PINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Pinan, Zamboanga del Norte

FIRST QUARTER

Name:________________________________________________________Grade&Section:____________________________Score:__________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 3 IN SCIENCE 9

Title: Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

Learning Targets: Explain the different Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance (S9LT-Id-29)
References: Quarter 1 – Science 9 Module 3

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

A Mendelian pattern of inheritance refers to reproducing organisms sexually. We know that in Mendel’s principles of heredity each parent gives one of two possible alleles for a
trait. However, Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern of inheritance wherein traits do not segregate following Mendel’s law. These laws describe the inheritance of traits linked
to single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus.
Incomplete dominance. Snapdragon flower is an example of this pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are
present resulting in an intermediate phenotype.

 A cross between a
homozygous red-flowered plant (FRFR) and a homozygous white-flower plant (FWFW) will produce offspring
with pink flowers (FRFW) as shown in the F1 generation.
 A cross between two heterozygotes of F1 generation, however, will result in an F2 generation with
a phenotype of 25% red flowers, 50% pink flowers, and 25% white flowers (phenotypic ratio of
1:2(blended traits):1).

Codominance is a heterozygote condition wherein both traits are present simultaneously, rather than one
fully determining the phenotype. A speckled chicken is a good example of dominance. Speckled Hen
A cross between a black and white chicken will produce chicken with both black and white

feathers. The alleles for black feathers in some varieties of chicken is codominant with the
allele for white feathers.

Another example that shows how the co-dominance pattern of inheritance is determined by
genes is in the blood typing in humans. An antigen is a protein- bound to a sugar molecule
found on the surface of our red blood cells. A pair of alleles (IA and IB) which controls one
group of antigens, help in determining the blood types of an individual.

Table 1. Summary of phenotypes and genotypes of the blood typing in humans .

HUMAN BLOOD TYPES

Phenotype A B A O
B
Genotype IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi IA IB ii
Can receive blood from: O, A A, B, AB, and O (universal recipient)
O, B O
Can donate blood to: A, B, AB, and O
AB, A AB, B A (universal donor)
B

In the heterozygote condition, both IA and IB alleles are expressed in the red blood cells that will have the antigens A and B. Three alleles exist in the ABO system: A, B, and
O. This result in four blood types: A, B, O, and the blended AB.
Multiple Alleles: (ABO Blood Types)

A single gene that has more than two alleles is called multiple alleles. The ABO blood groups in humans as an example of a gene that has multiple alleles is the one that
controls the inheritance. There are four blood group systems A, B, AB, and O.

We know that there are three different alleles for ABO blood types, however, only two are present in an individual at a time.

Table 2. Allelic Combination of Different Blood Types in Humans

Resulting Blood Type Allelic Combination
A IAIA or IA i
B IBIB or IB i
AB IAIB
O ii

The IA and IB are dominant over the i allele which is always recessive. However, both alleles are expressed equally when the two alleles are inherited together.

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

Most humans have an XY sex-determination that is responsible for the gender characterization of an individual. Sex chromosomes control whether the organism will be a
male or a female. Both males and females have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Male brings X and Y chromosomes, while both X
chromosomes are in females. A male offspring will be produced when an egg fertilized by a sperm passing on a Y chromosome. Similarly, a female offspring will be a result
of a fertilized egg through a sperm carrying an X chromosome. Therefore, there is a fifty-percent probability of having a male and female offspring
Sex-Related Inheritance
Most of the time, more men in comparison to women are bald while lactation or milk production is common in women but certainly not in men. These are inherited
characteristics determined by sex. The following are the three kinds of sex related inheritance namely, sex-limited, sex-influenced, and sex-linked.
Sex-Linked Genes

Sex-linked genes are genes found either on X or Y

chromosomes which are inherited differences among male and a
female. Sex-linked traits determined by an X-linked gene when an X
chromosome takes control. On the other hand, the so- called Y-linked
genes are those located on the Y chromosome.

⮚ Hemophilia, an example of an X-

linked trait is a rare genetic disorder in which a person lacks

enough blood-clotting proteins caused by a change in one of
the genes.

Since this phenomenon is sited on the X chromosome, females identified to have

affected two X chromosomes cause the disorder. But if there is only one chromosome
affected, the female individual is referred to as “carrier” of the disorder.

