part
of the community, proud to be counted as protectors and
conservationists, and enjoy the benefits derived from the
unique and valuable experience of their visit to the island.
In 2011, the Coastal Fishers Group of Karya Segara had
begun to work with travel agents to bring more tourists to
the island, thus contributing to the increasing revenues
generated from ecotourism.

o A place to learn and share good practices in

community conservation

At present, Serangan Island has become a place of

learning for many local governments, NGOs, academic
institutions and community groups from various regions in
and outside Indonesia. They visit or at times send
delegations to study and practice the restoration and
conservation methods of coral reefs. They also learn how
to develop ecotourism that is integrated with restoration and
conservation of coral reefs.

These activities also benefit the Coastal Fishers

Group of Karya Segara. The group earns from providing
lodging, food, and services to the students and delegates.
The Bali ICM program also puts in a helping hand to
increase the income of the group by promoting the island
as a place to learn the methodology and practice of ICM.

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• Results

A major achievement of the Bali ICM pilot project was

the behavior change among the people of Serangan Island—
from being destroyers of the environment to saviors of the sea.
This was facilitated by:

o Nurturing and enabling the willingness to change that

sprung from the community itself, from the ranks of its
youth. The change was not forced on the community from
above (i.e., government or outside forces). The youth
subsequently organized themselves and received support
to engage other parties to support their cause;
o Ensuring the availability of a support network through an
integrated system that promotes harmony and collaboration
among various stakeholder.
o Integrating ecological, social, and economic aspects in
developing the community environmental management
program; and
o Empowering the communities in sustainable environmental
management by developing decent alternative livelihoods
for the local people.

iii. Coastal Tourism in Danang, Vietnam: Promoting a Win-Win

Situation for Achieving Conservation, Economic, and Social
Goals (PEMSEA, 2013)

Image 3.2.7: Coastal Tourism in Danang, Vietnam

Source: pemsea.org

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• Introduction

The Danang Master Plan Towards 2030 with Vision to

2050 details measures to transform the city into a major
tourism hub.

The Master Plan and the coastal use zoning plan

designated specific areas for tourism development,
necessitating the relocation of residents and noncompatible
activities from the area. This was successfully achieved
through a negotiation and compensation process led by the
City Government.

Resettlement, livelihood assistance, and skills

development programs provided to the fishing communities
and coastal residents enabled their transition to other
livelihoods. Social benefits generated from tourism
development included improvements in the people’s income
and improved access to education and health services. This
raised the standard of living of the communities and helped to
reduce their dependence on the coastal resources for
livelihoods.

o Implement the coastal use zoning plan in line with the

planning and investment priorities of the City
Government for tourism development

The coastal use zoning plan for Danang City was

developed with the objective of enhancing the spatial
planning of the city, thus resolving use conflicts and
promoting the rational use of the coastal areas and
resources. The implementation of the tourism development
zone is guided by the following policies:

▪ the carrying capacity of the coastal areas;

▪ the protection and conservation of landscapes and
ecological values of the coasts;
▪ the prohibition of activities that can disrupt the stability of
the coast and cause risk of erosion, flooding, and
groundwater degradation;

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▪ limited and controlled development in high-risk areas;

and
▪ facilitating/maintaining access by the local communities
to the beaches.

o Conduct public awareness raising campaigns

Image 3.2.8: Public awareness activities involving the various sectors in

Danang
Source: pemsea.org

The City Government and related sectors have

implemented effective propaganda and community
education campaigns as part of the awareness raising
program to convey the importance of protecting the coastal
and marine resources and the benefits to the community’s
livelihood. The awareness raising campaign also tackled
the critical issue of communicating to the public the
priorities of the City Government on tourism development
and the programs that have been put in place to assist the
communities in transitioning to other jobs created by the
tourism and services sector.

o Rehabilitate the coastal areas to support tourism

development and continually maintain environmental
quality

Numerous restaurants and luxury hotels are now

located along the beach areas in the two districts. The
beach areas have always been kept clean and worthy of
being recognized by Forbes Magazine as one of the 6 most
beautiful beaches in the Planet in 2005. This is a result of
the great effort of the City leaders in implementing strict
measures for waste management along the beaches.
Wastewater from the hotels and restaurants is collected

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and treated at the City’s centralized sewage treatment

facilities. Wastewater is not allowed to be discharged to the
sea. Regular monitoring of water quality is being
implemented by the government to ensure that water
quality is within standards. Projects that aim to conserve
and protect the coastal ecosystems and aquatic resources,
such as coral reefs and sea grasses along the Son Tra
Peninsula and Ngu Hanh Son District, have been
implemented and maintained.

o Improved standard of living among coastal

communities

Image 3.2.9: Fisheries Landing Site in Danang Bay

Source: pemsea.org

The City’s tourism development has resulted in the

improvements in the lives of the people in coastal
communities in Son Tra and Ngu Hanh Son Districts –
increasing their income, raising socioeconomic standards,
and reducing their dependence on coastal and marine
resources. Many fishers were trained and became staff of
resorts, while some participated in training courses on fine
arts, handicraft, and others were involved in various
services, based in hotels, restaurants, and parking places
at the beaches.

o Increased investments in Tourism, increased revenue

for the city, more job opportunities for the people

The construction and rehabilitation of the coastal

roads and beach areas have transformed former shoddy
beaches into a beautiful waterfront with new wide coastal
roads and green cover. Along the sides of these roads are

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world class vacation resorts with green, clean, and beautiful

beaches.

