PIPH111 Lecture Guide

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY:
PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY
COURSE TITLE Perspectives in COURSE CODE PIPH111
Pharmacy
CREDIT UNITS 2 Units COURSE None
PREREQUISITE/S/CO-
REQUISITE
CONTACT HOURS 2 Hours Lecture COURSE PLACEMENT First Year, First
Semester
COURSE Rationale
DESCRIPTION This course deals with the basic concepts and principles of pharmacy,
skills in classifying drugs according to its therapeutic uses and basic laws
and principles that affects the different areas of pharmacy practice. The
student will be able to appreciate the different roles of pharmacists in all
areas of pharmacy practice and the pharmacist's social and professional.
Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students are expected to demonstrate
familiarity and knowledge on the basic principles of Pharmacy practice.
Students are also expected to be knowledgeable on how to classify drugs
based on their dosage form and therapeutic classification.
This Lecture Guide may not be modified or redistributed in whole or in part

without permission from Our Lady of Fatima University, College of Pharmacy.
UNIT 1
IMPORTANCE OF PHARMACY AS A HEALTHCARE PROFESSION
HISTORY OF PHARMACY
SCOPE OF PHARMACY PRACTICE & ESSENTAL FUNCTIONS
ATTRIBUTES & ROLES OF PHARMACISTS
TOPIC 1:
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
PHARMACY PRACTICE
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:
◉ Identify the major events in the evolution of pharmacy
◉ Identify the major personalities and their contribution in the history of pharmacy.
REQUIRED READINGS
◉ http://miter.mit.edu/articlebench-boardroom-historical-developmentspharmaceutical-
industry/
RELATED LINKS AND VIDEOS:
◉ (History of Pharmacy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpmsHMtRdyc

◉ (The future of Pharmacy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcZ7hJvZO8E
CHECKLIST:
◉ Read course and unit objectives
◉ Read study guide prior to class attendance
◉ Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons
◉ Proactively participate in discussions
◉ Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
◉ Answer and submit course unit tasks
TOPIC 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
PHARMACY PRACTICE
NOTES: PHARMACY
§ It is derived from Greek word “Pharmakon”
§ art of dispensing and preparing of medicines or drugs
§ establishment and place where drugs or medicines are solved.
Pharmacist
– They are also known as druggists
– They are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences
focusing on safe and effective medication use.
SYMBOLS OF PHARMACY
Bowl of Hygeia The bowl with a snake coiled around it is called the
bowl of Hygeia with the serpent of Epidaurus. Hygeia
was Aesculapius’s daughter and a Greek Goddess of
health. Her symbol was a serpent drinking from a
bowl.
Caduceus The symbol of two snakes on a staff is called the

Caduceus. The staff, depicted with wings, is that of
Mercury (Roman) or Hermes (Greek), messenger of
the Gods and also God of commerce.
Mortar & Pestle It has long been used as a pharmaceutical symbol in

Britain and on the European mainland, and is still
widely employed as a pharmacy shop sign in Scotland.
The mortar and pestle are tools of traditional
pharmacy, hence their use as an easily recognizable
visual motif.
Rx symbol The recipe sign appears at the start of prescriptions.
Although universally accepted as an abbreviation of
“recipe” (Latin for ‘take thou’) It has also been
suggested that it is the astronomical sign of the planet
Jupiter.
EVOLUTION OF PHARMACY
§ Man have several characteristics on how to treat ailments, physical and mental with
medicines. Base on archeological evidence man always search for other tools to treat his
conditions.
– Since the dawn of humanity, pharmacy has been part of everyday life. By trial and error, folk
knowledge of the healing properties of certain natural substances grew.
– In Shanidar cave burial 50, 000 years ago, Neanderthal man was buried in the shanidar
caves in northern Iraq with clusters of flowers and herbs.
– Shamans- Also known as Faith-Healers; Because both disease and its treatment involves
this world of spirits, they need a specialist who understands and could control the spirits. -
Oral rite and Manual rite
PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

– Changes occurred gradually influence concepts of disease and healing.
– Each civilization developed its own characteristics, but each grew out of previously existing
cultures.
– This debt to precedent cultures was particularly evident in pharmacy and medicine. This is
because the animistic religious-magical notions of disease and its treatment did not
disappear.
MESOPOTAMIA
Also known as the “Cradle of Civilization”
They believe that one could avoid disease by leading a righteous life and worshipping the
proper God
Mesopotamians made offerings to the ghost of their ancestors, respected taboos, and even
acquire magical accessories to keep away evil.
3 Deities/Gods
1. Ninazu – Lord physician
2. Ningishrida – son of Ninazu - carries the staff with snake around it.
3. Gula – Goddess of death and healing - Patroness of the physician - Great lady of
physicians
3 Main Medical Practitioners:
1. Asu – physician priest
2. Ashipu – exorcist and incantation priest
3. Baru – the seer priest They believe that disease is a consequence of a SIN. Cures
therefore should involve spiritual religious purification and catharsis.
LIBRARY OF NINEVEH
- The greatest contribution of Mesopotamian in the profession of Pharmacy.
- It holds 32,000 clay tablets
- Collected by Assyrian King Asshurbanipal in 17th century BC
- 250 drugs of vegetable origin
- 120 of mineral origin
- 180 from other sources.
ANCIENT EGYPT
Ancient Egyptians believed that a sick person was one out of harmony with the world,
having irked the gods, the dead or the spirits. The logical way to restore harmony was by
religious and magical means.
DEITIES:
- Thoth, the inventor of science and medicine and patron of physicians,
- Imhotep, a mortal of the third millennium BC who was deified in Egypt during Greco-Roman
times.
PAPYRUS EBERS
- Most important pharmaceutical record is the
"Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.),
- It is a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.
- The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Ebers, is an
Egyptian Medical papyrus of herbal knowledge dating
to c. 1550 BC.
- George Ebers -Among the oldest and most important
medical papyri of Ancient egypt, it was purchased at Luxor
(Thebes) in the winter of 1873–74 by Georg Ebers. It is currently
kept at the library of the University of Leipzig, in Germany.
ANCIENT CHINA
– Legendary Emperor Shen-nung was credited as the father of pharmaceutics by the scholar-
ruler Liu An in the second century BC.
– Pen-ts’ao which was translated as “material medica”, “fundamentals of simples”, and “the
botanical basis of pharmacy”.
ANCIENT GREECE
– The civilization developed by the Hellenes was individualistic,
speculative, this-worldly, and concerned with the concepts of
liberty and aesthetics—and Greek medicine and pharmacy
developed within this cultural framework.
– The momentous achievement of Greek medic ine was it seeking a
natural basis for disease, its causes and its treatment.
– Greek Physicians: Prepared their own medicines and left
prescription behind for family members to compound and
administer
– Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.)- The greatest early Greek
philosophers and natural scientists, is called the "father of botany."
His botanical works, De Historia Plantarum and De causis
plantarum
MIDDLE AGES (400AD- 1453)
A period from Fall of Rome to Fall of Constantinople. The following are the persons with important
contribution to the discovery of Pharmacy profession:
CLADIUS GALEN
– A prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman empire. His
principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500
years; and his name still is associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by
mechanical means - galenicals. He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream,
essentially similar to that known today.
– Three remedies that were to become universally celebrated and esteemed, although they
were not original with him, 1. hiera picra 2. terra sigillata 3. theriaca (theriac).
- Hiera picra- It is the oldest pharmaceutical compound in existence. Galen’s formula
called for aloes, to which spices and other herbs were added and with the addition of
honey.
- Terra sigillata or sealed earth was a greasy clay. It was formed into large, tablet-like
units upon which the seal of the place origin was impressed. It was used as an
antidote for poisons, dysenteries, fevers and other illnesses.
- Theriaca- It is also known as treacle, was the pharmaceutical par excellence.
Contained varying number of ingredients, sometimes more than seventy. Contents
were largely herbal, opium playing a prominent role, castoreum, viper flesh and
skink. Intended as an antidote to the bites of wild creatures, it eventually became a
universal antidote for poisons and remedies used in many illnesses.
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.)

– The royal toxicologist. Make the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and
counteracting poisoning. He used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on which
to test poisons and antidotes. His famed formula of alleged panantidotal powers,
"Mithridatum,"
Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.)

– He was a physician, pharmacologist and botanist, the author of De
Materia Medica —a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and
related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read
for more than 1,500 years. Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica in
Greek, his native language. He was employed as a medic in the
Roman army.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ARABS

– Mohamedanism – new civilization arose . Greek writings about medicine were translated
to Arabic. Works of Galen and Dioscorides was accepted by Arabs.
– Hunain ibn-Ishāq- Hunain ibn-Ishāq translated the entire available Hippocratic corpus and
works of Galen, Dioscorides, Oribasius and Paul of Aegina.
– Sābūr ibn-Sahl u Sābūr ibn-Sahl compile a prototype of the formularies now used today—
it was a compilation of formulas or recipes for medications, arranged in an orderly (usually
alphabetical) fashion and including instructions for compounding and suggestions for their
use. u It was called al–Aqrābādhīn al-Kabīr.
AVICENNA- Ibn-Sina, known as Avicenna A Persian philosopher and physician sought to unify
all medical knowledge in his Canon medicinae. Canon medicinae It contained a treatise on
poisons, sections on the preparation of medicines, and a long list of medicinal recipes.
Rhazes (860-932) & Avicenna (980- 1063) - They added to the writings of Greek . Rejected
the old idea that foul tasting worked best in medicine. They developed and exerted effort in
their dosage forms elegant and palatable through silvering of pills and use of syrups.
King Frederick II of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, King of Germany & Italy & Holy Roman Empire.
In mid 13th century (1240) Frederick II codified the separate practice of pharmacy from
medicine.
MODERN EUROPE
§ Public pharmacies became relatively common in Southern Europe (Apothecary). Writings of

Greek translated to Arabic were further translated to Latin for the use of European schools.
§ During the Renaissance, medicine moved more boldly outside the rather rigid framework of
clerical and Arabic Scholasticism.
§ Paracelsus introduced the idea of the body as a chemical process which became more
widely applied in pharmacy.
§ Chemicals were used more boldly for internal therapy, and extraction of medicinally active
quintessences from nature’s resources became a goal.
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

– Paracelsus is referred to as the father of toxicology for his claim that, “All things are poison,
and nothing is without poison.” Sparked the growth of modern Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Process of distillation and extraction was introduced in the laboratory research.
Discovery of quinine (1820)

– Quinine drug was discovered to treat malarial fevers. Advocate of chemical medicines
displaced the therapeutic agreement of Galenism which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years
Germ theory of disease (1880-1890)

– Pasteur and Koch
– Robert Koch proved that microorganism cause disease (1876). Established experimental
steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease.
Discovery of vaccine
– Pasteur discovered 3 vaccines; for fowl cholera (1881), anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885).
Emil Von Behring diphtheria antitoxin
– The term vaccine is in honor of the test animal used in his experiment which is a female
cattle (Italian: Vacca)
Salvarsan (1910)
– Paul Ehrlich’s Salvarsan in 1910- first discovered
chemotherapeutic agents. Introduced the “selective
toxicity” principle. He also discovered Salvarsan.
– Salvarsan is also known as Magic Bullet and Compound
606. It is a drug used for syphilis.
– It is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact.
The disease starts as a painless sore — typically on your
genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to
person via skin or mucous membrane contact with these
sores.
PHARMACY IN THE 20TH CENTURY

– century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000
– 20th century dramatic change for medical care including Pharmacy.
– Cortisones, tranquilizers, antihypertensives, radioisotopes and oral contraceptives was
discovered
– Pharmaceutical Industries became one of the most advanced industries in the world.
– From compounder the practice shifts to dispenser of medication to patient.
1930s – 75% of Rx required compounding by a pharmacist

1950s – 25% of Rx required compounding by a pharmacist
1960s – only 4% (1 in 25 Rx) needed compounding
1970s – only 1% (1 in 100 Rx ) needed compounding skills
– Pharmacists were not a loss for work as the number of prescriptions grew, or new effective
drugs came into the market. Chain drug stores displacing independent corner drug stores
especially in urban areas.
– Laws regulating the production of drugs and pharmacy were modernized.
– BS Pharmacy was extended to 5 years and curriculum continued to emphasize physical
sciences which underlie the making of medicines.
PHARMACY IN USA
Community Pharmacy
APOTECHARY IN USA
– Apothecary shops first appeared in Boston, New York
and Philadelphia. Christopher Marshall, Irish immigrant,
developed a pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise.
– Marshall Apothecary in Philadelphia - This was a
leading retail pharmacy, large-scale chemical
manufacturer, a place for training pharmacists, and an
important supply depot during the American Revolution.
Most of the early American apothecaries sold various
items including crude drugs, chemicals, imported
nostrums (secret cures), spices, teas, and coffees
America’s first Association of Pharmacists.
– The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. It was founded in 1821 at Carpenter’s Hall, same
place were the Declaration of Independence of USA was announced.
William Proctor Jr.
– He is the Father of American Pharmacy. American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)
began in 1852. It was started to improve communication among pharmacists, to develop
standards for education and apprenticeship, and to improve the quality control of imported
drugs.
From early 1900 through the early 1940s druggists continued to compound and prepare medicines
for patients. Drug manufacturers were starting to discover the active ingredients of various
products derived from nature.
Jack Eckerd
– Gradually, medicines were made with active ingredients and made available for druggists to
dispense directly to patients. Shortly, after World War II (1945) a young entrepreneur from
Erie, Pennsylvania, named Jack Eckerd made his mark by starting self- service in the
pharmacy.
Patents for new drugs

– Patents were first granted in 1790 by newly founded United States of America. Such
patents were granted for so-called secret cures.
– Patents granted protection of the knowledge of the ingredients for 17 years.
Hospital pharmacy practice.

The first hospital pharmacy was established at the Pennsylvania Hospital started by Benjamin
Franklin, in Philadelphia in 1752.
– The first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts. John Morgan a pharmacist and a
physician championed prescription writing and the separation of the two professions.
– The first hospital pharmacy internship program was started by Harvey Whitney in 1927 at
the University of Michigan Hospital in Ann Harbor. A section for hospital pharmacists within
the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) was established in 1936.
– American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) was formed in 1942 and ended joint
membership with APhA in 1972. In 1995, the organization changed its name to American
Society of Health System Pharmacists
HISTORY OF PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The History of the Philippines is divided into:

A. Pre-historic Period:
1. Mythical period
2. Superstitious
3. Empiric
B. Spanish Period
C. American Occupation
D. Modern Period
Mythical period
– Katalonan or Babaylan, a woman mystic who is "a specialist in the fields of culture, religion,
medicine and all kinds of theoretical knowledge about the phenomenon of nature.
Superstitious period
– Ancient Filipino believed that diseases are caused by spiritual or elemental forces.
– Examples: Mambabarang, Aswang, Nuno
Empirical period
– Pre – Spanished era there were herbolarios. These are skilled men in the use of healing
herbs. Heals people using herbs and traditional practices such as hilot or massage.
SPANISH ERA
Began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition

on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. UST- The UST was the first
great i nstitution of learning established in the Philippines.
“Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Santo Tomas”
located in Intramuros.
– Fr. Fernando Santa Maria (1704-1774) Dominican priest, native of madrid “ Medicinas
Caseras” 1st ed. 1786 – contained suggestions for treatment of certain diseases. 3 Topics
of the book: 1. Medicinal barks and herbs 2. Various sickness 3. Various secrets and rarities
worth knowing.
– Fr. Blanco,OSA- and his botanical masterpiece “Flora de Filipinas”
POST PHARMACY PERIOD

– Once the was firmly established in July, 1871 its work and teaching mission started
smoothly. Professors had to be contracted from Spain.
– 1871 there were about 8 students enrolled and out of these 6 were graduated as Bachelors
in 1875 and as Licenciates in 1876.
– Doctor s degree were granted by the Govt , this was reserved only to Universidad Central
de. Madrid.
– Foreign Pharmacist come to Philippines to do business or to practice their profession.
– Rector should approve first before the Foreign Pharmacist to practice here in the
Philippines. Examination was given to them
Establishment of the school of “Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia”.

– The purpose is to protect the health of the Filipinos by producing well trained practitioners to
help the physicians and pharmacist.
– There were lot of students flocked to the university to enroll in the new course.
Hospital during Spanish Era

– Many hospitals were already in operation in the islands during the Pharmacy Period and in
this respect, the Spanish government deserved some credit.
– The first hospital built by the Spaniards was the Military Hospital in Cebu, built by Legaspi in
1565
Drugstore during Spanish Era

– Started as a small apothecary shop at Escolta, Manila in 1830. Spanish Pharmacist and
physician, Don Lorenzo Negrao.
– Botica de Santa Cruz established in 1861, located at Plaza de Goiti. It passed through
several hands until 1902 it was purchase Dr. Carlos Jarhling, a German-Filipino Pharmacist
and Mr. Luis Santos, A Philippine born Spaniard
AMERICAN OCCUPATION
– Establishment of the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners in 1903.

– It is later converted into Act No. 597 of the Philippine Commission
– Board of examiners composed of a chairman, and two chairmen took charge of the
registration of the pharmacists and supervision of their practice
PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES IN

THE 20TH & 21st CENTURY
TIME EVENT
1904 First school that offers Pharmacy- Started as a review class organized by Dr.
Alejandro Albert through the request of some UST graduates to help them in
board examinations
1915 The review class by Dr. Alejandro was converted into the Manila College of
Pharmacy by Atty. Felimon Tanchoco
1929- Renamed as Manila College of Pharmacy and Dentistry
Present time- Manila Central University (MCU)
1920 PPHA was established. It is national profession organization of pharmacists in
the Philippines. Considered as the mother association with which other
associations of pharmacists and pharmacy students are affiliated.
1937 Southstar Drug was established. The 1st chain of drugstores in the
Philippines. It started as a small business venture engaged in the retail of
Chinese herbal medicines which was located in Naga City, Philippines.
1945 The popular chain drugstore Mercury Drug was established.
Unilab (United Laboratories) was established in Sta. Mesa, Manila
1969 The law for Pharmacy profession was signed (R.A. 5921- The Philippine
Pharmacy Law)
2002 The Our Lady of Fatima University College of Pharmacy was established.
2016 RA 10918 or the Philippine Pharmacy Act was signed. It is the modernization of
Pharmacy Law.
León María Guerrero y Leogardo January 21, 1853 – April 13, 1935. He is the first Filipino
Pharmacist. He was a Filipino writer, revolutionary leader, politician, the first licensed pharmacist in the
Philippines, and one of the most eminent botanists in the country in his time.
REFERENCES:
◉ Pharmacy: An introduction to the Profession, 2nd edition by Posey, L. Michael
◉ Remington : The Science & Practice of Pharmacy 21st edition by Genaro Alfonso
◉ Pharmacy by Cowen D. and Helfand W.
TOPIC 2:
SCOPE OF PHARMACY PRACTICE &
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Describe the scope of Pharmacy practice according to the Philippine Pharmacy Act
◉ Identify the essential functions of Pharmacists
◉ Describe the current and emerging fields of Pharmacy
◉ (What does a Pharmacist do?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4VE7aOz6lQ

◉ (Prescribing Pharmacist, an expanded scope of practice)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anGMXN7O9Ts
◉ (Emerging career for Pharmacists) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK7xQCsB9LY
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 2: SCOPE AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHARMACY PRACTICE
NOTES: PHARMACY PRACTICE
– Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision
of drug-related information to the public.
It involves the following:
– interpretation of prescription orders
– compounding, labeling, and dispensing of drugs and devices
– drug product selection and drug utilization reviews;
– patient monitoring and intervention;
– and the provision of cognitive services related to use of medications and devices.
Pharmacists
– are those who are educated and licensed to dispense drugs and to provide drug
information—they are experts on medications.
– They are the most accessible member of today’s health care team, and often are the first
source of assistance and advice on many common ailments and health care matters.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMPOUNDING Is the preparation, mixing, assembling,
packaging or labeling of a drug as the result
of a prescription or drug order by a
physician, dentist, optometrist or
veterinarian or for the purpose of research,
teaching or chemical analysis and not for
sale or dispensing
DISPENSING A process whereby a pharmacist receives

and checks a valid prescriber’s medication
order or prescription and makes available
drugs and medicines, with advice on their
proper use and other relevant information
Pharmacist as defined by American Pharmacists Association

– describes the mission of pharmacy as serving society as:
– “the profession responsible for the appropriate use of
medications, devices, and services to achieve optimal
therapeutic outcomes.”
– This is performed mainly through Patient counseling.
Pharmacist for the Future
– often referred to as the Millis Report
– The Report of the Commission of Pharmacy.
– “pharmacy should be conceived basically as a knowledge system that renders a
health service by concerning itself with understanding drugs and their effects.”
– Thus, pharmaceutical care is a necessary element of total health care.
Pharmaceutical care
– It is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite
outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.
– Hepler and Strand coined the term in 1990.
PRACTICE OF PHARMACY ACCORDING TO THE LAW

RA5921 – Prepare or manufacture, analyze, assay, preserve, store, distribute
The Philippine Pharmacy or sell any medicine, drug, chemical, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,
Law devices of contrivances
Amended by Executive – Render pharmaceutical service in any office or drug and cosmetic
establishment where scientific, technological or professional
Order 174
knowledge of pharmacy is applied
Signed by Pres. Ferdinand – Engage in teaching scientific, technological or professional
Marcos pharmacy subject in a college of pharmacy
Approved on June 23, 1969 – Conduct or undertake scientific pharmaceutical research for
biological and bacteriological testing and examinations
RA 10918 – A person is deemed to be practicing pharmacy when with or without
The Philippine Pharmacy a fee, salary, percentage or other rewards, paid or given directly or
Act indirectly, shall:
Signed by Pres. Benigno (A) Prepare,
– compound or manufacture,
“Noynoy” Aquino
– preserve, store,
Approved on July 21, 2016 – distribute, procure, sell, or dispense, or both, any pharmaceutical
product or its raw materials.
(B) Render services, such as
– Clinical pharmacy services,
– Drug information services,
– Regulatory services,
– Pharmaceutical marketing,
– Medication management, or whenever the expertise and
(a), (b), (c), (d) and (i) are – Technical knowledge of the pharmacist is required.
exclusive to licensed (C) Engage in
pharmacists. – teaching scientific, technical, or professional pharmacy courses in a
school or college of pharmacy.
(D) Dispense pharmaceutical products
(e), (f), (g) and (h) can be (E) Assays
practice by Pharmacists but – Chemical, biological or microbiological analyses and assay of
not exclusive to them pharmaceutical products, food dietary supplements, health
supplements, and cosmetics.
(F) Physico-chemical analyses for medical devices used in aid of
administration of pharmaceutical products.
(G) Administration of adult vaccines as approved by the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA)
(H) Conduct or undertake scientific research
(I) Provide other services where pharmaceutical knowledge is required
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF PHARMACISTS
The function of practicing pharmacists may be classified in the following manner:
A. Professional function
B. Technical function
C. Administrative, supervisory and managerial functions
D. Entrepreneurial functions
A. PROFESSIONAL FUNCTIONS
– Ensuring safe and effective use of drugs by patients.
– Participating in the practice of drug use decision
– Selecting the drug product dosage form
– Selecting drug product source of supply
– Determining the dose and dosage schedule
– Preparing the drug product for patient’s use
– Dispensing the drug with proper instruction
– Providing drug information to the patient
– Monitoring the patient to maximize compliance
– Monitoring the patient to detect adverse drug reactions and interactions.
– Monitoring the patient to enhance the outcomes of drug therapy
– Counseling patient on the appropriate utilization of medication
B. TECHNICAL FUNCTIONS
– Include a large variety of manipulative or mechanical tasks that must be carried out
during the course of practice.
1. Functions indirectly related to dispensing.
Example:
- Stocking shelves,
- cleaning up after the pharmacists has prepared the drug.
2. Functions carried out as a prerequisite to dispensing.
Example: Repacking multiple and unit dose packages of drugs and their labeling
3. Functions directly involved with dispensing.
Example:
- Counting or dispensing prefabricated medications,
- Reconstituting drug powders
- Preparing labels
C. ADMINISTRATIVE, SUPERVISORY & MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS

– Even with no managerial responsibility, pharmacists have administrative duties.
– Example:
- Proper prescription interpretation
- Record keeping
- Pricing procedures
- Maintaining patient’s drug history
- Inventory control
- Purchase request
– In small pharmacy, the pharmacist usually manages the entire operation including
administrative and supervisory functions.
D. ENTREPRENEURAL FUNCTIONS
– Pharmacists who practice as independent professionals establishing their non pharmacy
functions by investing personal and borrowed funds.
– They depend directly on their own skills as professionals and managers.
CURRENT & EMERGING FIELDS IN PHARMACY
– Medication therapy
– Research and development
– Clinical pharmacy- is a health science discipline in which
pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes medication therapy
and promotes health, and disease prevention.
– Academe
– Quality control
– Legal and regulatory practice
– Public health- is the science of protecting and improving the
health of people and their communities. This work is achieved by
promoting healthy lifestyles
– Pharmaceutical journalism
– Pharmacy informaticists- The scientific field that focuses on
medication-related data and knowledge within the continuum of
healthcare systems—including its acquisition, storage, analysis,
use and dissemination—in the delivery of optimal medication-
related patient care and health outcomes
REFERENCES:
TOPIC 3:
ATTRIBUTES OF PHARMACISTS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Discuss the importance of Pharmacists in the Healthcare team.
◉ Describe the attributes using the World Health Organization’s Seven Star Pharmacists.
REQUIRED READINGS
◉ (The seven Star Pharmacists) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263315328_Seven-

Star_Pharmacist_concept_of_WHO#:~:text=In%201997%2C%20the%20World%20Health,l
earner%2C%20teacher%2C%20and%20leader.
◉ (The Pharmacist’s Role) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW4g-HmDUX0
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 3: ATTRIBUTES OF PHARMACISTS
NOTES: THE PHARMACISTS
§ The pharmacist is “a person prepared to formulate, dispense, and provide clinical

information on drugs or medications to health professionals and patients.”
§ A pharmacist is a one of the persons in health care team, and plays a key role in providing
quality healthcare and pharmaceutical care to the public.
§ Pharmacists are responsible to ensure the quality of pharmaceuticals/ medicines
supplied to the patients as per the government policies/regulation, and patient
pharmaceutical education including counseling of the patients.
§ To produce safe, effective and quality drugs
Changes in the Practice

– The pharmacist’s role has been changed from compounder and dispensing chemist to one
of “drug therapy manager”.
– The scope of pharmacy practice now includes patient-centered are with all the cognitive
functions of counseling, providing drug information and monitoring drug therapy, as well as
technical aspects of pharmaceutical services.
– The Pharmacists become an integral part of the health care team.
– Pharmacists as a key member of the healthcare team, with responsibility for the outcomes
of medication therapy giving rational, effective and safe use of medicines.
SEVEN STAR PHARMACISTS
– To be effective health care team members, pharmacists need

skills and attitudes enabling them to assume many different
functions & give pharmaceutical care.
– The concept of the “Seven-star pharmacist” was introduced
by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2014 and
covered these roles
1. CAREGIVER
– Pharmacists must provide caring services of the highest
quality, and must view their practice as integrated and
continuous with those of the health care system and other
health professionals
2. DECISION MAKER
– The foundation of the pharmacist’s work must revolve around accurate decisions made or
taken regarding appropriate, efficacious, safe, and cost-effective use of resources (e.g.,
personnel, medicines, chemicals, equipment, procedures, and practices).
– Pharmacists must also play a pivotal role in setting medicines policy both at the local and
national levels. The pharmacist must thus, possess the ability to evaluate, synthesize data and
information, and decide upon the most appropriate course of action
3. COMMUNICATOR
– The pharmacist must provide a link between physicians and patient, and to other health care
professionals.
– He or she should have complete knowledge about all the pharmaceuticals with recent updates
and be confident, while communicating with other health care professional and community
member.
– Pharmacists must have effective patient communication skills and it may help him/her to
provide better pharmaceutical care to the community by identifying the patient’s problem and
requirements, ensuring the quality of patient life.
o Effective communication skills help the practitioners to collect the

accurate and comprehensive information form the patient and it will
help practitioners to provide successful patient related
pharmaceutical education to the patient.
o Strong communication skills will enable a pharmacist to establish

the necessary rapport to build a trusting relationship; and to ensure
an effective exchange of information necessary for the pharmacist to
appreciate patient needs, and for the patient to understand and
accept pharmacist recommendations.
4. MANAGER
– Pharmacists must have the ability to manage the natural and commercial resources which
include man power, physical and financial resources.
– Developing and maintaining department policies and procedures, goals, objectives, quality
assurance programs, safety, and environmental and infection control standards are key
components that aid the pharmacist in evolving as an efficient manager as well.
5. LIFE-LONG LEARNER
– The concepts of life-long learning must begin, while attending pharmacy school and must be
supported throughout the pharmacist’s career.
– Pharmacists regularly update their knowledge and skills in order to keep up with the current
trends in issues-related to drug therapy management.
– Continuing Professional Development- The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education
defines Continuing Professional Development as “the lifelong process of active participation in
learning activities that assists individuals in developing and maintaining continuing competence,
enhancing their professional practice, and supporting achievement of their career goals.”
6. TEACHER
– One of the pharmacist’s responsibilities is to assist with the education and training of future
generations of pharmacists and the general public.
– The dynamic fashion of pharmacy teaching is not only to
import the skill and knowledge to others; it also offers an
opportunity for professionals to gain new knowledge and
to fine-tune existing skills.
7. LEADER
– The pharmacist also plays a leadership role in the healthcare system to make decisions,
communicate, and manage effectively.
– A leader is one who can create an idea/vision and motivate others team members to achieve
the vision. A leader is a person who continually encourages constructive differences.
– A leader is mission-driven without being egocentric. Effective pharmacy leaders are experts in
demonstrating and creating high-performance
– pharmacy practices characterized by the high-quality patient care, improved medication safety,
and maximum productivity.
REFERENCES:
◉ Seven Star Pharmacists Concept by World Health Organization
UNIT 2
REGULATIONS OF THE PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
EDUCATIONS & TRAINING
LAWS & ETHICS AFFECTING PHARMACY PRACTICE
PHILIPPINE PRACTICE STANDARDS FOR PHARMACISTS
PHARMACY ORGANIZATIONS
TOPIC 4:
EDUCATION & TRAINING OF PHARMACISTS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Demonstrate understanding of education and trainings of Pharmacists.
◉ Describe the attributes using the World Health Organization’s Seven Star Pharmacists.
REQUIRED READINGS
◉ (The seven Star Pharmacists) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263315328_Seven-

Star_Pharmacist_concept_of_WHO#:~:text=In%201997%2C%20the%20World%20Health,l
earner%2C%20teacher%2C%20and%20leader.
◉ (The Pharmacist’s Role) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW4g-HmDUX0
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 4: EDUCATIONS & TRAINING OF
PHARMACISTS
NOTES: PHARMACY EDUCATION
Pharmacy Education is a four year-Bachelor’s Degree which provides a broad spectrum of
scientific training and can lead to employment in a wider range of scientific fields principally in
higher education institutions, community drug stores, hospitals, in government agencies, research
establishments, public health and pharmaceutical industry.
– policies and standards are adopted and promulgated by the Commission
– a four year Bachelor's Degree
– provides a broad spectrum of scientific training
– can lead to employment in a wider range of scientific fields
Can be employed in:
- higher education
- institutions - in government agencies
- community drug stores - research establishments,
- hospitals - public health pharmaceutical industry
It should also encompass:
- pharmaceuticals
- cosmetics
- household hazardous substances
- drug delivery services, and veterinary medicines
Main concern of Pharmacy Education
– to provide the country with pharmacists who are scientifically competent
Knowledge, skills, aptitude and competencies in:

1. conducting scientific research methods and processes
2. developing drugs for prevention, diagnosis, mitigation, and treatment of diseases of
man and animals;
3. identifying, compounding, manufacturing, storing and dispensing of drugs
4. managing drug establishments based on sound entrepreneurial practice;
5. providing pharmaceutical care as well as counseling clients in the proper use of both
prescribed and patient chosen medications
6. providing drug and health related information
7. advocating professional and ethical pharmacy practice
8. contributing to the overall social, mental, emotional, and physical health of
individuals, communities and country
THE COUNCIL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION

– The Council of Pharmaceutical Education was created to take care of the standardization
and regulation of pharmaceutical education. The Council is composed of the:
1. Secretary of Education
2. Undersecretary of Health Service
3. FDA Administrator
4. Chairman of the Board of Pharmacy
5. Dean, College of Pharmacy, U.P.
6. Dean, College of Pharmacy, Private School
7. Representative of a bonafide national pharmaceutical organization in the Philippines.
The following are the laws and policies that affects Pharmacy Education in the Philippines:
LAW TITLE DATE

RA 10918 The Philippine Pharmacy Act July 21, 2016
- An act regulating and
modernizing the practice of
pharmacy in the Philippines
RA 7722 Higher Education Act of 1994 May 18, 1994
- An act creating the CHED,
appropriating funds therefor and
for other purposes.
CHED Updated Policies and Standards for January 21, 1998
Memorandum Pharmacy Education.
(CMO) No.42 - In accordance with pertinent provisions
Series of 2017 of RA7722 and for the purpose of
Rationalizing Pharmacy Education in
the country
- meeting the health needs of the
people through quality health services
- – keeping it relevant and space with
the demands of global competitiveness
PHARMACIST LICENSURE EXAMINATION
Pursuant to the Philippine Pharmacy Act, after graduation a person must take and pass the
Pharmacist Licensure Examination administered by the Board of Pharmacy before
practicing the profession.
The following are the qualifications for taking the Licensure Examination:
– (a) He must be a citizen of the Philippines/ Foreign reciprocity (RA 10918)
– (b) He must be of good moral character
– (c) He must have completed an internship program of at least 960 hours
– (d) He must have graduated with the degree Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy from an
accredited school.
Foreign reciprocity- Unless the country or state of which the foreign pharmacist is a subject or
citizen, specifically permits Filipino pharmacists to practice within its territorial limits on the same
basis as the subjects or citizens of the said foreign country or state under reciprocity and under
international" agreement, no foreigners shall be admitted to licensure examinations, given a
COR to practice as pharmacist nor be entitled to any of the privileges under RA 10918.
– The Pharmacist Licensure Exam is composed of 6 Modules:
o Module 1- Pharmaceutical Chemistry
o Module 2- Pharmacognosy & Biochemistry
o Module 3- Practice of Pharmacy
o Module 4- Pharmacology & Pharmacokinetics
o Module 5- Pharmaceutics
o Module 6- Quality Assurance & Quality Control
– Must obtain 75% with no rating lower than 50% in any modules
– Failure for the 3rd time= refresher course (Pre board review course)
Requirements to become a Pharmacists:

– is at least 21 years of age;
– has satisfactorily passed the corresponding examination given by the Board of Pharmacy;
– is a holder of a valid certificate of registration duly issued to him by Board of Pharmacy
CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

– Republic Act No. 10912, otherwise known as the “Continuing Professional
Development (CPD) Act of 2016”, is an act which requires CPD as the mandatory
requirement for the renewal of Professional Identification Card (it is renewed every 3 years)
– The CPD Act lapsed into Law on July 21, 2016 and it took effect on August 16, 2016
– Required CPD for Pharmacist is 15 units.
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is the process of developing professional skills

and knowledge through interactive, participation-based or independent learning. It enables
learners to proactively develop their professional capabilities through certified learning or self-
guided learning methods.
Importance:
1. prove they are capable of adhering to current essential standards
2. helps people retain a consistent set of high quality, relevant skills and knowledge
throughout their professional life.
3. demonstrate new knowledge, work to impressive standards, and progress in their
career.
TYPES OF CPD
The learner engages in interactive, participation-based
learning, usually provided by somewhere other than the
Formal CPD: company for which they work. Structured CPD often
structured, active involves more than one learner for the benefit of idea
learning sharing and group activities, but it can be one-to-one.
Structured CPD includes:
• Online and offline training courses.
• Learning-oriented conferences and meetings.
• Group events.
• Workshops.
Self-directed learning refers to any development activities
that are guided solely by the learner, often without
following a curriculum. If you are going to engage in self-
directed CPD, you should draw up a CPD plan that covers
Informal CPD: what you expect to learn.
unstructured, self- Self-directed CPD includes:
directed learning • Studying online and offline publications written by
industry experts.
• Reading articles and case studies.
• Listening to and making notes on podcasts.
• Following industry-specific news feeds.
• Writing articles and essays for personal
development.
• Additional studying and revising for professional
examinations.
POST GRADUATE TRAINING & SPECIALTY

As a pharmacist, we are presented with a myriad of opportunities for postgraduate studies, both
locally and overseas.
PHD or MS Pharmacy PhD and MS candidate must have a sufficient fundamental

knowledge in research methodology, statistics and
his/her discipline of study.
Pharm D (Doctor of – prepare advanced generalist and specialist pharmacists

Pharmacy) to provide collaborative seamless and holistic care for
patients across different stages of their healthcare
journey - from diagnosis and treatment to post-
discharge follow-up.
– The program is highly patient-focused and is suitable for

candidates who are currently practicing in an
institution providing direct patient care.
– a residencies programmes are designed for

Pharmacy Residency pharmacists who will like to gain more hands-on-
Programme knowledge and skill set in advanced patient care
practice
– Advance practitioner or specialist pharmacist in a
medical specialty of oncology, infectious diseases,
psychiatry, cardiology or geriatrics.
Postgrad degree unrelated – Pharmacists who prefer non-clinical postgrad degree
to Pharmacy often opt to do Masters of Public Health, Masters of
Health Administration or an MBA.
– These pharmacists often became epidemiologist,

statistician, public health advocates, health
administrators or natural scientist, depending on their
interests. Such masters are available in both local and
overseas context and as either a part time or full time
course.
PHARMACY RESEARCH
– Any research activity done by pharmacists, regardless

of the topic.
– Pharmacists must be involved in all aspects of health
research, from basic laboratory investigations to
population-based studies. Our unique set of skills and
our focus will ensure that we have distinctive research
topics.
It includes the following as research topics:
1. Basic pharmaceutical sciences

– including the development and testing of new dosage forms or medication-
administration modalities
2. Clinical research
– concerning the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of drugs
3. Pharmacy practice research
– addressing various issues such as the evaluation of new and existing services, workload
measurement, pharmacoeconomics, and quality management
REFERENCES:
◉ Republic Act 10918
◉ Republic ACT 7722
◉ CHED Memorandum Order No. 9
◉ Mims. (n.d.). Pharmacists: Here are your options for postgraduate studies. Retrieved July
25, 2020, from https://today.mims.com/pharmacists--here-are-your-options-for-
postgraduate-studies
◉ Koshman, S., & Blais, J. (2011, March). What is Pharmacy Research? Retrieved July 25,
2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093426/
TOPIC 5:
LAWS & ETHICS AFFECTING PHARMACY
PRACTICE
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Identify the different laws governing Pharmacy practice.
◉ Demonstrate understanding of provisions of laws and to apply it to actual setting.
◉ Describe the Philippine Practice Standards for Pharmacists and Code of Ethics for
Pharmacists.
REQUIRED READINGS
◉ (Republic Act 10918) https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/07/21/republic-act-no-10918/

◉ (Republic Act 3720) https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1963/ra_3720_1963.html
◉ (Republic Act 6675) https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1988/09/13/republic-act-no-6675/
◉ (Legal Laws & Ethics) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Zg4-hb4WYo
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 5: LAWS & ETHICS AFFECTING
PHARMACY PRACTICE
NOTES: LEGAL CONTROL
– The practice of pharmacy is regulated by the law of the country. To practice pharmacy, a
pharmacist must be a registered pharmacist (RPh) in that country. Administration of
pharmacy laws and the granting of registration to practice pharmacy are authorities vested
in the Board of Pharmacy.
– The following laws govern the practice of pharmacy profession and relative to drugs in the
Philippines.
R.A. No. 10918 - The Pharmacy Act
R.A. No. 3720 - The Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act
R. A. No. 9165 - The Dangerous Drug Act of 2002
R.A. No. 6675 - The Generics Law of 1988
R.A. No. 8203- The Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs
R.A. No. 9994- The Senior Citizen Act
R.A. No. 7394- The Consumer Act of the Philippines
THE PHARMACY ACT (RA 10918)
– An act regulating the practice of pharmacy in the Philippines, repealing for the purpose RA
5921
– Signed by Pres. Benigno S. Aquino III
– Approved on July 21, 2016
– Enforcement: Professional Regulatory Board of Pharmacy
EXAMPLE OF PROVISION REGULATING THE PHARMACY PRACTICE

A pharmacist shall be required to indicate the serial numbers, the
Indication of Information date of expiry of the pharmacist’s PIC and APO Certificate of
Membership on all pertinent documents signed by him/her.
Display of COR Display the COR in a prominent and conspicuous place.
– Category A (establishments that require direct
supervision of RPh)- original copy
– Category B- (outlets where the supervision and oversight
of a duly registered and licensed pharmacist is required)
duplicate copy
Dispensing/Sale and It should be done by a registered Pharmacist in an establishment
Compounding of with a valid License to Operate given by the FDA Phil.
Pharmaceutical Products In emergency cases, dispensing of Rx and Pharmacist only OTC
can be done by non-pharmacist.
Partial filling of Prescription – Partial filling of prescription less than the total quantity
indicated in the prescription shall be allowed,
– Pharmacist dispensing the last quantity completing the
prescription to keep the prescription according to proper
prescription recording guidelines.
Recording of Patient – Prescription logbook (kept in drugstore for 2 years after
Medication Profile the last entry)
– Discount logbook (2 years)
– Dangerous Drug logbook (kept for 2 years. A certified
true copy covering 6 months is forwarded to the
Dangerous Drug Board)
– Referral Registry Logbook (2 years)
– Poisonous Substances Logbook (5 years)
All logbooks must be kept in a secured locked cabinet to

protect the private information of the patient. Only the
Pharmacists or the Manager of the outlet has the access in
these files.
Administration of Adult – licensed and trained pharmacist can now administer adult
Vaccines vaccines
– The doctor’s prescription for vaccine has a validity of 7 days.
– Pharmacist must submit AEFI report to DOH regional offices
monthly.
AEFI- Adverse Event Following Immunization
Ghost Pharmacist – Allowing the display of one's COR in a pharmaceutical
establishment where the pharmacist is not employed and
practicing.
– It is an act punishable by the law.
Protection for Pharmacists – Forcing, coercing, or intimidating a duly registered and
licensed pharmacist to compound or dispense medical and
pharmaceutical products in violation of the provisions of RA
10918.
FOOD, DRUG, DEVICES & COSMETICS ACT (RA 3720)
– An act to ensure the safety and purity of foods and cosmetics, and the purity, safety,
efficacy and quality of drugs and devices being made available to the public
– Approved on June 22, 1963
– Amended by EO 175 on May 22 1987 (Its original title is Food, Drugs & Cosmetics Act.
There is no provision about medical devices prior to amendment)
– Enforcement: Food and Drug (FDA) Philippines
Provision affecting Pharmacy Practice

• The manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, offering for sale, distribution or transfer of
any food, drug, device or cosmetic that is adulterated or misbranded is prohibited.
ADULTERATED MISBRANDED
It can cause harm when consumed by If it can confusion or it is misleading to
humans. the consumers.
– contains any poisonous or deleterious – If its labeling and container is false or
– consists of decomposed substance misleading
– prepared under unsanitary conditions – if it is offered for sale under the name
(doesn’t conform to CGMP) of another product
– container contains poisonous – If the product is counterfeit (fake)
substance – Required information in the label is not
– contains coal tar (a coloring agent that present (ex. Adverse effect, possible
is banned due to its toxic effect) allergic reactions)
THE GENERICS ACT (RA 6675)
– It is an act to promote, require, and ensure the production of an adequate supply,

distribution, use, and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their generic names.
– Approved on September 18, 1988
– Signed by Pres. Corazon Aquion
– Enforcement: Department of Health
– Administrative Orders related to the Generics Act
o A.O. No. 55 (Labelling Requirement)
o A.O. No. 62 (Prescribing Requirement)
o A.O. No. 63 (Dispensing Requirement)
GENERIC NAME
– It is also known as Non-Proprietary Name
– simpler term for scientifically recognized AI of the drug
– Using GN can reduce the cost of treatment by reducing the promotions and advertising cost
associated with branded products.
Who shall use Generic Names?

– government health agencies
– medical, dental and veterinary practitioners
– organization or company involved in the manufacture, importation, repacking, marketing
and/or distribution of drugs
– Drug outlets, including drugstores, hospital and non-hospital pharmacies
PRESCRIBING ERRORS
1. Violative Prescription
– Generic name is not written
– Generic name is illegible but brand name is legible
– Both are written but with word “NO SUBSTITUTION”
What to do?
– Shall not be filled
– Kept and reported to DOH
– Advise patient to get proper Rx
2. Erroneous Prescription
– Brand name precedes generic name
– Generic is in parenthesis
– Brand is not in parenthesis
What to do?
– Shall be filled
3. Impossible Prescription
– Only generic is written but not legible
– Generic name does not match with brand name
– Both written – both illegible
– Drug is not registered with DOH
What to do?
– Shall not be filled
– Advise patient to get proper Rx
CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHARMACISTS

Ethics- it means the science of morality.
Declaration of Principles:
– Provide efficient service in compounding and filling of prescriptions and the dispensing
of drugs, chemicals, and medicines
– Special knowledge, skill, and integrity are demanded on the part of those engaged in
Pharmacy
o Ex. An old lady asking you what would be the side effects of taking paracetamol at
its exceeding dose and what must be done to overcome this side effects. This is an
example of special knowledge because not all professional know what could be the
possible side effects and the antidote for its toxicity
– Pharmacists should pursue a prescribed course of study and should pass a professional
examination.
– Qualified pharmacists have a full recognition of their responsibility for the preservation of
public health.
– The pharmacist should therefore ever bear in mind that he is more than a merchant. (We
are not “glorified merchant” we are an integral part of the health care team giving drug
information to the public.)
DUTIES OF PHARMACISTS
– They should refrain the use of substitutes or drugs of substandard strength.
They should maintain all standards established by Pharmacopeia and
National Formulary.
– No drugs should be dispensed with inferior quality, injurious or of no
effect to the patient.
– Poisonous substances must only be dispensed to a qualified persons
PUBLIC except: elderly, children and mentally ill
– Pharmacists should follow laws involving dispensing of narcotics and
abortives
§ Narcotics- drugs that induces sleep
§ Abortives- drug that can induced labor
– The pharmacist should endeavor to gain the confidence of customers by
attending promptly to their wants.
– The pharmacist is entitled to just and fair compensation (Professional Fee).
What they are paying to you reflects your services offered to them.
– Pharmacist should be concerned about the health and safety of his
customer
– Pharmacist should keep his establishment clean, neat and sanitary
– There should be no secret agreement with a physician to share with him his
profits in prescriptions.
– The pharmacist should be a good citizen and should uphold and defend
the laws of the land.
– The pharmacist should not prescribe or diagnose disease even when

urgently requested to do so, but should, in such cases, refer the patient to
reputable qualified physician
– Should not perform replacement or substitution of prescribed medicine in
PHYSICIAN
a prescription except with the consent of the prescriber. Also dispensing of
generics medicine is exempted.
– The dispensing pharmacist should follow strictly and thoroughly the
instructions of the prescriber relative to the filling of a prescription
– The pharmacist should consult the prescriber in order to avoid an error.
This must never be done with the knowledge of the patient to protect the
integrity of the prescriber.
– He should contribute to the progress of his profession

– He should join pharmaceutical organizations
– He should not perform any act or be a party to any transaction that may
bring discredit to himself
– The pharmacist should expose any corrupt or incorrect conduct on the
COLLEAGUES
part of a member of the profession
– He should not accept any commission for the distribution of secret
remedies or advertisements or correspondence to promote their sale.
– He should not accept the managership of pharmacies in any locality
where such acceptance may be detrimental to other pharmacists owning
establishments.
– Avoid the dispensing and sale of misbranded products.
– comply with all business regulations
– It would be unprofessional for a pharmacist if he promises or boasts of
radical cares in the use of his products
– Special attention must be given to the selection of assistants.

PHARMACY – Every pharmacist should take interest, instruct and train his apprentices in
ASSISTANTS professional practice
– keep a register for recording the time and kind of employment of such
apprentices and the efficiency rating obtained by each while connected with
the establishment.
REFERENCES:
◉ Limuaco, O.M. (2009). Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence and Ethics 6th ed. Manila: Centro
Escolar University
TOPIC 6:
PHILIPPINE PRACTICE STANDARDS FOR
PHARMACISTS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Demonstrate knowledge on the Philippine Practice Standards for Pharmacists
◉ Demonstrate the expected competencies of Filipino Pharmacists
◉ Demonstrate the desirable traits of Filipino pharmacists in providing patient care.
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 6: PHILIPPINE PRACTICE STANDARDS
FOR PHARMACISTS
NOTES: PHIL PSPs
– This is to guide, advise and provide reference to Filipino pharmacists on how they can
best fulfill their duties and responsibilities as health professionals.
This includes:
– Competency Standards: Specific functions to be carried out by a
pharmacist who is deemed professionally qualified
– Performance Criteria: Evaluative statements that specify the

activities and/or tasks needed to be accomplished in order to carry
out specific processes
– Evidences: Outputs, outcomes, and/or examples relevant in

achieving the competency
– Elements: Actions and processes that are expected to be

performed in demonstrating a specific competency
SIX CORE COMPETENCIES OF FILIPINO PHARMACISTS

1. Practices in a professional, legal and ethical manner.
– Each pharmacist must carry out professional duties with outmost competence and in
accordance to legal and ethical standards.
2. Places client’s/patient’s welfare at the center of the practice.
– Each pharmacist must consider at all times the well-being of the client/patient as the most
important professional concern.
3. Demonstrate leadership and management skills
– Each pharmacist must exemplify leadership through managing conscientiously one’s work
and improving client/patient outcomes by creating innovative and timely solutions.
4. Demonstrate cultural competence and effective communication skills
– Each pharmacist must be able to relate and communicate with people of diverse values,
beliefs, backgrounds and expectations in carrying out his/her important role as medication
expert
5. Engages in interprofessional collaboration
– Each pharmacist must be able to actively work in an interprofessional and multidisciplinary
environment.
6. Commits oneself to continuing professional development
– Each pharmacist must proactively seek opportunities for life-long learning and professional
development.
Competency Standards in the Different Areas of
Pharmacy Practice
Area of Practice Competency Standard

Academic Pharmacists Enriches teaching with additional training and
practice experience
– Seeks formal learning opportunities to improve
knowledge and professional skills.
– Maintains up-to-date understanding of practice
issues and developments.
Regulatory and Manufacturing Ensures compliance to health vigilance

Pharmacists requirements
– Contributes to the development of a health
vigilance system within the organization
– Participates in post-marketing surveillance
– Participates in organization- or regulatory
authority-initiated product recalls.
Community, Hospital and Engages actively in client/patient safety and health
Institutional Pharmacists promotion activities
– Ensures continuity of care and safety
of clients/patients
– Contributes in the management of the
client’s/patient’s disease states.
– Engages in health promotion, education and
disease prevention activities
Public Health Pharmacy Ensures clinical governance and continuous
quality improvement in service design and
delivery.
– Maintains an effective and efficient quality
assurance system in conjunction with
stakeholders involved.
REFERENCES:
◉ Philippine Practice Standards for Pharmacists (PPHA)
TOPIC 7:
PROFESSIONAL PHARMACY
ORGANIZATION (Local & International)
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Discuss the different Pharmaceutical Organizations
◉ Differentiate the functions and objectives of the Pharmaceutical Organizations.
◉ (The Philippine Pharmacy Hymn) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXs5FI5UZ5I
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 7: PROFESSIONAL PHARMACY
ORGANIZATIONS
NOTES: PHARMACY ORGANIZATIONS
– When the practicing pharmacists grew in number, they saw the need to form societies
and organizations to bind themselves towards attaining the same goal and objectives for
the upliftment of pharmacy as a profession and to improve the pharmacy services in the
delivery of better patient care.
– The different organizations were established on international, national, and local levels.
Some organized themselves based on their field of specialization.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
FIP (FEDERACION INTERCIONALE PHARMACEUTIQUE)

– It is an international pharmaceutical federation whose main purpose of
existence is to promote and defend the interest of the profession
world-wide.
– Based in Hague, Netherlands
– OBJECTIVE: Development of pharmacy at the international level both in
the professional and in the scientific fields and the extension of the role of
the pharmacists in the field of health care.
FAPA (FEDERATION OF ASIAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATIONS)

– A professional organization of ASIAN pharmacists.
– FOUNDED in 1964 , based in MANILA Philippines
– First general assembly was held in April 1964 in Manila with
Prof. Jose P.B. Gallardo as the first elected PRESIDENT of FAPA.
– Dr. Patricio Valenzuela – Secretary General
– Every 2 years the FAPA congress is being held.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION
PPhA (PHILIPPINE PHARMACISTS ASSOCIATION)
– Founded in 1920.It is national profession organization of pharmacists
in the Philippines.
– Considered as the main organization with which other associations of
pharmacists and pharmacy students are affiliated.
– Official Newsletter: THE HYGEIAN
Main objectives:
1. To encourage to study pharmacy
2. To foster research in Philippine medicinal plants
3. Stimulate scientific investigations
4. To improve close relationship among pharmacist.
5. To improve local market for drugs, chemicals and pharmaceutical manufacturing in the
Philippines
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF PHARMACY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Pharmacy Organizations
PACOP It is an association of duly government-recognized colleges of
Philippine Association of pharmacy in the Philippines represented by their deans who are the
Colleges of Pharmacy regular members.
1) Associate members - licensed pharmacists who are faculty
members of duly recognized colleges of pharmacy
2) Auxiliary members - pharmacy students
FJCPPhA – It is composed of pharmacy student officers from different

Federation of Junior Chapters schools of duly recognized colleges of pharmacy.
of the PPhA – Officers of FJCPPhA are elected every school year and their
advisers are appointed by PPhA.
PSHP – It is a professional association of licensed pharmacists working in

Philippine Society of Hospital government and private hospitals as hospital pharmacists.
Pharmacists – It was founded in 1962.
Its official organ is The PSHP Bulletin.
CMFFI It is a professional organization of doctors and pharmacists who

Colegio Medico Farmaceutico are members of the Manila Medical Society and the Manila
de Filipinas, Inc. Pharmaceutical Society.
DSAP It is an organization of drugstore owners or those who manage
Drugstore Association of the drugstores.
Philippines
CPAP It is an association of licensed pharmacists working in private or
Community Pharmacist chain of community pharmacies.
Association
of the Phil.
It is a professional association of licensed pharmacists working in the
industry or manufacturing firms.
PAPPI
Philippine Association of OBJECTIVES:
1. The general aim and objective of the association shall be to
Pharmacists in Pharmaceutical
organize and unite all duly licensed pharmacists
Industry registered with the Professional Regulation Commission-
Board of Pharmacy and
2. To work for the upliftment of their role in the field of the
pharmaceutical industry
LGP Phil. It is a professional organization of licensed pharmacists who are

League of Government working in government agencies like the Department of Health,
Pharmacists Food and Drug Administration, and government hospitals.
REFERENCES:
UNIT 3
DIFFERENT ROLES OF PHARMACISTS
PHARMACISTS IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF PRACTICE
DOSAGE FORMS
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY OF DRUGS
TOPIC 8:
AREAS OF PHARMACY PRACTICE
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Demonstrate Familiarization of the Roles of Pharmacists in Selected Areas of Practice
◉ Familiarize on the different areas of practice in which they become interested.
◉ (What does a Pharmacist do?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4VE7aOz6lQ
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 8: AREAS OF PHARMACY PRACTICE
NOTES: THE PHARMACY PROFESSION
§ Pharmacy is considered a multifaceted profession.

§ It offers a lot of opportunities for a BS Pharmacy graduate who
is legally qualified to practice depending on her interest and likes.
COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS
– They are also known as Retail Pharmacist
– A community pharmacist is a professional in his own right, a partner in the health team
who handles drugs of great potency and value, manufactured by a highly sophisticated
industry.
– The pharmacist may establish her own drugstore or be employed in an existing drugstore or
chain drugstore.
– It is practiced by about 85% of pharmacy graduates who make a unique hybrid of
businessmen and professionals
A Community Pharmacists must:
– have good people and communication skills.
– be comfortable having a high level of interaction with the general public.
– be able to manage significant paperwork and logistical details related to health insurance
issues to make sure patients get the right care at the right price.
Responsibilities:
– Work with customers to fill their prescriptions, explain proper medication
use, and provide clinical services.
– They are often asked to give advice on diet, exercise, wellness or stress
management. They also advise doctors about medication
– Interpretation of prescription & dispensing of pharmaceutical
preparations
– Compounding of medications based on Prescription
– Give appropriate Patient counselling
– Pharmacy administration (inventory, ordering, receiving, returning of
merchandise etc.)
– Monitor the sales and performance of the drugstore
– Regularly attends Seminars & Continuing Professional Development
Professional Role in Delivering Primary Care

1. Move from a product-centered (i.e. supply of medicines) to a patient-centered role;
2. Shift from a business-focused to a health-focused way of thinking;
3. Integrate into healthcare teams;
4. Collaborate with patients (shared decision making on their health) and the government;
5. Be responsive to emerging needs and be proactive, rather than maintaining status quo and
being reactive
– Primary care services provide the first point of contact in the healthcare system,
acting as the 'front door' of the National Healthcare System. Primary care includes
general practice, community pharmacy, dental, and optometry (eye health) services
HOSPITAL PHARMACIST
– Practice of pharmacy in private and government-

owned hospitals.
– Hospital pharmacists are responsible for the
procurement, preservation, storage, compounding,
manufacturing, packaging, controlling, assaying,
dispensing and distribution of medications to hospitalized
and ambulatory patients
A Hospital Pharmacist must:

– need to stay informed about new medications and therapies so that you can provide the
best care to patients.
– have strong attention to detail skills.
– Be prepared for long hours and unpredictable schedules.
Responsibilities:
– Provide and Evaluate Pharmaceutical services
– Draw a plan for hospital pharmacy administration
– Liaison between administrative authorities and medical Doctors.
– Enforce the policies and procedures for the recruitment of adequate and competent staff
– Develop and maintain an effective system
– Participate in and adhere to the financial plan of the operation for the hospital
– The Chief Pharmacist in the Hospital serves as the secretary of the Pharmacy
Therapeutics Committee (PTC).
Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee

– The pharmacy and therapeutics committee oversee important policies and procedures
associated with the use of medications inside the hospital.
– They decide decides which drugs will appear on the hospital’s drug formulary.
CLINICAL PHARMACIST
– Clinical pharmacy is the practice of pharmacy in a hospital setting,

which is patient-oriented.
– It is responsible not only for safe and appropriate use of drugs on
patients but also the rational selection, monitoring, dosing, and control
of patient’s overall drug therapy program.
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACISTS
– They are also known as Manufacturing Pharmacist.

– Involved in providing the highest standard in drug manufacturing. This is where we
manufacture, analyze for the purity and effectivity of drugs, discovering new drugs and also
for the development of new drug formulation.
– It offers opportunities to pharmacists in industry in the following areas:
A. Marketing and Administration
B. Production
C. Quality control
D. Research and Development
E. Company Pharmacist
A. Marketing & Administration

– Marketing administrators frequently meet with executives to discuss how to market a
particular product, service, or brand.
– They go over budget scenarios and risk management strategies, seeking to get the “most
bang for their buck” out of a marketing campaign.
– Usually gain between seven and 10 years of experience before entering the position.
Usually, these professionals have also earned master's degrees in business
administration to give them the background needed to manage multiple teams and clients.
B. Production Pharmacists
– where a pharmacist can work as staff or be given a supervisory position.
– Basically, they are liable in the total production of drugs from: Procurement of the raw
materials – Weighting Mixing – Assay – Packaging – Dispensing
– Production pharmacist should have the skills and knowledge in operating the different
machineries that is use in the production.
– They are also liable in maintaining the cleanliness of the manufacturing rooms before and
after the production.
C. Quality Control Analyst

– A pharmacist can work as a drug analyst.
– Quality control is very much important in pharmaceutical industry. Doctors and patient
always need a good quality product for the treatment and prevention of diseases. To
achieve the purity, safety and efficacy of drugs there is a need to undertake quality control
and these are pharmacists.
They assure that drug:
– Is of genuine quality as well as good nature
– Is Physically and chemically pure
– Contains same amount of ingredients as mentioned on the label.
– Is in such a form that after administration it is effective.
– Have high quality in terms of shelf life/ stability
– Does not contain toxic impurities.
D. R&D Pharmacists
– Research and development (often called R&D) is regarded as the backbone of the
pharmaceutical industry.
– A pharmacist can work as a researcher
– In addition to research, they are also responsible for making sure that drug labeling is
accurate and meets the requirements of state and federal laws.
Pharmaceutical researchers use their scientific knowledge to help:
• develop new medications
• test new substances
• evaluate existing products
• and create new dosage forms.
E. Company Pharmacists
– Regulators or Regulatory Pharmacists.
– The pharmacist works as a liaison of a company to FDA and in charge of the registration
of company products.
WHOLESALE PHARMACIST
– Wholesale pharmacy are also called distributors

– It offers opportunities for a limited number of pharmacists.
– Serves as the Middleman between manufacturer
and the retailer.
– Because of legal restrictions, all wholesale drug firms
employ registered pharmacists in supervisory capacities.
PHARMACY ACADEME
– Pharmacy academe offers excellent opportunities for pharmacists with advanced degrees
in any of the professional specialties.
– Expanding enrolment in colleges to meet the manpower needs of the future offers excellent
opportunities for careers in college teaching.
– Academic pharmacists have many key responsibilities, including training future
pharmacists and conducting research.
– A Pharmacist must consider obtaining advanced degrees, certification, and residencies
before being part of the academe.
TOPIC 9:
DRUG DOSAGE FORMS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Describe the different drug dosage forms.
◉ Determine the different routes of administration of drugs.
◉ (How does your body process medicine?)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOcpsXMJcJk
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 9: DRUG DOSAGE FORMS
NOTES: DRUGS
– Drugs may be defined as an agent or substance, intended for use in the diagnosis,
mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in human beings or animals.
– Drugs are rarely administered in their original or crude forms.
– They are administered in different dosage forms by converting them into suitable
formulations.
DOSAGE FORMS
– Dosage forms are the carrier through which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action
within the body. Every dosage form are a combination of the drug and different kinds of
non – drug components called as Excipients or additives.
– The additives are used to give a particular shape to the formulation, to increase stability,
palatability & more elegance to preparations.
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

– Solid dosage forms one of the oldest dosage forms and most of it are available in Unit
dose.
It is further classified as:

A. Unit dosage form
– It has specified dosage strength or an exact quantity of the drug

administered.
– These are the most convenient dosage form.
– Example: Capsule & Tablets
B. Bulk dosage form

– Some solids are supplied in bulk (Means quantity available in large).
– Bulk powders can be supplied as Internal (Granules, Fine powders) as
well as External (Dusting Powders, Insufflations etc)
Powders
– Are mixture of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form which can
be used internally or externally.
Granules
– Are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powders.
– For better flow ability and compressibility of powders.
TYPES OF BULK POWDERS
- Dusting powders are applied externally to skin, so they
DUSTING POWDERS should be applied in very fine state to avoid local irritation.
• Regular Dusting Powder- used for antiperspirant effect.
• Medical dusting powder- are used to increase
superficial condition of skin.
• Surgical Dusting powders- used in body cavities and
also on major wounds like as burns etc.
INSUFFLATION & SNUFFS Insufflations
- These are medicated dusting powders meant for introduction
into body cavities (nose, throat, ear, vagina etc) with the help
of an apparatus known as insufflator.
Snuffs
- These are finely divided solid dosage forms of medicaments
which are inhaled into nostrils.
EFFERVESCENT - It improves palatability of the drug.
GRANULES - Effervescent granules are meant for internal use.
- They contained medicaments mixed with citric acid, tartaric
acid & sodium bicarbonates, sometime saccharin or
sucrose may be added for sweetening taste
TABLETS
These are solid dosage forms of medicaments which are prepared by molding or by compression
with or without excipients
– Compressed tablets- Classical - No special coating
– Multiple compressed- Layered tablets - More than one
compression
– Chewable tablets- Meant to be chewed and subsequently
swallowed - For children, elderly, and patients who cannot swallow
– Buccal- designed to be absorbed in the buccal cavity
– Sublingual- designed to be absorbed under the tongue
– Effervescent- release carbon dioxide when dissolved in water
– Sugar coated- mask offensive taste - disadvantage: bulky - less bulky,
– Film coated-less time consuming and more durable
– Enteric coated- designed to dissolve in alkaline ph to release medication in the small
intestine
CAPSULES
are solid unit dosage forms in which one or more medicaments enclosed within a shell. Capsules
mainly divided in to two parts namely as:
1. Body (Longest part of capsule shell)
2. Cap (Smallest part of capsule shell).
– Gelatin – obtained by partial hydrolysis of collagen obtains from

the skin, white connective tissues and bones of animals. 2 types of
Capsules Hard gelatin Soft Gelatin
– Hard gelatin Capsule – Made from a mixture of gelatin, colorants and opacifying agent –
Cap sizes: No 5 (smallest) to 000 (largest size). Capsule No. 0It is the maximum capsule
size that can be swallowed by humans.
– Soft gelatin Capsule- Made from gelatin shells with glycerin or sorbitol (polyhydric alcohol)
to render it elastic or plastic like. (Plasticizers) Used to contain liquids, suspensions, pastes,
dry powders and pellets.
OTHER SOLID DOSAGE INFORMATIONS

FORMS
LOZENGES Disc shape, intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth

Troches (Hardest form) & Pastilles (softest form)
Lollipops (a sugar-based lozenges on stick)
HYPODERMIC TABLETS used by physician to create parenteral products

PELLETS small sterile dosage form containing a concentration of drug for
subcutaneous implantation
CATAPLASM Also known as Poultices.
a soft moist mass of meals, herb, seed etc. usually applied hot in
clothes.
TRANSDERMAL PATCH
medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a
specific dose of medication through the skin and into the
bloodstream.
DRESSINGS used for cover or protection

resembling ointment
PILLS
are small round solid dosage forms containing medicinal agents
and intended to be administered orally
BOLUS large, long tablet intended for administration to animals
SOLUTIONS
(Monophasic Liquid Dosage Form)
– These are liquid preparations, that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a
suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
– The component of the solution which is present in a large quantity is known as “solvent”
and the component present in small quantity is termed as “solute”
Advantages:
– Easy to swallow
– Can be used by any route of administration
– Easy to adjust the dose.
NON-STERILE SOLUTIONS
Intended to be swallowed orally or applied topically.
1. SYRUPS
– solutions containing high concentration of sucrose or other sugars examples: cherry syrup
(47% cherry juice), cocoa syrup, orange syrup, raspberry syrup.
– Syrup, NF (simple syrup) - nearly saturated aqueous solution of sucrose (85% w/v) -
inherently stable and resistant to the growth of microorganisms when properly prepared and
maintained.
– It prevents decomposition of many vegetable substance because it can cause high osmotic
pressure which prevent the growth of bacteria.
– They are palatable due sweet taste.
– Uses: Sweetening agent & Preservative
2. ELIXIRS
– are clear, pleasantly flavoured, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use
alcohol content: 5-40%, but most of the time, varies widely
– Use: Flavorant
– Example: Aromatic Elixir, NF 22% alcohol
3. SPIRITS
– Also known as Essences
– are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances
– Generally, it contains over 60% alcohol
– Uses: flavoring agents, vehicle
4. TINCTURES
– are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from
chemical substances
– alcohol content: 15-80%
– Examples: Iodine Tincture; Opium Tincture (also known as Laudanum)
5. FLUIDEXTRACTS
– are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as solvent, preservative or
both and so made that unless otherwise specified in an individual monograph
– Each mL contains 1 g of the standard drug.
6. AROMATIC WATERS
– Also known as medicated waters
– are clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile
substances
– Uses: flavored vehicle for water soluble drugs -aqueous phase in some emulsions or
suspensions
7. GARGLES
– are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the
lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat.
– Uses: antiseptic, antibiotic and anesthetic
8. MOUTHWASHES
– are aqueous solutions used for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect or for control of
plaque in the oral mucosa.
9. TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
– Intended for topical application to the skin or mucous membranes
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
SPRAYS • are aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of
coarse droplets or finely divided solids to be applied
topically, most usually to the nasopharyngeal tract
or to the skin
ASTRINGENTS • locally applied solutions that constrict pores and

precipitate proteins
• Examples: Aluminium acetate, aluminium subacetate,
and calcium hydroxide topical solutions
TOPICAL ANTI-INFECTIVE
• kill microorganisms when applied to the skin or
mucus membranes
• Povidone-iodine, thimerosal, and hydrogen peroxide
topical solutions
10. ENEMAS
– Rectal solutions employed to evacuate the bowel (evacuation enemas), influence the
general system by absorption- Sodium phosphates enema
– (retention enemas) or to affect locally the site of disease - Hydrocortisone enema,
aminophylline enema
11. DOUCHES
– Are aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a cavity of the body
– It functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agent -are frequently dispensed in the form of a
powder with the directions for dissolving in a specified quantity of warm water
12. LINIMENTS
– Also known as embrocations - are nonaqueous alcoholic or oleaginous solutions (or
emulsions) of various medicinal substances
– intended to be rubbed on the skin – rubefacient (causes redness of the skin), counterirritant
or penetrating action
13. COLLODIONS
– are liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent mixture
usually composed of alcohol and ether, with or without added medicinal substances.
– Pyroxylin- Also known as soluble gun cotton. Produced though the action of nitric acid and
sulfuric acid on purified cotton.
– Flexible collodion - prepared by the addition of castor oil (3%) (for flexibility) and camphor
(for water-proofing) (2%) to collodion.
STERILE SOLUTION
– These are solutions free from pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms
– It is administered in the mucus membranes (eyes, ears, nose) or parenterally (injection)
– They are rendered isotonic- solutions that have the same osmotic pressure compare to
body fluids to prevent irritation.
1. Nasal Solution
- are aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or
sprays -vehicle used is usually water, but a co-solvent system may be used -may
contain preservatives, buffer, antioxidant, surfactant.
2. Otic solution (Ear drops)

- are intended for installation into the ear -vehicle: water or glycerin, or co-solvent -may
contain preservatives, buffer, antioxidants, viscosity agents and surfactants.
- Examples: Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates Hydrocortisone Otic Solutions -This ear
drop is used to treat outer ear infections caused by bacteria (also known as Swimmer’s
ears).
3. Ophthalmic solution (Eye drops)

- are sterile, pyrogen-free and particle-free solutions, suitably compounded and packaged
for instillation into the eye -contains water, preservatives, buffer, antioxidants, tonicity
adjustors, viscosity enhancers.
4. Irrigating solution
- sterile solutions used to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues -
should be labeled “Not for Injection” and “For Irrigation Only”
- pH and isotonicity must be considered.
5. Parenteral Solution
- Injected through the skin or directly into the blood vessel, muscle, organ or tissue.
- Must conforms with strict requirements for microbiological impurity, particulate matter
and pyrogenicity.
Uses:
1. Alternative when patient is unable to take medication by mouth.
2. For drugs that are inactivated by gastric acid or first pass effect.
3. When drug action is required immediately
4. When drugs are to be delivered to an organ, lesion muscle or a nerve.
ROUTES OF PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
ROUTE DETAILS
Intradermal/ Intracutaneous <10 angle of injection between the epidermis and
dermis
Subcutaneous (SC or SQ) Injection between fat tissue between the dermis and the
muscles
Intramuscular Injected into muscle located in the arms/deltoid,
buttocks or legs (depot effect-slow release of
medication)
<40 angle of injection
Intravenous Injected into the veins directed to the bloodstream
Intra-arterial Injected into the arteries
Common route for chemotherapeutic drugs.
Intra-spinal Injected into the spinal cord.
- Intrathecal-- spinal canal, more specifically into
the subarachnoid space so that it reaches the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Epidural-- injected into the epidural space of
the spinal cord. Anesthesia
BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

The liquid which consist of two phases are known as a biphasic liquid dosage form.
EMULSION
– Emulsion is a biphasic- liquid preparations containing two immiscible liquid

(Continuous/External Phase & Dispersed/Internal phase) made miscible.
– The liquid which is converted into minute globules is called as dispersed phase & the liquid
in which the globules are dispersed is called the continuous phase.
– Example: mixture of water and oil
Types of Emulsion:
1. Oil-in-Water (o/w) - Oil is dispersed as droplets in an

aqueous medium - Oral products and external, washable
products
2. Water-in-Oil (w/o) -Water is dispersed as droplets in an oil
or oleaginous medium -Used for external preparations when
emollient, lubricating, or protective properties are desired
3. Multiple Emulsions (o/w/o or w/o/w)
4. Microemulsions - appear translucent or transparent and
have droplet diameter in the nanometer size range
Methods of preparation:
– Wet gum Method/ English method– (water+emulsifier) + oil (slowly) – This produces oil in
water (O/W) emulsion
– Dry Gum Method/ Continental method– (oil+emulsifier) + water (rapidly) – 4:2:1 Oil +
Water + Surfactant. This produces water in oil (W/O) emulsion.
– Bottle Method/ Forbes method – O: W: E (3:2:1) (2:1:1) – This method is used if the oil
involved is volatile oil
– Nascent Soap Method/In-situ soap method – Alkali + Fatty acid (50:30). It is the only
method that doesn’t use emulsifier in the preparation. The soap that is produced will serve
as the emulsifier.
SUSPENSIONS
– These are liquid dosage forms containing finely divided drug particles distributed somewhat
uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.
– Reconstitution- process of adding sufficient amount of water in a dry powder (usually
antibiotic). Note that after reconstitution, the preparation will be effective and safe to use
only for 7 days if refrigerated.
– Purposes for formulating a suspension:
1. Sustaining effect
2. Stability
3. Improve the Taste
Examples:
– Gels are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of
small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle
rendered jelly-like by the addition of a gelling-agent
– Milk is sometimes used for suspension in aqueous vehicles
intended for oral
– Magma, which is often used to describe suspensions of
inorganic acids such as clay in water.
– Lotion- are generally suspensions of solid materials in an
aqueous vehicle.
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
EXAMPLES
OINTMENTS – Also known as: unguents, chrisma, occulentum
– are semisolid preparations intended for external application
to the skin or mucous membranes
Uses
1. Emollients – make the skin more pliable
2. Protective barriers
3. Vehicles – in which to incorporate medication
CREAMS – Are semisolid preparation containing one or more medicinal

agents dissolved or dispersed in either a W/O emulsion or an
O/W emulsion or in another type of water washable bases.
– Example: Vanishing Cream -oil-in-water emulsion containing
large percentage of water and stearic acid or other
oleaginous component.
PASTES – are semisolid preparations intended for application to the

skin, and generally contain a larger proportion of solid
material than ointments and therefore are stiffer
Example:
– Zinc oxide paste (Lassar’s Plain Zinc Paste)
– 25% zinc oxide, starch and white petrolatum
SUPPOSITORIES
– Are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt, soften,
or dissolve and exert local or systemic effects.
– useful in infants, debilitated or comatose patients, patients who vomit, who have nausea or
gastrointestinal disturbances
– Examples:
• Rectal- Bullet or Torpedo shape
• Vaginal- also known as Pessaries. It is oviform or globular in shape
• Urethral- also known as Bougies. It is pencil-like shape.
• Otic/Ear- also known as Aurinaries
REFERENCES:
◉ Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery System 9th Edition Howard Ansel.
TOPIC 10:
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
◉ Identify the difference of prescription, OTC and dangerous drugs
◉ Determine the different examples of therapeutic classifications
◉ Discuss special information needed about different drug classifications
◉ (How drugs are discovered and developed?)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Gl0gAcW8rw
◉ (Understanding Prescription Drug Labels)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaSx4upoI3M
CHECKLIST:
TOPIC 10: CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
DRUG CLASSIFICATION
NOTES:
There are different ways to classify drugs. The following are the examples:
– Based on the Branding
– Based on Prescription Used
– Based in Therapeutic Classification
BASED ON THE BRANDING:

1. Generic drugs
– a medication created to be the same as an existing approved brand-name drug in dosage
form, safety, strength, route of administration, quality, and performance characteristics.
– A generic medicine works in the same way and provides the same clinical benefit as its
brand-name version.
– They can cost a lot less money. (It doesn’t have to repeat clinical trials which is very
expensive)
2. Innovator drugs
– is the first drugs created containing its specific active ingredient to receive approval for use.
It is usually the product for which efficacy, safety and quality have been fully established.
– When a new drug is first made, drug patent usually will be acquired by the founding
company.
Patents and exclusivities are forms of protection for drug makers that may affect how and
when a generic drug is approved and can be sold. New brand-name drugs are usually
protected by patents that prohibit others from selling generic versions of the same drug.
3. Branded Generics
– A branded generic is a generic drug that has gone through the ANDA process, and is
assigned a name other than the chemical name.
– These branded generic drugs may be developed by a generic drug company, or by the
original manufacturer after patent expiration. The branded generic name is owned by the
company.
BASED ON PRESCRIPTION USED:

1. Prescription drugs
– A human drug that is not safe for use except under the supervision of licensed medical
practitioner.
– It requires a written order from the prescriber before dispensing.
– To know if a drug requires prescription, in its label there is an Rx symbol.
– Examples:
§ Drugs for Hypertension
§ Drugs for Anxiety Disorder
§ Lipid lowering agents
§ Drugs for diabetes
§ Antibiotics
2. OTC/ Over the Counter drugs
– are drugs that have been found to be safe and appropriate
for use without the supervision of a health care professional
such as a physician, and they can be purchased by
consumers without a prescription.
– This can be dispensed with or without prescription.
– OTC drugs can be displayed outside the Pharmacy counter.
– The Pharmacists must explain to the patient on how to take
this medication.
OTC drugs generally have these characteristics:

- their benefits outweigh their risks
- the potential for misuse and abuse is low
- consumer can use them for self-diagnosed conditions
- they can be adequately labeled
- health practitioners are not needed for the safe and effective use of the product
3. Pharmacist-only OTC drugs

– Pharmacist-Only medicines (also known as Restricted medicines) are a relatively small
group of medicines that can be purchased from a pharmacist without a doctor's prescription.
– They are not available for self-selection from the pharmacy shelves, and the sale must be
made by a pharmacist.
– Pharmacist-Only medicines are usually stored behind a counter or in the dispensary, to
prevent consumers from buying the medicine for the wrong purpose or without the proper
advice.
– When selling these medicines, pharmacists must fulfil some special requirements designed
to make sure you are properly informed about the safe and correct use of your medicine.
4. Dangerous Drugs
Classified by RA 9165 (Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002):
Prohibited drugs:
– These are illegal drugs that owning it without permission is punishable by the law.
– These can affect the human body or mind when it is consumed in any way
– Opium and its derivatives heroin and morphine
– Coca leaf and its derivatives cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine
– Hallucinogenic drugs mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide
– (LSD) other substances producing similar effects Indian hemp and its derivates
Regulated drugs:
– These are drugs in which the prescribing and dispensing is controlled by an appropriate
authority (Dangerous Drug Board)
– self-inducing Sedatives secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital
Amphetamine benzedrine or dexedrine, or any drug which produces a physiological
action similar to amphetamine
– Hypnotic drugs methaqualone or any other compound producing similar physiological
effects
Requirements in dispensing dangerous drugs:
– Yellow prescription- 3 copies-Duplicate copies for Prescriber & Pharmacist and original
copy for the patient.
– The prescriber should special license number (S2 license)
– The drugstore outlet should have S3 license to dispense dangerous drug.
– If the customer is not the owner of the prescription, a valid ID and authorization letter should
be presented by them. The type of ID used and its number should be written at the back of
the prescription along with the full name and address of the buyer.
Handling of dangerous drugs:

– Every pharmacist dealing in dangerous drugs shall maintain and keep an original record of
the following:
- sales, purchases, acquisitions and deliveries of dangerous drugs, license number and
address of the pharmacist;
- the name, address and license of the manufacturer, importer or wholesaler from whom
dangerous drugs have been purchased;
- the quantity and name of the dangerous drugs so purchased or acquired;
BASED ON
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
DRUGS AFFECTING THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANESTHEISA
– is a drug that numbs part of your body or makes you unconscious so that you don't
experience pain during a procedure like surgery.
– Example: Local- Cocaine, Lidocaine General- Halothane, Nitrous Oxide
ANTICONVULSANT
– Also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs
– A diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
Convulsions- Excessive and abnormal electrical discharge in the brain.
– Example: Phenytoin (Dilantin), Phenobarbital
ANTI-MIGRAINE
– agents are used to treat migraine headaches.
– Migraines are different from other headaches because they occur with
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light.
– Examples: Ergots, Sumatriptan, NSAID's.
ANTI-PARKINSONS
– An anti-parkinsons is a type of drug which is intended to treat and relieve the symptoms of
Parkinson's disease.
– The primary symptoms are muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, a resting tremor, and
postural instability
– Example: Levodopa + Carbidopa (Sinimet)
ANTIPYRETICS
– Are drugs that reduce elevated body temperature (fever) to normal levels.
– Example: Ibuprofen (Medicol, Advil), Aspirin, Paracetamol (Biogesic, Tempra)
SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS

– Sedatives are a class of psychoactive drugs whose primary function is to induce calmness.
– Hypnotics are a class of psychoactive drugs whose primary function is to induce sleep and
to be used in the treatment of insomnia (sleeplessness)
– Example: Diazepam (Valium), Zolpidem, Zaleplon
ANXIOLYTICS
– Also known as anti-panic or antianxiety agent
– A drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical
symptoms. Anxiolytics have been shown to be useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
– Example: Diazepam
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
– This is a centrally acting drug that induces mood elevation, useful in treating mental
depression.
Symptoms of depression include:
– Low or irritable mood most of the time
– A loss of pleasure in usual activities
– Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
– A big change in appetite, often with weight gain or loss
– Tiredness and lack of energy
– Feelings of worthlessness
– self-hate, and guilt
– Difficulty concentrating
– Slow or fast movements
– Lack of activity and avoiding usual activities
– Feeling hopeless or helpless
– Repeated thoughts of death or suicide
Example:
1. Fluoxetine (Prozac)
2. Imipramine (Tofranil)
ANTIPSYCHOTICS
– AKA: Major Tranquilizers
– These medications are used to treat the symptoms of mental disorders such as:
o schizophrenia
o Depression
o bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic-depressive illness)
o anxiety disorders, and
o attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
– Example: Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Lithium Carbonate (Quilonium)
ANTI-VERTIGO
– Vertigo is a type of dizziness where there is illusion of rotatory movements.
– Antivertigo drugs are used to suppress dizziness
ANTI-MOTION SICKNESS
– A drug that suppresses motion induced nausea, vomiting, and vertigo.
– Example: Meclizine (Bonamine)
DRUGS FOR PAIN & INFLAMMATION
ANALGESIC
– An analgesic, or painkiller
– Any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia relief
from pain.
– Example: Mild- NSAIDs, Acetaminophen Strong- Morphine,
Codeine, Fentanyl
NSAID
– Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
– These drugs are used to alleviate the symptoms of inflammation and to diminish its
occurrence by inhibiting the prostaglandin synthesis. (COX inhibition)
– Example: Ibuprofen (Medicol, Advil) Mefenamic Acid (Ponstan), Naproxen (Skelan, Flanax)
ANTI-RHEUMATICS
– These are anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat arthritis and rheumatoid disorder
chronic progressive inflammatory disorder of joints of unknown etiology.
– Inflammation leads to tissue proliferation or damage
– Examples: NSAIDs, Methotrexate
ANTI-GOUT
– A drug that reduces tissue deposits of uric acid
– Gout is a metabolic disease marked by a painful inflammation of the joints, deposits of
urates in and around the joints, and usually an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood.
– Uric acid is a waste product created during the normal breakdown of purines, naturally
occurring substances found in foods such as liver, mushrooms, anchovies, mackerel and
dried beans
– Example: Allopurinol, Cochicine, Indomethacin, Corticosteroids (prednisone).
DRUGS AFFECTING THE UTERUS
UTEROTONICS & OXYTOXICS
– Uterine stimulants
– are medications given to cause a woman's uterus to contract, or to
increase the frequency and intensity of the contractions.
– Examples: Oxytocin, Misoprostol (Cytotec)
TOCOLYTICS
– Uterine relaxants
– are drug used to suppress premature labor
– Examples: Terbutaline, Isoxuphrine (Duvadilan)
DRUGS AFFECTING THE GASTRO- INTESTINAL TRACT
ANTACID
– A drug that neutralizes excess gastric acid. Used to treat
hyperacidity Example: Aluminum Hydroxide + Magnesium
Hydroxide + Simethicone (Kremil-S)
H-2 Blocker
– A drug that inhibits histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion used
to treat peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcers
– Example: Cimetidine
SPASMOLYTICS
– These are drugs that inhibit motility of visceral smooth muscles
– Example: Scopolamine/Hyoscine (Buscopan)
ANTIMOTILITY
– Drugs that suppresses motility or peristalsis
– It is used to relieve the symptom of diarrhea
– Example: Loperamide (Diatabs)
LAXATIVES
– Drugs that eases defecation
– Example: Pyslium fiber
ANTIEMETIC
– Drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting are called antiemetics.
– Many types of antiemetics can decrease the severity of nausea, although most require a
medical evaluation and prescription.
– Medicines available over-the-counter are mainly recommended for use in motion sickness
and for cases of mild nausea.
– Example: Meclizine (Bonamine) Metoclopramide (Plasil)
DRUGS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Cardiovascular Diseases:
- High blood Pressure – persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure.
- Hyperlipidemia – Elevation of Cholesterol, Phospholipids and
triglycerides.
- Arrhythmia – refers to an y change from the normal sequence of electrical
impulses, causing abnormal heart rhythms
- Heart Failure – inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet
body’s needs
- Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) – Also known as CAD Lack of oxygen and
decreased or no blood flow to the heart due to coronary artery narrowing
or obstruction.
ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE
– Drugs used to lower blood pressure
– Example: Propranolol, Clonidine, Enalapril
INOTROPIC AGENTS
Also known as or inotropes, are medicines that change the force of your heart's contractions.
– Positive inotropes strengthen the heart's contractions, so it can pump more blood with fewer
heartbeats. Examples: Digoxin (Lanoxin)
– Negative inotropes weaken the heart's contractions and slow the heart rate. Examples: Beta
blockers
ANTI-ANGINAL DRUGS
– are medicines that relieve the symptoms of angina pectoris (severe chest pain).
– Example: Nitroglycerin
ANTIARRHYTHMIC
– A cardiac depressant useful in suppressing rhythm irregularities of the heart.
– Example: Lidocaine, Quinidine
ANTI-LIPIDEMIC
– or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the
treatment of hyperlipidemias. They are called lipid-lowering drugs.
– Examples: Statins (Simvastatin)
DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ANTI-ASTHMATIC
– These drugs are used for the treatment of asthma. They may be useful
either in the treatment or prevention of asthma attacks. 1. Reliever
medication- treat asthma attacks
– Ex: Salbutamol 2. Controller medication prevent the occurrence of asthma
attacks. Ex: Fluticasone
NASAL DECONGESTANT
– a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in
the upper respiratory tract
– Example: Phenylephrine
RESPIRATORY STIMULANT
– is primarily used in addition to noninvasive ventilation as a means to help increase the urge
to breathe.
– Example: Caffeine
DRUGS AFFECTING THE BLOOD

ANTICOAGULANTS
– Are a type of anti-clotting medicine used to prevent harmful blood clots in
the body.
– Useful only in preventing the formation of blood clots.
– Examples: 1. Warfarin 2. Heparin 3. Hirudin
FIBRINOLYTIC
– A drug that promotes removal of small fibrin clots
– It is useful in removing blood clots that are already formed.
– Examples: Streptokinase
ANTI-FIBRINOLYTIC
– Also known as Hemostatics
– A drug that promotes homeostasis by inhibiting clot dissolution
– Useful in the management of severe bleeding.
– Example: Tranexamic Acid
DRUGS USED TO MANAGE INFECTIONS

Classification Uses
ANTIBACTERIAL Drugs used to treat bacterial infections.
It could be obtain from plant, chemicals or microorganisms
(antibiotic “it means against life”)
– A drug that kills or inhibits protozoan parasites such as
ANTI-AMOEBIC Entamoeba histolytica causative organism of
amoebaisis.
– Amoebiasis is a type of gastroenteritis (gastro) caused by a
tiny parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, which infects the
bowel.
– The most common symptoms of amoebiasis are diarrhea
(which may contain blood), stomach cramps and fever).
ANTI-LEPROSY – Drugs that is used for the treatment of leprosy Leprosy is
an infectious disease that causes severe, disfiguring skin
sores and nerve damage in the arms and legs.
– Examples: 1. Dapsone 2. Clofazamine 3. Rifampicin
ANTI-TUBERCULAR – Drugs that is used to manage pulmonary tuberculosis
(Mycobacterium Tuberculosis)
– Example: RIPE= Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide,
Ethambutol
– are drugs that are used to treat infections with parasitic
worms. This includes both:
ANTI-HELMINTHC flat worms, e.g., flukes and tapeworms
round worms, i.e., nematodes.
– Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths
are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round
bodies.
– Examples: Mebendazole, Albendazole, Pyrantel pamoate
– Used to manage mycoses (fungal infection)

– A drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic fungi.
ANTIFUNGAL – Fungal skin infections can cause a variety of different
rashes. They cause an itchy, scaly, dry, red patch of skin
that slowly gets bigger.
– Example: Ketoconazole, Griseofulvin, Amphotericin
– Drug that inhibits viral infections

ANTIVIRAL – Examples: Aciclovir (Zovirax) Amantadine (Symmetrel)
– Drugs to prevent or cure malarial infections Malaria is a

mosquito-borne (Anopheles mosquito)
ANTIMALARIAL – infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by
parasitic protozoans (a type of single cell microorganism) of
the Plasmodium type.
– Examples: Chloroquine, Mefloquine
REFERENCES:
END OF MODULE

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY:

This Lecture Guide may not be modified or redistributed in whole or in part

RELATED LINKS AND VIDEOS:

◉ (History of Pharmacy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpmsHMtRdyc

Caduceus The symbol of two snakes on a staff is called the

Mortar & Pestle It has long been used as a pharmaceutical symbol in

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.)

Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.)

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ARABS

§ Public pharmacies became relatively common in Southern Europe (Apothecary). Writings of

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

Discovery of quinine (1820)

Germ theory of disease (1880-1890)

PHARMACY IN THE 20TH CENTURY

1930s – 75% of Rx required compounding by a pharmacist

Patents for new drugs

Hospital pharmacy practice.

HISTORY OF PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

The History of the Philippines is divided into:

Began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition

POST PHARMACY PERIOD

Establishment of the school of “Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia”.

Hospital during Spanish Era

Drugstore during Spanish Era

– Establishment of the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners in 1903.

PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES IN

RELATED LINKS AND VIDEOS:

◉ (What does a Pharmacist do?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4VE7aOz6lQ

NOTES: PHARMACY PRACTICE

DISPENSING A process whereby a pharmacist receives

Pharmacist as defined by American Pharmacists Association

PRACTICE OF PHARMACY ACCORDING TO THE LAW

C. ADMINISTRATIVE, SUPERVISORY & MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS

CURRENT & EMERGING FIELDS IN PHARMACY

◉ (The seven Star Pharmacists) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263315328_Seven-

RELATED LINKS AND VIDEOS:

◉ (The Pharmacist’s Role) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW4g-HmDUX0

NOTES: THE PHARMACISTS

§ The pharmacist is “a person prepared to formulate, dispense, and provide clinical

Changes in the Practice

SEVEN STAR PHARMACISTS

– To be effective health care team members, pharmacists need

o Effective communication skills help the practitioners to collect the

o Strong communication skills will enable a pharmacist to establish

◉ (The seven Star Pharmacists) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263315328_Seven-

RELATED LINKS AND VIDEOS:

◉ (The Pharmacist’s Role) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW4g-HmDUX0

Knowledge, skills, aptitude and competencies in:

THE COUNCIL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION

LAW TITLE DATE

PHARMACIST LICENSURE EXAMINATION

Requirements to become a Pharmacists:

CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is the process of developing professional skills

POST GRADUATE TRAINING & SPECIALTY

PHD or MS Pharmacy PhD and MS candidate must have a sufficient fundamental

Pharm D (Doctor of – prepare advanced generalist and specialist pharmacists

– The program is highly patient-focused and is suitable for

– a residencies programmes are designed for