PHOTOGRAPHY Module 1

Forensic
Photography:
A Learning Module
Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 1
TEMPLATE 1: Course Specification
Writers: Noreen M. Javier
Course Title FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Course Description This course deals with the studies of the history and concept of
photography both technical and forensic, its application to police
work and court presentation of evidences.
Units / Credit Equivalent 3 units - (2) lec; (1) lab
Course Outcomes At the end of this course, students are able to:
1. Appraise the historical background and significance of
photography and forensic photography to police work.
2. Recognize and appreciate the contributions of the different
proponents/ personalities in the discovery of the pinhole
camera, camera obscura, chemicals sensitive to light, and
fixing of images.
3. Distinguish the meaning of police photography from forensic
photography.
4. Recognize the parts of camera and its individual function.
5. Understand the process of development of images through
chemical process
6. Apply the concept of photography to police work and for
proper presentation of evidences
Kirk F. Maignes
TEMPLATE 2: COURSE PACK STRUCTURE
Module Intended Learning Outcomes Lessons Writer
➢ Demonstrate adequate • Orientation of the
knowledge on the Institution’s VMGO, policy,
1 institution’s Mission, grading system etc.
Vision, Goals and • DORSU CJE—10
Objectives as well as the • Article of Faith
rules, regulations and
policies
➢ Trace the history of K. Maignes
photography ➢ Historical Evolution of N. Javier
➢ Identify significant dates Forensic Photography
and men behind the ➢ Principle of Photography
evolution of photography ➢ Photographic Rays-Its
➢ Explain the principle of Nature and Characteristics
forensic photography
➢ Define the terms used in
photography
➢ Understand the nature of
photography
➢ Define film and photographic ➢ Photographic Films and

papers Papers
➢ Determine the kinds of film ➢ Black and White
and photographic papers Color Films
➢ Identify the parts of film and K. Maignes
photographic papers ➢ Photographic Papers (B and W) N. Javier
➢ Define camera ➢ Photographic Papers (Color)
➢ Familiarize classifications of
camera ➢ Camera
➢ Define lens ➢ Camera Classification
➢ Identify the part of lens ➢ Methods of Image
➢ Explain the different defects Formation
of lens ➢ Lens
➢ Explore the type of lenses ➢ Inherent Lens Defects or
according to degree of Aberrations
correction ➢ Type of lenses according to
their degree of correction
➢ Define focal length
➢ Differentiate diaphragm from ➢ Focal length
lens and aperture ➢ Type of lenses according to
➢ Understand the function and focal length
method of focusing in the ➢ Lens diaphragm
camera ➢ Photographic perspective K. Maignes
➢ Enumerate the functions of and correct viewing distance N. Javier
shutter ➢ Focusing
➢ Define exposure ➢ Methods of Focusing
➢ Identify the different ➢ Depth of Focus or Focus
photographic filters applied Range
in photography ➢ Parallax
➢ Enumerate the different steps ➢ Shutters
in camera care ➢ Exposure
➢ Photographic Filters
➢ Camera Care
TEMPLATE 3: MODULE TEMPLATE
Module: FORENSIC 100 FORENSIC PHOTOGAPHY
Writer/Instructor: Noreen M. Javier and Kirk F. Maignes
Module No. and Title Module 1: Overview of FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Module Overview Hi! Welcome to Forensic Photography Module 1! This module
will cover the 1st to 6th week of the semester. This module will give
you orientation on the institutions VMGO, program policy,
grading system. Mainly, this module will give you knowledge
with the studies of the history and concept of photography both
technical and forensic, its application to police work and court
presentation of evidences.
Module Objectives and Outcomes ➢ Demonstrate adequate knowledge on the institution’s
Mission, Vision, Goals and Objectives as well as the
rules, regulations and policies
➢ Appraise the historical background and significance of
photography and forensic photography to police work.
➢ Recognize and appreciate the contributions of the
different proponents/ personalities in the discovery of the
pinhole camera, camera obscura, chemicals sensitive to
light, and fixing of images.
➢ Distinguish the meaning of police photography from
forensic photography.
➢ Recognize the parts of camera and its individual function.
➢ Understand the process of development of images
through chemical process
➢ Apply the concept of photography to police work and for
proper presentation of evidences
Lesson in the Module ➢ Orientation of the Institution’s VMGO, policy, grading

system etc.
➢ DORSU CJE—10
➢ Article of Faith
➢ Historical Background and Historical Evolution of Forensic
Photography
➢ Principle of Photography
➢ Photographic Rays-Its Nature and Characteristics
➢ Photographic Films and Papers
➢ Camera
➢ Lens
➢ Inherent Lens Defects or Aberrations
➢ Type of lenses according to their degree of correction
➢ Focal length
➢ Lens diaphragm
➢ Focusing
➢ Parallax
➢ Shutters
➢ Exposure
➢ Photographic Filters
TEMPLATE 4: The Lesson Structure
Module: FORENSIC 100 FORENSIC PHOTOGAPHY
Writer: Noreen M. Javier, Kirk F. Maignes
Module No. and Title Module 01: Course Orientation and Overview of Drug Education
Lesson No. and Title ➢ Orientation of the Institution’s VMGO, policy, grading system etc.
➢ DORSU CJE—10
➢ Article of Faith
➢ Historical Background and Historical Evolution of Forensic Photography
➢ Principle of Photography
➢ Photographic Rays-Its Nature and Characteristics
➢ Photographic Films and Papers
➢ Camera
➢ Lens
➢ Inherent Lens Defects or Aberrations
➢ Type of lenses according to their degree of correction
➢ Focal length
➢ Lens diaphragm
➢ Focusing
➢ Parallax
➢ Shutters
➢ Exposure
Photographic Filters
Learning Outcomes ➢ Demonstrate adequate knowledge on the institution’s Mission, Vision,
Goals and Objectives as well as the rules, regulations and policies
➢ Appraise the historical background and significance of photography and
forensic photography to police work.
➢ Recognize and appreciate the contributions of the different proponents/
personalities in the discovery of the pinhole camera, camera obscura,
chemicals sensitive to light, and fixing of images.
➢ Distinguish the meaning of police photography from forensic
photography.
➢ Recognize the parts of camera and its individual function.
➢ Understand the process of development of images through chemical
process
➢ Apply the concept of photography to police work and for proper
presentation of evidences
Time Frame You are expected to complete the lesson in the 1 st to 6th week of the semester
which is equivalent to eighteen (18) hours. This module will cover the
preliminary examination.
Introduction In our modern CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, the investigator is required
of an objectivity, which can only be achieved by means of scientific method of
investigation. Of the numerous scientific means, PHOTOGRAPHY is one that
plays a very important role both in criminal and civil cases. The usefulness of
Forensic Photography in criminal investigation is very extensive. Small objects
but of great importance in a crime committed may escape in the first phase of
investigation but may be seen and recovered only after closed examination of
the photographs at the crime scene. Investigators are sometimes compelled to
reconstruct or describe in court some details of the crime scenes they have
investigated several months ago. With the bulk of cases the investigators
handled, perhaps he would be confused or may not exactly recall some of these
small objects and details or even exact location of objects. However, with the
aid of photographs taken from the crime scene, investigator will not find hard
time to refresh in their minds and will be able to describe or explain the details
in court.
Activity
Reflection:
Answer the question for brief reflection.
➢ How do you apply the College VMGO in your daily life as a student?
➢ Discuss the importance of photography in police work and presentation of
evidence
Note: Submit your work thru personal message via Messenger and email or on
the drop box provided for you at the Guard 3 Station. Please write your
complete name, course, section and the date of submission at the Guard 3
Station.
Analysis Questions:
1. What was the core of this module?

