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Angle and Directions

The document defines and explains different types of meridians used as reference lines for measuring angles and directions, including true, magnetic, grid, and assumed meridians. It also defines bearing as the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and a line, and azimuth as the clockwise angle measured between the north or south end of the reference meridian and the line. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate how to determine angles from bearings and the azimuth of lines given additional information.

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62 views3 pages

Angle and Directions

The document defines and explains different types of meridians used as reference lines for measuring angles and directions, including true, magnetic, grid, and assumed meridians. It also defines bearing as the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and a line, and azimuth as the clockwise angle measured between the north or south end of the reference meridian and the line. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate how to determine angles from bearings and the azimuth of lines given additional information.

Uploaded by

BryanHarold Broo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurement of Angles and Directions

A] MERIDIANS
TRUE Meridian - astronomic or geographic meridian and generally
adapted reference line in surveying practice.
MAGNETIC Meridian - fixed line of reference which lies parallel with the
magnetic lines of the earth.
GRID Meridian - fixed line of reference parallel to the central meridian of
a system of plane rectangular coordinates.
ASSUMED Meridian - an arbitrary chosen fixed line of reference.
B] BEARING OF A LINE
BEARING - acute horizontal angle between the meridians and the
line. (a measurement having both angle and direction,
i.e. N 12034’56” E
C] AZIMUTH OF A LINE
AZIMUTH - the clockwise angle design as being measured between
either the north end (NORTH AZIMUTH) or south end
(SOUTH AZIMUTH / AZIMUTH) of the reference meridian
and the line in question.

**NOTE: α = AZIMUTH Angle


β = BEARING Angle
Ѳ = Others

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
E1] Determine the angles from bearings. Angle APB, and CPD.
A) PA, N 32025’ E
PB, N 73040’ E
B) PC, S 46023’ W
PD, N 82005’ W

Solution:
A) PA, N 32025’ E
PB, N 73040’ E

32025’ + Ѳ = 73040’
Ѳ = 73040’ – 32025’ = 41015’
B) PC, S 46023’ W
PD, N 82005’ W

82005’ + Ѳ + 46023’ = 1800


Ѳ = 1800 – 82005’ – 46023’ = 51032’

E2) In the accompanying figure, determine the azimuth from north of lines BC,
and CD if the azimuth of line AB is 325022’.
Solution:
A) For αBC:

Using:
αBC + Ѳ2 = 81030’

*To solve αBC, we need to


determine first the value of Ѳ2:
RECALL: From Geometry
Ѳ1 = Ѳ2

Solving for Ѳ1:


*Consider Point A:
325022’ + Ѳ1 = 3600
Ѳ1 = 3600 – 325022’ = 34038’
Then; Ѳ1 = Ѳ2 = 34038’

Thus: From, αBC + Ѳ2 = 81030’


substituting Ѳ2 :
αBC + 34038’ = 81030’
αBC = 81030’ – 34038’ = 46052’

B) For αCD:

Using:
αCD + Ѳ4 = 1800

But; for Ѳ4
Ѳ3 + Ѳ4 = 168015’

And; Ѳ3 = αBC = 46052’

Then:
46052’+ Ѳ4 = 168015’
Ѳ4 = 168015’ – 46052’
Ѳ4 = 121023’

Thus; From, αCD + Ѳ4 = 1800


substituting Ѳ4 :
αCD + 121023’ = 1800
αBC = 1800 – 121023’ = 58037’

PRACTICE PROBLEM:
Side AB of an equilateral triangle has a bearing of N 69 013’ W. If vertex C lies
somewhere north of side AB, determine the bearings of sides BC and CA.

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