Lecture 11 - Syntax Directed Translation

Syntax Directed Translation
Lecture 10
Section 5.1 - 5.3
Rokan Uddin Faruqui
Associate Professor
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Chittaong, Bangladesh
Email: rokan@cu.ac.bd
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1 Abstract Syntax Trees
2 Syntax-Directed Definitions
3 Synthesized Attributes
4 Inherited Attributes
5 Examples
6 Assignment
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Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 2

Abstract Syntax Trees
Outline
5 Examples
6 Assignment
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The Phases of Compilation

Source Program
Scanner (Lexical analysis)

Token
Symbol
Parser (Syntax analysis)
Frontend Table
Tree
Semantic analysis
Tree
Intermediate code generation
IR
Machine-independent code optimization
IR
Target code generation
Backend Target Code
Machine-specific code improvement (optional)
Target. Code
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From Parse Tree/ Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)

oduction SDD: Syntax-Directed Definition Type Systems Type specification and implementation Types in Semantic Analysis
rom Parse Tree/ Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)
position = initial + rate * 60

=
id lexeme
hid, 1i + 1 position
hid, 2i ⇤ 2 initial
3 rate
hid, 3i hnum, 60i
Rose, Kristoffer Rose Compiler Construction (CSCI-GA.2130-001) 5. Syntax-directed Definitions/Type Analysis 5 / 89
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Type Checking, semantic analysis that results in

annotated tree
Introduction SDD: Syntax-Directed Definition Type Systems Type specification and implementation Types in Semantic Analysis
Type Checking, semantic analysis that results in annotated tree...
t = float
=
t = float id lexeme t
1 position float
hid, 1i + 2 initial float
t = float 3 rate float
t = float hid, 2i ⇤
t = float hid, 3i hnum, 60i
t = float t = int
Eva Rose, Kristoffer Rose Compiler Construction (CSCI-GA.2130-001) 5. Syntax-directed Definitions/Type Analysis 6 / 89
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Parse Trees
A parse tree shows the grammatical structure of a statement.

It includes all of the grammar symbols (terminals and
nonterminals) that were encountered during parsing.
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An abstract syntax tree (AST) shows the logical structure of the

statement.
Each node represents an action to be taken by the program or an
object to be acted upon.
The syntax tree may introduce operations that were not in the
source code or the grammar.
Dereferencing operations.
Type-casting operations.
Jump statements.
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Syntax Trees vs. Parse Trees
Example (Syntax Trees and Parse Trees)

Consider the statement a = 2*b + c;
stmt =
lval = expr ; a +
id expr + expr * DEREF
expr * expr id 2 DEREF c
num id b
Parse Tree Syntax Tree
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Syntax Trees vs. Parse Trees
The parse tree never really exists, except insofar as the parser
follows its logical order.
The AST builder builds the syntax tree from the information
obtained by the parser.
Then the code generator writes the assembly code from the syntax
tree.
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Recursive descent parsers generally create a single AST for the

entire program.
They build the tree from root to leaf.
In bottom-up parsing, the AST will be built from the bottom up.
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Syntax-Directed Definitions
Outline
5 Examples
6 Assignment
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A way to systematically associate annotations, e.g. types, to nodes in

the grammar/parse tree, calculated by a semantic specification.
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Definition
A syntax-directed definition (SDD) is a context-free grammar with
attributes added to the grammar symbols.
attributes are stored in the nodes of the syntax tree.

each production has a set of semantic rules associated for
computing the attributes.
If X is a grammar symbol, a is an attribute, then X.a denotes
the value of a at node X
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Example
Example (Syntax-Directed Definitions)

Let the grammar be
E → E + E | num
Then E derives its value from the num tokens in the expression.
This is expressed formally by the rules
E.val = E1 .val + E2 .val

E.val = num.lexval
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In a syntax-directed definition, each node has