2. In ten sentences, summarize the main points of this module.
3. How do you think you will use this module in your everyday life?
Note: Submit your work thru personal message via Messenger and
email or on the drop box provided for you at the Guard 3 Station.
Please write your complete name, course, section and the date of
submission at the Guard 3 Station.
Abstraction COLLEGE VISION

“A university of excellence, innovation, and inclusion”
MISSION
1. To elevate knowledge generation, utilization and distribution;
2. To promote inclusive sustainable development through research and
extension-based higher quality education, technical vocational skills, responsive
to
the needs of local and global community; and
3. To produce holistic, creative and inclusive human resource which are
responsive and resilient to global challenges while maintaining strong sense of
nationhood.
CORE VALUES
1. God-centered and humane;

2. Critical and Creative;
3. Disciplined and Competent;
4. Committed and Collaborative; and
5. Resilient and Sustainable.
GRADUATE OUTCOMES
1. Research-oriented and innovative;
2. Empowered with sense of professionalism;
3. ICT enabled;
4. Effective Communicator; and
5. Endowed with Filipino and universal values.
INSTITUTE GOAL/S:
1. To create a vibrant environment by providing ample classroom facilities,

laboratory equipment and apparatus to enrich instructional experiences.
2. To produce technically competent and globally competitive hoteliers and
restaurateurs by nurturing and sustaining a renowned level of skills-based
training and research-based development in the hospitality and tourism sector.
3. To generate adequately skilled and technically knowledgeable law enforcers
who are proficient in law enforcement and in the field of criminalistics.
4. To spawn ethical and globally qualified professionals equipped with a
reasonable managerial, financial and entrepreneurial skills.
DORSU CJE Ten Commandments
I. Adheres to rule of law and Constitution

II. Embrace the Article of Faith
III. Courtesy is Customary
IV. Health is Fitness is Indispensable
V. Persistence in continuous learning
VI. Seek Direction
VII. Assent Responsibility/Be a Follower
VIII. 5’s is way of life
IX. Service to others is freedom
X. Be an excellent Model to all
THE CJE ARTICLE OF FAITH
I believe that respect for authority is a duty
I believe in selfless love and service to people
I believe in the sanctity of family life and reverence for all men
I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things
I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness and justice above All
I believe in God, the Supreme Being, the great Provider and the
Creator of all men and everything dear to me
In return I can do not less than love Him above all, seek his guidance in
the performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times,
To God be the glory!
Grading system:
Quiz : 20%
Oral Recitation/ performance : 20%
Assignments : 10 %
Examinations : 50%
TOTAL: 100%
Online Class Policies
CLASS POLICIES:
1. Set up computer 30 minutes before the start of the class. Check your
camera and microphone. Make sure of a conducive environment, well-
lighted and free from noise distractions.
2. Have all the materials and resources prescribed in the class for each
session.
3. During virtual discussion, wear formal attire.
4. Observe punctuality in virtual class. Avoid frequent absences.
5. Show proper etiquette at all times.
6. Be clear and concise during the discussion. Sharing of personal
information, photos or videos that may embarrass, insult or offend others
is STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
7. Do not flood/interrupt the online class with irrelevant posts/messages.
8. Set the mic on “mute” mode at the start of the online class. This will
ensure that no unnecessary noise will disrupt the class. Only the faculty’s
mic will be on during lecture. Raise your hand if you want to speak or
ask a question. When acknowledged, unmute your mic. After speaking,
set it back to mute mode.
9. Recording of conversation or taking photos is allowed only when
permitted by the faculty.
10. Follow guidelines for output submission especially the timeline.
Cheating/copying of outputs is strictly NOT ALLOWED.
11. Any violations to the above-mentioned policies is tantamount to
deductions of actual score.
PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY is an art or science, which deals with the reproduction of

images through the action of light, upon sensitized materials (film or paper),
with the aid of image forming device and the chemical processes involved
therein.
- is from Greek words “Phos” or Photo which means light and “grapho”
which means to “Draw” or graphia meaning “write”.
Therefore photography best translates to “write with light”. (Herschel 1839).
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY is an art or science that deals with the study of
the principles of photography, the preparation of photographic evidence and
application to police work.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY- is defined as the study of the fundamentals of
photography, its application to police work and the preparation of photographic
evidence.
According to (Redsicker 2001), Forensic Photography is the art or
science of documenting photographically a crime scene and evidence for
laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of court trial.
IINTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT

In our modern CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, the investigator is
required of an objectivity, which can only be achieved by means of scientific
method of investigation. Of the numerous scientific means, PHOTOGRAPHY
is one that plays a very important role both in criminal and civil cases. The
usefulness of Forensic Photography in criminal investigation is very extensive.
Small objects but of great importance in a crime committed may escape in the
first phase of investigation but may be seen and recovered only after closed
examination of the photographs at the crime scene. Investigators are sometimes
compelled to reconstruct or describe in court some details of the crime scenes
they have investigated several months ago. With the bulk of cases the
investigators handled, perhaps he would be confused or may not exactly recall
some of these small objects and details or even exact location of objects.
However, with the aid of photographs taken from the crime scene, investigator
will not find hard time to refresh in their minds and will be able to describe or
explain the details in court.
A good photograph of the scene is a permanent record, which is always

available, especially in court presentation. In court proceeding, judges, fiscal
and defense lawyers, generally never visited the crime scene. Photographs
greatly facilitate them in interpreting the scene. Therefore, photographs should
bear in mind to obtain a NORMAL, SHARP and FREE OF DISTORTION
PHOTOGRAPHS of the crime scene. As a general rule take many photographs
of the crime scene and select the best.
PHOTOGRAPHY IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION:

Photography is an essential tool for the law-enforcement investigator.
As a tool, it enables him to record the visible and in any cases, the invisible
evidence of crime. Special techniques employing infra-red, ultra-violet, and x-
ray radiation enable him to record evidence which is not visible. The
photographic evidence can then restored indefinitely and retrieve when needed.
There is no other process which can be ferret, record, remember, and recall
criminal evidence as well as photography.
Photographs are also means of communication. It is a language
sometimes defined as the “the most universal of all languages. Photography has
an advantage as languages because it does not rely upon abstract symbols-
words. Photography, thus, is more direct and less subject to misunderstanding.
As a communication medium-has few, if any, equal.
FUNCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN INVESTIGATE WORK

1. Identification
2. Communication and microfilm files
3. Evidence-recording and preserving
4. Action of offenders
5. Court Exhibits
6. Crime prevention
7. Public relations
8. Police training
9. Reproduction and copying
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY

The following chronology summarizes the major technical
developments in the invention and growth of PHOTOGRAPHY.
a. In the early 18th Century, scientist found out and observed that a silver
salt turn to dark once hit by a light rays. In this principle, using a
CAMERA OBSCURA, JOSEPH NIEPCE obtains camera images on
paper sensitized with silver-chloride solution; however, the fixation is
only partial, and he regards his work as IMPERFECT and FAILURES.
In 1826, NIEPCE achieve the first permanent photograph in a camera
on a pewter plate coated with light gray bitumen after an 8 hours
exposure. In 1829, Niepce uses silver plates in place of pewter to
improve his work, and finally made a partnership with LOUIS
JACQUES MANDE DAGUERRE to perfect his inventions. In 1833,
Niepce died and Daguerre takes over the actual experimentation.
b. In England, WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT obtains negative

images on silver chloride paper by long printing and exposure in a
camera obscura; but they are imperfectly fixed. In that same year also
(1835) Daguerre discovers that mercury fumes could develop an
invisible image on a silver plate that is sensitized with iodine fumes
before exposures. In 1839, Talbot pointed out the basis of modern
photography. He mentioned that a negative is suitable material so as to
produce as many positive copies as desired by contact printing.
1835- William Henry Fox Talbot, an English archaeologist and
philologist, experimented with various salts of silver and found that
silver chloride was more sensitive to light than was silver nitrate.
c. On August 19, 1839, DAUGERREOTYPE, the first practical

photographic process is given to the world. Exposures are
uncomfortably long for portraiture, but images are made permanent by
the use of hypo. The precision of details and exquisite beauty of these
direct-positive images on a silver plates make the DAGUERREOTYPE
an immediate world success, although the complex procedure and cost
put it beyond the reach of most people.
d. On 1840, (Australia-Hungary), JM PETZVAL design the first lens

specifically for photographic use; its maximum aperture of F/3.6 makes
possible portrait exposure of more than one minute, launching the most
widespread use of DAGUERREOTYPE. Another lens is produce the
following year by VIOGLANDER for the use in the first all-metal
unitized camera.
From this period, major achievements with paper-negative process are

made in 1843-1848 by HILL and ADAMSON and by various photographers in
the continent. Many improvement and trend takes place such as the use of
collodion in place of albumin, this processing is called AMBROTYPES. This
is followed by the use of twin-lens camera for stereo photography, the use of
artificial light, the color processing, the different sizes of films and cameras, the
aerial photography and many more.
In 1976, the US KODAK instant print film PR10 is introduced followed
by US Polavision self-processing color movie film, and lately the miniature
camera used by the US secret agents. This is followed by automated
development of film and printing papers, then the automated camera that
development for film and paper is not required. But the latest trend in the field
of photography is the introduction of the ULTRA-MINIATURE CAMERA,
which is designed to handle extremely small format films, which range from 9.5
to 16mm (.37 to .63 inches)
James Clark Maxwell-1861 – he researched on colors.
a) 1907 – Lumiere color process was introduced, a panchromatic
film was used but with blue, green, and red filter.
b) 1914 – US Eastman Kodak introduced two (2) color subtractive
processes called Kodachrome. Twenty one (21) years later, a
three (3) color process came out.
c) 1935 – Electronic flash unit came out.
d) 1947 – Edwin H. Land introduced “POLAROID,” a one step
photography.
e) 1960. Laser was invented making possible holography.
1482- The earliest known form of camera, Camera OBSCURA, was described
by Leonardo da Vinci of Italy.
An Italian, Geronimo Cardano- fitted a biconvex lens to the Camera Obscura
in 1550 and in 1568, Daniel Barbaro suggested the use of a diaphragm to
sharpen the image.
1727- Johann Heinrich Schulze- a German physician was credited with the
discovery of the light sensitivity of silver salt.
1777- Karl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist investigated the darkening of
silver chloride by light and found out tha the salt was reduced to metallic silver.
1835- French Dagurre discovered that mercury fume will develop an invisible
(latent) image on a silver plate that is sensitized with iodine fumes before
exposure.
Talbot process or Talbotype process, is a process wherein the paper was
sensitized with silver iodide and after exposure was developed in Gallic acid.
The modern photography is based on Talbot’s Negative – to - Positive
principle.
1839- is generally known as the birth of photography. William Henry Fox
Talbot explained a process he had invented (Calotype) at the Royal Society of
London. The “Calotype” used paper with its surface fibers impregnated with
light sensitive compounds.
Sir John F.W. Herschel coins the word “photography”;
1839- Daguerreotype consisted of two wooden boxes perfected his
photographic process. Images are made permanent by the use of hypo. The
precision of details and exquisite beauty of these direct-positive images on
silver plates make the Daguerreotype an immediate success.
1861- First single lens reflex camera was patented by Thomas Sulton.
1880-The first twin-lens camera was produced by the British firm, R. & J.
Beck.
Eastman George, an American inventor, manufactured a dry plate process in
1880, the roll film in 1884 and made itavailable to market in 1889, and the
Kodak camera in 1888, (6 ½ X 3 ½ X 3 ½) 3 ½ to infinity, 100 exposure.
1880- England. Sir William Abney discovers the use of hydroquinone as a
developing age.
1914- US Eastman Kodak Company introduce a two color subtractive process
called Kodachrome.
1934- Holland. The first wire-filled bulb was introduced by Phillips.
1947, US. Edwin H. Land introduce the Polaroid Camera- a one step
photography with a self-processing black-and-white film that yields a positive
print by the diffusion transfer reversal method.
1988- the arrival of true digital cameras. The first true digital camera that
recorded the image as a computerized file was likely the Fuji DS-1P of 1988,
which recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card that used a battery to keep the
data in memory. This camera was never marketed in the USA. The first
commercially available digital camera was the 1992 Kodak DCS-100. It used a
1.3 megapixel sensor and was priced at 13,000 dollars.
1989- The first consumer camera with a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) on the
back was the Casio QV 10 in 1995 and the first camera to use compact flash
was the Kodak DC-25 in 1996. In 1999 the Nikon D1, a 2.74 mega pixel
camera was the first digital SLR with a price of under 6,000 dollars. This
camera also used Nikon F-mount lenses which means that film based
photographers could use the same lenses they already own. In 2003, Canon
introduced the 300D camera also known as digital rebel, a six (6) mega pixel
and the first DSLR priced lesser than 1,000 dollars to consumers.
CRIMINAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1854 – An Englishman, Richard Leech Maddox, development a dry plate
photography eclipsing Daguerre’s wet plate on tin method. This made practical
photography of inmates for prison records.
1859 – In the United States, one of the earliest applied Forensic Science was in
photography. It was used to demonstrate evidence in a California case. Enlarged
photographs of signature was presented in a court case involving forgery.
1864 – Odelbrecht first advocates the use of photography for the identification
of criminals and the documents of evidence and crime scenes.
Early photographs of accused and arrested persons were beautifully

posed as example of the Victorian photographers at 20 to 30 years. Later, every
major police force in England and the United States has “Rogues’ galleries” –
full face, profile and full body shot.
1882 – Alphonse Bertillion who initiated anthropometric measurements for

personal identification was also involved in various means of documentation by
photography which developed into a fine science for criminalistics when he
photographed crime scenes and formulated a technique of contact
photography to demonstrate erasure on documents.
1902 – Dr. Archibald Rudolph Reiss, a German scientist trained in Chemistry

and Physics at Lausanne University in Switzerland. He contributed heavily to the
use of photography in forensic science and established the world’s earliest crime
laboratory that serviced the academic community and the Swiss police. His
interests included photography of crime scenes, corpses, and blood stains. He
made a trip to Brazil in 1913 where his experience in criminalistics was presented
to the Western Hemisphere for the first time.
1910 – Victor Baltazard developed a method of photographic comparison of
bullets and cartridge cases which act as an early foundation of the field of
ballistics .
A Professor of forensic medicine at Sorborne, used photographic