Image 3.2.10: Tourism Site in Danang

Source: pemsea.org

o Reduced dependence of communities on coastal and

marine resources

Policies and plans for improved fish production also

require protection and conservation of the coastal and
marine resources. The effective implementation of these
interventions hinged primarily on the excellent reception of
the stakeholders, especially the fishers.

To help fishers change jobs and reduce the pressure

on the marine resources, the Department of Agriculture and
Rural Development (DARD) has implemented job-transition
support program.

Image 3.2.11: Beach area before and after rehabilitation

Source: pemsea.org

o Increased appreciation of the benefits of a clean

environment

The former residential areas along the coast

contributed to the degradation of the environment in terms
of loss of landscape and polluting the coastal waters. The
rehabilitation of the coastal roads has improved the quality
of coastal water and sediment, and restored the habitats in

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Danang Bay. Some wetland areas along the rivers that

were previously pollution hotspots and caused diseases
have now become modern residential areas with parks for
public relaxation.

Beaches that are designated for public use are

regularly cleaned, with more trees planted and equipped
with trashcans and public toilets. The city also issued legal
documents regulating the activities on the beaches
encouraging collective effort for maintaining a clean, green
and safe environment.

• Results

Ensuring that the long-term vision of the local

government to uphold a healthy balance of economic growth,
social progress, and environmental protection requires high
level of commitment and investment over a long period of time.
The Danang Peoples Committee approved the start-up of the
City’s ICM program in 2000 and has invested more than US$
900,000 in protecting and sustaining the coastal and marine
resources of the City over the past fifteen years. These natural
attributes figure prominently in the development strategies,
plans and programs of the city, including tourism
development. Buoyed up by the confidence gained from the
ICM program, Danang is the first city in Vietnam that aims to
become an Environmental City by 2020 through the
implementation of the Environmental City Initiative.

The tourism industry can be a good partner in

managing and sustaining natural resources of an area where
they are investing … in most cases the future of their business
depends on those very resources. This requires regular
communication on the part of the government, the importance
of protecting the environment and natural resources to the
services sector, and requiring the incorporation of
environmental protection measures in the development of
tourism services. A stable and consistent regulatory
environment and supporting infrastructure and programs

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provides the tourism industry with the assurance that their

investment is protected in terms of fair competition and
protection of the natural capital.

Consulting with and engaging sectors of the community

that are being displaced by tourism development benefit both
sides. The affected coastal communities are given a voice to
convey concerns and interests, including security for their
families. The government is then able to develop livelihood
programs and socioeconomic packages such as improved
access to health care and education, housing, and
compensation schemes that can efficiently and effectively
meet the needs of the communities in the short-, medium-, and
long-term.

iv. Community-based Crab Conservation Initiative in

Chonburi, Thailand: Engaging Local Fishers and
Communities in Marine Conservation Efforts through
Practical and Innovative Measures that Address Local
Needs (PEMSEA, 2013)

Image 3.2.12: Preparation of Crab Condominium

Source: pemsea.org

• Introduction

The blue swimming crab is an important local and

export product in Chonburi, and a key source of livelihood
for local fishers.

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As part of the Province of Chonburi ICM program, a

crab conservation initiative was implemented, which
demonstrated an innovative approach in:

o Marine conservation with the local fishers and

communities as main implementers;
o Protection of the gravid female crab (crabs with eggs) to
enhance production (i.e., “protecting the mother,” as
opposed to the conventional approach of protecting the
young); and
o Educating fishers and the public, and engaging their
participation in the protection and conservation of marine
and coastal resources.
o The crab conservation method demonstrated in Sriracha
Municipality has been successfully replicated in seven
other municipalities in the province.
o Crab catch has increased across the province since the
crab conservation program started in Chonburi, resulting
in direct benefits to the fisher community.

Image 3.2.13: Crab Condominium

Source: pemsea.org

• Context

The blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) is

among the important local and export commodities in
Chonburi. It is a national delicacy that is in high demand
among locals as well as tourists. In 1998, the harvest of
blue swimming crabs from the Gulf of Thailand reached a
peak of 37,281 tons, from 18,708 tons in 1985. Harvest of
blue swimming crabs continuously declined after the late

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1990s to 15,132 tons in 2009. The decline was associated

with overharvesting, of both the gravid (pregnant) crabs and
young crabs, as well as environmental degradation arising
from the coastal developments. Local fishers and
commercial operators, including those from Chonburi
Province, were using collapsible bottom traps and floating
seines, which captured the mature and gravid crabs, and
the young ones as well. Some of the fishers relied primarily
on the crab harvest as their source of livelihood. The
significant decrease in the population of the blue swimming
crabs affected the income of local fishers and threatened
loss of their livelihood. In addition, the required quantity of
blue swimming crabs for the local and international markets
could not be reached, and the price of blue swimming crabs
was going higher every year.

Mr. Chatchai Thimkrajang, then mayor of Sriracha

Municipality, who was also the head of the Chonburi
Fisheries Association, understood the problems of local
fishers as well as the impacts and consequences of
unsustainable fisheries practices and other natural and
man-induced factors on local food security and livelihood.
He considered the local people’s lack of awareness and
understanding of the marine resources and environment
and how these are adversely affected by their activities, and
weak law enforcement at the local level, as among the root
causes of problems that affect the sustainability of local
fisheries.

