South Asia: India, Pakistan

East Asia: Korea, Japan, China

South East Asia: Philippine, Malaysia
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
North/South/East/West Africa
North America: USA, Canada
South America: Columbia, Brazil
Central America: Mexico
Middle East: 중동

BCE: Before common era 기원전

CE: Common era 기원후

Europe and Byzantium

· The Early Middle Ages (500~1000 CE) were a time of overall backwardness, political
decentralization, and perpetual military threat.
· The High Middle Ages (1000~1300): an area of cultural and economic revival
· The Late Middle Ages (1300~1500): states trended toward even greater centralization.
(beginning of the Renaissance in Italy)

Feudalism

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o Feudalism: weak monarchs awarded land to loyal followers (=vassals).
o These vassals guaranteed that their parcels of land (fiefs) would be governed
and the land would be protected. (Those who received the largest land parcels
evolved into Europe’s noble class, becoming lords to their own vassals.)
o (The obligations owed to each other by lords and vassals were formal and
contractual.)
o A key function of the feudal nobility: military service
Vassals were required to recruit foot soldiers from the land given them. Vassals
fought as knights, or elite armed cavalry.

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 o In theory, the code of chivalry was supposed to ensure the knights acted as
virtuous, Christian warriors, dealing fairly with the lower classes and treating
women with delicacy and respect.
o The system relied on the labor of serfs: peasants who were not technically slaves
but were tied to a feudal lord’s land and had no right to change profession or
residence without permission. Serfs spent a certain number of days per month
working directly for their lords and also owed their lord a portion of their own
crops and livestock.

o The shogun shared power with noble warlords called daimyo, who received
control over parcels of land (called shoen). Both the shogun and the daimyo
belonged to the warrior elite known as samurai, who were privileged but also
bound by a strict code of Bushido (“way of the warrior”)
· Japanese Feudalism: (790~1800 CE)
1. The emperor held the highest rank. (figurehead)
2. The shogun was the chief military officer who served as the actual ruler when the
emperor served as a figurehead.
3. The daimyo was a large landowner. The land of the daimyo was ruled by samurai
warriors.
4. Samurai warriors were loyal to the daimyo, and they understood that they were
underneath the emperor, shogun, and daimyo.
5. The peasants represented the remaining 75% of the population and included everyone
from artisans, merchants, peasants and day laborers.
***European feudalism is contract based; Japanese feudalism is based on loyalty!!!***

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Black Death: It arrived in Italy in 1347. One of every three people in Western Europe died.
· The Middle East: Islam spread through Arabia and beyond during the 600s~700s.
o The Muslim world was governed by the caliph (“successor”), who combined
political and religious power in one person. (theocracy)
o The circle of Justice: (a key political principal in the Middle East) In good
government, ruler gives justice to the people, the people pay taxes to the
treasury, the treasury ensures that the army receives its salary, and the support
of the army allows the ruler to exercise sovereignty—and to give justice to the
people, thereby continuing the cycle.
o The Sunni-Shiite Split (656~661): civil war after the death of the Islamic
prophet Muhammad in 632. The power passed to the Umayyad caliphate
(661~750). The Umayyad caliphs made Arabic the religion’s holy language, the
official language of the Muslim world. They started the practice of imposing a tax
(jizya) on those who subject did not convert to Islam.

o The Sunni-Shiite Split (656~661): Sunni (85%) → the followers of

tradition believed caliphs should be chosen by Muslim leaders (Ummah)
Shiite (15%) → Believed that caliphs should be related to Muhammad
o civil war after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632. The
power passed to the Umayyad caliphate (661~750). The Umayyad caliphs
made Arabic the religion’s holy language, the official language of the
Muslim world. They started the practice of imposing a tax (jizya) on
those who subject did not convert to Islam.

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 o Five pillars of Islam
§ Declaration of Faith: there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is
his messenger (Muslims must recite this Declaration of Faith)
§ Prayer five times each day (facing Mecca)
§ Charity through a special tax to other, less fortunate Muslims
§ Fasting for one month a year (during Ramadan Muslims can’t
eat/drink while the sun is up)
§ All Muslims to make at least one pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca.
The Umayyad Caliphate (661 CE): the Umayyad family came to power in the Islamic world.
Establishing their capital at Damascus in Syria, the Umayyad were noted for the following:
§ An empire that emphasized Arabic ethnicity over adherence of Islam
§ Inferior status assigned to converts to Islam