enlargements of bullets and cartridge cases to determine weapon type and was
among the first to attempt to individualize a bullet to a weapon.
LEGAL FOUNDATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE
1. For Black and White Photographs
1859 – Daguerreotype was used in civil case, Lueo vs. United States, 23
Howard 515 to decide on the authenticity of photographs in comparing
signatures.
1874 - In a criminal case introducing photograph as identification evidence,
Underzook vs. Commonwealth, 76 Pa. 340.
2. For Color Photographs
1943 – Civil litigations Green vs. City and country of Denver, 3 Colo. 390
142 P.2 D .277 involving color photography of spoiled meat in violation of
a health ordinance prohibiting the sale of putrid meat to the public.
1960 – In criminal case, state vs. Conte 157 Comm. 251 A.2d 81 showing
the graphic wound of the victim.
3. For Digital Photographs
1995 - State of Washington vs. Eric Hayden. A homicide case was taken
through a Kelly-Frye hearing in which the defense specifically objected on
the grounds that the digital images were manipulated. The court authorized
the use of digital imaging and the defendant was found guilty. In 1998 the
Appellate Court upheld the case on appeal.
1995 - State of California vs. Phillip Lee Jackson. The San Diego (CA)
Police Department used digital image processing on a fingerprint in a double
homicide case. The defense asked for a Kelly-Frye hearing, but the court ruled
this unnecessary on the argument that digital processing is a readily accepted
practice in forensics.
CRIMINOLOGY EDUCATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1902 – Dr. Archibald Rudolph Reis was appointed as professor of forensic
science at the University of Lausanne. He was the founder of the first academic
forensic science program and of the "Institut de police scientifique" (Institute of
forensic science) at the University of Lausanne
1950 – August Vollmer, Chief of Police of Berkeley, Califonia established the
School of Criminology at the University of Califonia, Berkeley.
Paul Kirk presided over the major of Criminalistics within the school.
1954 – In the Philippines, the school which pioneered criminology education is

the Plaridel Educational Institution now the Philippine College of Criminology
at 641 Sales St., Sta. Cruz, Manila.
PRINCIPLEs OF PHOTOGRAPHY
The basic function of camera is to record a permanent image on a piece
of film. When light enters a camera it passes through a lens and converges on
the film. It forms a latent image on the film by chemically altering the silver
halides contained in the film emulsion. When the film is developed, the image
became visible in the form of negative. From negative, a positive image, or a
print can be made.
Since the time of invention of the first camera, all cameras have
operated on the same fundamental principles. A photographic technology
developed, however, various camera functions underwent improvement. Thus,
while the basic concept of the camera remains the same today, a wide range of
accessories have been created to cope with special situations. In addition,
special purpose cameras have been developed that meet a variety of needs.
Cameras for police work are known as STILL CAMERAS. This
camera is designed to do one thing; “to capture images in one single instant in
time and space on film”. Although there are many different kinds, they all have
same basic designs.
Proper care and handling is very essential for a camera, because there
are parts of it considered to be breakable and is highly sensitive especially when
ready for use. This must be carried using a portable bag or built-in container to
avoid dust and dirt. This must be keep dry and avoid contact with water and
other liquid substances. Using oil in cleaning is not advisable, and if necessary,
cleaning and repairing must be done by a qualified technician. Do not attempt
to fix a camera without proper equipment and tools, for it may cause
severe/serious damage on it.
THE ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Light
2. Camera
3. Sensitized Materials
4. Chemical Processes
LIGHT
- one of a number of known form of radiant energy which travel in wave
motion.
- The Wave theory was the only theory considered to explain the
characteristics of light which explains that when an atom in a light source is
changed physically, it emits a photon (electromagnetic radiation) which exhibits
properties of both waves and particles.
- It travels at a speed of about 186, 000 miles per second in air but can be
slowed by dense mediums such as glass or water.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The Electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio,

microwave, infrared, the visible region we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays
and gamma rays.
Classification of Electromagnetic radiation according to Wavelengths

⚫ Cosmic rays
⚫ Gamma rays (y rays)
⚫ x-rays …………… 01 - 30 μ
⚫ Ultraviolet rays …………… 30 - 400 μ
⚫ Visible spectrum …………… 400 - 700 μ
⚫ Infrared rays …………… 700 - 1000+ μ
⚫ Hertzian waves (radio waves)
THE COMPONENTS OF LIGHT TRAVELING IN WAVES

1. Wavelength ( λ )
- The distance from the crest to the wave of the next succeeding crest.
- It is measured by the Angstrom unit or in terms of milli-microns ( μ )

[English system of measurement or Nanometer (nm)] [Metric system of
measure].
2. Frequency ( ν )
- The number of waves passing in a given point in one second.
3. Crest
\
- The upper portion of the waves used to measure the wavelength.
4. Trough
- The lower portion completing the flow of the waves.
THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM

- This is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (can
be detected by) the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of
wavelengths is called visible light or simply light.
THE WHITE LIGHT
- It is the strongest light according to Sir Issac Newton.
When all the wavelengths between 400-700 millimicrons or nanometers are

presented to the eye in nearly equal quantity, we get the perception of a colorless
beam called the white light. If the narrow beam of white light passes through a
prism as a medium, it will bend the light and spreading them out in the visible
spectrum forming the ROYGBIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
violet) as known.
THE THREE PRIMARY COLORS
When the visible spectrum will be divided into three equal parts, it will
produce:
- Blue (400 nm to 500 nm)

- Green (500 nm to 600 nm)
- Red (600 to 700 nm)
These are known as the three primary colors of light as differentiated
from the primary colors of paints and dyes which are blue, yellow and red.
COLOR MIXTURES OF LIGHT

The possibility of mixing colors using light was very possible just like
how we do it with paints and dyes to produce more colors in which the art of
photography is requiring to have more refined photographs.
Color mixtures in two ways:

-
1.Additive color mixture
2.Subtractive color mixture
Additive Color Mixture

When the three primary colors, the blue, green and red will be emitted
through an individual projector and have the three beams overlapped over the
other to justify the addition process, it will be noticeable that the portion where
the blue and green lights merged over the other, it will produce a cyan color, same
with green and red light will produce a yellow color then the red and blue lights
will produce a magenta color. At the center where the blue, green and red light
merging in proper ratio, will produce a white light. This will serve as practical
evidence that when all colors of light will be combined and present a white light
can be produce.
White - the presence of all colors
- Cyan
THE THREE SECONDARY COLORS
- Yellow
- Magenta
Subtractive color mixture