Based on long management experience and being a

fisher himself, Mr. Chatchai believed that providing a
demonstration is the best strategy to capture the interest of
local fishers and to educate them on environment-friendly
fishing practices and marine conservation. As head of the
Provincial Fisheries Association, he knew how local fishers
learn from each other by sharing experiences and
techniques, particularly those that have been proven to
work.

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Taking into account the local context and key issues,

he developed a program that aimed to promote the
conservation of marine species, increase public
awareness, education and participation in conservation
efforts, and demonstrate sharing of responsibilities in
natural resource management among the local people,
using an economically-important species of crab as an
example, and involving local fisher’s groups as main
implementers with appropriate guidance from local
government and technical partners.

The following solutions were developed and

demonstrated as part of the project.

o Demonstrate innovative measures that people

understand and appreciate

Image 3.2.14: The crab condo consists of stacked trays that are
submerged underwater.
Source: pemsea.org

Scientific studies have shown that one female

crab can hatch up to a million eggs (depending on the
size of the crab). Recognizing the unrealized potential if
these crabs are captured and sold before they are able
to hatch, a novel idea of “protecting the mother,” as
opposed to the conventional approach in marine and
coastal resource management of protecting the young,
was applied in Chonburi.

Inspired by the housing developments in Sriracha

Municipality, a nursery for gravid crabs was designed as
a stack of baskets constructed vertically in order to
separate crabs for efficiency in feeding, maintenance

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and collection for sale after the eggs are released, and
was called the “crab condominium” or more popularly,
“crab condo.” The structure was designed to be
submerged in the sea, near the coast, to facilitate regular
maintenance. Cooperation and organizational
arrangements among local fishers would be developed
to “surrender” gravid female crabs for rearing and to
protect and maintain the crab conservation set up.

o Utilize the program as a platform for public

education and engagement in marine conservation

The crab conservation initiative, with its catchy

name, attracted media attention and visitors to the crab
condo facility, including schoolchildren, fishers, and
officials from other local areas. These opportunities were
taken by the local government and fishers in Sriracha
Municipality to promote marine conservation in general
including providing visitors with hands-on experience in
releasing crabs and other marine species.

A partnership was also developed with Duang

Manee School, a private elementary and junior high
school in Sriracha, to develop an outdoor learning
curriculum that emphasized the relationship between the
marine environment, crabs and other marine resources,
local livelihood, and the conservation programs. The
curriculum included demonstration activities on marine
and coastal resources management and interactions
with municipal officers and experts.

o Adapt the conservation approach based on local

circumstances

In areas where the crab condo model

demonstrated by Sriracha Municipality was difficult to
maintain due to strong wave action, such as in some
areas in Sattahip and Saensuk, the technique was
modified with the construction of onshore nurseries to
nurture the gravid crabs until their eggs could be

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released. In Sattahip, they used cement ponds filled with

seawater which was periodically oxygenated. In
Saensuk, they constructed an onshore nursery using
plastic buckets containing seawater, which was
continuously oxygenated using an air pump.

o Employ complementary conservation approaches

To complement the conservation approach of

protecting gravid female crabs, the Chonburi Fisheries
Association provided fishers with crab traps with the
appropriate/legal mesh size, in exchange for traps with
illegal mesh sizes. The new traps were designed to
protect young crabs from capture until they reached the
standard size for consumption. Release of juvenile crabs
and fish were also done by local governments to
celebrate holidays and special occasions.

Other conservation/rehabilitation measures

focusing on sea turtles, mangroves, seagrass, coral
reefs, and beach areas, and environment-friendly
aquaculture techniques were also implemented by local
governments and used as opportunities for stakeholder
education and participation.

• Results
o Be strategic, considering long-term as well as short-
term actions that address priority needs and show
immediate results

The Mayor of Sriracha Municipality had a clear

vision for the sustainable development of his local area
and an understanding of priorities and internal and
external factors. He also had a good appreciation of the
integrated approach to marine conservation through
stakeholder participation, and wanted to promote this to
address local concerns and needs. Considering how to
demonstrate integrated approaches in a practical and
simple manner, and in line with the government priorities
and objectives, he conceptualized and developed a

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marine conservation program. The blue swimming crab,

a popular seafood and an economically-important
species with a declining population, was targeted in
order to generate the interest of key stakeholders. The
Mayor also gave importance to strengthening the
capacity of the community to serve as implementers,
with local government officers providing advisory and
technical support.

o Start small to test and demonstrate conservation

measures, which should be practical and relatively
easy to understand, implement, adapt, and replicate

The idea of protecting the gravid female crabs to

allow them to release their eggs and improve future
harvest is a practical concept that local fishers easily
understood. The thought of a single gravid crab releasing
close to a million eggs highlights the potential benefits
that fishers can gain from the program, thus facilitating
their voluntary participation and cooperation to give up
the gravid crabs for nurturing in the crab condo, instead
of selling them at a higher price.

The crab conservation structure and

implementing arrangements were also designed
considering the local context and practices and
capacities of local fishers. The implementation of the
program was piloted in one village, using a relatively
small setup to demonstrate the method and test
implementing arrangements. In addition to requiring a
smaller amount of funding, it also enabled easier
adjustments in design as needed.

o Enlist local stakeholders as partners, and develop

their capacity to implement, sustain, and promote
the program

Marine conservation is an effort for everybody to

make; it cannot be done by the government alone. Local
stakeholders including fishers’ groups and communities

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can contribute to and lead marine conservation efforts if

they are given opportunities to enhance their knowledge,
capacity, and skills in practical measures that address
local needs.