Color-blindness is another condition of the X-linked trait. These traits will be manifested in
females who have two genes of color-blindness. Meanwhile, in males, there is only one gene
of the disorder needed to express the phenomenon.

A woman suffering from Hemophilia

Figure from Creative Commons
Hypertrichosis pinnae auris is a Y-linked trait controlled by a Y chromosome Genotype Phenotype
and characterized by hairy ear in which are expressed in males alone. This
XX Normal female
human condition can be inherited from a father who has the disorder, to his
sons who, in turn, will pass it on to their sons. X XC Normal female, carrier of the gene
XC XC Color-blind female
Sex-Limited Trait Sex-limited traits are those traits limited to only one sex.
XY Normal male
Lactation is a good example of a sex-limited trait that is exclusively exhibited
among females. However, cattle carry genes for lactation on both males and XC Y Color-blind male
females. Table 3. Genotypes and Phenotypes in human

Lactating gene (L) is a dominant gene over the non-lactating recessive gene (l). In female cattle carrying one dominant gene (XXLl), or two dominant
genes (XXLL) lactation will be shown. Nevertheless, neither male cattle having dominant genes nor in male cattle
that have recessive genes will lactate.

Sex-Influenced Traits

Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits that are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than
in the other sex. One classic example of this is pattern baldness which is expressed in females but is more often
manifested in males.
Hairy Human
The gene has two alleles, “bald” (B) and “non-bald” (b), and these genes are highly influenced by the FigureEar
from Creative Commons
hormones individually. We know that all humans have testosterone, but males have higher level of testosterone
than females do. This shows that, although baldness alleles (XYBB, XYBb, or XXBB) behave like a dominant allele in
males, they are recessive in females (XXBb, XXb).

Activity 1: My Incompleteness, Complete Me.

Fill in the Punnett squares with the correct genotypes based on the key pictures that illustrate incomplete dominance. Then answer the following
questions. Provide a separate sheet of paper for your answer. KEY:

Purple eggplant (EE) Violet eggplant (Ee) White eggplant (ee)

Activity 2: Who’s My Family?

A fire has occurred in a nearby maternity clinic. The assigned nurse quickly rushed out of the place to secure the newly born babies. Unfortunately, there were some
babies without their identification bracelets.

Using your knowledge about codominance inheritance will help bring these babies back to their correct parents.

Pictures/Illustrations from Canva.com

Baby Genotypes:

Baby # 1 Baby # 2 Baby # 3

A AB B

⮚ Cruz family are the first set of parents. Mr. Cruz’s blood type is B, and his wife’s blood type A.
⮚ The second set of parents is Fernandez. Mr. and Mrs. Fernandez both have a B blood type.
⮚ The last set of parents is the Lopez family. Mr. Greg Lopez has an O blood type, and Mrs. Anna Lopez’s blood type is A (heterozygous).
Do this task: Make use of Punnett square below to determine the possible genotypes of the newborn babies. Compare the 4 possible genotypes of the three
evacuated babies. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Guide Questions:
1. Which baby or babies could belong to the Cruz Family?
2. Which baby or babies could belong to the Fernandez
Family?
3. Which baby or babies could belong to the Lopez family?

Based on all the given information above, identify which baby/babies belong to each set of Parents Baby #
parents?
Cruz
EVALUATION: Choose the best answer. Write only the letter on the space provided before Fernandez
each number. Lopez

1. The human sex chromosome for male is ______________________.

A. XX B. YY C. XY D. XZ
2. Which of the following best explains Non-Mendelian inheritance?
A. is any pattern of inheritance wherein traits do not segregate following Mendel’s law.
B. is any pattern of inheritance wherein traits segregate following Mendel’s law.
C. is any pattern of inheritance wherein traits do not segregate following Watsons law.
D. is not a pattern of inheritance.
3. The chromosome number of human gametes is ___________________.
A. 12 B. 23 C. 46 D. Higher for eggs and sperm
4. Baldness is an example of __________________.
A. Polygene B. X-linked gene C. Holandric gene D. Sex-influenced trait
5. What inheritance is most likely involved when both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F1 generation?
A. Codominance B. Multiple alleles C. Polygenic inheritance D. Incomplete dominance
6. A polygenic trait is also called _____________________.
A. X-linked gene B. Multiple alleles C. Holandric gene D. Continuous trait
7. What information can be obtained from a Punnett square?
A. Genotype of offspring C. Phenotypic ratio of offspring
B. Phenotype of offspring D. All the above information
8. A couple has a colorblind son, but all their daughters have normal vision. What are the genotypes of this couple?
A. XnXn and XnY B. XNXN and XNY C. XNXn and XNY D. XNXn and XnY
9. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B. What is the chance that their first child will have type O blood?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
10. Which statement is TRUE about the Punnett squares in A and B?
DIAGRAM A DIAGRAM B R r
B B R
R Rr
B B R
B
B B R
R rr
W BW BW R

I. In diagram A, white is dominant over black while in diagram B red is dominant over white.
II. Diagram A shows a codominance pattern of inheritance while diagram B shows an incomplete pattern of inheritance
 III. In diagram A, the parents produce offspring with a phenotype in which both parental traits appear together while in diagram B, the parents produce offspring
with a phenotype that is a blending of parental traits.
IV. Diagram A describes a cross among parents of different phenotypes while diagram B describes a cross between parents of the same
A. I C. Both II and III

B. II D. Both II and IV

Title: Biodiversity and Evolution

Learning Targets: Relate species extinction to the failure of populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment. (S9LT-Ie-f-30)
References: Quarter 1 – Science 9 Module 4

Biodiversity and Evolution

Biodiversity is the term used to describe the number and variety of life found on Earth. Biodiversity has three types: genetic, species, and ecosystem.
A. Genetic diversity pertains to the variation of genes within species.
B. Species diversity pertains to the variety and abundance of species within a region.
C. Ecosystem diversity is the variation among groups of organisms in different physical settings.
All parts of the ecosystem are interacting with one another. If one of its components experienced changes and it doesn’t adapt to its new environment or situation it may
probably die and lessen in numbers. The population pertains to the number of organisms of the same species living in the same region while communities are composed
of different organisms living in the same region.

What will happen if one population in an area increase? Will it affect the distribution of space and food? Fortunately, changes in population may give a big impact on the
balance of biodiversity index.

Biodiversity Index is a scale of the diversity of plant and animal species in a given area. It is a widely used tool for estimating the complexity, stability, and thus general
health of an ecosystem. It is expressed with the equation of:

Total # of different Species

Biodiversity Index =
Total # of Living Items
Populations of an organism can change and varies over time. This is due to the different limiting factors occurring in the situation. Limiting factors are usually
described as lack of particular resources like the availability of food, water, and space. Some of the other reasons are predation, diseases, and migration. Light, temperature,
and soil nutrients are also limiting factors because they help to identify what kind of organism lived in a certain area. Increasing the number of population size that an area
can support is called carrying capacity. It is the size of a biological species that can be sustained in a specific environment, given all the available resources. If the carrying
capacity reaches its maximum point, the organism in that area will die because not all of their needs can be met.
When the number of species decreases in size, and only a few remain, that species is considered as endangered and possibly becomes extinct in the future.
Some examples of endangered animals in the Philippines are tarsier in Bohol, Philippine eagle, Philippines freshwater crocodiles, tamaraw in Mindoro, and Philippine
naked-backed fruit bat in Cebu. If animals of a particular species are vulnerable at risk in terms the number of populations of its kind, it is said to be threatened. Extinction
happens if the last member of that species is gone like dinosaurs.

But what are the different causes of species extinction? It can be a natural cause or man-made.

Natural Causes of Species Extinction

1. Climate change- the sudden changes in the earth’s temperature.
2. Land Development- conversion of land into residential area or building.
3. Acid precipitation- is a result of air pollution.
4. Diseases/Epidemic- infectious diseases or virulent infectious diseases cause the change in biological populations.
5. Meteoric impact/Cosmic radiation- extinction happens when a massive asteroid or meteor hits the surface of the earth.
6. The spread of Invasive species- it can change the abundance of diversity or the food web in an ecosystem by destroying and replacing its natural value and number.

Man-Made Causes of Species Extinction

1. Deforestation- illegal logging, kaingin farming
2. Pollution- either air or water pollution.
3. Destruction of Coastal Resources- this is caused by using dynamite in fishing, muro-ami, and the
conversion of beach into residences, and overharvesting of fishes.
 Deforestation Pollution Destruction of Coastal resources
These environmental conditions and issues can affect both local and global perspectives and can create a big impact
in sustaining the ecological balance of the earth. But on the other side, if an organism continues to live for more than a year
and continues to adapt to its changing environment, it will still exist and somehow undergo evolution.

Evolution describes the gradual change of organisms from one state to another. It deals with the first appearance of
organisms and studies how they survive and change through the course of time. Geologists constructed a timetable of the
earth’s history which is called geologic timescale. Geologic timescale is a timetable of the earth’s history. In this scale, the
earth’s history is divided into major divisions called eras.

A. Paleozoic era (prehistoric life) – the existence of marine invertebrates; the development of marine
life.
B. Mesozoic era (middle life) – the existence of largest creatures.
C. Cenozoic era (recent life)- the existence of warm-blooded animals and humans.
ACTIVITY 1: OUTDOOR EXPEDITION
Explore the vicinity of your house or garden. List down all the living organisms you will see based on their category. Write the
total number of species and total item on the space provided, and lastly, answer the following questions and calculate
biodiversity index using the equation given. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

TREES
TREE Total Species: _____
Total Item: ________

PLANTS PLANTS
Total Species: _____
Total Item: ________

ANIMALS
ANIMALS
Total Species: _____
Total Item: ________
INSECTS/BUGS

INSECT/BUGS
Total Species: _____
Guide Questions: Total Item: ________
1. Which species has the greatest total in number?
2. Which species has the lowest total in number?
3. Calculate the biodiversity index using the given formula below:
Total # of different Species
Biodiversity Index = =
Total # of Living Items

ACTIVITY 2: FULL OF SPACE

Study the five patterns of population distribution in Figure 1. Count the total number for each population and record the data
in the table below. After that, calculate the density of each population using the equation below.

1. Calculate the biodiversity index using the given formula below:

No. of Individuals
Density=
Size of Area

Table 1:
Population Number of Organisms Density Population
Density
 Guide questions:
Compare the distribution patterns of the five populations then answer the following.
1. Which population has the greatest density?
2. Infer from recorded data and write the possible causes for the difference in the population density.
3. What conditions could change the density of any of the population?
4. Calculate the biodiversity index using the given formula below: No. of Individuals

Density= =
Size of Area
EVALUATION: Choose the best answer. Write only the letter on the space provided before each number.
1. Which one of the following expresses the index of diversity in a mathematical way?
A. The vastness or area of an ecosystem C. The distance between two different ecosystems
B. The species distribution in a community D. The population of a given species per unit area
2. Which is the correct formula in calculating population density?
A. D = population/area C. D = number of runs/total population
B. D = population x area D. D = number of runs x total population
3. Which pertains to the largest number of individuals in a species that an environment sustains for a long period of time?
A. Biodiversity B. Limiting factor C. Carrying capacity D. Population Density
4. Which refers to species of organisms whose population is so low that it has a great tendency to become extinct?
A. Endangered C. Exotic
B. Endemic D. Threatened
5. What type of biodiversity pertains to the variations of genes in a species?
A. species diversity
B. genetic diversity
C. ecosystem diversity
D. all of the above
6. Which factor has a tendency to increase population density?
A. limited food supply and diseases
B. limited space and higher birth rate
C. higher death rate due to a calamity
D. presence of a greater area for organisms to live
7. Which do you think is the biggest problem faced by endangered species?
A. Food B. Water C. Climate change D. Human activities
8. Which situation illustrates the relationship between a limiting factor and population density?
A. When birth rate is greater than death rate, population increases.
B. When the population in a given area increases, the population density also increases.
C. Population sizes change with the number of births or when organisms move out of an ecosystem.
D. When the population of goats and cows in a field increases rapidly, there may not be enough food for each of them.
9. Which could be a probable cause of increase in the population of preys in an environment?
A. destruction of prey habitats
B. lower birth rate than death rate of preys
C. calamities and rampant spread of diseases
D. decrease in the population of their predators
10. How does habitat degradation cause extinction of species?
A. It kills acid intolerant species.
B. It leads to spread of diseases that exterminate species.
C. It leads to diminishing resources which increases competition among species.
D. It leads to existence of shallow gene pools that promote massive inbreeding.

Prepared by: SIR.ARNOLD

 ANSWER KEY FOR WEEK 3 ANSWER KEY FOR WEEK 4
ACTIVITY 1 AND 2

EVALUATION WEEK 3
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. C
10. C

EVALUATION WEEK 4
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. C
10. D