In this case, the process of merging the light beams (blue, green and red)
will be covered by filters of cyan, magenta and yellow then a subtractive process
will occur by way of transmission and absorption.
The cyan filter will transmit blue and green but absorbs red from white
light. The yellow filter will transmit green and red light but absorbs blue from
white light. In the same way, the magenta filter will transmit red and blue light
but absorbs green light from white light. At the center portion is black which is
produced by the subtraction of all light. Therefore, the complementary color of
cyan is red, yellow is blue and magenta is green. Complementary implicates the
absorption processing.
Black - the absence of all colors.
PRODUCTION OF COLORS
1. Absorption
- The colors of most ordinary objects are due to the fact that they do
absorb the same amount of light at each wavelength.
2. Scattering
- The color of the sky is blue due to the scattering of light by the
atmosphere.
3. Interference
- These are colors that can be produced by the interference of light waves
in the thin films like soap bubbles or a film of oil floating in the surface. This
phenomenon is also responsible for the color pattern known as “Newton’s
ring” which sometimes caused trouble in color printing work.
4. Fluorescence
- The color will be produce when the molecules of the fluorescent
material absorb energy at one wavelength and radiate it to another
wavelength.
5. Dispersion
- The color of the rainbow is a good example of this phenomenon. This
can be produced from the differences in the refractive or bending power of a
transparent medium of light of different wavelength.
MOVEMENT OF LIGHT
The light travels in a straight line when traveling in an open space. But,
when light comes in contact with an object, it may be bended in the following
manner:
1. Reflection
- The bouncing back of light when it hits the surface of the medium.
Two types of Reflection:

Specular or Regular reflection - when light hits on smooth surface
Diffused or Irregular reflection - when light hits on rough surface
2. Absorption
- The absorption of light through an opaque medium. Human’s eyes are able to
see colors because of this phenomenon.
3. Transmission
- When light hits a transparent medium, almost all of the light passes through it.
4. Refraction
- The bending of light when passing through from one transparent medium to
another. This explains the bending of the straw when submerged on a glass half-
full of water.
5. Diffraction
- The bending of light when it hits a sharp edge of an opaque object.
TYPES OF MEDIUM ACCORDING ON HOW THEY BEHAVE TO

LIGHT
1. Transparent object
- A medium that allows sufficient visible light to pass through them that
the object on the other side may be clearly seen.
2. Translucent object
- A medium that allows light to pass, however diffuse it sufficiently that
objects on other side may not be clearly distinguished.
- In some cases the objects on the other side may be recognizable but
sharp detail and outlines are obscured.
3. Opaque object
- A medium that greatly diffuse the light that recognizing the
object on the other side is very difficult if impossible.
SOURCES OF LIGHT
There are two (2) sources of light, they are known as natural or artificial.
Natural lights - are lights which come to existence without the
intervention of man.
- used for outdoor photography.

Artificial lights - are lights which are manmade in a form of a lighting
equipment such lamp and flood lights.
- utilized in indoor photography to augment the adverse lighting condition.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE COLORS OF DAYLIGHT:

1. Atmospheric dust
2. Reflected light that had reached the objects and directly coming from the
source.
DAYLIGHT MAYBE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ITS INTENSITY

THEY ARE:
1. Bright sunlight
- A lighting condition of the scene where the objects are in the open space
casting a deep and uniform or distinct shadows.
2. Hazy sunlight
- Objects in this lighting condition are in the open space casting a
transparent shadow.
3. Dull sunlight
- A lighting condition of the scene where the objects are in the open space
and casting no shadow.
Cloudy bright
- Objects in this lighting condition are in the open space cast no shadow
but objects at far distance are clearly visible.
Cloudy dull
- Objects are in the open space, cast no shadow and the visibility of the
distant objects is already limited.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT - Electronic flash
Example of electronic flash:

Photoflood lamp, fluorescent lamp, Infra-red and Ultra-violate lamp.
Category:
Continuous radiation and the short duration.
1. Continuous radiation
These are equipment that could give off a continuous illumination such
as fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps, carbon arc lamps, photoflood lamp and
gas lamp.
2. Short duration (Flash unit)
This light source can be accomplished through the use of a flash unit.
The flash of light produced by the burning metallic wire for flash bulb or an
electrical discharge through a gas-filled tube for electronic flash can be used to
lighten a part of the scene.
The electronic flash offers a great light output in a compact, lightweight
and economical form. It does not have the effect of heat and glare during setups
that are common with continuous lighting.
FORESIC LIGHT SOURCES
1. Ultraviolet lamp
- This light source is used in forensic work that comes in

different shape, sizes, and power emitting a short nanometers in wave.
2. Forensic LASER (Laser Amplification through Simulated Emission

of Radiation)
- It was discovered in 1970 to illuminate certain items. This was
especially significant in locating dried biological stains such as semen,
urine and saliva, as well as stains that had been washed.
The LASER stimulation of these items provided a way for the

criminalist to finally see, locate, and visually recorded evidence that they
know that they had been missing. It is also known as Coherent light.
3. Alternative Light Sources (ALS)
- Developed in mid 1980’s but much more inexpensive
alternative to forensic LASER. The ALS uses a variety of band pass
filters to provide a high intensity beam of non-coherent light.
4. Forensic Light Sources (FLS)

- The Forensic Light Sources (FLS) is an inexpensive light
source which is used to filter white lights. The strobe shift of a
specifically developed luminescent fingerprint powder which also falls
within the strobe shift of most biological powder. This will enable a
criminalist to search latent fingerprints of rough surfaces.
CAMERA
- Is a light tight box, with a means of forming the image (lens),

with a means of holding sensitized materials (film holder) and with a means of
controlling the amount of light that will reached the film.
Basic parts of the camera:
1. CAMERA BODY OR LIGHT TIGHT BOX
- A light-tight container used to hold light sensitive materials
(film).
2. SHUTTER
- A mechanism that opens and closes within the camera to
provide the time interval necessary for exposure.
(Time intervals are
called shutter speed. )
3. LENS
- A single shaped piece of optical glass or molded plastic
designed to gather and focus light rays in a camera to form an image of
a subject on film.
4. DIAPHRAGM
- A device made of thin overlapping metal leaves within a lens
or camera which can be adjusted to specific apertures of f-stops to control
the amount of light that strikes the film.
5. APERTURE
- The lens opening, the size of which is regulated by a diaphragm
and expressed as an f-stop or f-number (f-stop represents the ratio of the
focal length of the lens to the diameter of the lens.) Also the number that
indicates the size of a lens opening.
6. FILM HOLDER
- Part of the camera that holds the light sensitive material or film.
Similarity of a camera to the human eye
➢ Eyeball – Camera body
➢ Eyelid – Shutter
➢ Lens – Camera lens
➢ Iris – Diaphragm
➢ Pupil – Aperture
➢ Retina – Film/film holder
OTHER ESSENTIALPARTS OF THE CAMERA

1. VIEWING SYSTEM OR VIEWFINDER
- The viewer of any camera will show the entire scene coverage that can
be recorded in the film inside the camera. It is usually attached on the top of side
of the camera or the viewer in the taking lens itself when the camera is single lens
reflex type.
2. FILM ADVANCER
- The film advancer of the camera is necessary so that the exposed film
can be transferred to the take-up spool and the unexposed film will be on the
opposite side of the lens for another exposure.
3. SHUTTER SPEED
- The shutter speed will control the duration between the opening and the
closing of the shutter. It will regulate the quantity of light that will reach and
affect the film inside the camera.
4. FOCUSING MECHANISM
- The sharpness or clearness or the object being photograph will depend
upon the focusing system of the camera. This mechanism will estimate the object
distance from the camera and formed a sharp or clear images in the photographs.
The viewing or focusing system