Support from various sectors is also not difficult to

engage if the initiative is seen as practical, doable and
promotes the common good.

o Demonstrate government commitment and support

The initial allocation of local budget by Sriracha

Municipality and other local governments was an
important factor in developing the crab conservation
program. Incorporation of the program in the local
development plans for continuing implementation in
collaboration with the fisher’s groups further attested to
the local governments’ commitment to the conservation
efforts.

d. Safety and Security Measures

Safety is always the top priority; the project’s safety and

security were discussed at the guidelines and standards of marine
conservation center. Due to the large number of users and complex
facilities there are certain laws and policies that should be taken into
considerations and proposal for the safety and security in the
complex.

• Republic Act 9514- Fire Code of the Philippines 2008

The provision of this code shall be implemented for the

protection of occupants and adjacent structures and people. The
specified number, sizes, and arrangements of facilities for fire
protection and escape shall be taken great consideration as to
comply with the provision of this code.

o Strategic Planning

Intuitive design consists of facility layouts and design

standards that promote safety. Visitors approaching a site are

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guided via architectural and landscape features and other way

finding means. These security measures include:

▪ A welcoming site entrance with appropriate signage detailing

areas for learning and community engagement.
▪ Easily identifiable vehicular and pedestrian pathways to route
visitors immediately toward designated areas.
▪ Appropriately designated and ample visitor parking near the
main entrance.
▪ Landscaping, which minimizes shadowed areas against the
building (low-height shrubs and higher trees).
▪ Entrances open to view for patrol visibility and camera
recording (avoiding wide columns and screen walls).
▪ Walls of appropriate height with secure gates to prevent
access to unsupervised areas (e.g., courtyards, screen wall
enclosures at loading docks).
▪ Glare-controlled, well-lighted areas at window locations.
▪ Fish-eye viewers in window-fewer exterior doors.
▪ Easily identified Fire Exit

Active design uses technology and electrical systems for

the final measure of providing a secure learning environment. For
active site design, provide non-glare, well-lighted approaches,
parking lots and entrances

Consider providing the following "active" features for

secure building exteriors and interiors:

▪ Cameras with high-resolution at appropriate distances with

adequate recording time for evidence documentations that
monitor the site and building entrances and fenestration also
situated by building zone to protect users. Cameras used as a
deterrent to protect property from vandalism.
▪ Interior lighting at glazed main entrance areas with evenly
distributed lighting to the exterior.
▪ Panic or duress alarm at the reception desk.
▪ Walk-through security lighting.
▪ Radio-frequency communication.

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▪ Generator backup power supply for phones and emergency

communications.

Capacity of Egress Level Egress components

Means of Egress
including class A ramps = 100 persons

Travel Distance Individual rooms subject to

occupancy by not more than 6 persons, distance to
exits do not exceed 15.00 mts

Access to exits

• Door from room to exit shall be of

hinge/swinging types
• Minimum door widths = 0.70 mts.
• Exits shall discharge to a free &
unobstructed to the exterior of the building
Floor of discharge is protected with automatic fire
suppression system

Headroom Shall not be less than 2.30 mts

• At least one entrance to every building

should be accessible from arrival and
Entrances departure points to the interior lobby
• One entrance level should be provided
where elevators are accessible
Changes n level requires a ramp unless dropped
curb is provided
Ramps
• Clear width = 1.20 mts.
• Maximum gradient = 1:12
• Handrails will be provided on both sides
• Clear width = 0.80 mts.
Doors
• Level space on the corridor side of the door
be a minimum of 1.20 mts corridor width

Threshold • Thresholds and sliding door height of 25 mm

Washrooms • Minimum area = 1.70 x 1.80 mts.

Elevator • Minimum dimension 1.10 x 1.40 mts.

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• Minimize the Risks of Hazards

o Ventilation
▪ Differentiate between a chemical hood and a biological
safety cabinet.
▪ Describe the proper use and operation of chemical hoods
and ventilation systems.
▪ Describe the use of a “snorkel” exhaust system.

o Inventory, Storage, and Security

▪ Explain how a chemical inventory management system may
assist in minimizing laboratory hazards.
▪ Describe the appropriate storage protocols for laboratory
chemicals
▪ Describe methods to ensure the security of laboratory
chemicals.
▪ Describe the proper use of safety cabinets for the storage of
corrosives and flammable.
▪ Explain why incompatible chemicals must be separated
when being stored.
▪ Describe the steps needed to prevent incompatible
chemicals from coming into contact with each other.
▪ Describe the appropriate storage procedures for flammables
and corrosives.
▪ Describe the considerations to be taken into account,
including the quantities on hand and needed, when ordering
and receiving chemicals.
▪ Describe the general considerations and physical
requirements for storing chemicals.
▪ Describe measures that should be taken to prevent theft of
chemicals and equipment.
▪ Describe measures that should be taken to secure high
hazard materials in the laboratory.
▪ Given a list of chemicals commonly found in an
undergraduate laboratory, describe the proper storage
location for each chemical.