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 § Respect for Jews and Christians as “People of the Book.” Although required to pay taxes
for charity and on property, Jews and Christians were allowed freedom of worship and
self-rule within their communities.
§ Riots among the general population led to the overthrow of the Umayyad by the Abbasid
dynasty in 750 CE.
Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)
§ In 711 CE, Berbers from North Africa conquered the Iberian Peninsula, penetrating the
European continent until their advance was stopped about Paris at the Battle of Tours in
732 CE.
§ Muslim styles such as minarets, rounded arches, and arabesques were used in Spanish art
and architecture.
The Abbasid caliphate (750~1258) established a great capital at Baghdad (present-day
Iraq). Baghdad fell to the Seljuk Turks in 1055. The European Crusades, which began in
the 1090s, and invasion from Mongols led to the fall of the Abbasid caliph.
o Unlike the Umayyads, the Abbasids granted equal status to converts to Islam.
o The learning of the ancient Greeks, Romans and Persians preserved (Greek logic,
Aristotle)
o Indian system of numbers (including zero) was carried by caravan from India to
Middle East and Western Europe (hence the label of “Arabic” numerals)
o In mathematics, the fields of algebra, geometry, trigonometry were further
refined.
o The Astrolabe, which measured the position of the stars, was improved.
o The study of astronomy, optic surgery developed.
o Tang—Abbasid commerce: enabled the westward movements of the Chinese
innovations (printing technique, paper currency, the compass, gunpowder).
Trade was heightened
o Decline: the Abbasids found their vast empire increasingly difficult to govern. By
the mid 11th century, the Seljuks controlled Baghdad. In the 1300s, the black
death and Mongol invasion arrived from China.
Africa
· Africa: Most of Africa from Egypt to Morocco, converted to Islam during the 600s and
700s.
o By the 1000s and 1100s, Islam was taking root not just in the Sahara, but also in
several parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

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 West Africa: Ghana, Mali, Songhai
o In West Africa, the states of Ghana and Mali became Islamic. Ghana emerged as a
true power between the 800s and 1000s due to its large deposits of gold and its
prominent role in trans-Saharan trade.
o Mali (1200~1600s): possessed large deposits of gold and other metals. Mali
completely monopolized the gold trade. It traded in salt, ivory, animal skins,
slaves. Mali emerged as a key point in the trans-Saharan trade network. Mali was
founded as a strong state by the conquering chieftain Sundiata. Its chief
commercial and cultural hub was Timbuktu.
§ Timbuktu: Chief commercial and cultural hub in Mali. It was a stopping
point for caravans, a renowned center of Islamic scholarship, home to
key mosques and madrasas.
§ Mansa Musa (1312~1337): Mali’s most powerful ruler. He was a devout
Muslim who gained fame throughout Africa and Europe as one of the
world’s wealthiest monarchs.
o Songhai (1464~1492): Under Sonni Ali’s leadership, the Songhai became an
imperial power that dominated West Africa. It was defeated by Moroccan
warriors, who used a superior technology, gunpowder.
Central Africa: Kongo
East Africa: Nubia, Axum
o On East Africa, Swahili city-states flourished between 1000 and 1500. 40
autonomous urban centers were sprinkled along 1500 miles of coastline.

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 o Powerful city-states (Kilwa, Mogadishu) emerged from coastal trading posts. They
traded gold, ivory, and slaves from West Africa for porcelain, silk, glassware
from Asia.
o Elites adopted Islam to facilitate trade with Muslim merchants but often kept their
own religious traditions as well.
Southeastern Africa: Zimbabwe
South Africa: In 1652, the Dutch began a small settlement that they named the Cape Colony.
China
· China:
Zhou—Qin(진)—Han(한)—Sui(수)—Tang(당)—Song(송)—Yuan(원)몽골—Ming(명)
—Qing(청)만주
o After the fall of the Han, Sui empire (589~618) reunited the country and
expanded its borders.
o Tang Dynasty (618~906): forced many of its neighbors into a tributary system,
in which countries like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam had to make regular monetary
payments to avoid punishment. The Tang rulers expanded the Grand Canal and
stimulated the Chinese economy through Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade.
§ Expanding bureaucracy increased influence on the scholar-gentry and
Confucian perceptions of effective government.
§ Buddhism’s popularity grew throughout Tang Dynasty (Empress Wu
supported Buddhist art and sculpture) but towards the end of Tang
Buddhism declined in power while Confucianism gained popularity.
§ Famous emperor, empress: Tang Taizong (626), Empress Wu Zetian (690)
§ The Chinese silk industry generated large profits during the Tang era.
§ Chinese junks were among the world’s best ships and Chinese merchants
dominated trade in the Indian Ocean.
§ Paper money and letters of introduction to China.
§ Gunpowder was invented.
§ Canals, irrigation systems increased agricultural productivity (Grand
Canal)
§ An Shi Rebellion (700~800s): a series peasant uprisings led to the fall of
Tang dynasty.
o Song Empire (960~1279): ruled east-central China, from the Yellow River in the
north to the Vietnamese border in the South. Song era witnessed China’s
invention of gunpowder, the compass and paper money. The Song rulers
subscribed to the mandate of heaven concept and selected govt. officials