1. Those with focusing mechanism at the back of the camera
2. Those with optical viewfinder
TYPES OF CAMERA
1. BOX CAMERA
- Uses lens and spring-loading shutter and roll film. Shutter
speed and aperture usually not adjustable. Camera body is a rigid box.
2. FOLDING CAMERA
- Lens and shutter mounted to camera body by means of
accordion-pleated bellows, which can be folded into camera foe ease of
carrying.
3. 35 mm CAMERA
- Any class of cameras designed to use 35-mm film, the same
film used in commercial motion picture production.
4. SINGLE-LENS REFLEX (SLR) CAMERA
- Uses same lens for picture-taking and viewing. Characterized
by focal-plane shutter (usually) and an operable mirror that directs the
image to eve for viewing function.
5. DIGITAL CAMERAS
- A type of camera that is electronic and does not require light sensitive
materials (film) for recording images, it either uses a memory card, disc
(hard disc, floppy or compact disc) as storage.
THE DIGITAL CAMERA - This

type of camera digitalized the image which can then be put into computer and
enhanced through a software package such as Adobe Photoshop.
TYPES OF DIGITAL
CAMERA
1. Those with fixed memory
- This digital camera has a limited number of images that can be captured and
stored. The user of this camera will be forced to transfer the images to the
computer before erasing it. The use of a point-and-shoot digital camera is
example of this type.
2. Those with removable memory
- This Digital camera allows the user to load or replace a variety of storage
cards in much the same fashion as film is exposed and replaced with a new film.
A Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera falls in this type.
OTHER FEATURES OF A DIGITAL CAMERA
1. Easy reproduction process
- Images captured can be viewed and transferred in the computer
and can easily be printed for hard copies.
2. A Liquid Crystal Device (LCD) monitor

- Digital cameras are equipped color LCD screen at the back of
the camera body which will serve as an optical viewfinder, control panel
and instant playback monitor of the captured images.
3. Flash unit capability

- Digital cameras particularly Digital Single Lens Reflex
(DSLR) camera are equipped with flash shoe for the installment of a flash
unit used to subjects which is low lighted or back lighted.
4. Variable lens capability

- These cameras are capable of lens changing. Systemically,
aside from the regular lens as it was purchased it can also be compatible
to wide-angle lens, telephoto lens, zoom lens or even macro lenses.
5. Sound Recording
- Digital cameras although not all, some units are capable of
recording sound along with its capability to record video format files.
METHODS OF IMAGE FORMATION

1. Pinhole Method
- A small or tiny hole which produces an image entirely free from
distortion but its image is so dim.
This is the method entirely used in the camera obscura.
2. Shadow method
- Image formed by this method is simply the shadow of an object.
The primary application of this method is in X-ray photography and in
making photograms.
3. Lens method
- This is the best method to form an image because it is capable
of forming sharp image even with a large opening.
This the primary method used for photography in the contemporary days.
CAMERA LENS
- Is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with
a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic
film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically.
A transparent medium which either converge or diverge light rays passing
through it to form an image.
Etymology of lens
The word lens comes from the Latin name of the lentil, because a double-
convex lens is lentil-shaped.
TYPES OF LENSES
A. Convex
- A lens that is thicker at the center than at its edges.

- Lens that possesses at least one surface that curves outwards.
- It is a converging lens, bringing the rays of light to a focus.
B. Concave
- A lens that is thinner at its center than at its edges

- Lens that possesses at least one surface that curves inwards.
- It is a diverging lens, spreading out those light rays that have been refracted
through it.
LENS DEFECTS
1. Spherical aberrations
- Light rays passing through a lens near its horizontal axis are refracted
less than rays closer to the edge or “periphery” of the lens and as a result, end up
in different spots across the optical axis.
2. Coma
- A shortcoming in a camera lens where light rays, bumping into the
objective far from its optical axis that do not come to focus within the identical
image plane.
3. Curvature of field
- A common optical problem that causes a flat object to project the image
in a curved manner and appear sharp only in a certain parts of the frame, instead
of being uniformly sharp across the frame.
- This lens defect is also known as “Petzval field curvature”.
- The circular “dome-like” image in three dimensional form is shown to the right
of the illustration.
4. Barrel lens distortion
- This effect causes images to be spherized, which means the edges of
images look curved and bowed to the human eye.
It almost appears as though the photo image has been wrapped around a
curved surface. It is most visible in images that have straight lines in them, as
these lines appear to be bowed outward.
5. Pincushion distortion
- A lens effect which causes images to become pinched in the center. It
is most often associated with telephoto lenses, and in particular, zoom telephotos.
The distortion will usually occur at the telephoto end of the lens. The
pincushion distortion effect increases with the distance the object is from the
optical axis of the lens.
6. Chromatic aberrations
- This is also known as “color fringing” or “purple fringing”.
It is a common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable
to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, or when wavelengths
of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane.
This phenomenon is caused by lens dispersion, with different colors of
light traveling at different speeds while passing through a lens. As a result, the
image can look blurred or noticeable colored edges (red, green, blue, yellow,
purple, magenta) can appear around objects, especially in high-contrast
situations.
A perfect lens would focus all wavelengths into a single focal point,
where the best focus with the “circle of least confusion” is located.
In reality, the refractive index for each wavelength is different in lenses,
which causes two types of Chromatic Aberration known as:
7. Astigmatism
- It is also known as pointlessness. It happens when a point sending light

through a lens cannot be projected as one point behind the lens. It appears as
a line on the focal plane.
TYPE OF LENSES ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF CORRECTION
1. Achromatic lens
- A corrective lens used to minimize or eliminate chromatic
aberration. This is design also to help minimize spherical aberrations.
2. Rapid rectilinear lens
- A corrective lens used to correct and minimize barrel distortion.
3. Anastigmat lens
- Completely corrected for spherical aberration, coma,
and astigmatism.
4. Apochromatic lens
- These are telephoto and zoom type of lenses which is uses as
special optical designs and optical materials to improve their
performance.
The result is that the images can have a greater contrast,
sharpness and color definition than a comparable non-APO type lens.
LENS CHARACTERISTICS
1. Focal length
- The distance measured from the optical center of the lens to the focal
plane when the lens is focused at infinity position or far distance.
TYPES OF LENSES ACCORDING TO FOCAL LENGTH

a) Wide-angle lens
These lenses usually have a focal length of less than the
diagonal of its negative material.
A lens having a wide area coverage but produces a small

image size. Usually used to take pictures indoor or inside a small
room. Mostly used in outdoor to get a panoramic view.
b) Normal lens
- A lens with a focal length of approximately equal or
more but not more than twice the diagonal of its negative
material. It corresponds to nearly the coverage of the human eye.
c) Telephoto lens
- A lens with a focal length of more than twice the
diagonal of its negative material. It provides a bigger image of
an object at far distance but its area of coverage is smaller.
d) Zoom lens
- A lens that may have variable focal lengths that maybe
manipulated by zooming in and out as what the scene may need.
2. Relative aperture
The light gathering power of the lens that is expressed in the F-number
system. By increasing or decreasing the f-number numerically, it is possible
to:
 Control the amount of light passing through the lens.