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o Chemical Wastes and Disposal

▪ Describe the appropriate protocols for handling and
disposing of chemical wastes.
▪ Describe the appropriate disposal methods for damaged
glassware.
▪ Explain why disposal of chemical wastes by pouring them
down the drain or placing them in the trash can is generally
not appropriate.
▪ List the two main responsibilities of laboratory personnel in
hazardous waste disposal.
o Chemical Demonstration Safety
▪ Outline the appropriate safety measures that should be taken
for any classroom or public chemical demonstration.
o Spills and Spill Prevention
▪ Demonstrate the appropriate use of bottle carriers.
▪ Use appropriate techniques to transfer gases, liquids, and
solids from storage containers to laboratory equipment.
▪ Describe and demonstrate how spills of solids and liquids
can be minimized and contained during weighing operations.
o High Hazard Materials
▪ Describe safety concerns and controls for the use of
compressed gases.
▪ Describe safety concerns and controls for the use of
cryogens.
▪ Describe safety concerns and controls for the use of lasers,
pyrophoric, and other high hazard materials.
▪ Describe safety concerns and controls for the use of
radioactive materials.
▪ Describe safety concerns and controls for the use of
infectious biological materials.

• Safety in the Laboratory

o Flammable Compounds
▪ All flammable reagents should be kept in the flammable
storage facilities (closet or refrigerator) at all times when not
in use.

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▪ Any solutions compounded from these reagents should be

labeled as flammable.
▪ Flammable substances should be handled in areas free of
ignition sources.
▪ Flammable substances should never be heated using an
open flame.
▪ Ventilation is one of the most effective ways to prevent
accumulation of explosive levels of flammable vapors. An
exhaust hood should be used whenever appreciable
quantities of flammables are handled.
▪ Flammable compounds should be placed in proper
receptacle for disposal.

o Radiation Safety
▪ No eating, drinking, smoking permitted!
▪ Radioactive material should be labeled as radioactive and
stored in a proper container so as to prevent spillage or
leakage.
▪ These materials must be handled carefully. Remember: the
amount of radiation exposure decreases with distance.
▪ Radioactive spills should be absorbed with absorbent
toweling. The area should be cleaned with soap and water
and then decontaminated with a product such as ‘count-off’.
The area of the spill is then monitored for any residual
radioactivity. If the area is not decontaminated, the above
regimen is repeated and re-monitored.
▪ In the case of a radioactive spill in a high traffic area, the area
will be ‘roped off’ until proper decontamination has been
achieved.
▪ In the case of a major radioactive spill, all personnel in the
area must be notified. The appropriate safety officer must be
notified and all attempts to keep contamination at a minimum
must be used.

o Electrical Safety
▪ The use of extension cords is prohibited.
▪ All equipment must be properly grounded.

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▪ Never operate electrical equipment with fluid spillage in the

immediate are or with wet hands.
▪ Never use plugs with exposed or frayed wires.
▪ If there are sparks or smoke or any unusual events occur,
shut down the instrument and notify the manager or safety
officer. Electrical equipment that is not working properly
should not be used.

e. Green Architecture and Innovations

• Green Architecture

Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to

building that minimizes the harmful effects of construction
projects on human health and the environment. Green
architecture and design may include:

o Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and

cooling
o Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
o Water-saving plumbing fixtures
o Landscaping with native vegetation and planned to maximize
passive solar energy
o Minimal harm to the natural habitat
o Alternative renewable energy power sources such as solar
power or wind power
o Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials used inside and out
o Locally-obtained woods and stone, eliminating long-haul
transportation
o Responsibly-harvested woods
o Adaptive reuse of older buildings
o Use of recycled architectural salvage
o Efficient use of space
o Optimal location on the land, maximizing sunlight, winds, and
natural sheltering
o Rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse

Green architectural design should not be an add-on.

It should be the way of doing the business of creating a built

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environment. The Interrelationships of these design

objectives must be understood, evaluated, and appropriately
applied — accessibility; aesthetics; cost-effectiveness;
functional or operational ("the functional and physical
requirements of a project"); historic preservation; productivity
(comfort and health of the occupants); security and safety;
and sustainability.

▪ Energy efficiency

The principles of green architecture incorporate various

measures that encourage energy efficiency. It is done through
designs that cut down energy consumption including the energy
requirements for energy use and the exploitation of alternative
and sustainable energy sources such as wind and solar. For
instance, green architecture takes care of natural air flow
patterns and natural lighting to reduce the needs for heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning; and artificial daytime lighting
respectively. The designs simply insist on reducing the lifetime
costs of heating, lighting, air condition and other electric power
usage requirements.

▪ Water efficiency

Green architecture works with the inspiration of

ecological surrounding to protect water quality and reduce
water consumption or wastage. It is part of the sustainable
principles in green construction which encourage the efficient
use of water. This green architecture principle makes certain
that water is harvested, used, purified and re-used during the
entire construction period. At the same time, the architectural
design ensures that in the entire life cycle of the building not
only supports efficient water use but also preserves the quality
of surrounding water systems and makes use of water recycling
mechanisms.

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▪ Land use efficiency

Land use efficiency pertains to architectural designs that

encourage suitable site development in terms of preservation of
the surrounding environment and reuse of existing local
materials. It advocates for the incorporation of roof gardens,
earth shelters and extensive landscaping around and
throughout the building.

▪ Low environmental impact and conservation of natural

characteristics

Construction projects are proven to be responsible for

more than 50% of environmental impacts and the destruction of
natural systems. Construction projects also contribute to about
10% of the total global emissions every year. One of the
principles of green architecture is to therefore use green
designs to lessen these environmental impacts. Particularly,
this green principle is all about preventing degradation of the
site during construction, sprawl management, and the
controlled use of resources as well as ensuring energy-efficient
buildings lessen the overall impacts on the environment. The
design aids in the conservation of natural resources, improved
water and air quality, and the protection of ecosystems
and biodiversity.