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 according to the civil service examination. They relied on the hierarchical
doctrines of Neo-Confucianism to legitimate their rule.
§ Imperial Bureaucracy: a vast organization in which appointed officials
carried out the empire’s policies. (Civil service exam were prerequired
for government posts)
§ Neo-Confucianism: blend of Confucian and Buddhist values. It promoted
Confucian respect for authority and family. Reinforced gender and class
distinctions.
§ Meritocracy and the Civil Service Exam: Emperor Song Taizu’s great
achievement → expansion of the educational opportunities to young
men of the lower economic classes so they could score well on the civil
service exams. (chance of social mobility) These exams were based on
the knowledge of Confucian texts.
§ Grand Canal: an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway
transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles. Expanding the
canal enabled China, under the Song Dynasty, to become the most
populous trading area in the world.
§ Gunpowder: Although gunpowder had been invented in China in previous
dynasties, innovators in the Song Dynasty made the first guns. Over
centuries the technology of making gunpowder and guns was spared
from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.
§ Champa Rice: a fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from the
Champa Kingdom in present-day Vietnam, greatly expanded agricultural
production in China. As a result, China’s population grew quickly (from
25% to 40%).
§ Tributes: source of income for the government came from the tributary
system, an arrangement in which other states had to pay money or
provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor. The system cemented
China’s economic and political power over several foreign countries.
§ Printing with movable type developed
§ Compass used in ocean navigation
§ Foot binding (for women): patriarchal 가부장적 pattern strengthened
during the Tang and Song. Food binding was finally banned in 1912.
o Yuan, the Mongol Dynasty: Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan established
the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, only Mongols were allowed in the
military and could attain high government positions. Kublai Khan welcomed
many foreigners to his court, including Marco Polo and the famous Islamic
traveler Iban Battuta.

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 § Throughout their history, the Mongols were masters of the intrigues of
steppe diplomacy, which involved alliances with other pastoral groups
and the elimination of rivals.
§ Genghis Khan: During the 1200s, the Mongols, nomadic horse warriors
united by Genghis Khan, created a large empire. The Song state fell in the
1270s to Kublai Khan, one of Genghis’s grandsons. Kublai Khan
proclaimed the Yuan Empire (1271~1368).
§ Mongols had superb horsemanship and were masters of the
shortbow.
§ Mongols were adept cultural borrowers.
· As they consolidated their empire, the Mongols were more
preoccupied with collecting tributes than with administering
their newly acquired territories. They were generally tolerant
toward the religious beliefs and practices of the people they
conquered and sometimes eventually adopted the dominant
religion of their subject peoples.
§ Mongols established a tribute empire in Russia called the Golden Horde.,
reaching Russia by 1237.
§ In 1258, the city of Baghdad was destroyed and Persia added to the
Mongols Empire known as the Ilkhanate. The capture of Baghdad ended
500 years long Abbasid caliph ruling.
§ The Seljuk Turks was defeated by the Mongols in 1243. The Mongol threat
to the Islamic world ended in 1260 at the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt.
§ Pax Mongolica: brief semi-unification of Eurasia during the 1200s.
§ By 1271, Kubilai Khan, a grandson of Chinggis Khan, controlled most of.
China and began to refer to hIs administration of China as the Yuan
Dynasty.
§ Under Yuan dynasty:
· Religious toleration was practiced.
· Foreigners visited the Yuan Court (ex, Venetian Marco Polo)
· Commerce flourished under Mongolian rule. (due to Pax
Mongolia) silk road
Central America
Aztec (1200~1500): Tenochtitlan was the chief city of Aztecs (present-day Mexico City).
Aztec fashioned chinampas, or platforms constructed of twisted vines on which they
placed layers of soil, to provide additional lands for farming. Maize and beans became the
stable crops of the Aztec.

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 o Aztecs thrived until the early 1500s, when the Spanish arrived. Spanish
dominated Mexico and Central America until the 1800s.
o Established a tribute empire. Aztec military seized prisoners of war for use as
human sacrifice.
o Possessed knowledge of 13 months calendar
o Stratified society (class system), polytheistic religion, picture writing.

South America
· The Andes: Moche (200~700) —Incas (1300~1500)
o Moche:

§ A reliance on terrace farming

§ The domestication of llama
§ Knot-tying of record keeping: quipu

o Incas: Capital city named Cuzco. Incas had an elaborate bureaucracy and extreme
social stratification. Incan civilization was brought down by Spanish conquest in
the early 1500s.
§ They built a chain of storehouses for food, clothing and crafts. Incas had
incredible network of roads (stretching 14,000 miles)

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 § Quipus: Record keeping system in the form of knotted cords with the knots
of various sizes and colors representing categories of information.
§ Polytheistic religion
**FRQ: SAQ, DBQ, LEQ

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