A set of synthesized attributes, and
A set of inherited attributes.
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Synthesized Attributes
Outline
5 Examples
6 Assignment
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Definition
A synthesized attribute of a grammar symbol is a property that is
determined by the attributes of the symbols below it in the parse tree.
In other words, if A → α is a production, then A’s synthesized

attributes are determined by the attributes of the symbols in α.
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If the AST represents a numerical expression, then the value of the

root node is determined by the values of the nodes below it in the
tree.
Thus, the value of the root node is a synthesized attribute.
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Example
Example (Synthesized Attributes)

The terminals get their values directly from the lexical analyzer.
For example, a num token’s value attribute would be the
numerical value of the string of digits in the token.
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Example
expr.val
expr1.val + expr2.val
num.lexval num.lexval
100 250
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Example
expr.val
from lexer from lexer
100 250
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Example
expr.val
synthesized synthesized
100 250
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Example
expr.val
100 250
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Inherited Attributes
Outline
5 Examples
6 Assignment
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Definition
An inherited attribute is a property of a symbol (node) that is
determined by its parent node and its siblings in the parse tree.
In other words, if β is symbol on the right side of the production

A → αβγ, then β’s inherited attributes are determined by the
attributes of A and the other symbols in α and γ.
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Example
Example (Inherited Attributes)

Consider the grammar for a declaration containing one or more
identifiers.
dcl → type list

list → list , id | id
type → int | float
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Example

For example, the declaration might be
float a, b, c;
The attribute “float” first appears as the type of the float token.
From there it is passed to the identifiers a, then b, then c.
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Example
dcl
type.type list.type
FLOAT list.type , id2.type
float id1.type
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Example
dcl
type.type list.type
from lexer
float id1.type
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Example
dcl
type.type list.type
synthesized
from lexer
float id1.type
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Example
dcl
inherited
type.type list.type
synthesized
from lexer
float id1.type
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Example
dcl
inherited
type.type list.type
inherited inherited
synthesized
from lexer
float id1.type
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Example
dcl
inherited
type.type list.type
inherited inherited
synthesized
from lexer inherited
float id1.type
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Some Questions
Questions
In an expression tree, is the type of the expression at the root
inherited or is it synthesized?
Is the type used in an arithmetic operation an inherited attribute
or an synthesized attribute of the operator?
In an assignment statement, is the type assigned by the operator
an inherited attribute or a synthesized attribute of the operator?
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Examples
Outline
5 Examples
6 Assignment
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Examples

Let the grammar be
E→E+T
E→T
T →T *F
T →F
F →(E)
F → num
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Examples

The attribute at every node is the value of the nonterminal.
In every case, it is synthesized.
E.val = E.val + T.val

E.val = T.val
T.val = T.val × F.val
T.val = F.val
F.val = E.val
F.val = num.lexval
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Examples

Let the grammar be
E → T E′
E′ → + T E′
E′ → ε
T → F T′
T′ → * F T′
T′ → ε
F →(E)
F → num
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Examples

The attribute at the nodes E, T , and F is the value of the
nonterminal.
In some cases, it is synthesized.
In other cases, it is inherited.
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Examples
For the production
F → num
we have the rule
F.val = num.lexval
For the production

F →(E)
we have the rule
F.val = E.val
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Examples

Consider the parse tree for the expression
3 ∗ 4 + 5.
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Examples
T E'
F T' + T E'
num * F T' F T' ε
num ε num ε
The parse tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Examples
T E'
F T' + T E'
num 3 * F T' F T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
num gets its values from the lexer

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Examples
T E'
F 3 T' + T E'
num 3 * F 4 T' F 5 T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
F.val = num.lexval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples
T ′ .inh = F.val . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples

How does T (in the production T → F T ′ ) get its value?
It must multiply 3 and 4 to get 12.
So, first T ′ inherits 3 from F .
Then, in the production T ′ → * F T1′ , T1′ inherits 12 from T ′ and
F.
Then, T ′ turns around and synthesizes 12 from T1′ .
Then, back in the production T → F T ′ , T synthesizes 12 from T ′ .
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Examples
T E'
inh 3
F 3 T' 12 + T E'
*
4
num 3 * F 4 T' F 5 T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
T ′ .inh = F.val . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples
T E'
inh 3
F 3 T' + T E'
inh 12
num 3 * F 4 T' 12 F 5 T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
T1′ .inh = T ′ .inh × F.val . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Examples
T E'
inh 3
F 3 T' + T E'
inh 12
num 3 * F 4 T' 12 F 5 T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
T ′ .syn = T ′ .inh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples
T E'
inh 3
F 3 T' + T E'
syn 12
num 3 * F 4 T' 12 F 5 T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
T ′ .syn = T1′ .syn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Examples
T E'
syn 12
inh 3
F 3 T' + T E'
syn 12
num 3 * F 4 T' 12 F 5 T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
T.val = T ′ .syn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples
inh 12
T E'
syn 12
inh 3
F 3 T' + T E'
syn 12
num 3 * F 4 T' 12 F 5 T' ε
num 4 ε num 5 ε
E ′ .inh = T.val . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples

We now have the rules
Production Semantic Rules
T ′ .inh = F.val
T → F T′
T.val = T ′ .syn
T1′ .inh = T ′ .inh × F.val
T ′ → * F T1′
T ′ .syn = T1′ .syn
T′ → ε T ′ .syn = T ′ .inh
F → num F.val = num.lexval
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Examples

As well as the rules
Production Semantic Rules
E ′ .inh = T.val
E → T E′
E.val = E ′ .syn
E1′ .inh = E ′ .inh + T.val
E ′ → + T E1′
E ′ .syn = E1′ .syn
E′ →ε E ′ .syn = E ′ .inh
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Assignment
Outline
5 Examples
6 Assignment
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Assignment
Assignment
Homework
p. 309: 1, 2, 3
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Syntax Directed Translation

Rokan Uddin Faruqui

. . . .... .... .... . . . . .

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 2

1 Abstract Syntax Trees

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 3

The Phases of Compilation

Scanner (Lexical analysis)

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 4

From Parse Tree/ Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)

rom Parse Tree/ Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)

position = initial + rate * 60

Rose, Kristoffer Rose Compiler Construction (CSCI-GA.2130-001) 5. Syntax-directed Definitions/Type Analysis 5 / 89

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 5

Type Checking, semantic analysis that results in

Type Checking, semantic analysis that results in annotated tree...

t = float hid, 3i hnum, 60i

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 6

A parse tree shows the grammatical structure of a statement.

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 7

Abstract Syntax Trees

An abstract syntax tree (AST) shows the logical structure of the

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 8

Syntax Trees vs. Parse Trees

Example (Syntax Trees and Parse Trees)

id expr + expr * DEREF

expr * expr id 2 DEREF c

Parse Tree Syntax Tree

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 9

Syntax Trees vs. Parse Trees

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 10

Abstract Syntax Trees

Recursive descent parsers generally create a single AST for the

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 11

1 Abstract Syntax Trees

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 12

A way to systematically associate annotations, e.g. types, to nodes in

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 13

attributes are stored in the nodes of the syntax tree.

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 14

Example (Syntax-Directed Definitions)

E.val = E1 .val + E2 .val

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 15

In a syntax-directed definition, each node has

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 16

1 Abstract Syntax Trees

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 17

In other words, if A → α is a production, then A’s synthesized

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 18

If the AST represents a numerical expression, then the value of the

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 19

Example (Synthesized Attributes)

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 20

Example (Synthesized Attributes)

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 21

Example (Synthesized Attributes)

from lexer from lexer

Rokan Uddin Faruqui CSE, CU Syntax Directed Translation 22

Example (Synthesized Attributes)

from lexer from lexer