SUMMARY:

GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
Sources: Status information:
ISO 1101: 2004 As per: Jul. - 2006
ISO 2692 Doc.-no.: 11006646
ISO 5458 Author: I. Thomson
ISO 10578 and Change index: A
ISO 10579
1 Marking the toleranced element
Indication arrow 0.02 Tolerance frame
Toleranced Tolerance value
element
Tolerance symbol
3x not convex
Ø0.1 0.2 0.2/100
One-off specification Additional restriction of form
for several elements or the lenght of the tolerance zone

0.1

95
Toleranced element is Toleranced element is Toleranced element only
line or surface the axis of the middle plane applies to the dimensioned length 95

0.1 CZ

All round (section)

Common toleranced element (Common Zone CZ)
2 Datum indication Datum letter
B Datum frame
B Datum triangle
Datum element

A A-B A B C AB
Datum is an Datums are two Three datums with the Two datums A, B
element A common elements A-B sequence 1. A, 2. B, 3. C without any sequence

A A

Datum is a line Datum is the axis

or a surface or middle plane

Copyright ISO 16016


 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
3 Form tolerances; Symbol, property and application examples
Symbol/No./ Property of Application examples
toleranced element Drawing specification Tolerance zone Explanation
1 Straightness The cylinder surface line
Toleranced element: 0.1 may be uneven by maximum
0.1 mm.

t
surface line In the direction of the arrow,
every surface line of the
cylinder must be between
two parallel straight lines at a
distance of t = 0.1 mm apart.
2 Straightness The extracted (actual) median
Toleranced element: Ø0.1 line of the cylinder to which

Øt
the tolerance applies shall be
axis contained within a cylindrical
zone of diameter 0.1 mm.

3 Flatness The surface may be uneven by

Toleranced element: maximum 0.05 mm.
0.05 The toleranced surface must lie
surface between two parallel planes at
t
a distance of t = 0.05 mm apart.

4 Roundness The conical envelope may be

Toleranced element: out-of-round by maximum
t

0.02 0.02 mm.

Peripheral line The toleranced peripheral line
of any axially vertical cross-
section must lie between two
concentric circles with a radial
distance of t = 0.02 mm apart.
5 Cylinder form The cylinder may be
Toleranced element: maximum 0.02 mm non-
0.05 cylindrical.
t

Cylinder envelope The toleranced cylinder surface

surface must lie between two coaxial
cylinders that are at a distance
of t = 0.05 mm apart.

6 Line profile The toleranced profile must lie

Toleranced element: between two enveloping lines
0.08 whose distance from each other
Section line
Øt

is limited by circles of diameter

t = 0.08 mm. The mid-points of
these circles are located on the
geometrically ideal line.

7 Surface profile The toleranced surface must

0.03 lie between two enveloping
Toleranced element:
surfaces, whose distance from
surface section each other is limited by spheres
of diameter t = 0.03 mm. The
mid-points of these spheres are
Sphere Ø t located on the geometrically
ideal surface.

 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
4 Positional tolerances; Symbol, property and application examples
Symbol/No./ Property of Application examples
toleranced element Drawing specification Tolerance zone Explanation
8 Parallelism The toleranced axis may be
Toleranced element: Ø0.1 A non-parallel to the reference
axis by a maximum of
axis Ø 0.1 mm.

Øt
Datum: axis A The toleranced axis of the
upper hole must lie within a
cylinder that is located parallel
to the reference axis with
Ø t = 0.1 mm.

9 Parallelism The toleranced surface

Toleranced element: may be non-parallel to
0,01 A the reference surface by
surface maximum 0.01 mm.

t
Datum: surface The toleranced surface must
lie between two planes parallel
to the reference surface at a
A distance of t=0.01 mm from
one another.

10 The toleranced element may

Perpendicularity deviate from the right angle
0.08 A t to the reference surface by a
Toleranced element: maximum of 0.08 mm.
surface The surface must lie between
Datum: surface two planes that are vertical to
the reference surface A and are
A at a distance of t = 0.08 mm.

11 Inclination The toleranced axis may deviate,

t with respect to the reference
(angularity) surface, maximum in the range of
Toleranced element: 0.1 A 0.1 mm from the 60º angle.
axis The toleranced axis must lie
Datum: surface A between two planes that are
60° α parallel to one another at a
distance of t = 0.1 mm, inclined at
the geometrically ideal angle of 60°.
12 Inclination The toleranced surface may
(angularity) deviate, with respect to the
0.2 A reference surface, maximum in
Toleranced element: the range of 0.2 mm from the
surface 30° α 30º angle.
The toleranced surface must
Datum: surface lie between two planes that
t are parallel to one another at a
A distance of t = 0.2 mm, inclined at
the geometrically ideal angle of 30°.
13 Inclination The toleranced surface may
(angularity) 0.1 A deviate, with respect to the
α reference axis, maximum in
Toleranced element: the range of 0.1 mm from the
surface 75º angle.
The toleranced surface must lie
Datum: axis between two planes that are
parallel to one another at a
75° A t distance of t = 0.1 mm, inclined at
the geometrically ideal angle of 75°.


 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES

Symbol/No./ Property Application examples

toleranced element/Reference Drawing specification Tolerance zone Explanation
14 Coaxiality The axis of the left cylinder
(concentricity),
Ø0.03 A must be coaxial to the axis of

Øt
the right cylinder within the
Toleranced element: range of Ø0.03.
axis The toleranced axis must lie
within a cylinder that is coaxial
Datum: axis to the reference cylinder of
Ø0.03.
A
15 Symmetry, 0.08 A The middle plane of the
Toleranced element: groove relative to the middle
plane of the part must be
middle plane symmetrical within 0.08 mm.
The toleranced middle plane

t
Datum: middle
of the groove must lie within
plane two parallel planes, have a
distance of t = 0.08 mm and be
symmetrical to the reference
A middle plane.
16 Concentric Toleranced In case of rotation about the
run-out, 0.1 A-B surface Measurement reference axis A-B, a concentric
plane t run-out deviation of 0.1 mm about
Radial deviation the reference axis A-B is the maximum
Peripheral line permissible value.
In case of rotation around the reference
Datum: common axis A-B, the toleranced peripheral line of
axis every cross-section of the middle
cylinder must lie between two concentric
A B circles with a radial distance of t=0.1 mm.
17 Axial run-out, In case of rotation around the
Measurement reference axis A, the toleranced
Toleranced element: 0.02 A cylinder circumference of every
Circumference
measurement cylinder must
Datum: axis lie between the two planes
perpendicular to the reference
A axis at a distance of t=0.02 mm
t to each other.

18 Total run-out, In case of multiple rotation

Toleranced element: 0.1 A-B about the reference axis A-B
cylindrical body with displacement of the
measurement plane parallel to
surface the reference axis, all the points
Datum: common of the toleranced cylinder
axis body surface must lie between
B coaxial cylinders at a distance of
t

A
t=0.1 mm apart.
19 Total axial In case of multiple rotation
run-out, around the reference axis
0.1 A t
A and displacement of the
Toleranced element:
measurement point vertical to
Plane surface the reference axis, all the points
Datum: axis of the toleranced plane surface
A must lie between two parallel
planes at a distance of
t=0.1 mm apart.

 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES

Symbol/No./ Property Application examples

toleranced element/Datum Drawing specification Tolerance zone Explanation
20 Position The toleranced intersection
Toleranced element: 2x point must lie within a circle
Ø0.5 t = Ø0.5 of diameter t=0.5 mm, whose
points
mid-point is located at the
Datum: 2 points to geometrically ideal location
one another (determined by the framed
50 dimensions).

70 60

21 Position 4x Every axis of the 4 holes

Toleranced element: must lie within a cylinder of
Ø0.5 A B diameter t=0.5 mm, whose
axes t = Ø0.5
A axis is located normal to the
Datum: contact reference surface B (primary)
surface (primary), and at the theoretically exact
axis (secondary) location of the hole being
considered with respect to
the axis of the centering
B projection A (secondary)

22 Position The 3 toleranced surfaces

Toleranced element: 18 36 51 18 may deviate by a maximum
3 of 0.2 mm from their ideal
surface position.
Datum: surface Each of the 3 ring surfaces
must lie between 2 parallel
planes at a distance of t-
0.2 mm, which are located
3x at a geometrically ideal
t = 0.2 location (marked by framed
0.2
dimensions)
23 Position The entered position
Ø0.2 P t = Ø0.2 tolerance of Ø0.2 mm for
with additional
projected tolerance the length that is after the
P 30

symbol P applies from the

30

zone. workpiece surface in the

P Toleranced element: direction of the relevant
Projection of the counter-piece (projected
axis tolerance zone).

24 Position 2x Every axis of the 2 holes

with additional must lie within a cylinder
maximum material Ø0.2 M A Workpiece of diameter t=0.2 mm,
Gauge whose axis is located at the
M principal. theoretically exact location
Toleranced element: A of the hole being considered,
with respect to the axis of the
20 20

axes central hole. The maximum-

Datum: axis material condition applies for
the positioning tolerance (see
section 6.


 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
5. Reference elements: Marking according to DIN ISO 5459 and application examples
Examples
Symbol und Benennung
Drawing specification Type Explanation

A1

Datum point × Point-form, contact, locating

or measurement point
Contact point
Resting point

Ø4 Contact
A1 surface
Plane-form contact or
Datum surface locating surface

Line-form contact or locating

Datum line
× × × Contact
line
surface

6 Additional symbols The element marked with

an E is subject to a fit.
Form variations may not
Ø30h6 E

exceed the dimensions of the

Ø40

envelope.
For elements that are
E Envelope marked with E , the
dimension tolerances apply
Dimensional independently of one
tolerance range another.
Tolerancing per ISO 8015
Maximum material In the case of an element
condition marked with an M , the
– for toleranced tolerance value may be
element, Ø0.2 M A See no. 24 for an exceeded by the amount
M – for datum example that is not exploited by the
element, Ø0.2 A M dimensional tolerance.
– for both The component is checked
elements Ø0.2 M A M using a gage

Theoretically See no. 11, 12, 13, Dimension without tolerance

50 30 20, 21, 22, 24 for when positional tolerance is
exact dimension examples specified
50

P 90
Projected See no. 24 for an Tolerance zone extends 90
P tolerance zone example mm into the counter-part


 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
7 Datums
7.1 Examples of functionally correct datums and datum systems
Drawing specification Datum examples

B Mating surface, joint surface A and B of

the parts to be joined.
Holes for screws must be perpendicular to
the mating surfaces.

A B Common axis A – B
Corresponding to the bearing seats of
a shaft.
Wheel seats, spigots etc. must run
concentrically with reference to the
common axis of the bearing seats.
Contact surface (fixed bearing) C
C

A
Thread axis A
The screw head must be perpendicular to
the thread axis.

B
Center planes A and B for symmetrical
parts, mate when reversed.
Parts to be joined are mirror images.

Edges, surfaces A and B

Datum surfaces A and B are identical on
A each mating part, deviations act in the
opposite direction.
B

Hole axis A
– for hole pattern sub-system,
– for pipe flange
Hole A mates with the hole in the counter-
part.
A


 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
8 Workpiece Positional Deviations
Workpiece Variation / Cause Workpiece Variation / Cause
1 Skewed housing. 8 Skewed and non-
Angularity and aligned holes.
Perpendicularity error. Holes not coaxial.

9 Tilted flange joint

surface.
Axial run-out with respect
2 Twisted plane. to the bearing seat
Unevenness and
parallelism error with
reference to the supporting OR
surface.
3 Shaft with wobbling 10 Hole pattern
end face. displaced.
Axial run-out with respect Positional error with
to the bearing seat. reference to the central
hole.

4 Shaft with skewed 11 Slot displaced.

bearing seats. Symmetry error with
reference to the shaft axis.

Coaxial- and straightness

deviation of the bearing
seat.
5 Impacting wheel seat. 12 Skewed stud screw.
Radial run-out with Perpendicularity error
reference to the bearing (positional error) of the
seats. thread with reference to
the contact surface

6 Eccentric, badly 13 Skewed key groove.

supporting shaft seat.
Symmetry
Overall deviation with
concentricity reference to the shaft axis.
deviation with reference to
the bearing seats.
7 Bent shaft. 14 Imbalanced wheel.
coaxial deviation of the Concentricity deviation
bearing seats, and axial run-out with
straightness reference to the hub.
deviation from the
common axis.
OR


 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
Symbols for geometrical characteristics
Tolerances Characteristics Symbol Datum needed Subclause
Straightness no 18.1

Flatness no 18.2

Roundness no 18.3
Form
Cylindricity no 18.4

Profile any line no 18.5

Profile any surface no 18.7

Parallelism yes 18.9

Perpendicularity yes 18.10

Orientation Angularity yes 18.11

Profile any line yes 18.6

Profile any surface yes 18.8

Position yes or no 18.12

Concentricity (for centre points) yes 18.13

Coaxiality (for axes) yes 18.13

Location
Symmetry yes 18.14

Profile any line yes 18.6

Profile any surface yes 18.8

Circular run-out yes 18.15

Run-out
Total run-out yes 18.16

Ref: ISO 1101


 SUMMARY:
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
Additional symbols
Description Symbol Reference

Toleranced feature indication Clause 7

A A
Datum feature indication Clause 9 and ISO 5459

Ø2
Datum target indication ISO 5459
A1

Theoretically exact dimension 50 Clause 11

Projected tolerance zone P Clause 13 and ISO 10578

Maximum material requirement M Clause 14 and ISO 2692

Least material requirement L Clause 15 and ISO 2692

Free state condition (non-rigid parts) F Clause 16 and ISO 10579

All around (profile) Subclause 10.1

Envelope requirement E ISO 8015

Common zone CZ Subclause 8.5
Minor diameter LD Subclause 10.2
Major diameter MD Subclause 10.2
Pitch diameter PD Subclause 10.2
Line element LE Subclause 18.9.4
Not convex NC Subclause 6.3
Any cross-section ACS Subclause 18.13.1

Ref: ISO 1101

Former Practice: Not for new documents

common zone
0,2 0,1
0,2

10