▪ Material efficiency

The proper management and use of materials in

construction is also another huge concern. Proper construction
techniques have to be employed and this is where green
architecture comes in. As such, material efficiency is one of the
green architecture principles as it creates designs that
inspire sustainable construction by optimizing the construction
operations. Material efficiency as a green architectural principle
sees to it that the lifetime of the building enhances efficiency in
terms of maintenance and operations. Energy efficiency and

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resource conservation are the aspects incorporated in the

designs to guarantee overall material efficiency.

▪ Low maintenance costs

As stated earlier, the operational and construction costs

associated with the conventional construction mechanisms
prove quite high and are equally material demanding. Green
architectural design facilitates the use of materials
and construction techniques that help in cutting back the
operational and construction costs by more than half, all
attributed to their cost-effectiveness. This green architecture
principle necessitates the need of using renewable plant
products, recycled metal and recycled stone among other non-
toxic products. Renewable and reusable products ensure high
performance while at the same time reducing the long-term
maintenance costs.

▪ Waste reduction

Green architecture advances the demand for reducing

the wastage of water, energy, and materials during and even
after construction. On this basis, the green architectural design
offer easier ways of reducing the amount of consumer product
wastage generated by the building occupants through the
integration of on-site solutions like compost bins and eco-
friendly waste management system. The design also takes care
of water recycling and energy saving approaches in
construction to reduce water and energy wastage respectively.

▪ Use of renewable energy

Among the green architecture principles is the use of

renewable energy. This principle ideally works to make
renewable energy part of the architectural design or a highly
recommended feature. The use of wind power, solar
energy and biogas are examples of renewable energy
technologies which are often included in the green architecture

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designs. The architects are keen at tailoring the designs based

on the geographical locations to take full advantage of the
available renewable energy. For instance, green oriented
architects design buildings to fully utilize the seasonal changes
in the sun’s position and other regional renewable energy
sources such as wind and biomass.

▪ Indoor environmental quality

Indoor environmental quality is also part of the green

architecture principles. The designing of a house or commercial
building based on the green principles involves the features of
comfortable interior space with an emphasis on natural
temperature control, proper ventilation and the use of products
that do not give off toxic compounds or gases. The purpose of
the principle is to assure the quality of indoor environments.

• Innovations
o The increasingly “open” and collaborative nature of
innovation is changing the nature of design.
▪ A work setting centered on collaborative work

Team mixing through design: From research institutes

to start-up spaces, architects are applying creative spatial
strategies to stimulate both mixing (of people and disciplines)
and collaboration (between people and across disciplines) as
if it were a seamless act. While it clearly is not, some
architects emphasized how physically mixing people in
space gives new reasons for people to communicate and
connect—important precursors to any future collaboration.
As it turns out, different spaces are applying varying
techniques to facilitate both evolutions mixing and
collaboration.

➢ Some managers choreograph mixing through the

seating chart: grouping together researchers from
diverse specializations, if not sectors.
➢ In some workspaces, researchers are organized into
neighborhoods or pods, required to share equipment and

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supplies as a means to facilitate conversation and side

chatter.
➢ In other spaces, open work-floor settings are creating
what has been described as a “new legibility of
landscape,” prompting people to engage in
conversations. From advanced manufacturing incubator
spaces to make spaces to the open office setting,
managers of spaces offer how tearing down physical
barriers are stimulating mixing and collaboration.

▪ An underlying system of flexibility

The example of regularly reconfiguring space at

Stanford illustrates another important trend in design—
flexibility. While far from new, innovation spaces are re-
embracing the notion of flexibility to respond to the changing
needs of people and innovation processes in real time.
Flexibility requires thinking through all aspects of space,
including the application of moveable walls, furniture,
machinery and other components at a moment’s notice.
Demands for greater flexibility has, for example, given new
currency to the wheel in the 21st century. From incubators to
co-working spaces, to laboratories, wheels are now
commonly affixed to furniture and equipment. And in some
spaces, electrical cords are attached to pulleys to create
giant extension cords.

▪ Striking the balance: Designing for both collaborative and

individual work.

Just about everyone has a surprisingly strong opinion

on the layout of workspace—be it an open office design, a
closed one or something in between. Some expressed deep,
if not raw, emotion about how the right design can magically
lead to inspirational teamwork while poor design can reduce
teams into ineffectual groups. The following sections offer a
few broad observations on office design.

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▪ The re-imagined laboratory

At the beginning of the 20th century, laboratories were

constructed using very basic design elements—the lab
bench, the fume hood—organized simply in rows for the
individual researcher. Even today, the general concept of the
laboratory is one of high structure if not rigidity. Like other
workspaces, the laboratory has changed.

Architects and managers spoke of how changing

design preferences impact laboratories, namely the growing
desire to encourage teamwork and collaboration through
shared open laboratories. As the composition of research
groups are now constantly in flux, many described the need
for flexibility and the ability to reconfigure space with minimal
disruption and cost. “Because the boundaries between single
disciplines are disappearing, designing laboratories for
conventional scientific disciplines is becoming obsolete.
Research laboratories should now be designed to
accommodate a range of research activities and be able to
easily adapt to changing needs,” explained TH Chang, the
architect that helped design the Crick Institute in London.
These ambitions—in a space with intensive, focused
research—require striking a balance between inherent
flexible, collaborative spaces and not making the
environment too disruptive.