 Control the depth of field.
 Control the degree of sharpness due to lens defects.
3. Depth of field
- It is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest
object in apparent sharp focus when the lens is set or focused at a particular
distance.
4. Hyperfocal distance
- The nearest distance in which the lens is focused with a given
particular lens opening which will give the maximum depth of field.
5. Focusing
- This is the setting of proper distance in order to form a sharp image
except those fixed focused requires focusing.
A lens maybe focused by any of the following manner:
a. Focusing scale or scale bed
A scale that is usually found at the lens barrel indicating

pre-setted distance in feet or in meters.
To focus the lens of the camera, the distance of the

object to the photographed is measured, estimated or calculated
and the pointer or maker on the lens barrel is adjusted to the
corresponding number on the scale.
b. Rangefinders
These are mechanisms that measures the angle of the

convergence of the light coming from a subject as seen from the
aperture.
The two types of Rangefinders
 Split image
Through the rangefinder, the image of a straight

line in the object appears to be cut into halves and
separated from each other when the lens is not in focus.
However, when the image of the lines are aligned, the
lens is in focus.
 Co-incident image
Through the eyepiece, a single image is seen

double when the subject is out of focus. The user will
make the image coincide and the lens is in focus.
c. Ground glass
This maybe focused by directly observing the image
formed at the ground glass, the screen placed behaving the taking
lens. If the image formed is blurred, fuzzy, or not clear, the lens
is out of focus. The user will make the image sharp then the lens
is in focus.
d. Zone
This is possible in wide angle lenses only. There are only

three (3) setting for focus. One for the close distance
(approximately 3-6 feet) another from medium distance
(approximately 6-15 feet) and finally for distant objects
(approximately 15 and infinite).
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS AND PAPERS

Photographic Films
- A transparent cellulose nitrate or cellulose acetate composition in thin, flexible

strips or sheets and coated with a light sensitive emulsion for taking photographs.
Black and White Films (B&W)
It is usually applied to black and white photography and made up of three
components or layers:
1. Emulsion
- Consist of crystals of light sensitive compounds (silver nitrate)
evenly distributed throughout the plastic base material.
a. Two component of the light sensitive compound:
❖ Silver Halide
❖ Gelatin
2. Gray or Anti-halation Backing

- This layer is placed between the emulsion and the plastic base
of a film to prevent whatever light that passes through the emulsion and
reflected by the base back to the emulsion forms a “halo”.
3. Base
- Made up of a plastic material. This serves as a support to the
emulsion.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK & WHITE FILMS
According to Emulsion Speed
1. ASA (American Standards Association) Rating. This is expressed in
arithmetical value.
2. DIN (Deutche Industri Normen) Rating. Expressed in logarithmic value.
3. ISO (International Standards Organization) Rating. Expressed in combined
arithmetical and logarithmical values.
ASA DIN ISO
12 12º 12/12º
25 15º 25/15º
50 18º 50/18º
100 21º 100/21º
200 24º 200/24º
400 27º 400/27º
800 30º 800/30º
1600 33º 1600/33º
According to Spectral Sensitivity

1. Blue Sensitive – sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue color only.
2. Orthochromatic – sensitive to ultraviolet rays, blue and green colors. It
is not sensitive to red color.
3. Panchromatic – sensitive to ultraviolet rays, to blue, green and red color.
4. Infrared – sensitive to ultraviolet rays, to all colors and also to infrared
rays.
According to Granularity or Graininess
The rule is:
The lower the emulsion speed rating of the film, the finer is the grain and
conversely,
The higher the emulsion speed rating, the bigger are the grain.
COLOR FILMS
It is a multi-layer emulsion coated on the same support or base.
Basically, the structure of color film is almost the same as black and
white film except that the emulsion layer consists of three layers, stacked one on
top of the other.
The three layers of the Color film
1. Top layer – is sensitive to blue light only; green and red light passes
through it without exposing the color blind halides.
Yellow filter – known as Carey Lea silver, suspended in gelatin
is coated between the top and second layer to absorb any penetrating blue
light but freely passes green and red light.
2. Middle layer – is orthochromatic, which is sensitive to blue (which
cannot reach it) and green, but not to red. So the red light passes on to
the bottom emulsion layer.
3. Bottom layer – is panchromatic, sensitive to blue (which cannot reach
it) and red. It is also somewhat sensitive to green light but to such a slight
degree that it is not important.
Two types of Color Films:
1. Negative or Non-reversal Film
- this film yields either a negative or a positive image depending
on how it is used.
- the suffix “color” is used.
-
2. Reversal Film
- a film when processed a positive image or transparency for projection
viewing.
- the prefix “chrome” is used.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS
- A paper coated with a light-sensitive chemical formula, used for making

photographic prints.
When photographic paper is exposed to light using the enlarger, it captures a
latent image from the negative that is then developed to form a positive or visible
image.
Print
These are photographic image printed on paper, generally a positive
image made from a negative. After the process of producing the negative has
been completed, a positive image is produced from the negative which is a true
representation of the relative brightness of all parts of the object..
Basic Layers of Printing Paper

1. Base. Made of Paper which must be chemically pure to insure that it will
not interfere with the chemical processes to which the emulsion is
subjected. Available either in a single or double weight paper.
2. Baryta layer. A gelatin layer containing baryta crystal to increase the
reflectivity of the paper.
3. Emulsion layer. Contain minute silver halides suspended with gelatin
which needs only to produce the total range of negative
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING PAPER
1. Chloride Papers.
- Have a slow speed emulsion containing silver chloride , fine
grain and produce deep blacks, and used for contact printing.
2. Bromide Papers.
- Have
faster emulsion speed than chloride paper, achieve sensitivity through
the use of bromide halides. Because of the relatively high sensitivity to
light, these emulsions are particularly suitable for projection printing.
3. Chlorobromide Papers.
- Contain both silver chloride and silver bromide halides.
Emulsion speed lies between that of chloride and bromide papers, used
for both contact and projection printing.
4. Variable Contrast Paper.

- Combines
the contrast ranges in one paper, this versatility is achieved with special
chlorobromide emulsion that produces varying contrast responses upon
exposure to different colored light.
Printing Paper Grades
Because of the fact that all negatives do not print best on one kind of
paper, and in order to permit printing for special effects, photographic papers is
made in several different grades of contrast and glossy surface.
1. Velox No. 0 – used for printing from extremely contrast negative; the
low contrast in the paper sensitizing counteracts the high contrast in the
negative, to give a new print.
2. Velox No. 1 – used for high contrast negative.
3. Velox No. 2 – a paper for normal contrast used with normal negatives.
4. Velox No. 3 – use for negatives that is a little weak in contrast.
5. Velox No. 4 – provides sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin
or weak negatives. It is useful in printing silhouettes and other such
pictures in which high contrast is desired.
6. Velox No. 5 – for negative so flat as to be otherwise unprintable.
Paper Weight
1. Lightweight (LW) – intended for purposes which involve folding.
2. Single weight (SW) – use for all ordinary photographic purposes.
3. Double weight (DW) – generally used for large prints because they stand
up better under rough treatment.
FILMS and PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS are surfaces sensitive to light.

