coupler is a four port waveguide junction. Fig. 3.4.1 gh "directional coupler structure using waveguide. Auxiliary output Matched termination Auxiliary arm \ Hole at 1/4 Main arm Fig. 3.4.1 Directional coupler © Directional coupler measures power in auxiliary a waveguide arm in one ) * Symbolic representation of directional coupler is shown in Fig. 3.4.2. Main waveguides ——_ Port 1 Main Energy Flow Bort ” Port 4The coupling factor is a measure of how much of incident power is being sampled. It is the ratio of power levels in main and auxiliary waveguides. The coupling factor is denoted by C and is expressed in dBs. © Let the incident power is P, in main waveguide and the power coupled in the auxiliary waveguide in forward direction is P Then, i (B Y Cap) = 10 Jogio{ (4B) % of Py _— Main waveguide — Incident power P, Forward ‘coupled power P, 4 Auxiliary waveguide Fig. 3.4.3 ng factor represents the amount of power received at the Y iary line in terms of power transmitted in the main line.Auxiliary. — waveguide Fig. 3.4.4 Then, | (z ) | Digs) = 10 logi| =* I baad ce 510 Pp, } © Directivity represents the amount of attenuation that the directional coupler offers to the user. Ideally it should be infinity ie. p ouput at port 3s Zero. fil) tsolation (1) © The isolation measures the directive properties of directional coupler. It# defined as the ratio of incident power at main waveguide (P,) to reverse power at auxiliary waveguide (P3). It is denoted by I and® expressed in dBs. factor represents the amount of isolation between two ports if ‘coupler. Ideally, it should be infinity ie. power output at Pol~ Hole Directional Coupler g holes in the common wall between two waveguides power can between the guides. Using two or more holes allows the design of '@ directional coupler, where the power transfer from one guide to the Second occurs preferentially in one direction of propagation in the second guide. The two hole coupler is shown in the Fig. 3.45 Zz Port 1 ape ee Port 2 Slot ‘a’ Slot ‘b’ (277777) aio _ 2222777777 ZZZ1 P, - Input port P, - Output port P, - Isolated port P, - Coupled port Fig. 3.4.5 Two hole directional coupler © hole directional coupler consists of two guides with two (holes) between them. These two apertures holes are at a distance of coupled through the slots from the main to the coupled guide. eee + ect res lore 2 eew mi slots a and b is critical because it i shift in the a-b-b-a path,= [Sas +1834” |sa-su 2 is real and positive = 'p Sig = Sy =P =Sy equation (3.4.10) BP BaSh +SuS% = 0 oo [Sig = Sq] P(S25 +Sin) = 0 —-° aay See =" oe be Inari 550 mwatt = 550%10°° watt 30 4B Coupling factor | ©=10 tog ft 5) and (3.4.15 (@)) in equation (3.4.7) 50x10) Ly = 101 419) cle (50x10) _ 1990 Petee is designed by fastening a piece of similar waveguide to thy Wall of a waveguide section. The fastened waveguide is called arm. Tt is parallel to the plane of the electric field of the | it mode TE,, in the main waveguide as shown in Fig. 3.5.1. Hene | __ this type of junction is called E-plane Tee. : Port - 3 Port - 1 Fig. 3.5.1 E-plane too shows the aie Fig. 3.5.2 Transpiesion line equivatent of TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up thrust for knowledgee symmetric arm in opposite phase and therefore c: of each other as shown in Fig. 3.5.3, Port @ . input TE 10 | Output .— —+ Output port@) port@) Fig. 3.5.3 E-field of TE,, mode with input at port-3 Analysis of E-Plane Tee using S-Matrix * Consider a three port microwave junctions having a scattering matrix given by: Su Siz Sis IS} =\Sp1 Soo Soa 3.5.1) S31 S32 Sas * Suppose the junction is perfectly matched, there are no reflections at the Ports. This matrix notation implies : Sir = Sy = Sz = 0 G52) * Since [S] is symmetric and unitary, we have, Sp = Sy 8.53 (a) Sig = Sy --@5.3 (b)) --853 (©)x equation (3.5.2) and (3.55 (a), we find ISpl? = 1= 18,31? = 1- |S,31? © In case of E-plane tee, the outputs at ports-1 and 2 are out of ph 180° with an input at port-3. The scattering coefficient is given by, Sp = 85 =- S13 If port-3 is perfectly matched to the junction, Sy = 0 * With above properties, from equations (3.5.3) and (3.5.9), the matrix becomes : I Su Sp S13 | IS] =|S2 Sp» Sg Siz Sig 0 From unitary property, [S]-[S* = (8.5.10), we can write the scattering matrix as, Si Si Sis] [1 0 0 Sk Si -Sis/=|0 1 0 Sis Sis 0 | [0 0 1 BG;From (3.5.11) and (3.5.12), we get, Sy = Sy +-(3.5.15) From equation (3.5.13) we get, aie b= aE --(3.5.16) By using the values of equations ( 3.5.14) to 35:16). itwequation (3.5.11), we get, 2 1 ISul?+ Isy1?+2 tt 1 1 2|Syl?=5 > IS? =3 35.17) Krom equations (35.14), (35.16) and (3517), the scattering matix of equation (3.5.10) becomes, 1 1 i Di 3 ai T=) Ao tly 85.18) De V2 ge a ig v2 2 The scattering matrix is defined as, s) = 2) {s) fal TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”- An up trust or Arowiedebg ‘There are three cases arises in E-plane tee : Case 1: ¢ When an input at port-3 equally divides between " t : i Port-1 and port2 introduces a phase shift of 180° between two output. Hence E-plane acts as a 3 dB splitter. a,=a=0 a+0 From equation (3.5.21) to (3.5.23), output is : by 1 = Bem binoe ts b, =0 at port-1 and 2 result in no output. a = asa* An H-plane tee is obtained by fastening the auxiliary waveguide Perpendicular to narrow arm of the waveguide section. The at jliary arm should lie in the H-plane of the dominant mode TE, mode in the main waveguide as shown in Port - @Fig. 3.5.5 Transmission line equivalent of of H-plane tee using S-Matrix Heplane tee, there are also 3 possible inputs and three scattering matrix is given by, Su Siz S13 IS] =|Sy Sy) Sy, S31 S32 S33 _ For symmetric plane, scattering coefficients S. 43 and S,, must be equal.From equations (3.5.29) and (3.5.30) : 18,11? - 1Sp\” = S .-(3.5.31) By multiplying R, C,, we get, Wal'+ [83/2 =1 = 2 [S3/7=1I g de 2 alsin SP ofa sie Ae sie The output of the three different ports is calculated by using equation (3.520) ! a I b, Bee 2 be mee a ||. mle fi2 2 Yai|°? b Be fe 1g [its a v2 2 te gk b= 74 -7at eK --(3.5.34 (a)) Abie sid 1 ie Oa i Bt ed 2 Sl- e0 m equations (3.5.34), =P, +P, at port P, is equal to port Pie. =aPs total power : P, = 2P, amount of power coming out of port P, or port P, due to the input atH-arm Fig. 3.5.6 Magic tee (Hybrid toe) Characteristics of Magic tee“Effects of reflections a nly a portion of the power at aprochs Ge ncion GEES port3 or 4 is delivered to port-1 and 2 2, Power is not divided equally between port-l and 2, when power enters through port-3 or 4. 3, Balance does not exist between port-1 and 2 i directly from port-1 to port? * Reflections must, therefore, be avoided properties discussed above, a magic tee Applications of magic tee 1. As an isolator. 2. As a matching device 3. As a phase shifter. orFig. 3.5.7 Hybrid ring circuit e simple line sketch for hybrid ring can be drawn as shown in Fig- 35.8. Fig. 3.5.8 Hybrid ring simple sketch 5®,@, 9 and 9 a mane wh nt SS port 1 and 46 7*ying is correctly chosen. 3 preferable at short wavelengths since its dimensions ; trix of an ideal rat race circuit is expressed as 0 Sp 0 Sy 5) -|S2 © Sa 0 Sis) 0 Sy Sa 0 Sy 0 Application 1. The rat-race circuit is used for combining two different signals of dividing the signals into two signals, University Questions 1; Explain the construction of magic tee and derive its §-matrix. How oan 4 isolator be designed using 3 port circulator ? 2. Explain the properties of H-plane te and give reasons why it is called shunt TeeFerrite Fig. 3.7.2 Four-port circulator et entering port-1 travels along the magnetized ferrite. The direction of E field vector gets rotated by 45°. Therefore power entered at port-1 lappears at port-2. The power cannot be coupled to port-4 because ports-2 and 4 are 90° out of phase. Similarly, port-3 is coupled to port-4 and port4 to port-1. fa Four Port Circulator using Magic Tees * A four-port circulator can be constructed by using two magic tees and a phase shifter. Fig. 3.7.3 shows this circuit arrangement. 180° phase shifter Fig. 3.7.3 Port circulator using magic tees—— Port-3 Fig. 3.7.4 Three port circulator © The ferrite post is magnetized by static By field along the axis. It provides the necessary non reciprocal property. The junction can be matched by - placing suitable tuning element in each arm * It is an essential component used to isolate the input and output it negative resistance amplifier. Three port circulators are also used to couple a transmitter to various receivers. Scattering Matrix for Circulator + A perfectly matched 3 - port circulator Sui = Sz = S33 = 0. 9 Sp Siz IS} =|Sy 0 Soy S31 Sa 0= Spi Sh +$5iS31 = 1 |Sa1? +(SaiP = 1 CoRp = |Sr2\? #4832)? = 1 C3Ry = |S13|" +Sa3)° =1 CyRy => $31 S32 = 0 -B7A4) CoR3 = S12Si3 = 0 3.75) C1R3 > $n S23 = 9 -(8.7.6) Tetus assume S,) + 0, substituting equation @.7.5) 3 Sig = 0 Sibstituting S13 in equation (3.7.3) 2 |Sial’ 18231 = 2 ee S93 = i latly, $3 value in equation (3.7.6) Sn = 9 uling (379) in equation (37-0,(S] (S] 1 —— sas soo co tens 8 Four port circulator S - Matrix, Isls [Clockwise] oroo Rooo Soon 0 1 0 0 Scattering Matrix for 3-Port Circulator _ Fora perfectly matched lossless, non-reciprocal three part matrix is given by, 0 0 Ss cys, 0 0 a) circulator, the $-istics of three port ci loss <1 dB ener 1) Isolation of transmitters and receivers connected to same antenna eg. in radar system. 2) Isolation of input and output in two terminal amplifying devices €.g. parametric amplifiers. 1. Explain the operation of following microwave passive devices ) Circulator RSE Re) 2 Explain the operating principle of a microwave circulator with neat schematic diagram, 3 Explai lator and explain its applications. 4 i ag Vat a AU : Dec.-15, Marks 10 Bats circuator 7 With nest degram, cen ON ay ah 4 ic-tee. Very 2 pot ccster ond SSE Necessary S-parameter equations. R | devices and derive the $ Discuss the principle of operation of any fo nom vt | a ee “iti transmission device. IsolatorsFertite rect; Direction "od of rotation It is launched into waveguide Med aegtavels in reverse direction mE appearing at resistive 2Where Pj —> Power at input port Ps — Power launched from output port S-matrix of isolator * An ideal isolator is lossless and matched. ‘Therefore, [Sq] = tand |Si2| = Su! = Sxl =° [aFig. 3.9.1 Symbol of gyrator © When signal is transmitted from port 1 to port 2 it offers phase shiltg: 180° (m radians) and when signal is fed to port 2 if offers 0° phase shifty the signal. Hence it is also known as differential pha device. Construction : ¢ Gyrators consists of a circular to rectangular wav ansition botha dominant mode. A twin circular ferrite rod t: ends is locale inside the circular waveguide surrounded b: nagnets whid generates d.c. magnetic field for the operation of ferrit ® A rectangular waveguide twisted by 90° is connected by input and redile attenuation and also provide smooth attenuation of polarized wave. 1. Gyrators are preferred in low Power applications, bre tions of gyrator is ag duplexer in radar antennas.