The new design components of laboratories include

only a few solid walls, glass walls, open labs, plug-and-play
workbenches and casework on wheels, smart ceilings (which
allow users to easily make changes to lights and other
electrical components) and an inviting coffee bar nearby to
encourage conversation. Managers of a start-up space for
life sciences, which includes wet labs, spoke warmly of how
open design of laboratories are increasing interaction and
collaboration. In this space, researchers comfortably sit next
to each other, learning from each other and not interfering
with any intellectual property issues.

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Image 3.2.15: The crab re-imagined laboratory

Note: A hybrid office space for the company Manifest in St. Louis. (1) A highly
flexible and informal open office space. (2) Some people decide to wear
headphones to block out any noise. (3) There are also closed spaces
where workers can go when they need a quiet space to concentrate. (4)
Glass walls keep the space open and visible. Photo credit: Triggs
Photography.
Source: pemsea.org

o The complexity of innovation is re-valuing face-to-face

communication.

Another challenge is the ability for individuals within

innovation sectors to effectively communicate tacit information;
that is, more experiential, unstructured and undocumented
information. The transfer of tacit information generally requires
“rich interactive communication mechanisms, such as face-to-
face communication,” such as highly interactive, two-way
communication between people to ensure important nuances
are grasped. The sharing of tacit information is both easier and
less costly to achieve within a firm as opposed to across firms.
The geographic clustering of firms, where access to reach other
firms is easily achieved, helps reduce this barrier.

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▪ Using the “bones of the building” to shape how to

communicate, collaborate and inspire

Before even stepping inside, the overall building

configuration—its shape, size and height—will define the
extent to which a company can successfully facilitate face-
to-face encounters. Thinking through a building’s physical
constraints and how to mediate, if not eliminate, those
constraints is fundamental to successful innovation spaces.
For instance, a long rectangular or more snake-shape
building creates additional barriers for people to meet,
given overall distance.

Image 3.2.16: Open and Connecting Spaces of the Building

Note: This atrium creates new connections between two floors in St. Louis. (1)
Natural light can reach lower floors; (2&3) Workers and visitors on
different floors are much more connected to each other; (4) Open
spaces allocated for quiet work should not be located near an atrium.
Photo credit: Romondo Davis.
Source: pemsea.org

The Atrium: An often effective but expensive approach to

reducing barriers across floors, where part of the floor
section, often the core, is removed. When designed well, an
atrium can be an important leveler. “The atrium not only
provided important daylight, it created important visual
connectivity between spaces,” recounted Lance Cage,
managing principal. Others agree. (Ibid, 2017) Jessica
Tsymbal, head of facilities at the Media Lab, for example,
described how they placed greater emphasis on the atrium
as opposed to the office spaces given its strength as a
connector. (Ibid, 2017) The design details associated with
an atrium are crucial for it to be a welcomed connector. In

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some cases, uses placed on the atrium’s perimeter led to

noise conflicts that hurt the buildings overall ecosystem. In
the design of an atrium, like all interventions to strengthen
the bones of the building, details matter.

Internal staircases: Another design strategy from the past,

the grand internal staircase, has become a smaller,
neglected version of its prior self—physically moved to the
edge of floor plates and far away from any real activity. In
its revived constitution, staircases are located centrally in
buildings offering both the depth and decoration to facilitate
encounters and interaction as people traverse floors. It’s
another way for people to bump into each other, shared one
manager of an innovative space. To create this kind of
magnetism, stairs need to be wide enough for at least two
people to comfortably talk, be aesthetically pleasing and, if
possible, showered in natural light.

Corridors: Another circulation strategy where corridors are

redesigned or spatially reconfigured on the floor to
orchestrate where people move and coalesce. For many
architects, corridors are the crucible of opportunity,
highlighting three common strategies. First, corridors can
be designed to create serendipitous encounters. Second,
corridors can help funnel people away from specific zones
to minimize noise for workers needing to concentrate. Third,
some corridors evolve into unstructured gathering places.

“Something as mundane as the placement and

dimensions of a corridor can dramatically activate a space
and increase social interactions,” Architect Andrew Gilles of
CannonDesign.

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▪ The importance of public gathering spaces

Image 3.2.17: Public Spaces

Source: pemsea.org

In many spaces, the boundaries between the three

individual spheres of life are intentionally blurred to draw
people together and help them relax. Research conducted
at the Google office in Zurich found relaxation “to be crucial
to innovation and stimulating original thought.”

o The ubiquitous nature of technology is transforming

spaces into “test beds”— experimenting on the act of
balancing organizational desires, technological power and
human needs.

While great variation exists on the level of technology

found in innovation spaces, technology, on the whole, is
influencing office behavior, creating patterns of work that are
less obvious or predictable. One clear example of this is how
technology has increased the overall mobility of workers,
enabling them to work from various locations and still be
“plugged in.” A recent worker survey, as part of a process for
renovating a large governmental space, found people to be far
less tied to a workstation than anticipated, given their mobility.
This finding gave sufficient reason to reduce the number of fixed
workspaces, providing only one workspace for every two
workers and achieving significant cost savings. While not every
worker embraces the implications of spatial shrinkage, the
expansion of virtual space is unquestionably changing the rules
of the game.
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The pervasiveness of technology raises real questions

about the extent to which face-to-face communication still
matters. And even after culling through reams of research, there
is no simple answer. The answers themselves are embedded
within each individual space—partly answered by distinctive
organizational cultures, partly answered by the preferences and
values of its workers, and partly by the complexity of work and
what is needed to improve outcomes.

Image 3.2.17: Technology within spaces

Source: pemsea.org

Technologies found in innovation spaces can be

collapsed into three general classifications: technology as a
collaboration and communication tool; technology as a
research and/or production tool; and technology as a display
and showcase tool. The sections on the following pages offer
some insights into each.

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o Eco-Minded Architecture
▪ Eco-bricks

Image 3.2.14: Application of Eco-bricks

Source: fecobricks.org

Eco-bricks are made by stuffing used recycled plastic

bottle containers with dry non-biodegradable materials. The
bottles are then used as filler bricks in building systems.
These eco-bricks have already built schools, houses, and
parks. Since plastics have no place in the environment, the
move to repurpose them into literal building blocks is a wise
solution. ( Primer Media Inc., 2018)
To start making an eco-brick, one would need washed
and dried plastic wastes, a plastic bottle, scissors, and a stick
that can fit through the mouth of the bottle. Cut the soft
plastics into bigger pieces and the hard plastics into small
pieces. Start with the soft plastic at the bottom and fill with
the cut-up plastics. Pack the bottle using the stick making
sure that it is compact and meets the minimum weight
requirement, which is the bottle volume times 0.35. (Ibid,
2018).
When we save, segregate and pack plastics into
bottles, we can make buildings that can be reused over and
over again. Together we can build green spaces that enrich
our community and remove plastic from the biosphere.
Together we can transition from plastic to ever greener
harmony with Earth’s cycle. (Ibid, 2018)

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▪ Water Harvesting

Image 3.2.15: Process of Water Harvesting

Source: greendiary.com

Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collection

and storage of rainwater at the surface or in subsurface
aquifers, before it is lost as surface runoff. Groundwater
augmentation through diversion of rainfall to subsurface
reservoirs, by various artificial recharge techniques.

▪ Rainscreen

Image 3.2.16: Process of Water Harvesting

Source: greendiary.com

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It is an exterior wall detail where the siding (wall

cladding) stands off from the moisture-resistant surface of an
air barrier applied to the sheathing (sheeting) to create a
capillary break and to allow drainage and evaporation.
The rain screen is the siding itself but the term rainscreen
implies a system of building. Ideally the rain screen prevents
the wall air/moisture barrier on sheathing from getting wet. In
some cases, a rainscreen wall is called a pressure-equalized
rainscreen wall where the ventilation openings are large
enough for the air pressure to nearly equalize on both sides
of the rain screen. (OpenLab, 2019)

o Envirotech Architecture
▪ Wind Turbine

A wind turbine, or
alternatively referred to as a
wind energy converter, is a
device that converts the
wind's kinetic energy into
electrical energy. Wind
turbines are manufactured in
a wide range of vertical and
horizontal axis. The smallest
turbines are used for
applications such as battery
Image 3.2.17: Application of Eco bricks
Source: anthropocenemagazine.org charging for auxiliary power
for boats or caravans or to
power traffic warning signs.

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▪ Quiet revolution vertical axis wind turbines

The turbine consists of three vertical airfoil blades,

each having a helical twist of 120 degrees. This feature
spreads the torque evenly over the entire revolution, thus
preventing the
destructive
pulsations of the
straight-bladed
giromill (Darrieus
turbine). The
wind pushes
each blade
around on both
Image 3.2.18: Application of Eco-bricks
the windward
Source: researchgate.net

and leeward sides of the turbine. t has won several awards

including the "Sustainable Innovation Award" in 2006.

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main

rotor shaft arranged vertically. One advantage of this
arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed
into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site
where the wind direction is highly variable. It is also an
advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building
because it is inherently less steerable. Also, the generator
and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct
drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox,
improving accessibility for maintenance. However, these
designs produce much less energy averaged over time,
which is a major drawback.

➢ No Vibration-Means you can mount anywhere including

on your house roof
➢ No Noisy-Means quiet enjoyment of living
➢ No Frication-Means the equipment lasts longer due to no
wear & tear
➢ Low start-up wind speed-Means higher average power
output

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➢ No rust - use Aluminum Alloy material

➢ No fade- after anti-oxidation treatment
➢ Strong adaptability-means can be used for land,
beaches, weak offshore wind

▪ Power Buoy

Image 3.2.19: Operation of Power Buoy wave technology

Source: powermag.com

Power buoy is a power station for generating

electrical energy from wave power. The Power buoy
generates power using a hydroelectric turbine. Power buoys
can be connected to the electrical grid by power transmission
cables or can operate autonomously in a deep-water
environment. The rising and falling of the waves offshore
causes the buoy to move freely up and down. The resultant
mechanical stroking drives an electrical generator. The
generated wave power is transmitted ashore via an
underwater power cable. Sensors on the Power buoy
continuously monitor the performance of the various
subsystems and surrounding ocean environment. Data is
transmitted to shore in real time. In the event of very large
oncoming waves, the system automatically locks up and
ceases power production. When the wave heights return to
normal, the system unlocks and recommences energy
conversion and transmission of the electrical power ashore.
(OpenEI, 2004)

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