FILMS contain minute grains of silver halide suspended on animal gelatine and
coated with celluloid materials. It has two main parts, namely; (a) EMULSION
and (b) BASE.
FILMS ARE COMPOSED OF:
A. Thin coat of animal gelatine C. Base
B. Emulsion D. Anti-halation
backing
FILMS are classified according to its form and types. Basically, films that are
available in the market today are of various forms. They are in: ROLLS,
CARTRIGES and CUT SHEETS.
Light sensitivity of the film is also known as the SPEED OF THE FILM. Such
speed as previously discussed is determined through ASA, ISO or DIN.
TYPES OF FILM
1. FAST SPEED FILM. When the available light is dim, this type film
is the best choice because of the low reflecting power of the subject
against a reflecting background, which is low in contrast but high in
brightness.
2. PANCHROMATIC FILM. This is sensitive to all colors specially to
blue and violet. There are three (3) classes of Panchromatic film:
a. Processed Panchromatic Film
b. Grain Panchromatic Film
c. High-speed Panchromatic Film
3. INFRARED FILMS. A special type of film which is sensitive to
infrared radiation.
4. COLORED FILM. A mixture of the three basic colors of the visible
spectrum
5. ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM. Film sensitive to all colors except
red.
6. X-RAY FILM. A film, which is sensitive to x-ray region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
7. BLUE SENSITIVE FILM. A film specially treated that make more
sensitive to blue rays of light. This is suitable for ultra-violet
photography.
Emulsion Speed - all films except those used in instamatic camera have a film
speed or emulsion speed.
Indications for emulsion speed:
1. ASA rating – American Standard Association (expressed in
arithmetical value)
2. DIN rating – Deutsche Industrie Normen (expressed in logarithmic
value)
3. ISO rating – International Standard Organization (expressed in
arithmetical value)
4. JSI – Japanese Institute of Standards
5. BSI- British Standard International.
Major Classifications of Film speed by average ASA & DIN ratings are:
a) Slow films – about 32 ASA (16/10 DIN), which require a high light
level;
b) Medium films – about 125 ASA (22/10 DIN), which are used in
average or normal light situations, such as outdoors on
a sunny day. (The most common).
c) Fast films – about 400 ASA (27/10 DIN) which are needed when
the light level is low – very cloudy, rainy day, or
indoors under available light.
- or when fast shutter speed is required to stop action.
d) Extra-fast films – About 800 ASA (30/10 DIN) which are used
only when the other types of film are too slow – under the dimmest
light conditions or when the fastest possible shutter speeds are
necessary.
SENSITIZED PAPER
The result of the photography in its final form is a photograph. The
material necessary to produce a positive print is a SENSITIZED PAPER. Its
emulsion is coated with opaque like paper.
Each type of emulsion has its own substance and uses in the preparation
of photograph. These emulsions are:
1. Silver chloride emulsion
2. Silver bromide solution
3. Silver chloro-bromide solution
Photo paper is made with different characteristics. These are the

combination of thickness and finish.
The texture may be:
a. Smooth
b. glossy
c. rough or linen
The choice of photo paper for printing will depend upon the purpose of
photographs to be made. Black and white object is usually printed in white
base photo paper. Reproduction of photo would give satisfactory result if
printed on glossy white photo paper. For portrait photo, a cream paper base
photo is necessary and recommended. For LAW ENFORCEMENT, the
smooth photo paper is necessary so that detail of the image appears and
appreciated by the viewers.
THE FILTERS
FILTERS are a homogenous medium, which absorbs and transmits
differentially light rays passing through it. A color filter works in such a way
that it will transmit its own color and absorbs all other colors. By using filter in
combination of black and white films, the photographer can control tonal values
to get a technically correct condition or to exaggerate, or suppress the tonal
differences for visibility, emphasis and other effects. With color films, filters
are used to change the color quality of the exposing light to secure proper color
balance with the film being used.
THE FILTER FACTOR
Because filter subtract some of the light passing through the lens, an
increase in exposure time or lens opening is necessary. The number of times
that the normal exposures must be multiplied is called FILTER FACTOR.
TYPES OF FILTER IN BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY
A. Correction filter. Is used to change the response of film so that all

colors are recorded as approximately the relative
brightness values seen by the eyes.
B. Contrast Filter. Used to change the relative brightness vales so that
two colors which would otherwise be recorded as
nearly the same will have decidedly different
brightness in picture.
C. Haze Filter. Used to eliminate or reduce the aerial haze.
D. Neutral Density Filter. Used for reducing the amount of light
transmitted without changing the color value.
E. Polarizing Filter. Used to reduce or eliminate reflections on highly
reflective surfaces
Application a. How important the photography in our daily life?

b. What are the important roles of photography in police work and
presentation of evidence.
c. In your own understanding explain, the principles of photography and
why we need to know the principle of photography before engaging in
any police and forensic work
Closure Congratulations for completing the first module and for a job well
done! You already gained knowledge with the overview of forensic
photography
. The next module will be dealing with the following:
➢ Photographic Printing and Chemical Processing

➢ Photographic Printing
➢ Application of Photography in Police Work
Keep on learning! God bless.
Module Assessment Online quiz, Assignment Task, Recitation, Preliminary Examination
Module Summary This module allows the student to be re oriented of the college’ VMGO, grading
system, policy on online learning and the concept of drugs and abuse. This
enable the students to acquire knowledge related to the subject matter. They
were also assessed after the abstraction. By reading this module student will
now learn to adapt to the new normal, they will be able to learn from home.
References 1. Forensic Photography. W.H Villarba.2015
2. Instructional Module on Forensic Photography
3. Aquino, Avelino. Police Photography. Philippine College of Criminology,
Sta. Cruz, Manila

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Forensic

Writers: Noreen M. Javier

Course Title FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Units / Credit Equivalent 3 units - (2) lec; (1) lab

TEMPLATE 2: COURSE PACK STRUCTURE

Module Intended Learning Outcomes Lessons Writer

➢ Define film and photographic ➢ Photographic Films and

Module No. and Title Module 1: Overview of FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Lesson in the Module ➢ Orientation of the Institution’s VMGO, policy, grading

Answer the question for brief reflection.

1. What was the core of this module?

Abstraction COLLEGE VISION

1. God-centered and humane;

1. To create a vibrant environment by providing ample classroom facilities,

DORSU CJE Ten Commandments

I. Adheres to rule of law and Constitution

I believe that respect for authority is a duty

I believe in selfless love and service to people

I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things

I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness and justice above All

Creator of all men and everything dear to me

the performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times,

To God be the glory!

Online Class Policies

PHOTOGRAPHY is an art or science, which deals with the reproduction of

IINTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT

A good photograph of the scene is a permanent record, which is always

PHOTOGRAPHY IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION:

FUNCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN INVESTIGATE WORK

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY

b. In England, WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT obtains negative

c. On August 19, 1839, DAUGERREOTYPE, the first practical

d. On 1840, (Australia-Hungary), JM PETZVAL design the first lens

From this period, major achievements with paper-negative process are

Early photographs of accused and arrested persons were beautifully

1882 – Alphonse Bertillion who initiated anthropometric measurements for

1902 – Dr. Archibald Rudolph Reiss, a German scientist trained in Chemistry

A Professor of forensic medicine at Sorborne, used photographic

CRIMINOLOGY EDUCATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1954 – In the Philippines, the school which pioneered criminology education is

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

The Electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio,

Classification of Electromagnetic radiation according to Wavelengths

THE COMPONENTS OF LIGHT TRAVELING IN WAVES

- It is measured by the Angstrom unit or in terms of milli-microns ( μ )

- The number of waves passing in a given point in one second.

- The lower portion completing the flow of the waves.

THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM

THE WHITE LIGHT

- It is the strongest light according to Sir Issac Newton.

When all the wavelengths between 400-700 millimicrons or nanometers are

- Blue (400 nm to 500 nm)

COLOR MIXTURES OF LIGHT

Color mixtures in two ways:

Additive Color Mixture

White - the presence of all colors

Subtractive color mixture

Black - the absence of all colors.

Two types of Reflection: