Soe Edbn 2531 Social Scie 2

mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y- 2
†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 2531
e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb (weGW) †cÖvMÖvg
gwWDj: 4 I 5
iPbvq
W. mybxj KvwšÍ †`
mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
(BDwbU: 4, Awa‡ekb: 1, 2, 3, 4; BDwbU: 5, Awa‡ekb: 5, 6, 7, 8)
W. †mwjbv Av³vi
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
(BDwbU: 7, Awa‡ekb: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24)
W. G Gm Gg †Mvjvg giZzRv
(BDwbU: 7, Awa‡ekb: 25, 26; BDwbU: 8, Awa‡ekb: 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32)
jvfjx AvLZvi Wwj
(BDwbU: 5, Awa‡ekb: 9, 10, 11, 12; BDwbU: 7, Awa‡ekb: 13, 14, 15, 16)
m¤úv`bvq
mvwKev †di‡`Šmx
cÖfvlK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
(BDwbU: 4, Awa‡ekb: 1, 2, 3, 4; BDwbU: 5, Awa‡ekb: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12;
BDwbU: 7, Awa‡ekb: 13, 14, 15, 16)
†gvt Rûiæj Bmjvg
cÖfvlK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
(BDwbU: 7, Awa‡ekb: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26;
BDwbU: 8, Awa‡ekb: 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32)
¯‹j
z Ae GW‡y Kkb
evsjv‡`k D›g³
y wekwe`¨vjq
Working For Quality
evsjv‡`k D›g³
y wekwe`¨vjq
i
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y- 2
EDBN 2531
weGW †cÖvMÖvg
cÖKvkKvj
cÖ_g gy`ªY
GwcÖj, 2009
cÖ_g cwigvwR©Z gy`ªY
†m‡Þ¤î, 2010
cyb gy`ªY
b‡f¤î, 2011
gvP©, 2013
†deªæqvwi, 2014
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
†cBR †j-AvDU
kvnveywÏb †gvjøv
ISBN: 984-34-0088-7
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi- 1705|
gy`ª‡Y
evsjv evRvi †cÖm GÛ cvewj‡KkÝ
XvKv- 1100|
ii
f~wgKv
Ávb I `ÿZvi cÖZxwZ-cÖcÂ mZZ cwieZ©bkxj| AvR‡Ki Ávb I `ÿZv fwel¨‡Zi P¨v‡jÄ
†gvKv‡ejvq h‡_ó n‡e bv- GUvB ¯^vfvweK| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwbqZ G †ÿÎmg~‡ni bevqb I
AvaywbKxKiY|
wkÿv I wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi cÖvwZôvwbK aviv G Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖvq `yBkZ eQi a‡i P‡j
Avm‡Q| AZx‡Zi G wkÿv`vb c×wZ wQj A‡bKvs‡k ¸iæ Z_v wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK| wkÿv`v‡bi G aviv
Ggb wK wesk kZvãxi †kl cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ P‡j AvmwQj| eZ©gv‡b G wPšÍvavivi e¨vcK cwieZ©b
N‡U‡Q| AvaywbK wkÿv`vb c×wZ wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK I Kg©wfwËK| GQvovI wkÿY-wkLb wel‡q
wek¦e¨vcx wbZ¨ bZzb wPšÍvavivi D™¢e NU‡Q| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k G¸‡jv Abym„Z n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k
Gi cÖeZ©b GLb mg‡qi `vwe|
Gme AvaywbK wek¦Rbxb wPšÍvaviv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv eë¯’vq cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿvi
gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi e¨vcK D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| Gi avivevwnKZvq 2005 mv‡j M„nxZ nq
Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project (TQI-SEP)| G
cÖK‡íi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gvb Dbœqb I AvaywbKvq‡bi
gva¨‡g gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿY-wkL‡bi gv‡bvbœqb| †Kbbv GKgvÎ AvaywbK gvbm¤úbœ
cÖwkwÿZ wkÿ‡Ki gva¨‡gB gvbm¤§Z wkÿv`vb m¤¢e|
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gv‡bvbœq‡b B‡Zvc~‡e© †mwmc cÖK‡íi AvIZvq weGW wkÿvµ‡g
e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvab Kiv nq| cÖYqb Kiv nq AvaywbK I wek¦gv‡bi wkÿvµg| wUwKDAvB-†mc
cÖK‡íi D‡`¨v‡M 2006 mvj †_‡K G wkÿvµg RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gva¨‡g mKj miKvwi I
†emiKvwi wUwUwm-†Z ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q| miKv‡ii wm×všÍ Abymv‡i GKB mv‡_ Zv evsjv‡`k
D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vj‡q (evDwe) `~iwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡gI ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| G j‡ÿ¨
2008 mv‡j evDwe I wUwKDAvB-†mc cÖK‡íi g‡a¨ GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| G Pzw³ Abyhvqx
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb 2008-2009 wkÿvel© †_‡K GKB
wkÿvµ‡gi Aax‡b weGW †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b `~iwkÿ‡Y weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©iv gy‡LvgywL weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©‡ì mv‡_ Awfbœ
wkÿvµ‡gi gva¨‡g GKB gv‡bi weGW wWwMÖ AR©b Kivi my‡hvM cv‡”Q| G †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask G cvVmvgMÖx| eZ©gv‡b Dfq avivq GKB cvVmvgMÖx Pvjy i‡q‡Q| ¯‹zj Ae
GWz‡Kkb Ges wUwKDAvB-†mc Gi mswkøó Rb K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g G cvVmvgMÖÖx cÖYqb
K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Zuviv cÖksmvi `vwe`vi|
G cvVmvgMÖx‡Z wkÿY-wkL‡bi AvaywbK I wek¦gv‡bi wPšÍvavivi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k hy‡Mvc‡hvMx gvbm¤úbœ `ÿ wkÿKgÐjx ˆZwi Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e hviv evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡b `ÿ I BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡e|
cÖKí cwiPvjK Wxb

wUwKDAvB-†mc/cÖKí ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv| evsjv‡`k D›gy³
& wek¦we`¨vjq
iii
cvV wb‡`©kbv
wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_x©,
`~iwk¶Y gva¨‡g weGW †cÖvMÖv‡g fwZ© nIqvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb AvšÍwiK Awfb›`b
Rvbv‡”Q| ÔmvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-2Õ eBwU ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kk‡bi weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU ˆbe©vPwbK
†Kvm©eB| wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ QvovB Avcbviv hv‡Z wb‡R c‡o eBwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ †Kvm© eBwUi
Avw½K I Dc¯’vcbv cÖPwjZ cvVëB †_‡K wKQzUv wfbœ|
G eBwUi cvVë¯‘‡K PviwU BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU BDwb‡U Avevi GKvwaK Awa‡ekb
i‡q‡Q|
ÔmvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-2Õ †Kvm© eBwU cvV I Abykxj‡b Avcbvi KiYxq Kx?
 ¯^wkLb c×wZi g~j K_vB n‡jv wb‡R wb‡R c‡o †kLv Ges wb‡Ri †Póvq †kLv| Ab¨ K_vq, G
c×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri myweavg‡Zv mg‡q †kLvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nb| e¯‘Z G
D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb-Gi weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ †Kv‡m©i eB¸‡jv iwPZ| G‡Z
fveMZ HK¨ i¶v K‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‘‡K KZ¸‡jv BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi BDwbU¸‡jv‡K
KZ¸‡jv Awa‡ek‡b fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU Awa‡ekb cÖv_wgKfv‡e GKevi co‡Z Avcbvi 45/90
wgwbU mgq jvM‡e e‡j a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui †k‡l Avcwb wb‡RB wb‡Ri cv‡Vi
AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ cv‡Vi †k‡l i‡q‡Q g~j¨vqb cÖkœgvjv|
 we GW †cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kvm©eB covi mgq Kx Kx Kv‡Ri Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e?
 cvV I cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wb‡R wb‡R Kiæb| Avcbvi DËi¸‡jv mwVK n‡jv wK
bv, Zv cv‡Vi †k‡l †Ìqv ÔÔm¤¢ve¨ DËiÕÕ †`‡L hvPvB K‡i wbb|
 cvV I cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK n‡j cieZx© BDwb‡U GwM‡q hvb|
 Avcbvi DËi¸‡jv mwVK bv n‡j cvV¸‡jv Avevi co–b| cov †kl n‡j cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi
cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Kiæb| DËi mwVK n‡j ci ci cv‡V GwM‡q hvb|
 †Kv‡bv cv‡V me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK bv n‡j †m cv‡Vi wbw`©ó Ask Avevi co–b| Gfv‡e
cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv †kl Kiæb|
eBwU‡Z †h mg¯Í wb‡`©kbvg~jK wPý eëüZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
 Avewk¨K cvV  c‡e©i KvR
 cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœgvjv m¤¢ve¨ DËi
 cvV mnvqK Avi Kx Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q we GW †cÖvMÖv‡g?

 ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb GB eBwU QvovI ¯’vbxq ÷vwW †m›Uv‡i Avcbvi Rb¨ cÖwZ mßv‡n wUD‡Uvwiqvj
Awa‡ek‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gme Awa‡ek‡b †hvM w`‡q Avcwb eBwU co‡Z wM‡q †Kv‡bv
mgm¨vq co‡j †m wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© I wb‡`©kbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Avcbv‡ì
cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wUDUi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Awa‡ekb¸‡jv †kªwYK‡¶ cÖwk¶K-cÖwk¶Yv_x© gy‡LvgywL †KŠk‡jI
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GQvov ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb †eZvi I wUwf‡Z cÖwZ mßv‡n Avcbvi Rb¨ cvV welqe¯‘wfwËK Awa‡ek‡bi
eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Avcwb wba©vwiZ mg‡q N‡i e‡m Gme Awa‡ek‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
iv
m~wPcÎ
BDwbU Awa‡ekb Awa‡ek‡bi wk‡ivbvg c„ôv
1 mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶Y wkLb DcKiY 11
BDwbU 4: wkÿY-wkLb
mvgMÖx I wkÿv‡cvKiY
msMÖn Ges Dbœqb
2 `yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv I 21
i¶Yv‡e¶Y
3 ¯^íg~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY 28
4 mnvqK cy¯ÍK Ges wfwWI, wUwf I B›Uvi‡bU 38
5 we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Gi cwi‡ek 47
ˆZwiKiY
BDwbU 5: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †kªwY‡Z mKj wkÿv_x©i Pvwn`v
6 cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g 54

eënv‡i m¶gZv e„w× Kiv
7 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y 63
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi eënvi
c~i‡Yi Dcvq
8 wkLb m¶gZvi wfbœZvi wfwË‡Z `jMZ KvR, mZx_© wk¶Y 71

Ges we¯Í…Z Kvh©µg MÖnY
9 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y 80
10 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì AR©b wbY©q 87
11 †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x© Df‡qiB AvMÖn a‡i ivLv 93
12 †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x©‡K wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ 99
wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji cwiKíbv Kiv
13 wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: AvbyôvwbK I 107
BDwbU 7: wkÿY-wkLb
AbvbyôvwbK
Kvh©µ‡g mgwš^Z
g~j¨hvPvB
14 wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK 116

15 g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb 121
16 cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ Ges g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv 129
v
BDwbU Awa‡ekb Awa‡ek‡bi wk‡ivbvg
17 †jLvi gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, g‡bvfve I 136
g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZôv
18 mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbv I AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB 146
BDwbU 7: wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g mgwš^Z g~j¨hvPvB
Kv‡Ri cix¶vKiY
19 QÙwk¶Y I djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri 158
cix¶vKiY
20 †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶v cÖYqb 172
21 †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb: b¤î cÖ`v‡bi 186
gvb`Û
22 we`¨vjq cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb 198
23 we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb: b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP, b¤î 209
hvPvB I ms‡kvab
24 wk¶v_©xi djvdj msi¶Y I Zv‡ì AR©b cwiex¶Y 221
25 Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (mgvRweÁvb, 238
BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj) cÖkœcÎ cix¶vKiY
26 Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (†cŠibxwZ, 254
A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv
wk¶v) cÖkœcÎ cix¶vKiY
27 mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: fv‡jv cVb I wkLb 274
Af¨vm - 1
BDwbU 8: mvgvwRK weÁv‡b ¯^-wkLb
28 mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: fv‡jv cVb I wkLb 285

Af¨vm - 2
29 mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: mvgvwRK weÁvb 295
cyb:cv‡Vi †KŠkj
30 avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ 302
Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœqb
31 avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y 313
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
32 avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: beZi wk¶Y aviYv 323
MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶‡Ki wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMxKiY
m~Î wb‡`©k I mnvqK MÖš’ 334
vi
gwWDj 4
vii
BDwbU: 4
wkÿY-wkLb mvgMÖx I wkÿv‡cvKiY msMÖn Ges Dbœqb
Awa‡ekb- 1 : mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY

Awa‡ekb- 2 : `yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv I
i¶Yv‡e¶Y
Awa‡ekb- 3 : ¯^íg~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY
Awa‡ekb- 4 : mnvqK cy¯ÍK Ges wfwWI, wUwf I B›Uvi‡bU
viii
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW
BDwbU- 4 Awa‡ekb- 1
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY

f~wgKv:
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ m¤úwK©Z h_vh_ DcKiY wbe©vPb Ges DcKi‡Yi
eënvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| cvV`v‡b DcKi‡Yi eënvi GKw`‡K wk¶Y-
wkLb Kvh©µg‡K mnR K‡i Ab¨w`‡K cvV`vb‡K AvKl©Yxq I Avb›``vqK K‡i †Zv‡j|
GKRb wk¶‡Ki mdjfv‡e †kªwYK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡jv cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡ek
Kiv| †mB cÖ¯‘wZi mv‡_ cvV m¤úwK©Z DcKiY wbe©vPb Ges h_vh_ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKRb wk¶K mdjfv‡e cvV`vb Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kv‡RB
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`vb Kvh©µ‡g wk¶v DcKiY eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

 wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b eënvi Dc‡hvMx DcKi‡Yi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY¸‡jvi †kªwYwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b DcKi‡Yi aviYv I DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv
 cÖ¯‘ZKiY
†h me miÄvg, hš¿cvwZ ev wRwbmcÎ eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì Kíbvkw³ RvwM‡q †Zvjv

hvq Ges wkL‡b welqe¯‘ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q mnR, AvKl©Yxq, †evaMg¨ I `xN©¯’vqx K‡i †Zvjv
hvq Zv‡K wk¶v DcKiY ev wk¶v mnvqK DcKiY ejv nq| mvgvwRK weÁv‡b cvV`vb‡K
AvKl©Yxq I Avb›``vqK Kivi j‡¶¨ Qwe, PvU,© g‡Wj, bKkv, gvbwPÎ, †evW© BZ¨vw`
eënvi Kiv nq|
11
mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿY- 2
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` wb‡gœi Q‡K ewY©Z mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ Kx
DcKiY eënvi Kiv hvq Zv Q‡K wjLyb|
we kvcjv †jey c„w_ex GKZviv wmivR Puv` Bwjk knx`-
l ‡Mvjvc Kgjv euvwk D‡ÏŠjv gvQ wgbvi
q
D
c
K
i
Y
12
ce©- L: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vq eëüZ DcKi‡Yi †kªwYwefvM


mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
1| `„wó wbf©i,
2| kÖæwZ wbf©i
3| kªeY-`k©b wbf©i DcKiY
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, e„‡Ëi g‡a¨ D‡jøwLZ wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY¸‡jv †Kvb ch©vq fy³ n‡e
wb‡gœi Q‡K †kªwY wefvM Kiæb|
gvbwPÎ RZxq cZvKv †cv÷vi †iwWI

K¨v‡mU †cøqvi Qwe PvU© wUwf
wfwmAvi wfwmwW
wmwW g‡Wj wWwfwW
Kw¤úDUvi
13
`k©bg~jK kªeYg~jK kªeY- `k©b g~jK
ce©- M: wk¶v DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

 mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`vb‡K AvKl©Yxq I Avb›``vqK Kivi j‡¶¨ †h mKj Qwe, PvU©,
g‡Wj, bKkv, gvbwPÎ, †Møve BZ¨vw` eënvi Kiv nq Zv n‡jv wk¶v‡cvKiY| Gme
DcKiY eënvi wk¶v_x©i wkLb‡K mnR, ¯’vqx, cÖvYešÍ I ü`qMÖvnx K‡i| wk¶Y-wkLb
cÖwµqv‡K †evaMg¨, djcÖm~ Ki‡Z, Ges wk¶v_x©i Kíbvkw³i weKvk NUv‡Z
wk¶v‡cvKi†Yi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v†b †cÖlYv I AvMÖn m„wó, g‡bv‡hvM
e„w×, cvV mnR‡eva¨ Ki‡Z, ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv e„w×, cvV cÖvYešÍKiY, mg‡qi mwVK
eënvi, eënvwiK Ávb AR©b, weg~Z© welq g~Z©KiY Ki‡Z DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Acwimxg|
14
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`v‡b wk¶v DcKiY eënv‡ii DwjøwLZ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Qvov Avcbvi g‡Z Avi Kx Kx Kvi‡Y wk¶v DcKiY eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q Zv
wb‡gœi Q‡K Kx (Key) c‡q‡›Ui gva¨‡g wjLyb|
wkÿv_x©i g‡Z
wkÿv DcKiY
eënv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
15
g~j wkLbxq welq

mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY
mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`vb‡K AvKl©Yxq I Avb›``vqK Kivi j‡¶¨ cv‡Vi welqe¯‘‡K mnR
 I †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj Qwe, PvU©, g‡Wj, bKkv, gvbwPÎ, †Møve eënvi Kiv nq Zv
n‡jv wk¶v‡cvKiY| Gme DcKiY eënvi wk¶v_x©i wkLb‡K mnR, ¯’vqx, cÖvYešÍ I
ü`qMÖvnx K‡i| cÖwZwU cv‡Vi wkLbdj Abyhvqx h_vh_ DcKiY wbe©vPb Avek¨K| †kªwY
cvV`v‡b wbe©vwPZ DcKiYwU Aek¨B h_vh_ I AvKl©Yxq n‡Z n‡e| ev¯Í‡ei mv‡_ wgj
†i‡L DcKiY wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi is, AvKvi, AvK…wZ h_vm¤¢e ev¯Íe n‡Z n‡e|
wk¶‡Ki cÖ¯‘wZ wk¶v eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| wk¶K cÖ¯‘wZ Qvov †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡ek
Ki‡j Kvh©Kifv‡e cvV`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| d‡j eë¯’vcbvq weNœ N‡U| wk¶‡Ki
†kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© welqe¯‘ I DcKi‡Yi eënvi m¤ú‡K© cÖ¯‘wZ †bqv Aek¨B
cÖ‡qvRb|
wbe©vwPZ wk¶v DcKiYmg~n wk¶K wb‡R ˆZwi A_ev msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| g‡b ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb DcKiYmg~n ¯’vbxq cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn KivUvB m‡e©vËg| DcKiY ˆZwi, msMÖn,
eënvi me‡¶‡ÎB wk¶‡Ki D‡`¨vM, cwiKíbv Ges wPšÍvfvebvi Qvc _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1| `„wó wbf©i DcKiY

2| kÖæwZ wbf©i DcKiY
1| `„wó wbf©i DcKiY
ev¯Íe e¯‘ DcKiY
cv‡Vi welqe¯‘i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe DcKiY cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq †hgb:
MvQ, cvZv, dzj, dj, RvZxq cZvKv, †cvkvK, ZvjcvZvi cvLv, gvwUi nvwo,
wewfbœ cÖKvi wkjv BZ¨vw`|
16
g‡Wj
Ni, evwo, kvcjv dyj, RvZxq cZvKv, ¯§„wZ‡mŠa, knx` wgbvi, †mZz, agx©q
cÖwZôvb, cvK©, Mvwo, cÖkvmwbK feb, gvbwPÎ, dzj, dj BZ¨vw`|
PvU©
cv‡Vi welqe¯‘y mswkøó PvU© †hgb: cï, cvwL, Lv‡`ï bv‡gi ZvwjKv, RvZxq wèm,
RvZxq cÖZxK, agx©q cÖwZôvb, ag©x©q Drme Abyôvb, ebR m¤ú`, RvZxq/ivóªxq
m¤ú`, kªgRxex gvbyl, b`x, mvK©fy³ †`‡ki RbmsL¨v, wewfbœ †`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ
BZ¨vw`|
Qwe
cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ mswkøó Qwe, †hgb: cÖvK…wZK `„k¨, agx©q cÖwZôvb, MvQcvjv,
cïcvwL, Lv`¨, dz‡ji evMvb, cvwLi wPÎ, gvbwPÎ, RvZxq cÖZxKmg~n, wewfbœ
†ckvi gvbyl, nvUevRvi, cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi wewfbœ wPÎ, wewfbœ †`‡ki wkï, wewfbœ
e‡iY¨ e¨w³, MvQ KvUvi Qwe, wewfbœ b„-RvwZ‡Mvôx‡ì Rxebaviv, knx` wgbvi,
†bŠKv evBP, †QvU cwievi, eo cwievi BZ¨vwì Qwe|
gvbwPÎ
c„w_ex, gnv‡`k, Dcgnv‡`k, evsjv‡`k, †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv, we`¨vjq BZ¨vwì
gvbwPÎ|
†cv÷vi
wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, cwi‡ek, RbmsL¨v, MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vwì †cv÷vi|
2. kÖæwZ wbf©i DcKiY

†iwWI, K¨v‡mU †cøqvi, wmwW †cøqvi BZ¨vw`|

wUwf, wfwmAvi, wfwmwW, wmwWig, wWwfwW, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw`|
wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g hw` weg~Z©Ávb g~Z© welqe¯‘i gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq Z‡e
wk¶v_x© Zv mn‡R MÖnY K‡i| Dchy³ wk‡¶vcKi‡Yi Øviv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘‡K
e¨vL¨v Ki‡j †m wk¶v n‡e RxešÍ I ¯^ZtùzZ©| Aciw`‡K mxwgZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ wk¶v_x©
A‡bK¸‡jv welqI wkL‡Z cv‡i| RxešÍ I bvUKxq Av‡e`b wk¶v_x©i Avb›`vbyf~wZ‡Z mvov
RvMvq| d‡j Zv‡ì AwfÁZvi gvÎv nq Mfxi I cÖmvwiZ| Zv‡ì Ávbjv‡fi AvKsLv nq
cÖej|
17
 ¯^í‡gav, cðvrc`, ¯’yjeyw×, cv‡V axiMwZ wk¶v_x©‡ì ïay cvV¨cy¯ÍK I e³…Zvi

gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb LyeB `yiƒn KvR| wk¶v DcKi‡Yi mnvqZv Zv‡ì Rb¨
Acwinvh©|
 wk¶v DcKiY ch©‡e¶Y, we‡kølY Ges ms‡kølY ¶gZv I `¶Zvi weKvk mvab
K‡i| D”PZi wk¶vi Rb¨ G ¶gZv Acwinvh©|
wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qi Kv‡QB mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ev

wk¶v‡cvKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi g‡Zv weÁvb wfwËK I Z_¨c~Y©
welq ïaygvÎ cvV¨cy¯ÍK ev wk¶‡Ki e³…Zvq AvqË Kiv mnR bq| wk¶‡Ki e³…Zvi mv‡_
mv‡_ bvbv ai‡bi DcKiY eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖZ¨¶ AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK
weÁvb wk¶v‡K cÖvYešÍ I ev¯ÍegyLx Kiv hvq| A‡bK mgq hv eY©bv Ki‡Z nvRvi nvRvi
k‡ãi ìKvi nq Zv GKwU gvÎ Qwe Øviv Zv mn‡RB †evSv‡bv hvq|
DcKiY eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K‡qKwU we‡kl w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1| †cÖlYv m„wó: AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ eûjvs‡k g‡bv‰eÁvwbK ZË¡‡Kw›`ªK| Gi

g~‡j i‡q‡Q †kªwY‡Z †cÖlYv m„wó Ges Zv a‡i ivLv| †kªwY cvV`v‡b DcKiY eënvi
Ki‡j †hgb †cÖlYv m„wó Kiv hvq, Ab¨ w`‡K Zv a‡iI ivLv hvq| Gi d‡j wk¶Y-
wkLb cÖwµqv mnRZi nq|
2| AvMÖn m„wó: wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn bv _vK‡j †Kv‡bv wKQzB Zv‡K †kLv‡bv hv‡e bv| DcKiY
eënv‡ii gva¨‡g †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn m„wó Kiv hvq| myZivs †kLv‡bvi KvRwUI
A‡bK mnR nq|
3| g‡bv‡hvM m„wó: wk¶v_x©‡ì †kªwY‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wk¶v`vb Kvh©µg

mv_©K I mdj n‡e bv Ges †ewk w`b g‡bI ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKiY
eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡bv‡hvM m„wó Kiv hvq Ges `xN©¶Y a‡i ivLv hvq|
18
4| mnR‡eva¨: DcKiY eënvi Qvov A‡bK mnR welqI wk¶v_x© eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi
DcKiY eënvi K‡i A‡bK KwVb welqI AwZ mn‡R †evSv‡bv hvq A_©vr welqe¯‘i
`y‡e©va¨Zv n«vm cvq| wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qB Ávb PP©vq Avb›` †eva K‡ib|
5| ¯’vqx Ávb: DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Ávb `xN©w`b ¯’vqx nq| A‡bK mgq mviv Rxeb
g‡b _v‡K| DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Ávb my¯úó I cwi”Qbœ e‡j Zv `xN©¯’vqx nq|
6| ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv e„w×: †kªwYK‡¶ DcKiY eënv‡ii gva¨‡g hLb wk¶K cvV
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib ZLb wk¶v_x©iv DcKiY‡K fv‡jv K‡i j¶¨ K‡i| G‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì
ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv e„w× cvq| GQvovI wk¶v_x©‡ì we‡kølY, AbymÜvb Ges Dcjwä
¶gZv e„w× cvq| wk¶v_x©iv DcKiY eënvi †KŠkjI wkL‡Z cv‡i|
7| cÖvYešÍKiY: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ welqe¯‘‡K cÖvYešÍKi‡Y Dchy³ DcKi‡Yi
f~wgKv e¨vcK| KwVb Ges KíbvcÖm~Z welqI DcKiY eënv‡i mnR n‡q D‡V| d‡j
Ávb AR©b mnR nq|
8| mg‡qi mwVK eënvi: eY©bvg~jK ev e³…Zvi gva¨‡g cvV`v‡bi †P‡q DcKiY
eënv‡ii gva¨‡g cvV`v‡b mgq A‡bK Kg jv‡M| mg‡qi mwVK eënv‡i A‡bK
‡ewk cvV`vb Kiv hvq| Avi wk¶v_x©ivI mn‡R wkL‡Z cv‡i|
9| eënvwiK Ávb: ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi †P‡q eënvwiK Ávb djcÖm~| ZvwË¡K Ávb ev¯Íe
Rxe‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq bv| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi Ávb me‡P‡q ‡ewk eënvi
†hvM¨| DcKiY eënv‡i wk¶v_x©i eënvwiK Ávb AwR©Z nq Ges wk¶v_x©iv ev¯Íe
Rxe‡b Zvi djcÖm~ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10| g~Z©KiY: mvgvwRK weÁv‡b weg~Z© welq i‡q‡Q †hgb: mgvR, mvgvwRK mgm¨v, A¶
†iLv, `ªvwNgv †iLv, welye †iLv, evqyPvc ejq BZ¨vw`| G mg¯Í wel‡qi g‡Wj, PvU©,
wPÎ eënvi K‡i welqe¯‘‡K weg~Z© †_‡K g~Z© Kiv hvq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e êÁvwbK
wel‡q ÁvbvR©‡b wk¶v DcKiY we‡klfv‡e mnvqK|
11| êÁvwbK `„wófw½ m„wó: †kªwYK‡¶ DcKiY eënv‡ii d‡j wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ êÁvwbK
`„wófw½ m„wó nq|
19
g~j¨vqb

cÖk-œ 1. wk¶v DcKiY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wk¶v DcKiY eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
cÖk-œ 2. D`vniYmn wewfbœ cÖKvi wk¶v DcKiY eY©bv Kiæb| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-
wkL‡b eënvi‡hvM¨ wk¶v DcKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K:
we kvcjv †jey c„w_ex GKZviv wmivR Puv` Bwjk knx`-

l ‡Mvjvc Kgjv euvwk D‡ÏŠjv gvQ wgbvi
q
Qwe Qwe Qwe Qwe Qwe Qwe Qwe Qwe
D †cv÷KvW© †cv÷KvW© †Møve †Møve WvK wUwf WvK- wUwf
c Kvc‡oi/ gvwUi dj wUwf wUwf wUwKU B›Uvi‡bU wUwKU B.‡bU
K KvM‡Ri ev¯Íe dj B.‡bU wmwW B.‡bU wfwWI B.‡bU
i dzj wfwWI K¨‡mU wfwWI g‡Wj wfwWI wfwWI
Y ev¯Íe dzj B›Uvi‡bU g‡Wj
wfwWI
ce©- L:
wb‡R Kiæb
ce©- M:
wb‡R Kiæb
20
`yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv I i¶Yv‡e¶Y
f~wgKv:
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`vb Kvh©µ‡g †h mKj DcKiY eënvi Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨ mvaviY,
we‡kl, `yj©f, AcÖZzj Ges ¯^í g~‡jï DcKiY i‡q‡Q| G mKj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv I
h_v¯’v‡b msi¶Y Kiv AZxe Riæwi| KviY msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v bv wb‡j DcKiY hZB ¯^í
g~j¨ I g~jëvb †nvK bv †Kb AwP‡iB †m¸‡jv bó n‡q hv‡e| Kv‡RB DcKiY¸‡jv‡K
h_vh_fv‡e msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| Ggbfv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡q mn‡R eënvi Kiv hvq|
D‡Ïk¨
 `yj©f Ges AcÖZzj wk¶vmvgMÖxi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb I wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 hš¿cvwZmn `yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb Ges
 hš¿cvwZmn `yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi i¶Yv‡e¶Y †KŠkj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: hš¿cvwZmn `yj©f Ges AcÖZzj wk¶vmvgMÖx wPwýZKiY I ZvwjKv
 cÖ¯‘ZKiY|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g eëüZ wk¶v DcKiY¸‡jv‡K wZb †kªwY‡Z wef³
Kiv hvq| (1) `yj©f DcKiY, †hgb-gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i (2) myjf DcKiY, †hgb-Qwe
(3) AcÖZzj DcKiY, †hgb-‡idv‡iÝ eB|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` wbgœewY©Z Q‡K mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`v‡b eëüZ hš¿cvwZmn myjf, `yj©f
I AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z KiæY|
21
`yj©f DcKiY myjf DcKiY AcÖZzj DcKiY
ce©- L: Kw¤úDUvi I Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZi eënvi

 Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci †jLv I wPÎ (wfwWI) ˆZwi,
msMÖn I cÖ`k©b m¤¢e| B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci †jLv, wPÎ, wfwWI
msMÖn Kiv hvq| kã-Gwb‡gkb BZ¨vwì mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv welq‡K RxešÍ K‡i cÖ`k©b m¤¢e|
welq ‡Kw›`ªK wmwW, wWwfwW eënvi Kiv hvq|
ce©- M: wk¶v DcKiY eë¯’vcbv I msi¶Y

 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi `yj©f hš¿cvwZ I AcÖZzj DcKiY GKwU wbw`©ó †kªwYK‡¶ A_ev
ÔmvgvwRK weÁvb j¨ve‡iUwiÕ‡Z msi¶Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v bv wb‡j
DcKiY hZB ¯^íg~j¨, g~jëvb ev AcÖZzj †nvK Zv AwP‡iB bó n‡q hv‡e| DcKiY
mw¾Z I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶ Avjgvwi, †Møve, e·, ÷¨vÛ, Wªqvi, i¨vK,
ey‡jwUb †evW© BZ¨vw` _vK‡Z n‡e| DcKiY¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e msi¶Y I mw¾Z Ki‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mn‡R eënvi Kiv hvq|
DcKiY eënv‡ii ci wba©vwiZ K‡¶ wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b DcKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx,

K¨vUvjMwfwËK msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Dc‡i bvg, msMÖ‡ni ¯’vb,
ZvwiL I msi¶‡Ki bvgmn GKwU msw¶ß Z_¨hy³ †j‡ej jvwM‡q w`‡Z n‡e| wk¶v
DcKi‡Yi msi¶Y K¶ kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z n‡j fv‡jv nq| K¶wU cwi”Qbœ n‡Z n‡e|
22
AZ¨vaywbK g~jëvb wk¶v DcKiYmg~n msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wbivcËvi welqwU

we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| KvV I euv‡ki ‰Zwi DcKiY hv‡Z †cvKvq bó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨
KxUbvkK Jla w`‡Z n‡e| †kªwYK‡¶ cª‡ek Ki‡jB †hb welqwUi GKwU my›ì I g‡bvig
cwi‡ek wk¶K-wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q aiv c‡o|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` wbgœewY©Z Q‡K †`qv mvgvwRK weÁv‡b eëüZ DcKiY¸‡jv msiw¶Z
ivLvi †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb|
†Kv_vq Ki‡eb? †K Ki‡eb? KLb Ki‡eb? Kxfv‡e Ki‡eb?
23
g~j wkLbxq welq
`yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv I i¶Yv‡e¶Y

mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`vb Kv‡j cÖ‡qvRb nq bvbvwea hš¿cvwZ I DcKi‡Yi| G mg¯Í
 DcKiY n‡Z cv‡i mvaviY, we‡kl, `yj©f hš¿cvwZ, AcÖZzj Ges ¯^íg~‡jï| `yj©f
DcKiY¸‡jv GKw`‡K †hgb Lye `vgx Ab¨w`‡K LyeB `y®cÖvc¨| Gme `yj©f hš¿cvwZ I
AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv I msi¶Y Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| ZvB DcKiY¸‡jvi eë¯’vcbv
I msi¶‡Yi cÖwZ bRi †`qv Riæwi| wb‡gœ hš¿vcvwZmn `yj©f I AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi GKwU
ZvwjKv †`qv nj:
`yj©f hš¿cvwZ AcÖZzj DcKiY

1. møvBW I møvBW cÖ‡R±i 1. gvbwPÎ
2. j¨vcUc ev Kw¤úDUvi 2. †Møve
3. gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i 3. esk ZvwjKv
4. IGBPwc 4. mgq ZvwjKv
5. GwcWvqv‡¯‹vc 5. HwZnvwmK wb`k©b
6. Wªwqs hš¿cvwZ 6. g‡Wj
7. Pjw”PÎ 7. †idv‡iÝ eB
8. †cv÷vi
9. bK&kv
24
hš¿cvwZmn `yj©f I AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi msi¶Y I eë¯’vcbv:
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi `yj©f hš¿cvwZ I AcÖZzj DcKiY GKwU wbw`©ó †kªwYK‡¶ msi¶‡Yi
h_vh_ eë¯’v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v bv wb‡j DcKiY hZB ¯^íg~j¨,
g~jëvb ev AcÖZzj †nvK Zv AwP‡iB bó n‡q hv‡e| cvV`vb Kv‡j Zv Avi eënvi Kiv
hv‡e bv| DcKi‡Yi Ac~Y©Zv, Î“wU wePz¨wZ, wek„•Lj Ae¯’vb wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g †bwZevPK
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| wk¶v`vb Kvh©µg‡K myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi j‡¶¨ hš¿cvwZmn `yj©f I
AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi eë¯’vcbv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| †kªwY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi j‡¶¨ mvgvwRK
weÁvb wel‡qi Rb¨ GKwU c„_K Ges AvqZKvi †kªwYK¶ _vK‡Z n‡e| ìRv Rvbvjv eo
n‡e| chv©ß Av‡jv evZvm cÖ‡e‡ki eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| DcKiY mw¾Z I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨
mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶ Avjgvwi, †Møve, e·, ÷¨vÛ, Wªqvi, i¨vK, ey‡jwUb †evW© BZ¨vw`
_vK‡Z n‡e| DcKiY¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e msi¶Y I mw¾Z Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq
mn‡R eënvi Kiv hvq|
cvV mswkøó cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY h_vh_fv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v`vb
cÖwµqv‡K Kvh©Kix, djcÖm~ I AvKl©Yxq K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î †hgb wk¶v
DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb fwel¨‡Z eënv‡ii Rb¨ DcKi‡Yi h_v_© msi¶Y Avek¨K|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi `yj©f I AcÖZzj DcKiY i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi †¶‡Î wbgœwjwLZ bxwZgvjv
AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e:
1| †kªwYK‡¶ `yj©f hš¿cvwZ I AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi djcÖm~ eënv‡ii ci wba©vwiZ

K‡¶ wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b DcKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| K¶wU cwi”Qbœ n‡Z n‡e| wk¶v DcKi‡Yi msi¶Y K¶ kxZvZvc wbqwš¿Z n‡j
fv‡jv nq|
3| wk¶v DcKiY K¶wU Aek¨B KxUcZ½ Ges RxevYy gy³ n‡Z n‡e|
25
4| AZ¨vaywbK g~jëvb wk¶v DcKiYmg~n msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wbivcËvi

welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| wk¶v DcKiY msi¶YvMv‡i wba©vwiZ e¨w³e‡M©i hvZvqvZ mywbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| wk¶v DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ msi¶Y K‡¶ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K

AvmevecÎ web¨šÍ _vK‡Z n‡e|
7| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi f½yi I cPbkxj wk¶v DcKiY Avjv`vfv‡e ivL‡Z

n‡e|
8| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cPbkxj wk¶v DcKiY cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY cvwb I digvwjb

w`‡q msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| KvV I euv‡ki ‰Zwi DcKiY hv‡Z †cvKvq bó Ki‡Z
bv cv‡i †mRb¨ KxUbvkK Jla w`‡Z n‡e|
9| msi¶Y K‡¶ DcKiYmg~n‡K K¨vUvjM wfwËK Avjv`v fv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z

n‡e|
10| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi DcKiY msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î AvenvIqv, cÖK…wZ Ges FZz‡f‡ì
Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
11| msi¶YvMv‡i we‡ùviK `ªe¨, LwbR, cv_i Ges wkjv BZ¨vw`‡K c×wZMZfv‡e
msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
12| cÖ‡Z¨KwU wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Dc‡i bvg, msMÖ‡ni ¯’vb, ZvwiL I msi¶‡Ki bvgmn
GKwU msw¶ß Z_¨hy³ †j‡ej jvwM‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
ïaygvÎ wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn, msi¶Y Ges eënvi bxwZ Rvbv _vK‡jB Pj‡e bv eis Zvi
h_v_© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ GKRb Av`k© wk¶‡Ki mwVK Kg©ZrciZvi gva¨‡gB
wk¶v DcKi‡Yi djcÖm~ eënvi mywbwðZ Kiv hvq|
g~j¨vqb
 cÖk-œ 1. `~j©f I AcÖZzj wk¶v DcKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
cÖk-œ 2. mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g eëüZ `~j©f I AcÖZzj wk¶v DcKiY
msi¶Y I eë¯’vcbv eY©bv Kiæb|
26
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K:
`yj©f DcKiY myjf DcKiY AcÖZzj DcKiY
møvBW I møvBW cÖ‡R±i gvbwPÎ gvbwPÎ
gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i Qwe †Møve
IGBPwc PvU© esk ZvwjKv/mgq ZvwjKv
Kw¤úDUvi/j¨vcUc/¯‹¨vbvi †cv÷vi cÖf„wZ wPÎ/Qwe
GwcWvqv‡¯‹vc PvU©
Wªwqs hš¿cvwZ g‡Wj
Pjw”PÎ cÖf„wZ †idv‡iÝ eB cÖf„wZ
ce©- L:
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- M:
wb‡R Kiæb|
27
¯^íg~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY

f~wgKv:
Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k Ggb A‡bK AeëüZ mnRjf¨ †djbv wRwbmcÎ i‡q‡Q hvi Øviv
Avgiv mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Yi A‡bK DcKiY G‡Kev‡i webvg~‡j¨ A_ev ¯^íg~‡j¨ ˆZwi
Ki‡Z cvwi| G mKj DcKiY ‰Zwii mgq GKw`‡K †hgb DcKiY cvV`v‡b mnvqK wKbv,
DcKiYvwì ¯’vwqZ¡, †mŠ›`h© BZ¨vw` we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z nq †Zgwb DcKiY msi¶Y I
eënv‡i mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
D‡Ïk¨
 ¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwii we‡eP¨ w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb Ges
 ¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi eënv‡i mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ¯^íg~j¨ I webvg~‡jï wk¶v DcKi‡Yi aviYv jvf

¯^í g~‡jï DcKiY: †h mg¯Í DcKiY bvg gvÎ g~‡j¨ †Kbv hvq ev ˆZwi Kiv hvq Zv‡K
¯^í g~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY e‡j|
webvg~‡jï DcKiY: †kªwY cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í DcKiY webv e¨‡q nv‡Z ‰Zwi Kiv nq,
Zv‡K webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY e‡j| ¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y wkLb
DcKiY ˆZwii Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki AvšÍwiKZv, cwiKíbv Ges cÖ‡Póvi ¸iæZ¡ mev©waK|
wk¶v_©xiv Gme DcKiY ˆZwi‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i ev¯Íe Ávb I AwfÁZv AR©‡b mg_© nq|
28
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` Avmyb Gevi Avgiv wb‡Pi Q‡K mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`v‡b eëüZ ¯^í
g~‡jï DcKiY I webvg~‡jï DcKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|
¯^í g~‡j¨vi DcKiY webvg~‡jï DcKiY
29
ce©- L: ¯^íg~j¨ I webvg~‡jï DcKiY ˆZwi|

 wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` wb‡gœ DwjøwLZ mnRjf¨ ¯’vbxq m¤ú` w`‡q Avcwb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
cvV`v‡b eëüZ Kx Kx DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡gœi Q‡K cÖ¯‘Z
Kiæb|
Le‡ii KvMR, cv_‡ii UzKiv, Qzwi, KuvwP, †evW©, †kvjv, K¨v‡jÛv‡ii Qwe, Zvi, ivevi e¨vÛ,
AvVv, ¯‹P‡Uc, gvK©vi‡cb, G¨vUjvm, gvwU, evjy, †cv÷vi †ccvi, cyivZb g¨vMvwRb, wewfbœ
is‡qi cyiv‡bv Kvco|
mnRjf¨ ¯’vbxq m¤ú` DcKi‡Yi weeiY
KvMR, †evW©
KvMR, †evW©, KvV
Kv`vgvwU
gvwUi Kjm, KvMR,
†evW©
KvV, euvk, †evW©, wUb
cyiv‡bv Kvco
KvMR/†evW©
30
ce©- M: ¯^íg~‡jï DcKiY ˆZwii Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki we‡eP¨ w`K


wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY¸‡jv wk¶v‡K ev¯Íe, welqe¯‘‡K RxešÍ I Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i
†Zv‡j| ZvB mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v‡bi mgq wk¶K‡K bvbv ai‡bi wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi I
eënvi Ki‡Z nq| ¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwii mgq wk¶v_©xi
eqm, mvg_©, AvMÖn, iæwP Ges cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v, Kg Li‡P ev Kg mg‡q ˆZwi m¤¢e wKbv
we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q mnR I g~Z© K‡i
†Zvjv| wKš‘ wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwi, msMÖn I msi¶Y Ki‡jB †m D‡Ïk¨ mdj n‡q
hvq bv| †mRb¨ ìKvi DcKiYmg~‡ni h_v_© eënvi wbwðZ Kiv| wk‡¶vcKi‡Yi mwVK
eënv‡ii Rb¨ mswkøó DcKi‡Yi ZvwË¡K I eënvwiK aviYv _vKv ìKvi| ¯^í g~‡jï I
webvg~‡jï DcKiY eënv‡ii j‡¶¨ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †hgb: wk¶‡Ki c~e©
cÖ¯‘wZ, wk¶v‡cvKiY evQvB, D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv BZ¨vw`|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` ¯^íg~‡jï DcKiY ˆZwii Rb¨ GKRb wk¶K Avi Kx Kx welq‡K
we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z cv‡ib e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib Zv wb‡gœi Q‡K cvuPwU ev‡K¨ wjLyb|
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
31
g~j wkLbxq welq

¯^íg~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY
Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ †djbv KvV, KvMR, AvmevecÎ, wUb, Zvi Ges bvbvb
 miÄvgvw`| G mg¯Í AeëüZ `ªe¨vw` w`‡q mvgvb¨ is, AvVv, †c‡iK, Zvi wK‡b ˆZwi Kiv
hvq cvV`vb mnvqK bvbv DcKiY| Kg g~‡j¨ ev webvg~‡jï ˆZwiK…Z Gme DcKi‡Yi
¸iæZ¡ wk¶v †¶‡Î Acwimxg| G‡Z GKw`‡K A_©‰bwZK mvkªq nq Ab¨w`‡K DbœZ
cvV`v‡bi DcKiYI ˆZwi nq|
¯^í g~‡jï DcKiY: †h mg¯Í DcKiY bvg gvÎ g~‡j¨ †Kbv hvq ev ˆZwi Kiv hvq Zv‡K
¯^í g~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY e‡j|
webvg~‡jï DcKiY: †kªwY cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í DcKiY webv e¨‡q nv‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq,
Zv‡K webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY e‡j| wb‡P K‡qKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv:
¯^í g~‡jï DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv webvg~‡jï DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv

1| KvMR ev Kv‡Vi ˆZwi we`¨vjq, 1| Kv`v gvwU, nvW©‡evW© Øviv ˆZwi
evmM„n cvnvo-ce©Z, Av‡MœqwMwii g‡Wj
2| †mŠi RM‡Zi g‡Wj 2| †kvjv, cvU w`‡q ˆZwi wewfbœ
3| KvMR ev Kv‡Vi ˆZwi †kªwY K¶ DcKiY
4| mvgvwRK ev A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki 3| Kv`v gvwU Øviv ˆZwi b`x I b`xi
Qwe Dr‡mi g‡Wj
5| gvbwPÎ, bKkv 4| cyivbv K¨v‡jÛv‡i ˆZwi wPÎ, PvU© I
6| Drcv`‡bi PvU©, m¤ú‡ì PvU© bKkv
7| m~‡h©i Ae¯’v‡bi wPÎ 5| †kvjv w`‡q ˆZwi dzj
8| Kj‡mi Dc‡i AswKZ wek¦gvbwPÎ 6| wW‡gi k³ c„ô w`‡q ‰Zwi gvbwPÎ
9| †jvnvi Zvi Øviv †Møve I A¶vsk- Ges wewfbœ bKkv
`ªvwNgvs‡ki g‡Wj
32
¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwii Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki AvšÍwiKZv,
cwiKíbv Ges cÖ‡Póvi ¸iæZ¡ mev©waK| wk¶v_©xiv Gme DcKiY ˆZwi‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i
ev¯Íe Ávb I AwfÁZv AR©‡bI mg_© nq|
¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwii we‡eP¨ w`K

wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY¸‡jv wk¶v‡K ev¯Íe, welqe¯‘‡K RxešÍ I Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i
†Zv‡j| ZvB mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v‡bi mgq wk¶K‡K bvbv ai‡bi wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi I
eënvi Ki‡Z nq| ¯^í g~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwii mgq ZvB
wk¶K‡K †h †h welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv:
1| wk¶v_©xi eqm, mvg_©¨, AvMÖn, iæwP Ges cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v|

2| cwiKwíZ DcKi‡Yi Dcv`vb¸‡jv mnRjf¨ wK bv|
3| m¤¢ve¨ DcKiYwU wk¶v_©xi cvV MÖn‡Y h‡_ó mnvqK wK bv|
4| †Kvb †KŠkj ev cš’v Aej¤^b Ki‡j DcKiYwU mev©waK Dc‡hvMx n‡e|
5| Kg Li‡P ev Kg mg‡q, mn‡R ˆZwi m¤¢e wK bv|
6| †kªwY cvV`v‡b eënvi Kiv hv‡e wK bv|
7| cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z eënvi Kiv hv‡e wK bv|
8| m¤¢ve¨ DcKiYwUi ¯’vwqZ¡ Kxfv‡e evov‡bv hvq|
9| DcKiYwUi †mŠ›`h© Kxfv‡e evov‡bv hvq|
wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY eënvi mZK©Zv:

wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q mnR I g~Z© K‡i
†Zvjv| wKš‘ wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwi, msMÖn I msi¶Y Ki‡jB †m D‡Ïk¨ mdj n‡q
hvq bv| †mRb¨ ìKvi DcKiYmg~‡ni h_v_© eënvi wbwðZ Kiv| wk¶v‡cvKi‡Yi mwVK
eënv‡ii Rb¨ †hgb GKw`‡K mswkøó DcKi‡Yi ZvwË¡K I eënvwiK aviYv _vKv ìKvi
†Zgwb h_v cÖ‡qvR‡b h_vmg‡q ¯^í g~‡jï I webvg~‡jï DcKiY eënv‡ii j‡¶¨ wb‡gœv³
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb:
wk¶‡Ki c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ: wbw`©ó DcKiY m¤ú‡K© c~e© aviYv I eënv‡ii †KŠkj Rvbv _vK‡j
†kªwY‡Z DcKiY eënvi Kvh©Kixfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| ZvB DcKiY eënv‡i wk¶‡Ki
c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ AZ¨vek¨K|
33
wk¶v‡cvKiY evQvB: wk¶v_x©i eqm, Pvwn`v I cvwicvwk¦©KZv wePvi K‡i wk¶v‡cvKiY

eënv‡ii Rb¨ evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv: wk¶K wb‡R wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY eënv‡ii KviY I D‡Ïk¨
m¤ú‡K© mZK© _vK‡eb| wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY eënvi K‡i D‡Ïk¨ KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡jv †m
w`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡eb|
Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq eënvi: wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY¸‡jv †kªwYK‡¶ mnRjf¨ n‡Z n‡e|

wk¶K †kªwY‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq DcKi‡Yi cÖm½ Avm‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ †hb DcKiY Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| DcKiY eënv‡ii ci †mwU wk¶v_x©‡ì `„wói Avov‡j ivL‡Z n‡e| evievi
wk¶v_x©iv DcKi‡Yi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Zv‡ì cvV MÖn‡Yi g‡bv‡hvM bó n‡e|
eënv‡ii ci msi¶Y: †kªwY‡Z eënv‡ii ci wk¶v‡cvKiY¸‡jv wk¶K‡K wbR `vwq‡Z¡

wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b h_vh_fv‡e msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v DcKiY cÖ¯‘ZKiY, msMÖn, msi¶Y I eënvi

mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶K‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi, msMÖn, msi¶Y I h_vh_
eënvi Ki‡Z nq| G Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki cÖ¯‘wZ ìKvi| wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwii
c~‡e© wk¶K‡K KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e:
 DcKiY eënviKvix wk¶v_x©‡ì m„Rbx cÖwZfv|

 DcKiY eënviKvix wk¶v_x©‡ì eqm, mvg_©¨, AvMÖn, iæwP‡eva, I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v|
 DcKiY ˆZwii Dcv`vb¸‡jvi mnRjf¨Zv|
 ¯’vbxq KvPuvgv‡ji cÖvc¨Zv|
 cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DcKi‡Yi Dc‡hvwMZv|
 DcKiYwUi me©vwaK eënvi†hvM¨Zv|
 DcKiY eënv‡ii eû gvwÎKZv|
 ¯^íg~‡jï hš¿cvwZ eënv‡i m¤¢ve¨Zv|
 mgq I Li‡Pi wgZe¨wqZv|
 DcKiYwUi ¯’vwqZ¡|
 DcKiYwUi msi¶Y †hvM¨Zv|
 †kªwY‡Z eënvi †hvM¨Zv|
34
 DcKiYwUi enb myweav|

 †KŠZznj DÏxcKZv|
 êwPÎgqZv|
 ev¯ÍeZv|
 ˆkwíKZv|
¯’vbxq m¤ú` eënvi K‡i cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DcKiYmg~n

mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì mnvqZvq mnRjf¨ `ªe¨vwì mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v
DcKiYmg~n cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
 KvMR ev †ev‡W©i Dci wk¶v_x©iv wewfbœ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Qwe, M„n,
we`¨vjq BZ¨vwì Qwe, gvbwPÎ, bKmv AsKb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 KvMR, †evW©, KvV BZ¨vwì Øviv we`¨vjq, †kªYxK¶, evmM„n, AvmevecÎ, iv¯ÍvNvU,
†mŠiRMZ cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vwì g‡Wj ˆZix Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 cÖK…wZ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i wewfbœ FZz‡Z m~‡h©i Ae¯’vb, evZv‡mi Av`ªZv, ZvcgvÎv Ges
cÖK…wZ cwieZ©‡bi weeiYx PvU© ˆZix Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 wk¶v_x©iv Kv`vgvwU eënvi K‡i cvnvo, ce©Z, b`x, DcZ¨Kv BZ¨vwì g‡Wj ˆZix
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 ê`y¨wZK Zvi, e¨vUvix, ZvgvicvZ BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i †QvU †QvU êÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 e„wógvcK hš¿cvwZ ˆZwi K‡i ˆ`bw›`b e„wócvZ cwigvc K‡i MÖv‡di gva¨‡g Zv cÖKvk
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wefvM, †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv Ges Gme GjvKvi Drcbœ dmj I Ab¨vb¨
m¤ú‡ì PvU© ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 gvwUi Kjm, KvMR, †evW© BZ¨vw` w`‡q †Møve ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 KvV, euvk, †evW©, wUb BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i wewfbœ nvwZqv‡ii g‡Wj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 cyi‡bv Kvco eënvi K‡i HwZnvwmK †cvkvK cwi”Q` ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
35
 eqv‡g ev Abyiƒc †Kv‡bv cv‡Î ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ eënvi K‡i cÖK…Z e¯‘ msi¶Y Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
g~j¨vqb

cÖkœ: ¯^íg~‡jï I webvg~‡jï wk¶v DcKiY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? ¯^íg~‡jï Ges webvg~‡jï
wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ˆZwii we‡eP¨ w`K¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K:
¯^í g~‡jï DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv webvg~‡jï DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv

1| KvMR ev Kv‡Vi ˆZwi we`¨vjq, 1| Kv`v gvwU, nvW©‡evW© Øviv ˆZwi
evmM„n cvnvo-ce©Z, Av‡MœqwMwii g‡Wj
2| †mŠi RM‡Zi g‡Wj 2| †kvjv, cvU w`‡q ˆZwi wewfbœ DcKiY
3| KvMR ev Kv‡Vi ˆZwi †kªwY K¶ 3| Kv`v gvwU Øviv ˆZwi b`x I b`xi
4| mvgvwRK ev A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dr‡mi g‡Wj
Qwe 4| cyivbv K¨v‡jÛv‡i ˆZwi wPÎ, PvU© I
5| gvbwPÎ, bKkv bKkv

6| Drcv`‡bi PvU©, m¤ú‡ì PvU© 5| †kvjv w`‡q ˆZwi dzj
7| m~‡h©i Ae¯’v‡bi wPÎ 6| wW‡gi k³ c„ô w`‡q ‰Zwi gvbwPÎ
8| Kj‡mi Dc‡i AswKZ wek¦gvbwPÎ Ges wewfbœ bKkv
9| †jvnvi Zvi Øviv †Møve I A¶vsk-
`ªvwNgvs‡ki g‡Wj
36
ce©- L:
 KvMR ev †ev‡W©i Dci wk¶v_x©i wewfbœ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Qwe, M„n,
we`¨vjq BZ¨vwì Qwe, gvbwPÎ, bKkv|
 KvMR, †evW©, KvV BZ¨vw` Øviv we`¨vjq, †kªwYK¶, evmM„n, AvmevecÎ, iv¯ÍvNvU
†mŠiRMZ cvnvo-ce©Z, BZ¨vwì g‡Wj|
 Kv`vgvwU eënvi K‡i cvnvo, ce©Z, b`x, DcZ¨Kvi g‡Wj|
 gvwUi Kjm, KvMR, †evW© BZ¨vw` w`‡q †Møve|
 KvV, euvk, †evW©, wUb BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i wewfbœ g‡Wj|
 cyi‡bv Kvco eënvi K‡i HwZnvwmK †cvkvK-cwi”Q` ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wefvM, †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv Ges Gme GjvKvi Drcbœ dmj I Ab¨vb¨
m¤ú‡ì PvU©|
ce©- M:
wb‡R Kiæb|
37
mnvqK cy¯ÍK Ges wfwWI, wUwf I B›Uvi‡bU

f~wgKv:
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g cvV¨cy¯ÍK Acwinvh©| wKš‘ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mv‡_ bvbvwea mnvqK cy¯ÍK
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g Gi mv‡_ wkLb
mvgMÖx wnmv‡e wfwWI, †Uwjwfkb, B›Uvi‡bU cÖf„wZ hy³ n‡q‡Q| G mKj DcKiY wk¶v_x©i
Ávb, `¶Zv, iæwP, g‡bvfve cwieZ©‡b we‡kl Kvh©Ki Ges AvKl©Yxq gva¨g wnmv‡e
we‡ewPZ|
D‡Ïk¨
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b eëüZ mnvqK cy¯Í‡Ki ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z Ges
mnvqK cy¯Í‡Ki f~wgKv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b wk¶v‡cvKiY wnmv‡e wfwWI, ‡Uwjwfkb (wUwf) I

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui f~wgKv I ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b eëüZ mnvqK cy¯‡Í Ki ZvwjKv ˆZwi
 Ges mnvqK cy¯‡Í Ki f~wgKv
wk¶v`vb Kv‡h© wbw`©ó cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mv‡_ welq mswkøó mnvqK cy¯ÍK wk¶v_x©i Ávb‡K Av‡iv
kvwbZ K‡i| cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ewY©Z welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© AwaKZi Rvb‡Z n‡j mnvqK cy¯ÍK cVb-
cvVb Acwinvh©| mnvqK cy¯ÍK cVb-cvVb mswkøó wel‡q wk¶v_x©i Ávb I `¶Zv e„w×‡Z
mnvq‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` Gevi Avmyb Avgiv mvgvwRK weÁvb mswkøó GKwU mnvqK cy¯Í‡Ki ZvwjKv
38
wb‡gœi Q‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|
1| 1|
2| 2|
3| 3|
4| 4|
5| 5|
6| 6|
39
ce©- L: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b wk¶v‡cvKiY wnmv‡e ‡Uwjwfkb, wfwWI

 Ges B›Uvi‡b‡Ui f~wgKv I ¸iæZ¡
AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb eë¯’vq †Uwjwfkb, wfwWI AvKl©Yxq gva¨g| Pjw”PÎ, wPÎ I aŸwb
wWwfwW‡Z †iKW© Kiv nq| AZ:ci Kw¤úDUvi ev wfwWI †cøqv‡i cÖ`k©b Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b
wk¶v †¶‡Î Gi cÖ‡qvM j¶Yxq| GKRb wk¶v_x© Zvi myweavgZ mg‡q wfwWI †`‡L ev¯Íe
Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkL‡bi mgq wk¶‡Ki Dcw¯’wZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GKBfv‡e
†Uwjwfk‡b wk¶vg~jK Abyôvb †`‡L ev¯Íe Ávb I RxešÍ Z‡_ï mÜvb cvq| G cÖwµqvq
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg AvKl©Yxq I `xN©¯’vqx nq|
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g eZ©gvb we‡k¦ hy³ n‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s cÖwµqvq B›Uvi‡bU|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB mviv we‡k¦i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| e¨w³MZ `¶Zv I
†MvcbxqZv i¶v K‡i `ªæZ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| gyû‡Z©i g‡a¨ wek¦ jvB‡eªwi‡Z
cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq Ges wek¦ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| wk¶v_x©i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Z_¨ msMÖn I
msi¶Y Kiv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b wcÖ›U wb‡q †i‡L myweavgZ mg‡q cvV Kiv hvq|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Gevi Avmyb Avgiv Ôwk¶Y-wkLbÕ Kvh©µ‡g B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ‰ewkó¨ I ¸iæZ¡
kxl©K gvBÛg¨vwcswU c~iY Ki‡Z †Póv Kwi|
40
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g B›Uvi‡b‡Ui êwkó¨

I ¸iæZ¡
41
g~j wkLbxq welq
mnvqK cy¯ÍK Ges wfwWI, wUwf I B›Uvi‡bU

AvaywbK wk¶veë¯’vq êÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z wk¶Y-wkLb mvgMÖx I DcKi‡Yi eënv‡ii Dci
 wfwË K‡i cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb Kiv nq| G Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î Acwinvh© Ges
me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ cvV¨cy¯ÍK QvovI wk¶v‡¶‡Î bvbvwea mnvqK MÖš’ wk¶Y-wkLb Kv‡h©
we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| G mg¯Í DcKiY Ávb, `¶Zv, iæwP, g‡bvfve cwieZ©‡b Acwinvh©
f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q _v‡K| wb‡gœ mnvqK MÖ‡š’i GKwU ZvwjKv †`qv n‡jv:
mnvqK cy¯Í‡Ki ZvwjKv:

cÖwk¶Y g¨vby‡qj, wk¶K wb‡`©wkKv, mvgvwRK weÁvb Awfavb, j¨ve‡iUwi wb‡`©wkKv,
eënvwiK eB, msev`cÎ, mvgwqKx, RvY©vj, ¯§iwYKv, fy-wPÎvewj, cÖeÜ, Dcb¨vm, ¯§viK
MÖš’, cwi`k©b eB, ågY Kvwnwb, M‡elYv cÎ cÖf„wZ|
wk¶Y-wkLb mvgMÖx wnmv‡e wfwWI

wfwWI AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb eë¯’vi GKwU AvKl©Yxq gva¨g| wWwfwW†Z Pjw”PÎ, wPÎ I
aŸwb †iKW© Kiv hvq| cieZx©‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i A_ev wfwWI †cøqv‡i GwU cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
wk¶vq Gi cÖ‡qvM w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| GKB mv‡_ K_v †kvbv hvq Ges Qwe I `„k¨
†`Lv hvq, wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqv AvKl©Yxq I êwPÎgq nq, `~ieZ©x-`yM©g AÂj m¤ú‡K© Ávb
jvf Kiv hvq, wkLb `xN©¯’vqx nq| wfwWI K¨v‡mU Pvwj‡q eivei †kLv hvq, wb‡Ri ¯^vaxb
B”QvgZ mg‡q †kLv hvq, ev¯Íe Ávb AwR©Z nq, †kLvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv,
AweK…Z RxešÍ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq, wk¶v_x©iv mwµqfv‡e cv‡V Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i,
¯^Ztù~Z© wkLb nq|
wk¶Y-wkLb mvgMÖx wnmv‡e †Uwjwfkb

†Uwjwfkb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kªeY-`k©b wk¶v DcKiY| wk¶K wk¶vg~jK Abyôvbm~wP
42
wk¶v_x©‡ì †kªwYK‡¶ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib| evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb mn Ab¨vb¨ †Uwjwfkb P¨‡bj

A‡bK wk¶vg~jK Abyôvb cÖPvi K‡i _v‡K| G mg¯Í Abyôvb †_‡K A‡bK wKQz †kLvi Av‡Q
†hgb: evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wewfbœ wel‡qi wk¶vg~jK Abyôvb cÖPvi K‡i _v‡K|
wk¶Y-wkLb cªwµqv AvKl©Yxq I êwPÎgq nq, wkLb `xN©¯’vqx nq, `yM©g AÂj m¤ú‡K©
Ávb jvf nq, ev¯Íe Ávb AwR©Z nq, RxešÍ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq, ¯^vaxbfv‡e I B”QvgZ mg‡q
†kLv hvq, ‡kLvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, AweK…Z Z_¨ cvIqv hvq, ¯^Ztù~Z© wkLb
nq, wk¶v_x©iv mwµqfv‡e cv‡V Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i, `~i wkL‡b we‡kl Kvh©Ki|
†Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi RwUj I KwVb wel‡qi D›gy³ e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY Kiv
hvq| mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶Yxq welq¸‡jv Lye `ªæZ cÖPvi Kiv
hvq| †h †Kv‡bv Av`k© wk¶‡Ki Av`k© cvV m¤úªPvi Kiv hvq| Z_¨wfwËK Av‡jvPbv
wk¶v_x©iv mivmwi ïb‡Z I †`L‡Z cv‡i| †h †Kv‡bv `yM©g I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi wPÎ cÖ`k©b
Kiv hvq| Gi mvgvb¨ mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q †hgb: †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev` c‡o †M‡j Zv cybivq
†kvbvi eë¯’v †bB, wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡b cÖkœ RvM‡j Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Zvi DËi cvIqv m¤¢e
bq|
wk¶Y-wkLb mvgMÖx wnmv‡e B›Uvi‡bU

eZ©gvb we‡k¦i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s cÖwµqvq B›Uvi‡bU GK we¯§qKi Avwe®‹vi|
B›Uvi‡bU n‡jv GKwU †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v| GKwU †bU IqvwK©s Gi gva¨‡g gyû‡Z©i g‡a¨
c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ †hvMv‡hvM NUv‡bv hvq| Gi gva¨‡g mKj Kw¤úDUvi
eënviKvixMY G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv I mngwg©Zvq Ave× n‡q‡Qb| B›Uvi‡bUfy³
nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU Kw¤úDUvi, †Uwj‡dvb ms‡hvM Gi ‡bUIqvK© ms‡hvM| GB ÔAb
jvBb B›Uvi‡b‡UiÕ d‡j AwZ `ªæZ DbœZ we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjv m¤¢e|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui f~wgKv
Lye mn‡R mviv we‡k¦i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM NUv‡bv hvq| e¨w³MZ `¶Zv I ‡MvcbxqZv i¶v
K‡i Zvr¶wYK I `ªæZ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| eû Z_¨ nv‡Zi bvMv‡j cvIqv hvq
43
weavq e¨w³MZ `¶Zv I †ckvMZ AwfÁZv mg„× Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges wb‡R‡K `¶ gvbe
m¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq| mviv wek¦ m¤^‡Ü g~û‡Z©i g‡a¨ Rvbv hvq, wek¦ jvB‡eªwi‡Z
Aev‡a cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq, A‡c¶vK…Z e¨q mvkªqx, wb‡Ri mgq I B”QvgZ †kLv hvq, `yj©f
Qwe, wPÎ, Z_¨ msMÖn I msi¶Y Kiv hvq, †h †Kv‡bv mgq wcÖ›U wb‡q ivLv hvq Ges
myweavgZ mg‡q cov hvq|
g~j¨vqb

cÖkœ: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b wk¶v DcKiY wnmv‡e †Uwjwfkb, wfwWI I
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K:
1. mnvqK MÖš’ 2. cÖwk¶Y g¨vby‡qj 3. wk¶K wb‡`©wkKv 4. mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Awfavb 5.
j¨ve‡iUwi wb‡`©wkKv 6. eënvwiK eB 7. msev`cÎ. mvgwqKx, RvY©vj, ¯§iwYKv 8. fy-
wPÎvewj 9. cÖeÜ 10. Dcb¨vm 11. ¯§viK MÖš’ 12. cwi`k©b eB 13. ågY Kvwnwb 14.
M‡elYv cÎ
ce©- L:
1. Lye mn‡R Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq 2. Aev‡a Z_¨ nv‡Zi bvMv‡j cvIqv hvq
3. B-jvwb©s Gi c_ myMg nq 4. Zvr¶wYK I `ªæZ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq 5. e¨w³MZ `¶Zv I
†MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv hvq 6. e¨w³MZ `¶Zv I †ckvMZ AwfÁZv mg„× nq 7. mviv wek¦
m¤^‡Ü g~û‡Z©i g‡a¨ Rvbv hvq 8. wek¦ jvB‡eªwi‡Z Aev‡a cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq 9. A‡c¶vK…Z
e¨q mvkªqx 10. wb‡R‡K `¶ gvbe m¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍwiK Kiv hvq 11. wb‡Ri mgq I B”QvgZ
†kLv hvq 12. `yj©f Qwe, wPÎ Ges Z_¨ msMÖn I msi¶Y Kiv hvq 13. †h †Kv‡bv mgq
wcÖ›U wb‡q ivLv hvq|
44
BDwbU: 5
Awa‡ekb- 5 : we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Gi cwi‡ek ˆZwiKiY
Awa‡ekb- 6 : cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g eënv‡i

m¶gZv e„w×KiY
Awa‡ekb- 7 : cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi eënvi
Awa‡ekb- 8 : wkLb m¶gZvi wfbœZvi wfwË‡Z `jMZ KvR, mZx_© wk¶Y Ges
we¯Í…Z Kvh©µg MÖnY
Awa‡ekb- 9 : mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y
Awa‡ekb- 10 : mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì AR©b wbY©q

Awa‡ekb- 11 : †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x© Df‡qiB AvMÖn a‡i ivLv
Awa‡ekb- 12 : †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x©‡K wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ
†KŠk‡ji cwiKíbv Kiv
45
46
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi cwi‡ek ˆZwiKiY
f~wgKv:
we`¨vj‡q wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g cwi‡ek ˆZwi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| GB
welqwU mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î GKBfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| we`¨vj‡q Avjv`v mvgvwRK
weÁvb K¶ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G mv‡_ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖwZwU wel‡qi mnvqK cy¯ÍKvwì
Rb¨ Avjv`v Kb©vi I wk¶v DcKiYmg~n myk„•Ljfv‡e mvwR‡q GKwU Av`©k mvgvwRK
weÁvb K¶ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
D‡Ïk¨
 we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi cwi‡ek ˆZwii DcKiYmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi mgm¨vewj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶YÑwkL‡bi mgm¨vmg~n `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq ej‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi cwi‡ek ˆZwii DcKiYmg~n
 wbY©q
wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqmg~n we`¨vj‡q wk¶v`v‡bi j‡¶¨

wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq I mnvqK mvgMÖx, wk¶K, wk¶v_x©, †Ljvi gvV, Avw_©K ms¯’vb, mvgvwRK
Ae¯’v, ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ, mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb, cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖf„wZi mvgwóK mgv‡ek ev
Dcw¯’wZ‡K we`¨vj‡qi mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi cwi‡ek ejv nq|
47
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, wb‡gœi mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶i wP‡Îi Zxi wPwýZ As‡ki cv‡k we`¨vj‡qi
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k Kx Kx DcKiY _vKv cÖ‡qvRb wjLyb :
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb

wk¶Y-wkL‡bi Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY
ce©- L: we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶YÑwkL‡bi mgm¨vmg~n `~ixKiY


we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Kv‡h© ‡ek wKQy mgm¨v cwijw¶Z nq| Gme mgm¨v
`~i Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hvq bv| GmKj mgm¨v
mgvav‡b wk¶v_x©, wk¶K I we`¨vjq cÖkvm‡bi †hŠ_ mnvqZvq GmKj mgm¨vi mgvavb
Ki‡Z cvi‡j Z‡eB myôz I h_vh_ wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| we`¨vj‡qi
myôz cwi‡ek eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ GmKj mgm¨v mgvavb AZxe Riæwi|
48
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, wb‡gœi Q‡K mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g wk¶K, wk¶v_x©, wk¶v
DcKiY I mn-wk¶vµwgK m¤úwK©Z 2wU K‡i mgm¨v D‡jøL Kiæb Ges mgm¨v Kxfv‡e
mgvavb Kiv hvq wjLyb:
mgm¨vi aib mgm¨v mgvavb
wk¶K m¤úwK©Z 1. 1.
2. 2.
wk¶v_x© m¤úwK©Z 1. 1.
2. 2.
wk¶v DcKiY m¤úwK©Z 1. 1.
2. 2.
mnwk¶vµwgK m¤úwK©Z 1. 1.
2. 2.
49
ce©- M: we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶YÑwkL‡b Av`k© mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶i

bgybv ‰Zwi

mvgvwRK weÁvb K¶wU n‡e Av‡jv-evZv‡m cwic~Y©| mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶ mvgvwRK
weÁvb welqmg~‡ni wk¶v`v‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKiY myôzfv‡e i¶Yv‡e¶Y, eënvi I
¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi myweav _vK‡e| G Rb¨ Kv‡Vi ev w÷‡ji Avjgvixi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|
cÖwZwU wel‡qi DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ Avjv`v Kb©vi _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e K¶ mvwR‡q
wk¶v`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v n‡e myk„•Lj, mycwiKwíZ mnR, my›ì,
Avb›``vqK I ¯^íe¨qx|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, wUD‡Uvwi‡qj K¬v‡mi w`b 5/6 Rb eÜzevÜe wb‡q wb‡Riv GKwU `j MVb
Kiæb| wb‡gœi †`qv mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶i wP‡Î Kxfv‡e, †Kv_vq mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
DcKiYmg~n mvRv‡j GKwU Av`k© mvgvwRK weÁvb K¶ ˆZwi Kiv hvq †`Lvb|
50
g~j wkLbxq welq
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb Gi cwi‡ek ˆZwiKiY

mvgvwRK weÁvb Áv‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv hvi mvnv‡h¨ mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Dcv`vb, gvby‡li
 AvPvi-AvPiY, Kvh©Kjvc, Kvh©KviY cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© weÁvb m¤§Z fv‡e Av‡jvPbv, we‡kølY,
Abykxjb, ch©v‡jvPbv, ch©‡e¶Y, M‡elYv BZ¨vw` msMwVZ n‡q _v‡K| we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ welqmg~n wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxq I mnvqK mvgMÖx, wk¶K, wk¶v_x©, †Ljvi gvV, Avw_©K ms¯’vb, mvgvwRK Ae¯’v,
ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ, mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb, cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖf„wZi mgwóMZ mgv‡ek‡K mvgvwRK
weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi cwi‡ek wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b we`¨vj‡q bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v we`¨gvb| G mKj mgm¨vi
g‡a¨ eë¯’vcbvMZ, Avw_©K, cwi‡ekMZ, Áv‡bi mxgve×Zv, †ckvMZ, KZ©„c¶xq
D`vmxbZv, DcKi‡Yi Afve cÖf„wZ cwijw¶Z nq|
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi mgm¨vewj:

mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mKj wel‡q Ávb I `¶Zv m¤úbœ I cÖwk¶YcÖvß wk¶‡Ki ¯^íZv,
wk¶‡Ki welqMZ Áv‡bi Afve; mbvZb c×wZi †ckvMZ cÖ¯‘wZ; AvaywbK cÖhyw ³i Afve;
wk¶K‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AvaywbK Ávb AR©‡bi cÖwZ Abxnv; mgwš^Z c×wZ‡Z
wk¶v`v‡b Abxnv; mgwš^Z c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Afve; cvV¨cy¯ÍK I gyL¯’
wbf©i wk¶v; Ach©vß gyw`ªZ DcKiY ‡hgb: Rvb©vj, eB-cy¯ÍK; ey‡jwUb, †idv‡iÝ eB
cÖf„wZi Afve; Rv`yNi, cÖ`k©bx, evwYR¨ †K›`ª I Drcv`b †K‡›`ª wk¶v_x©‡ì wb‡q hvIqvi
D‡`¨vM Kg; ¯’vbxq wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ (K¬ve, mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb, bvUK cÖf„wZ)
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Yi j‡¶¨ we`¨vjq KZ©©„c‡¶i `ye©j †hvMv‡hvM; mvgvwRK weÁvb
wk¶‡Ki cÖwk¶Y I mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cy¯ÍK, Rvb©vj I Ab¨vb¨
51
DcKiY msMª‡n we`¨vjq cÖkvmb I eë¯’vcbv KZ©„c‡¶i D`vmxbZv; mvgvwRK weÁvb

wk¶‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx †kªwYK‡¶i Afve; mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y ¯’vbxq KuvPvgv‡j ˆZwi
I ¯^í e¨‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DcKiY msMÖ‡n we`¨vjq cÖkvm‡bi D`vmxbZv|
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Acwimxg| mvgvwRK weÁvb K¶wU n‡e Av‡jv-evZv‡m cwic~Y©| Gi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki
†¶‡Î we`¨vj‡qi `w¶Y As‡k mvgvwRK weÁvb K¶wU _vK‡j fv‡jv| mvgvwRK weÁvb
K‡¶ mvgvwRK weÁvb welqmg~‡ni wk¶v`v‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKiY myôzfv‡e
i¶Yv‡e¶Y, eënvi I ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi myweav _vK‡e| G Rb¨ Kv‡Vi ev w÷‡ji
Avjgvixi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU wel‡qi DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ Avjv`v KY©vi
_vK‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e K¶ mvwR‡q wk¶v`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v n‡e
myk„•Lj, mycwiKwíZ, mnR, my›ì, Avb›``vqK I ¯^íe¨qx| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b
mÂvjK wn‡m‡e me©v‡c¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶K|
Zuvi mej I †hvM¨ cwiKíbv, Dc¯’vcb, Áv‡bi MfxiZv, evPbfw½, mgqvbyewZ©Zv, Drmvn,
m„Rbkxj g‡bvfve, j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b AbgbxqZv Ges wbiwew”Qbœ cÖqvm, h_v_© g~j¨vqb
wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqmg~‡n ÁvbvR©‡b AbycÖvwYZ K‡i †Zv‡j|
 g~j¨vqb
cÖkœ: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi mgm¨vewj wPwýZ Kiæb Ges Gme mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
Dcvq wbY©q Kiæb|
52
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K:
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡e‡ki DcKiYmg~n:
h‡_vchy³ †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ wk¶K,cvV MÖn‡bvc‡hvMx wk¶v_x©, AvKl©Yxq cvV¨cy¯ÍK, mnvqK
Ab¨vb¨ cy¯ÍKvw`, wewfbœ ai‡bi Agyw`ªZ DcKiY, ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj wfwËK ev ¯^íe¨‡q
msM„nxZ wk¶v DcKiY, mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx K¶, AvaywbK cÖhyw³i
myweav cÖf„wZ|
ce©- L:
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- M:
wb‡R Kiæb|
53
cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g

eënv‡i m¶gZv e„w× Kiv
f~wgKv:
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb e„w×‡Z wk¶K cÖwk¶Y GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
GB cÖwk¶Y GKw`‡K cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì wb‡R‡ì †ckvMZ Áv‡bi cwiwa we¯Í…Z K‡i Ab¨w`‡K
wk¶v`v‡bi ZvwË¡K I eënvwiK c×wZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Ávb I `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb
mdj wk¶K wnmv‡e M‡o D‡Vb| d‡j cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv nb AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx| Gm‡½ mvgvwRK
weÁvb welqK gyw`ªZ DcKiY cVb-cvVb Ges Agyw`ªZ DcKiY †`‡L ï‡b Ávb e„w×‡Z
m¶gZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
D‡Ïk¨
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ÁvbvR©‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Drmmg~‡ni bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g wk¶†Ki m¶gZv e„w×‡Z cvV¨cy¯ÍK I mnvqK cy¯ÍKvw` mn wewfbœ gyw`ªZ
I Agyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi f~wgKv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb e„w×‡Z wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi Dc‡hvwMZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb AR©‡bi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Drm
 wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY wb‡R‡ì †ckvMZ `¶Zv e„w×i mv‡_ †kªwYK‡¶
eënv‡ii j‡¶¨ Zuviv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cvV¨cy¯ÍK, mnvqK MÖš’vw` cVbc~e©K wewfbœfv‡e
Áv‡bi m¶gZv e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqwfwËK mnvqK MÖš’,
Rvb©vj, mvgwqKx cÖf„wZ cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Ávb e„w×‡Z mnvq‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
54
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Gevi Avmyb Avgiv wb‡gœi Q‡K mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ÁvbvR©‡bi Drmmg~‡ni
GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b ÁvbvR©‡bi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Drmmg~n
55
ce©- L: gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Áv‡bi m¶gZv e„w×


wk¶K cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡b Áv‡bi m¶gZv e„w×i Rb¨ gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi
f~wgKv Acwimxg| Gme gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mgvRweÁvb, A_©bxwZ, †cŠibxwZ,
BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK| Gm‡½ mvgvwRK weÁvb m¤úwK©Z cwÎKv, Rvb©vj,
mvgwqKx cVb-cvV‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb cÖwk¶Yv_x© mvgvwRK weÁv‡b Zuvi ÁvbfvÛvi mg„×
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` Avcwb Avi †Kvb †Kvb gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi cVb-cvV‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK
weÁv‡b m¶gZv e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡gœi Q‡K ˆZwi Kiæb|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b
Áv‡bi mÿgZv
e„w×i Rb¨ gyw`ªZ
DcKiY
56
ce©- M:†kªwY Kvh©µ‡g Agyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Áv‡bi m¶gZv e„w×


mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb e„w×‡Z eëüZ gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk Agyw`ªZ DcKiYmg~‡ni
f~wgKvI j¶Yxq| †`‡L ï‡b †h Ávb AR©b K‡i Zv wk¶K cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì g‡b ¯’vqx nq,
†kªwY‡Z Zviv cÖvbešÍ, `¶, †hvM¨ I mnRfv‡e cvV Dc¯’vc‡b m¶g nb| gva¨wgK
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì wb‡q HwZnvwmK ¯’vb ågY I HwZnvwmK
wb`k©bmg~n `k©b, Rv`yNi cwi`k©b, †mwgbvi-IqvK©mc cwiPvjbv, K…wl I wkí Drcv`b
†K›`ª cwi`k©b, bvUK-wm‡bgv A_ev †Uwjwfkb cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK weÁv‡b Áv‡bi
m¶gZv e„w× Kiv hvq|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, GKRb wk¶K cÖwk¶Yv_x© DwjøwLZ Kvh©µg †k‡l Kx Kx `¶Zv AR©b
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv wb‡gœi Q‡K 07wU ev‡Kï gva¨‡g D‡jøL Kiæb|
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
57
ce©- N: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb e„w×‡Z wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi Dc‡hvwMZv

 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb e„w×‡Z wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi f~wgKv Ab¨Zg| cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g
GKRb wk¶K cvV`vb †KŠkj, †kªwY eë¯’vcbv, DcKiY ˆZwi I eënvi, g~j¨vqb †KŠkj
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© `¶Zv AR©b K‡ib|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Gevi Avmyb Avgiv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb e„w×‡Z wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi
Dc‡hvwMZv kxl©K gvBÛg¨vwcswU c~iY Kwi|
wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi
Dc‡hvwMZv
58
g~j wkLbxq welq
cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g eënv‡i

 m¶gZv e„w×KiY
 cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb e„w×‡Z wk¶K cÖwk¶Y Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY wb‡R‡ì
†ckvMZ Áv‡bi cwiwa‡K we¯Í…Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wk¶v`v‡bi ZvwË¡K Ges eënvwiK
c×wZ¸‡jv iß K‡i †kªwY wk¶v`vb‡K mvdj¨gwÛZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP, wk¶v cwiKíbv, †kªwY

eë¯’vcbv, wk¶v_x©‡ì cyi¯‹…Z Kiv, ¯^í †gavm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©‡ì Dbœqb, DcKi‡Yi
†hŠw³K eënvi, ¯’vbxq m¤ú` I ¯^íe¨‡q DcKiY cÖ¯‘ZKiY wk¶v_x©‡ì
AskMÖnYg~jK cv‡V DØy×KiY, mvgvwRK weÁvb K‡¶i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyaveb,
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘mg~n we‡køl‡Yi Ges wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi c×wZ m¤^‡Ü
ÁvbvR©b K‡ib|
 †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g eënv‡ii j‡¶¨ cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cvV¨cy¯ÍK I mnvqK

cy¯ÍKvwì mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœfv‡e Áv‡bi m¶gZv e„w× Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q AaxZ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ welq¸‡jvi KvVv‡gv I cwimi
m¤ú‡K© my¯úófv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡ib|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb Ges †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g Gi eënv‡i cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì m¶gZv e„w×i
Rb¨ we`¨vjq Ges wk¶K cÖwk¶Y K‡j‡Ri cvVvMvi¸‡jv‡K mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi DbœZ
gv‡bi cvV¨cy¯ÍK Ges mnvqK cy¯ÍKvwì mvnv‡h¨ mg„× Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvQvov
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqwfwËK mnvqK cy¯ÍKvw`, Rvb©vj, mvgwqKx cÖf„wZI
cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Ávb e„w×‡Z AZ¨šÍ mnvqK wk¶v‡cvKiY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
59
 cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †kªwY‡Z eënv‡ivc‡hvMx Ávb e„w×i Rb¨ mvgvwRK

weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ mgKvjxb wek¦ I evsjv‡`‡ki weZK©g~jK mgm¨v I NUbvewj wb‡q
†mwgbvi I weZ‡K©i Av‡qvRb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mnvqK cy¯ÍKvw` ÁvbvR©‡bi j‡¶¨ msMÖn

Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cwÎKv,Rvb©vj, mvgwqKx
cÖf„wZ‡Z cÖeÜ/wbeÜ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 gyw`ªZ wk¶v‡cvKi‡Yi b¨vq Agyw`ªZ wk¶v‡cvKiYI cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi

Ávb e„w×‡Z mnvqK| ï‡b Ges †`‡L cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY †h Ávb AR©b K‡ib Zv Zv‡ì
g‡b ¯’vqx nq, †kªwY‡Z Zviv cÖvYešÍ, `¶, †hvM¨, mnR mijfv‡e cvV Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
 evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wk¶v †kl K‡i A_ev G ch©vq †_‡K S‡i c‡o A‡bK wk¶v_x©
Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i| gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wk¶v_x©‡ì GKwU Ask D”P wk¶v AR©‡b
AMÖmi nq| Kv‡RB G ch©v‡qi wk¶v‡K m„Rbkxj, Kvh©Kix, A_©en Kivi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q
wk¶K cÖwk¶Y K‡j‡Ri cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Ávb e„w× Kiv| Zviv e„w×cªvß Ávb Øviv Zv‡ì
wk¶v_x©‡ì Ávb, `¶Zv, ˆbcyY¨, g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½i Dbœqb Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb| G‡Z
m„Rbkxj, Kg©V I D”Pgv‡bi `¶Zvm¤úbœ Rbkw³ †`‡ki Dbœq‡b hy³ n‡q Ae`vb
ivL‡Z cvi‡e|
g~j¨vqb

cÖkœ: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb AR©‡bi Drmmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb
e„w×‡Z wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi Dc‡hvwMZv eY©bv Kiæb|
cÖkœ: †kªwY-Kvh©µ‡g Agyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi f~wgKv we‡kølY Kiæb|
60
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K:
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ÁvbvR©‡bi Drmmg~n: wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP, cvV¨cy¯ÍK, wk¶K
wb‡`©wkKv, msev`cÎ, ‡eªvwmqvi, welq mswkøó cy¯ÍK, welq mswkøó RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK
Rvb©vj, mvgwqKx, miKvix cÖKvkbv- †hgb cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi cÖKvkbv, cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi
cÖKvkbv, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek, mgvR, wewfbœ HwZnvwmK ¯’vb I wb`k©bmg~n, Rv`yNi, gvbwPÎ,
Qwe, PvU©, ‡mwgbvi, IqvK©mc, wk¶K cÖwk¶Y, jvB‡eªwi, K…wl I wkí Drcv`b †K›`ª, bvUK,
wm‡bgv, †Uwjwfkb, Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU, we‡kl NUbvi cÖZ¨¶`k©xi eY©bv, Rxeb
Kvwnwb|
ce©- L:
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- M:
1| cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Ávb e„w× K‡i|
2| cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb mnR K‡i|
3| †kªwY‡Z weg~Z© welq‡K mn‡R I g~Z©fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4| †kªwYi wk¶v_x©‡ì eqm, `„wófw½ I eyw×gËv Abyhvqx cvV Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ mgKvjxb we‡k¦i weZK©g~jK mgm¨v I NUbvewj wb‡q
†mwgbvi, weZK© I IqvK©mc Av‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g Ávb e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6| mKj wk¶v_x©i Pvwn`v I AvKv•¶v wbe„wË Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7| wk¶Y I wkLb êwPÎ Avbqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ce©- N:
wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi Dc‡hvwMZv
 †ckvMZ Ávb e„w×|
 wk¶v`vb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©b|
 wk¶v`vb c×wZ eënv‡i m¶gZv e„w×|
61
 wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©b|

 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b DcKiYmg~n eënvi c×wZ I †KŠkj m¤ú‡K©
ÁvbvR©b|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘mg~n ch©‡e¶Y, we‡kølY I ms‡køl‡Y `¶Zv AR©b|
 ¯’vbxq m¤ú` eënvi K‡i ¯^í e¨‡q DcKiY cÖ¯‘‡Zi ÁvbvR©b|
 wk¶v_x©‡ì ÁvbvR©‡b mnwk¶vµwgK Kvh©vewji ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb|
62
cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb

g~j¨hvPvB‡qi eënvi
f~wgKv:
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ hvPvB‡qi GKwU
Ab¨Zg ch©vq| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welq cvV`vb PjvKv‡j wk¶v_x©‡ì †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq ZvB
n‡jv MVbKvjxb gyj¨vqb| Gi Øviv wk¶v_x© h_vh_ wkL‡Q wKbv, wk¶K wkLb c×wZ
h_vh_ eënvi Ki‡Qb wKbv Ges welqe¯‘ msµvšÍ aviYv h_vh_fv‡e G¸‡”Q wKbv Zv
MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g ¯úó nq|
D‡Ïk¨
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv ej‡Z I Gi wewfbœ ai‡Yi †KŠkj wPwýZ
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi wfwË wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi
¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi
†KŠkj eënvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi aviYv

†Kvb cvV ev †Kvm© PjvKv‡j wk¶v_x©‡ì †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb ejv
nq| g~jZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB n‡”Q wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡Ri Ask we‡kl| GwU wkL‡bi
GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask Ges G‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv hvq bv| G
hvPvB eë¯’v wkLb-wkLv‡bv cÖwµqvi ms‡½ m¤ú„³| Kv‡RB GwU P~ovšÍ g~j¨hvPvB †_‡K wfbœ
63
cÖK…wZi| MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wk¶v_©x‡ì ¯^g~j¨vq‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì
µ‡gvbœwZ cÖwk¶K‡ì Rvb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Gfv‡e MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB eënvi K‡i
cÖwk¶KMY cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZ K‡i _v‡Kb|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, wbgœewY©Z Ôwk¶v_x© MVbKvjxb gyj¨vqb †KŠk‡ji †¶ÎÕ †_‡K †Kvb¸wj
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb Ges †Kvb¸wj wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg †k‡l Kiv nq
hvPvBc~e©K wbw`©ó Q‡K D‡jøL Kiæb|
cÖ‡kœvËi, mv¶vrKvi, gv_v LvUv‡bv, Míejv, Qwe

AvuKv, gvbwPÎ AvuKv †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b, †Rvovq
KvR, gvBÛg¨vwcs, f~wgKvwfbq `jxqKv‡Ri
cvi¯úwiK g~j¨vqb, wb‡`©wkZ KvR, †Km ÷vwW,
ch©‡e¶Y, †kªwYi KvR, mvßvwnK cix¶v,
†kªwY cix¶v, gvwmK cix¶v,
G¨vmvBb‡g›U, †mwgbvi, †PKwj÷|
†Kvb¸wj wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb †Kvb¸wj wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg †k‡l Kiv

mgq Kiv hvq? nq?
64
ce©- L: MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi ¸iæZ¡


MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wk¶K/cÖwk¶‡Ki RbÏ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB cÖwk¶Yv_©x/
wk¶v_©x wVKgZ wkL‡Q wKbv A_ev wk¶K wVKgZ wkLv‡Z cvi‡Qb wKbv, Zv wbY©q Ki‡ZI
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq| cÖwk¶Yv_©xi welqe¯‘ msµvšÍ aviYv mwVK c‡_ G¸‡”Q wKbv A_ev
wk¶K h_vh_ wkLb c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Qb wKbv, ZvI GB ai‡Yi g~j¨hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g
wb‡`©k Kiv hvq|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨
hvPvB‡qi ¸iæZ¡
wcÖq
wk¶v_x©e„›`, DwjøwLZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi ¸iæZ¡ e¨ZxZ Avi Kx Kx ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q e‡j
Avcwb g‡b K‡ib Zv Kx (Key) c‡q›U Gi gva¨‡g wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
65
ce©- M: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †KŠkj eënvi


MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB c‡e© cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y
†kªwY‡Z †gŠwLK cÖkœ K‡i, †kªwY‡Z GKK KvR, †hŠ_ KvR, `jxq KvR, wb‡`©wkZ cVb,
gvBÛg¨vwcs BZ¨vw` †KŠkj eënvi K‡i MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| wcÖq wk¶v_x©, g‡b
Kiæb Avcwb gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi 9g †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ................. kxl©K
welqe¯‘wU AvMvgxKvj cvV`vb Ki‡eb| Avcwb D³ welq cvV`v‡b MVbKvjxb
g~j¨vhvPvB‡q Kx Kx †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡eb Zvi GKwU cwiKíbv wb‡gœi Q‡K Zz‡j aiæb|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB wk¶‡Ki KvR

†KŠkj
†kªwY‡Z cÖkœKiY
†kªwY‡Z KvR †`qv
evwoi KvR
wb‡`©wkZ KvR
66
g~j wkLbxq welq

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi eënvi
wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ Ae¯’v hvPvB n‡”Q wk¶v g~j¨vqb|
 g~j¨vqb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
1| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb (Formative Evaluation)
†Kv‡bv cvV ev †Kvm© PjvKv‡j wk¶v_x©‡ì †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K MVbKvjxb
g~j¨vqb e‡j|
†hgb: avivevwnK g~j¨vqb, mvßvwnK cix¶v, gvwmK cix¶v BZ¨vw`|
2| P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb (Summative Evaluation)
†Kv‡bv †Kvm© mgvwßi ci wk¶v_x©‡ì †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
e‡j|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB n‡”Q wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡Ri Ask we‡kl| GwU †kLv‡bvi GKwU
Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask Ges G‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv hvq bv| G g~j¨vqb
eë¯’v wkLb-†kLv‡bvi ms‡½ m¤ú„³| Kv‡RB GwU P~ovšÍ g~j¨hvPvB †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ
cÖK…wZi|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wk¶v_©x‡ì ¯^ g~j¨vq‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì µ‡gvbœwZ
cÖwk¶K‡ì ev wk¶K‡ì Rvb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| d‡j cÖwk¶KMY cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb
aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB eënvi K‡ib|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi ¸iæZ¡

wk¶v_©xi wkL‡bi e¨vcv‡i MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wb‡`©kbv `vb K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g wkLbKv‡j
djveZ©b cvIqv hvq| Gfv‡e cÖwk¶Yv_©x Kx AR©b Kij ev KZUzKz wkLj A_©vr
cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv KZUzKz Zv wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
67
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wk¶K/cÖwk¶‡Ki RbÏ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv

my¯úóKi‡Y G g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvß djveZ©b eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_©x/wk¶v_©x wVKgZ wkL‡Q wKbv A_ev wk¶K

wVKgZ wkLv‡Z cvi‡Qb wKbv, Zv wbY©q Ki‡ZI Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq| cÖwk¶Yv_©xi welqe¯‘
msµvšÍ aviYv mwVK c‡_ G¸‡”Q wKbv A_ev wk¶K h_vh_ wkLb c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Qb
wKbv, ZvI GB ai‡bi g~j¨hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g wb‡`©k Kiv hvq| d‡j G ai‡bi
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi aviYv my¯úó Kiv hvq Ges wk¶K cÖ‡qvR‡b wk¶Y c×wZ
cwieZ©b K‡i wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB c×wZ I †KŠkjmg~n
cÖ‡kœvËi, mv¶vrKvi, gv_v LvUv‡bv, Míejv,Qwe/wPÎ/gvbwPÎ AvuKv, †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b, †Rvovq

KvR, gvBÛg¨vwcs,f~wgKvwfbq,`jxqKv‡Ri cvi¯úwiK g~j¨vqb,wb‡`©wkZ cVb, †Km ÷vwW,
ch©‡e¶Y, mvßvwnK cix¶v, †kªwY cix¶v,gvwmK cix¶v, G¨vmvBb‡g›U, †mwgbvi, †PK wj÷
BZ¨vw`|
cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKiY I my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi eënvi
we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZKi‡Y I my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ †KŠkjmg~n

Kxfv‡e Kv‡R jv‡M Zv wb‡gœ ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
 †kªwY‡Z †gŠwLK cÖkœKiY: †kªwYK‡¶ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kv‡Ri mg‡q cÖwk¶KMY †h mKj

cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡ib Ges cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e †m mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z nq|
†kªwYK‡¶ cÖkœKiY cvV¨m~wPi cieZx© cv‡V hvIqvi Rb¨ Zvui wk¶Y †ewkifvM
cÖwk¶Yv_©xi mdj n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z A_ev Zv‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv
KZUzKy Zvi gvÎv wbiƒcb Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| †Kv‡bv cÖwk¶Yv_©xi we`¨gvb aviYv
my¯úóKi‡Y evowZ mvnv‡hï cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv, cÖwk¶K‡K †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z
†kªwY‡Z †gŠwLK cÖkœKiY mnvqZv K‡i|
68
 †kªwYi KvR: †kªYxi KvR n‡”Q-†kªwY‡Z m¤úvw`Z cÖwk¶Yv_©xi Kvhv©ewj|Gme †kªwY

Kvh©vewji KZK¸‡jv c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖwk¶Yv_©xi Kv‡R Av‡m Ges AwaKvskB Zv‡ì
AwR©Z `¶Zv Ges Ávb cÖ‡qvM I eënvwiK Rxe‡b Abykxj‡bi mv‡_ mswkó|
mvaviYZ †kªwY Kv‡Ri AšÍf©~³ Kvhv©ewj n‡”Q, mv¶vrKvi, gv_v LvUv‡bv, Míejv,
Qwe/wPÎ/gvbwPÎ AvuKv, †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b, †Rvovq KvR, gvBÛg¨vwcs, f~wgKvwfbq,
`jxqKv‡Ri cvi¯úwiK g~j¨vqb, wb‡`©wkZ cVb, †Km ÷vwW, ch©‡e¶Y, †PK wj÷
BZ¨vw`| GmKj Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv hLb Zv‡ì Ávb I `¶Zv Abykxjb I
cÖ‡qvM K‡i, ZLb cÖwk¶K Zv‡ì ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wk¶Y KZUv Kvh©Ki
n‡q‡Q Zv eyS‡Z cv‡ib| wdWe¨vK Ges cÖ‡kœi DË‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì KvR
ZË¡veavb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g we`¨gvb aviYv my¯úó Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| G‡Z wk¶K-wk¶v_©x Ges wk¶v_©x-wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
d‡j we`¨gvb aviYv my¯úóKiY mnRZi nq|
 †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv: e¨w³MZ ev GKK KvR Ges `jxq Kv‡Ri †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbvi
gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZ Kiv mnR nq Ges cÖwk¶K †m Abyhvqx
aviYv my¯úóKi‡Y c`‡¶c wb‡Z cv‡ib|
 e¨w³MZ/GKK Kv‡Ri †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcb: G‡¶‡Î wk¶K cÖkœ K‡ib Ges wk¶v_©x DËi
†`q| G cÖwµqvq wk¶K g~j¨vqb K‡ib mKj A_ev AwaKvsk wk¶v_©xB Zv‡ì
covïbvi welqwU ey‡S‡Q wKbv Ges Zviv cwi®‹vifv‡e Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv|
Av‡iv eyS‡Z cv‡ib, wk¶v_©xi eyS‡Z Ges †gŠwLKfv‡e Dc¯’vcbvi `¶Zv e„w×‡Z
Av‡iv mnvqZvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv|
 `jxq Kv‡Ri †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv: `jxq KvR, eo †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì K_v ejvi
GKwU Ab¨Zg gva¨g| `jxq Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv A‡bK wk¶v_©x‡K GKB mg‡q
†kªwYK‡¶ K_v ejvi my‡hvM †Ìqv| `jxq KvR A‡bK wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ cvV`vbKv‡j
mwµq AskMÖnY‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| `jxq KvR †h †Kv‡bv wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi `¶Zv
e„w× K‡i| `jxq KvR PjvKvjxb wk¶K cÖwZwU `‡ji Kvh©µg †kªwYK‡¶ Ny‡i ch©‡e¶Y
69
Ki‡e Ges welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| `jxq Kv‡Ri
wjwLZ wi‡cvU© Ges Zv Dc¯’vcbvi gva¨‡gI we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZ Kiv hvq| d‡j
wk¶K Zv my¯úóKi‡Y Zvr¶wYK eë¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ib|
 evwoi KvR: GwU wk¶v_©xi AvnwiZ Ávb‡K my`„p Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|wk¶Yxq welq
KZUzKz eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q,†m m¤ú‡K© wk¶‡K eyS‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| evwoi Kv‡Ri mvaviY
fyj¸‡jv ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘MZ aviYv my¯úó Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wba©vwiZ KvR: GwU n‡”Q wfbœ ai‡bi evwoi KvR,hv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡K cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡ii
wewfbœ Z_¨ eënvi Ki‡Z nq|KvR †k‡l GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡Z nq, †hLv‡b
Awc©Z KvR m¤ú‡K© wek` eY©bv _vK‡e Ges D³ KvR ch©‡e¶‡Y Kx †c‡q‡Q Zv D‡jøL
_vK‡e| D³ cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K welqe¯‘ msµvšÍ we`¨gvb aviYv wPwýZ Kiv hvq Ges †m
Abyhvqx aviYv my¯úóKi‡Y c`‡¶c †bqv hvq|
 g~j¨vqb
cÖkœ: MVKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? MVbKvjxb gyj¨hvPvB †KŠkjmg~n eY©bv
Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
wb‡R Kiæb
ce©- L
wb‡R Kiæb
ce©- M
wb‡R Kiæb
70
wkLb m¶gZvi wfbœZvi wfwË‡Z `jMZ KvR, mZx_© wk¶Y Ges we¯Í…Z
Kvh©µg MÖnY
f~wgKv:
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg‡K mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb h_vh_ c×wZ I †KŠkj|
wk¶v_x©i mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi Dci †kªwY cvV`v‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| cvV`v‡b
wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K mwµq ivL‡Z †gav wfwËK `j MVbmn `jMZ KvR, `jMZ Av‡jvPbv,
†Rvovq KvR Z_v mZx_© wk¶Y BZ¨vw` c×wZi eënvi AwaKZi Kvh©Ki e‡j we‡ewPZ|
D‡Ïk¨
 wkLb m¶gZvi wewfbœZv wbiƒc‡bi Dcvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †gavwfwËK †kªwYweb¨vm ev `j MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Gi myweav-Amyweav e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `jMZ Kv‡R, mZx_© wk¶‡Y Kxfv‡e ¯^í‡gavi wk¶v_©x‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq Zv
we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: wkLb m¶gZvi wewfbœZv wbiƒc‡bi Dcvq
 †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_x©i wkLb m¶gZv GK iKg bq| KviY wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Zx¶è
†gav, ga¨g †gav Ges Kg †gav m¤úbœ wk¶v_x©| Avi Zv‡ì eqm, cvVMÖnb ¶gZv,
cvVaviY ¶gZv, †kLvi cÖK…wZ, Ávb, weP¶bZv, †evaMg¨Zv mevi GK bq| G mKj
Kvi‡Y wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLb m¶gZvq wewfbœZv cwijw¶Z nq| Avi wk¶v_x©i wkLb m¶gZvi
wewfbœZvi welq we‡ePbvq G‡b GKRb wk¶K‡K wk¶Y wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` GKRb wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì wkLb m¶gZvi wewfbœZv Kxfv‡e eyS‡Z
71
cvi‡eb Kx (Key) c‡q›U Gi gva¨‡g wb‡gœi gvBÛg¨vwcswU c~iY K‡i †`Lvb|
GKRb wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb

m¶gZvi wewfbœZv Kxfv‡e eyS‡Z
cvi‡eb?
ce©- L: †gavwfwËK †kªwYweb¨vm ev `j MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

 wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †gavwfwËK †kªwYweb¨vm ev `j MV‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| Gi Øviv cvV`vb g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z Dcv‡q n‡q _v‡K; cv‡VvbœwZ
¯^”Q›` MwZ‡Z P‡j; wk¶‡Ki K¬vm cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR nq; wk¶‡Ki Kg K_v ejvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq; cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_©x fv‡jv eyS‡Z cv‡i; RwUj wel‡q mn‡R cvV`vb Kiv hvq;
wk¶v_©xiv fv‡jv djvdj Ki‡Z cv‡i; AbMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡ì wcQ‡b †ewk mgq e¨q Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
ce©- M: wkLb m¶gZvi wfbœZvi wfwË‡Z `jMZ KvR I mZx_© wk¶Y

 wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq Kivi me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ n‡jv- `jMZ KvR| `jMZ Kv‡Ri g~j
K_v n‡jv wk¶v_©xiv K‡qKwU `‡j wef³ n‡q Awc©Z ev wb‡`©wkZ KvRwU mK‡j wg‡j myôy I
my›ìfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡e| G Kv‡R mK‡jB mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e Ges `‡ji mK‡jiB mgvb
72
AskMÖnY _vK‡e|
`jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav A‡bK _vK‡jI wKQy AmyweavI i‡q‡Q| †hgb- †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wk¶v_©x
mwµqfv‡e KvR bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| `jxq Kv‡R duvwK †`qvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †ewk wk¶v_©x
n‡j `j MV‡b mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i| cvV`v‡b mgq †ewk jv‡M| AskMÖnYg~jK KvR wnmv‡e
`yRb wg‡j ev †Rvovq †Rvovq KvR Kiv‡K e‡j mZx_© wk¶Y| GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨
wk¶K †kªwY‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K †Rvovq †Rvovq m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ welqe¯‘ mswkøó wbw`©ó ev
wfbœ wfbœ KvR cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wcªq wk¶v_x©e„›` wbgœewY©Z Q‡K `jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav-Amyweav wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
`jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav `jMZ Kv‡Ri Amyweav
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
73
`jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav `jMZ Kv‡Ri Amyweav
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.
11. 11.
12. 12.
74
g~j wkLbxq welq
wkLb m¶gZvi wfbœZvi wfwË‡Z `jMZ KvR, mZx_© wk¶b Ges we¯Í…Z
Kvh©µg MÖnY
wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqv‡K myôz I djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb h_vh_ c×wZ I †KŠkj| wk¶Y-
 wkLb cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ RwUj| wk¶vi Rb¨ hZ Dbœqbg~jK KvR ev cwiKíbv n‡”Q Zvi
mwVK ev¯Íevqb wbf©i Ki‡Q †kªwYK‡¶ cvV`vb I cvVMÖnY c×wZ I †KŠk‡ji Dci|
cvV`vb I cvVMÖnY mdj Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mwVK c×wZ I †KŠkj AbymiY|
AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkL‡bi g~j êwkó¨ n‡jv wk¶v_©x †Kw›`ªK cvV`vb| ZvB wk¶v_©xi †gav,
gbbkxjZv, cvi`wk©Zv, B”Qv, Awb”Qv BZ¨vwì Dci ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e †ewk| wk¶v_©xi
mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi Dci †kªwY cvV`v‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| wk¶KB cv‡ib †kªwY cvV`vb
Kvh©µ‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq I Kg©Zrci ivL‡Z| †h mg¯Í c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv mwµq nq
Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: 1. `jMZ KvR 2. `jMZ Av‡jvPbv 3. mgm¨v mgvavb 4. gvBÛÐg¨vwcs
5. †Rvovq KvR 6. Kg©kvjv 7. †cv÷ e· †KŠkj 8. gv_v LvUv‡bv 9. cÖ‡kœv&Ëi c×wZ
10. cÖ‡R± IqvK© 11. eënvwiK KvR 12. wRM&m 13. †ivj †cøwqs BZ¨vw`|
`jMZ KvR
wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq Kivi Ab¨Zg MyiæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ n‡jv- `jMZ KvR| `jMZ Kv‡Ri g~j
K_v n‡jv wk¶v_©xiv K‡qKwU `‡j wef³ n‡q Awc©Z ev wb‡`©wkZ KvRwU mK‡j wg‡j myôy I
my›ìfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡e| G Kv‡R mK‡jB mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e Ges `‡ji mK‡jiB mgvb
AskMÖnY _vK‡e| `jxq KvR Avb›``vqK n‡q _v‡K| GK wk¶v_©x Avi GK wk¶v_©x‡K
fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡e| ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ mngwg©Zv I mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve M‡o D‡V|
†Kv‡bv wk¶v_©xi wel‡qi Dci aviYv ev Ávb Kg _vK‡j Zv AR©‡b m¶g n‡q I‡V|
wk¶v_©x wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡RB wk‡L| Ávb ev we`¨vR©‡b AvMÖn ev‡o| eyw×, `„wófw½ Ges
75
D™¢veYxg~jK `¶Zvi weKvk N‡U| G c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv mwVK I Dchy³ mgvavb wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³MZ gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K| wk¶v_©x‡ì wPšÍvkxj n‡q M‡o
DV‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| mgm¨vi mgvavb †ei Kiv mnR nq e‡j D‡Ïk¨ AR©b mnR nq|
wb‡Riv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk‡L e‡j AwR©Z Ávb wk¶v_©x‡ì `xN©w`b g‡b _v‡K|
`jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav: `jMZ Kv‡Ri Amyweav:

1| me wk¶v_©xi mn‡hvwMZv cvIqv hvq 1| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wk¶v_©x
2| `‡ji me m`m¨B mwµq AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K mwµqfv‡e KvR bvI
3| ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ mngwg©Zv I mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve Ki‡Z cv‡i
M‡o I‡V 2| `jxq Kv‡R duvwK †`qvi
4| Áv‡bi Øvi Db¥y³ nq my‡hvM i‡q‡Q
5| ARvbv welq m¤ú‡K©I aviYv ev Ávb AR©‡b m¶g nq 3| †ewk wk¶v_©x n‡j `j
6| cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_©x Avb›` wb‡q KvR K‡i MV‡b mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i
7| bZzb bZzb Ávb I AwfÁZv mwÂZ nq 4| cvV`v‡b mgq †ewk jv‡M
8| wk¶v jv‡f AvMÖn e„w× cvq Ges †cÖlYv Rb¥vq 5| †ewk mgq a‡i KvR
9| eyw×, `„wófw½ Ges D™¢veYxg~jK `¶Zvi weKvk N‡U Ki‡j âh©Pz¨wZ NU‡Z
10| wk¶v_©x wb‡R †h †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi mgvavb †ei cv‡i
Ki‡Z cv‡i
11| wk¶v_©x‡ì e¨w³MZ gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K
12| gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv _v‡K bv
13| AwaKvsk mgq wk¶v_©xiv g‡bv‡hvMx _v‡K
76
`jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav: `jMZ Kv‡Ri Amyweav:

14| wk¶v_©xiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i
15| Kv‡Ri djveZ©b †bqvi my‡hvM cvq
A‡bK myweav I Amyweav _vKv m‡Z¡I †gavwfwËK †kªwYweb¨vm ev `j MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Ab¯^xKvh©| Gi Øviv cvV`vb g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z Dcv‡q n‡q _v‡K; cv‡VvbœwZ ¯^”Q›` MwZ‡Z
P‡j; wk¶‡Ki K¬vm cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR nq; wk¶‡Ki Kg K_v ejvi cÖ‡qvRb nq; cÖ‡Z¨K
wk¶v_©x fv‡jv eyS‡Z cv‡i; RwUj wel‡q mn‡R cvV`vb Kiv hvq; wk¶v_©xiv fv‡jv djvdj
Ki‡Z cv‡i; AbMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡ì wcQ‡b †ewk mgq e¨q Ki‡Z Kiv m¤¢e nq|
mZx_© wk¶Y:
AskMÖnYg~jK KvR wnmv‡e `yRb wg‡j ev †Rvovq †Rvovq KvR Kiv‡K e‡j mZx_© wk¶Y|
GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wk¶K †kªwY‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K †Rvovq †Rvovq m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨
welqe¯‘ mswkøó wbw`©ó ev wfbœ wfbœ KvR cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wk¶v_©xiv mggbv ev
mg‡Mv‡Î KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv e„w× cvq Ges Ac‡ii
cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½ MwVZ nq| GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j wk¶v_©xiv e¨w³ ¯^vZ‡š¿ï
¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z wk‡L|
mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweav mZx_© wk¶‡Yi Amyweav

1| welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q mnR I 1| mggbv/mggvb mZx_© †ei Kiv
g~Z© nq KwVb
2| Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mwVK wm×všÍ 2| mggbv/mggvb bv n‡j Kv‡Ri
wb‡Z cv‡i fv‡jv dj Avkv Kiv hvq bv
3| AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡q I‡V 3| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv bv _vK‡j
77
mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweav mZx_© wk¶‡Yi Amyweav

4| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e bq
mngwg©Zvi g‡bvfve M‡o I‡V 4| mgm¨v mgvav‡b †ewk mgq jvM‡Z
5| wk¶v_©xiv e¨w³ ¯^vZ‡š¿ï ¯^xK…wZ cv‡i
w`‡Z wk‡L
we¯Z…Z Kvh©µg
cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_©xB e¨w³-¯^vZš¿¨ êwk‡óï AwaKvix| wk¶v_©xi eqm, cvVMÖnY ¶gZv,

cvVaviY ¶gZv, ‡kLvi cÖK…wZ, Ávb, weP¶YZv, †evaMg¨Zv, g‡bvhvM, AvMÖn cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î
cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| Avevi wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Zx²†gav, ga¨g †gav Ges Kg
†gav m¤úbœ wk¶v_©x| GZ me we‡ePbv K‡i ïay gvÎ GKB Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡j mKj
wk¶v_©x mgvbfv‡e DcK…Z nq bv| GKB †kªwY‡Z cvV`vb Kv‡jI bvbvwea Kvh©µg MÖnY
Ki‡Z nq| MZvbyMwZK cvV`vb c×wZ cwinvi Kiv evÃbxq| Gi Rb¨ wk¶K‡K hv
we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv:
K) e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b; L) wk¶v_©xi ¯^vZwš¿¨K w`Kmg~‡ni fv‡jv-g›` wePvi

M) wk¶v_©xi `ye©j w`K we‡ePbvq G‡b Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wó N) wk¶v_©xi Pvwn`v, ¯^fve,
gvbwmK m¶gZv, Ávb I `¶Zv AR©‡bi mvg_©, e¨w³MZ myweav-Amyweav, O) e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨
Abyhvqx Kv‡Ri aib P) e¨w³‡K AwaK ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb Ges Q) Awf‡hvR‡bi ¶gZv|
Dch©³
y welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq †i‡L wk¶K wbgœwjwLZ Kvh©vejx MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| h_v:
`jxq Av‡jvPbv, weZK© Abyôvb, ‡cv÷ e· c×wZ, ch©‡e¶Y, †cv÷vi wjLb I cÖ`k©b,
wk¶vg~jK ågY, wdkej †KŠkj, k~b¨ ¯’v‡b Z_¨ emv‡bv, AbymÜvbg~jK KvR †`qv,
mgm¨v mgvavb, Awc©Z KvR, ZvwjKv ˆZwiKiY, µg Abyqvqx mvRvb, fyj wPwýZKiY,
mZ¨-wg_¨v wbY©q, †kªwY web¨vmKiY BZ¨vw`|
78
g~j¨vqb
 cÖk-œ 1. `jMZ KvR Kv‡K e‡j? `jMZ Kv‡Ri myweav Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
cÖk-œ 2. mZx_© wk¶Y Kx? mZx_© wk¶‡Yi myweav-Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K:
(1) †kªwYK‡¶i cvidi‡gÝ, (2) cix¶vi b¤î, (3) AvBKÈv±, (4) evwoi KvR, (5)
Abycw¯’wZ, (6) DËi cÖ`v‡b weiZ _vKv|
ce©- L:
wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- M:
wb‡R Kiæb|
79
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y

f~wgKv:
cwiex¶Y kãwU m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv cÖ`vbB G Awa‡ek‡bi D‡Ïk¨| cwiex¶Y n‡jv Ggb
GKwU †KŠkj hv me mgq j¶¨gyLx| Gi Øviv hv eySvb nq Zv A‡bKUv Bs‡iwR gwbUwis
kãwUi mgv_©K| †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nevi Rb¨ †hgb IB †KŠkjwU
Kv‡R jv‡M †Zgwb Kv‡Ri j¶¨ AR©‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖn‡YI Gi h‡_ó f~wgKv
i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y cwiex¶Y Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv mvgvwRK weÁvb
wel‡q AMÖMwZ mva‡bi cÖ‡Póvq cwiex¶YB Z`viwKi KvR K‡i _v‡K| d‡j Gi gva¨‡g
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Yi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨- G `ywU w`K KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡”Q Zv wbY©q Kiv
m¤¢e nq| Kv‡RB G Awa‡ek‡b cwiex¶Y Kx- †m wel‡q aviYv jvf KivB Avgv‡ì j¶¨|
D‡Ïk¨
 cwiex¶Y Kx ej‡Z cvi‡e|
 cwiex¶Y I g~j¨vq‡bi m¤úK© kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 cwiex¶‡Y Kx Kx welq j¶¨ Ki‡Z nq Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 cwiex¶‡Yi Rb¨ †PKwj÷ ‰Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: cwiex¶‡Yi aviYv

wk¶v_x© eÜz, cwiex¶Y n‡”Q GKwU †KŠkj| †KŠkjwU Ggb hv GKwU wbw`©ó j‡¶¨
cwiPvwjZ ev eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| Aek¨ GLv‡b cwiex¶‡Yi Zzjbvq ÔgwbUwisÕ Bs‡iwR
cÖwZkãwU †ewk cwiwPZ| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y cwiex¶Y n‡jv mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q
AMÖMwZ mva‡bi cÖ‡Póvi Dci bRi`vwi Kiv| Avgiv Rvwb †h, cwiex¶Y GKwU †KŠkj hv
80
j¶¨gyLx| GKwU D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU mn‡RB †evSvb †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-GKwU
KvR hv nv‡Z wb‡qwQ, Zv wVK wVK GwM‡q Pj‡Q wKbv Zv †R‡b I ey‡S †bqvi KvRwU n‡jv
gwbUwis ev cwiex¶Y| G KvR ZLbB j¶¨ AR©b K‡i hLb KvRwU‡Z †Kv‡bv evav bv c‡o
Ges hw` †Kv‡bv evav ev mgm¨v m„wó n‡jI Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ mg‡qvwPZ cÖ‡qvRbxq
c`‡¶c M„nxZ n‡q _v‡K| †mRb¨ Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZi mve©¶wYK Z`viwK ìKvi| GB †h
Z`viwK ev gwbUwis; GUvB cwiex¶Y| ZvB GB mvgwqK g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv‡K cwiex¶Y
e‡j| g~j¨vq‡b D³ welqwU cv‡Vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡”Q Zv we‡kølY K‡i
†`Lv nq| Bs‡iwR gwbUwis kãwU cwiex¶‡Yi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ| †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri
AMÖMwZ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Zv Aek¨B gwbUwis Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr gwbUwis ev cwiex¶Y n‡jv
GKwU †KŠkj| Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i j¶¨ AR©b bv nIqv ch©šÍ cy‡iv welqwU
Z`viwK KivB G †KŠk‡ji KvR|
wk¶v_x©e„&›` Avmyb Gevi Avgiv wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi †èvi †Póv Kwi|
µg cÖkœ DËi
1| cwiex¶Y kãwUi cÖwZkã n‡”Q gwbUwis/†gBb‡UBb
2| cwiex¶Y GKwU ... †KŠkj/KvR
3| cwiex¶Y me mgq .. j¶¨gyLx/j¶¨nxb
4| cwiex¶Y j¶¨ AR©‡bi Amyweavmg~n `~ixKi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv K‡i/K‡i bv|
5| cwiex¶Y Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv wb‡`©kbv †`q ... mvgvwRK g~j¨vq‡bi/AMÖMwZi
81
ce©- L: cwiex¶‡Y we‡eP¨ w`Kmg~n


cwiex¶Y Ggb GKwU †KŠkj hvi mvnv‡h¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© Avgiv
mg¨K aviYv †c‡Z cvwi| ZvB cÖ_‡g Avgiv mvgvwRK weÁv‡b AMÖMwZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq
†mUv Rvbvi †Póv Kie| mvaviYfv‡e AMÖMwZ A_© AMÖmi nIqv| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q
AMÖMwZ A_© G wel‡q wk¶v_x© GKK ev `jxqfv‡e KZUzKz cv‡V AMÖmi n‡jv, wk¶v_x©i cvV
AMÖMwZ, Ávb, `¶Zv I g‡bvfve m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv| wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì †gŠwLK,
wjwLZ, Awc©Z KvR, mvßvwnK cix¶v, evwo I †kªwYi KvR BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g AMªMwZ m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| ZvB AMÖMwZ cwiex¶‡Y D³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e| GQvov
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶v_©x msL¨v, Dcw¯’wZ, wk¶v_©xi nvi, †Q‡j-†g‡q AbycvZ, wk¶‡Ki
†hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` welqI †`Lvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁv‡b cwiex¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Kx
Kx welq LwZ‡q †`Lv ìKvi †m wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ KivB G ch©v‡qi D‡Ïk¨|
wk¶v_x©e„›` G wel‡q 5 wgwbU wPšÍv fvebv K‡i wb‡Pi QKwUi Lvwj Ni¸‡jv c~iY Kiæb|
Dcw¯’wZ
wk¶v_x©i msL¨v
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b
cwiex¶‡Yi w`K
cwiex¶‡Yi wdWe¨v‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i GKRb cwiex¶K Kx Kx wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶¨
ivL‡eb e‡j g‡b K‡ib wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wjLyb|
82
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
 cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡eb|
 avivevwnK I wbqwgZfv‡e cwiex¶Y Ki‡eb|
 Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡eb, civgk© I wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
 wk¶v_x©i Î“wU I mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ges mgvav‡bi Dcvq wPwýZ K‡i wbqwgZ
cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e I cÖ‡qvR‡b mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
ce©- M: cwiex¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ I cÖkœcÎ/†PKwj÷ cÖbqb


wb‡R Kiæb|
83
g~j wkLbxq welq

mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y
cwiex¶‡Yi Zzjbvq gwbUwis Bs‡iwR cÖwZkãwU †ewk cwiwPZ| cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi wm×všÍ
 MÖn‡Y mnvqZvi Rb¨ †mB cÖK‡íi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡©K wbqwgZ Z_¨ msMÖn, msi¶Y, we‡kølY,
cwigvcb I AewnZKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K cwiex¶Y e‡j| cwiex¶‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Kg©m~wP
ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖevngvb aviv‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ges hvPvB Kiv hvq| †h KvRwU nv‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q,
Zv wVK wVK GwM‡q P‡j‡Q wKbv Zv †R‡b I ey‡S †bqvi KvRwU n‡jv gwbUwis| Z‡e G
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †Kvb PzovšÍ djvdj †NvlYv Kiv hvq bv| G cÖwµqvi cÖ_‡g Z_¨ I DcvË
msM„nxZ nq, hvi Dci wfwË K‡i ÎæwUwePÿwZ m¤ú‡K© wdWe¨vK ‡Ìqv nq| wdWe¨v‡Ki
Dci wfwË K‡i wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v †bIqv nq| G KvR ZLbB j¶¨ AR©b K‡i hLb Kv‡R
†Kv‡bv Amyweav, evav ev mgm¨v m„wó nq Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c M„nxZ n‡q
_v‡K| A_©vr Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZi mve©¶wYK Z`viwK Ges mvgwqK g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv‡K
cwiex¶Y e‡j|
wk¶v‡¶‡Î g~j¨vqb ej‡Z †evSvq, wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi AMÖMwZi Ae¯’v hvPvB| wk¶v
Kvh©µ‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv I mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K© c×wZMZ wePvi we‡kølY| g~j¨vqb wk¶v
Kvh©µ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡”Q ev n‡q‡Q Zv Z_¨wfwËK wePvi we‡kølY K‡i
†`Lv nq| g~j¨vq‡bi Dci cwiex¶Y Kiv Ges cwiex¶‡Yi wdWe¨v‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i
wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| cwiex¶YKv‡j cwiex¶K‡K wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi
cÖwZ j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
 cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡eb|
 avivevwnK I wbqwgZ fv‡e cwiex¶Y Ki‡eb|
 Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡eb, civgk© I wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
 wk¶v_x©i Î“wU I mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ges mgvav‡bi Dcvq wPwýZ K‡i wbqwgZ
cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e I cÖ‡qvR‡b mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
84
wk¶K †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, Awc©Z KvR, mvßvwnK cix¶v, evwo I †kªwYi KvR BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g
AMªMwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| ZvB AMÖMwZ cwiex¶‡Y D³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z
n‡e| GQvov mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶v_©x msL¨v, Dcw¯’wZ, wk¶v_©xi nvi, †Q‡j-‡g‡q
AbycvZ, wk¶‡Ki †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jvI †`Lvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
Dcw¯’wZ
wk¶v_x©i msL¨v
wk¶v_x©i nvi mvgvwRK weÁv‡b

cwiex¶‡Yi w`K Ávb
wk¶‡Ki cvV AMÖMwZ

†hvM¨Zv †Q‡j‡g‡qi
AbycvZ
cwiex¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ I cÖkœcÎ/†PKwj÷ cÖYqb
1| we`¨j‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb welqwU cwiex¶Y Kivi Rb¨ cwiex¶‡Ki Kx Kx cª¯‘wZ _vKv
cÖ‡qvRb Zv †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
2| cÖwk¶K cÖwk¶Yv_x©†ì DËi MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges wb‡R cwiex¶‡Ki cª¯‘wZ m¤ú©‡K
msw¶ß cvV †`‡eb|
3| we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb welqwU cwiex¶Y Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †PKwj÷/ cÖkœcÎ cÖYqY
Ki‡Z ej‡eb| KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Yv_x©†ì K‡qKwU `‡j wef³ K‡i ‡b‡eb|
4| cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i †PKwj÷/cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ki‡eb| cÖwk¶K

wb‡`©kbvg~jK civgk© I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
85
5| cÖwZwU `j Zv‡ì KvR †cv÷vi †ccvi A_ev I.GBP.wc-†Z cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb|
6| cÖwk¶K welqwUi mvigg© †U‡b cvV †kl Ki‡eb|
g~j¨vqb
 1| cwiex¶‡Yi msÁv wjLyb|
2| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y AMÖMwZ‡Z we‡eP¨ w`K¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3| cwiex¶‡Yi wdWe¨v‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i GKRb cwiex¶‡Ki Kx Kx KiYxq?
4| cwiex¶Y I g~j¨vq‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q Kiæb|
86
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì AR©b wbY©q
f~wgKv
wk¶v_x©iv †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ wk¶Yxq wel‡q †h Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i
†mUvB n‡jv wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ ev AR©b (Achievement)| G AR©b wbY©q Kiv wk¶‡Ki
GKwU wbqwgZ KvR| AR©b wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g †Kej wk¶v_x©i cvV AMÖMwZ I Zvi Ávb,
`¶Zv I g‡bvfve m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| GRb¨ wk¶K‡K wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î wk¶K wk¶v_x©i †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, Awc©Z KvR, mvßvwnK cix¶v, evwoi
KvR, †kªwY I mvßvwnK cix¶v BZ¨vwì mvnvh¨ wb‡q _v‡Kb| Gme wKQyB wk¶v_x©i AR©b
wbY©‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
D‡Ïk¨
 wkLbdj AR©‡b wewfbœ g~j¨vqb †KŠk‡ji bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y I cvi`wk©Zv AR©b wbY©‡q g~j¨vqb †KŠkj I Zvi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K©
ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: AR©b/K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vq‡bi aviYv
 wk¶vi GKwU Ab¨Zg j¶¨ n‡jv wk¶v_x©i Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©‡bi
gva¨‡g Zvi AvPi‡Yi evwÂZ cwieZ©b Avbqb| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶vµ‡gi j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I
welqe¯‘ wba©viY K‡i Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i AvPi‡Yi evwÂZ cwieZ©b Avbvi j‡¶¨ wewfbœ
ai‡bi wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewji Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ
wk¶Yxq wel‡q †h Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i †mUvB n‡jv wk¶v_x©i
K…wZZ¡ ev AR©b (Achievement)| Avi wewfbœ wel‡q wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ hvPvB‡qi c×wZ ev
cÖwµqv n‡jv K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb ev AR©b wbY©q| g~j¨vq‡bi mswkøó cvwifvwlK cÖZ¨q¸‡jv n‡”Q
cix¶v (Examination), Afx¶v (Test), cwigvc (Measurement)|
87
ce©- L: AR©b wbY©‡q wewfbœ g~j¨vqb †KŠkj I Zvi cÖ‡qvM


B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h, wk¶Yxq wel‡qi Dc‡i wk¶v_x© †h Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I
g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i †mUvB Zvi K…wZZ¡ ev AR©b| †m K…wZZ¡ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ †KŠkj
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| G †KŠkj¸‡jv‡K ejv nq g~j¨vqb †KŠkj| wk¶v_x© eÜz, GLb †m
†KŠkj¸‡jv wb‡q Avgiv ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv Kie|
wk¶vg~jK Afx¶v 2 cÖKvi h_v- (1) wjwLZ Afx¶v I (2) ‡gŠwLK Afx¶v| wjwLZ
Afx¶v Avevi `yB fv‡M wef³| iPbvg~jK cix¶v I ‰be©¨w³K Afx¶v| ‡gŠwLK Afx¶vI
`yB cÖKvi: KvVv‡gvMZ †gŠwLK Afx¶v I AKvVv‡gvMZ †gŠwLK Afx¶v|
gb¯ÍvwË¡K Afx¶vi †kªwY wefvM: eyw×i Afx¶v (Intelligence test); we‡kl m¤¢vebvi
Afx¶v (Special Aptitude test); we‡kl gvbwmK `¶Zvi Afx¶v (Special Ability
test); e¨w³Z¡ cwigv‡ci Afx¶v (Personality test); wPšÍvkw³i Afx¶v (Test of
Reasoning)|
AvZ¥eY©bvg~jK †KŠkj (Self Reporting Techniques): Wv‡qwi †jLv; mv¶vrKvi;

cÖkœgvjv; ch©‡e¶Y †KŠkj: A¨v‡bK‡WvUvj †iKW©; †PK wj÷; ‡iwUs †¯‹j; mgvRwgwZg~jK
†KŠkj |
wk¶v_x©e„›`, Gevi wb‡P cÖ`Ë g~j¨vqb †KŠkj¸‡jv †Kvb ch©vqfy³ n‡e Zv wbY©q K‡i †kªwY
wefvM Kiæb|
1. †PK wj÷ 2. wjwLZ Afx¶v 3. †gŠwLK Afx¶v 4. wPšÍvkw³i Afx¶v

5. iPbvg~jK cix¶v 6. we‡kl gvbwmK `¶Zvi Afx¶v 7. eyw×i Afx¶v
8.‡iwUs †¯‹j 9. cÖkœgvjv 10. ˆbe¨w³K Afx¶v 11. Wv‡qwi †jLv
12.mv¶vrKvi 13. e¨w³Z¡ cwigv‡ci Afx¶v 14. A¨v‡bK‡WvUvj †iKW©
wk¶v_x©e„›` Avmyb g~j¨vqb †KŠkj¸‡jv wb‡q wPšÍvfvebv K‡i cÖ‡qvM Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi
QKwU‡Z A_ev Avjv`v KvM‡R cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ GKwU K‡i cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiæb|
88
cÖ‡kœi aib cÖkœ

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ eY©bvg~jK
msw¶ß DËi
GKk‡ã DËi
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY
wgjKiY
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ kbv³KiY
mZ¨/wg_¨v
DËg DËi wbY©q
nvu/bv
eû wbe©vPbx
†kªwY wefvMKiY
89
g~j wkLbxq welq

mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì AR©b wbY©q
GKRb wk¶‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡jv wk¶v_x©‡K wZwb hv †kLv‡jb A_©vr wkLbxq
 wel‡q wk¶v_x©i AMÖMwZ KZLvwb n‡q‡Q Zv hvPvB Kiv| wk¶v_x©i cv‡Vi AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y
I AR©b wbY©q Kiv wk¶‡Ki GKwU wbqwgZ KvR| GUv Qvov bZzb cvV `vb Kiv e¨_© †Póv
gvÎ| †Kbbv AR©b wbY©‡qi d‡j wk¶v_x©i cvV AMÖMwZ I Zvi Ávb, `¶Zv I g‡bvfve
m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| GRb¨ wk¶K wk¶v_x©i †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, Awc©Z KvR, mvßvwnK
cix¶v, evwoi KvR, †kªwY I mvßvwnK cix¶vi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| wk¶v_x©i `¶Zv
I cvi`wk©Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wi‡cvU© KvW© ˆZwi, ch©v‡jvPbv I wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb G‡¶‡Î
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi ci eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, AvMÖn, g‡bvfve, eënvwiK
`¶Zv I cvi`wk©Zv m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiex¶Y I Achievement Test
MÖn‡Yi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
wk¶v_x©i AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y I cvi`wk©Zv AR©b wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i wbqgZvwš¿KZv,

cvVMÖnY, Abycw¯’wZ, wej¤^ ev cjvqb, †kªwY I evwoi KvR, Awc©Z KvR, cvV Abykxjb I
agx©q mvs¯‹…wZK Kvh©vewj h_v_©fv‡e wk¶v_x© cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Q wKbv †m m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe aviYv
cvIqv hvq| G‡Z †kªwYwk¶K, AwffveK I Ab¨vb¨ wk¶‡Ki gšÍe¨mn welqwfwËK †MÖwWs
c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i hveZxq Kvh©vewj g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| G mKj †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i
AR©b m¤ú‡K© Lye mn‡RB aviYv cvIqv m¤¢e ZvB bq, Gi wfwË‡Z ciewZ© cvV`v‡bi Rb¨
wk¶v_x© KZUzKz Dchy³ †mUvI cwigvc Kiv hvq| A_©vr fwel¨r cvV cwiKíbv MÖn‡YI
mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L|
wk¶vi GKwU Ab¨Zg j¶¨ n‡jv wk¶v_x©i Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©‡bi
gva¨‡g Zvi AvPi‡Yi evwÂZ cwieZ©b Avbqb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶vµ‡gi j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I
welqe¯‘ wba©viY K‡i Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i AvPi‡Yi evwÂZ cwieZ©b Avbq‡bi j‡¶¨
90
wewfbœ ai‡bi wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewji Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv †Kv‡bv
wba©vwiZ wk¶Yxq wel‡q †h Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i †mUvB n‡jv
wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ ev AR©b (Achievement)| Avi wewfbœ wel‡q wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ hvPvB‡qi
c×wZ ev cÖwµqv n‡jv K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb ev AR©b wbY©q| g~j¨vq‡bi mswkøó cvwifvwlK
cÖZ¨q¸‡jv n‡”Q cix¶v (Examination), Afx¶v (Test), cwigvc (Measurement)|
wk¶v_x©i g~j¨vqb wewfbœfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

 †gŠwLK
 wjwLZ
 ch©‡e¶Y
 nv‡Z Kj‡g
 kbv³ Ki‡Z w`‡q
 †kªwYKiY Ki‡Z w`‡q
 Awfbq Ki‡Z w`‡q
 A¼b Ki‡Z w`‡q
 cÖ‡R± Ki‡Z w`‡q|
wk¶vg~jK Afx¶v 2 cÖKvi h_v- (1) wjwLZ Afx¶v I (2) †gŠwLK Afx¶v| wjwLZ
Afx¶v Avevi `yB fv‡M wef³| iPbvg~jK cix¶v I ‰be©¨w³K Afx¶v| ‡gŠwLK Afx¶vI
`yB cÖKvi: KvVv‡gvMZ †gŠwLK Afx¶v I AeKvVv‡gvMZ †gŠwLK Afx¶v|
gb¯ÍvwË¡K Afx¶vi †kªwY wefvM: eyw×i Afx¶v (Intelligence test); we‡kl m¤¢vebvi
Afx¶v (Special Aptitude test); we‡kl gvbwmK `¶Zvi Afx¶v (Special Ability
test); e¨w³Z¡ cwigv‡ci Afx¶v (Personality test); wPšÍvkw³i Afx¶v (Test of
Reasoning)|
AvZ¥eY©bvg~jK †KŠkj (Self Reporting Techniques): Wv‡qwi †jLv; mv¶vrKvi;

cÖkœgvjv; ch©‡e¶b †KŠkj: A¨v‡bK‡WvUvj †iKW©; †PKwj÷; †iwUs †¯‹j; mgvRwgwZg~jK
91
†KŠkj|
wewfbœ g~j¨vqb †KŠk‡ji †kªwY wefvM
wk¶vg~jK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K ch©‡e¶Y †KŠkj

Afx¶v
¯^g~j¨vqb †KŠkj/
AvZ¥eY©bvg~jK †KŠkj
g~j¨vqb
1| wkÿv_x©i K…wZZ¡ ev AR©b ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

2| wkÿv_x©i AMÖMwZ cixÿ‡Y †Kvb w`K¸‡jv we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L?
3| wkÿv_x©i g~j¨vqb KZfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?
4| Afxÿv Kv‡K e‡j? wkÿvg~jK Afxÿv KZ cÖKvi Kx Kx?
5| wewfbœ g~j¨vqb †KŠk‡ji †kªwY web¨vm Kiæb|
92
†Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x© Df‡qiB AvMÖn a‡i ivLv
f~wgKv:
mvaviYZ GKwU †kªwYK‡¶ †Q‡j I †g‡q `yB ai‡Yi wk¶v_x©B _v‡K| mKj wk¶v_x©B hv‡Z
mgvbfv‡e †kªwY‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx _v‡K †mw`‡K wk¶K‡K we‡kl bRi w`‡Z n‡e| †kªwY‡Z
†Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn mgvb fv‡e a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡¶¨
wk¶K‡K we‡klfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq| Dfq ai‡bi wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn a‡i ivL‡Z bv cvi‡j
ïay wk¶vi cwi‡ek bó nq Zv bq, wk¶vi g~j j¶Ï AR©b m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB me ai‡bi
wk¶v_x©i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLv Z_v †kªwY K‡¶i cv‡V m‡PZb I mwµq ivLv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
GKwU welq|
D‡Ïk¨
 †kªwY‡Z †g‡q wk¶v_©x†ì Kxfv‡e êl‡gï wkKvi n‡Z nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kªwY‡Z †Q‡j-†g‡q êl‡gï KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: †cÖlYv m„wó
 GKRb wk¶K †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_x©i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB Zv‡ì cÖkœ
K‡i †cÖlYv m„wó Ki‡eb| †mRb¨ wZwb Ggb wKQy cwiwPZ kã ej‡eb hvi gva¨‡g
wk¶v_x©‡ì ga¨ †_‡KB †ewo‡q Avm‡e kã¸‡jv †Kvb †kªYxi mv‡_ KZUzKz mswkøó| Avmyb
Gevi wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kwi| Zvi Av‡M wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv co–b Ges kãwU ‡Kvb fv‡M
co‡e Zv we‡ePbv K‡i wjLyb| kã¸‡jv n‡jv: `yb©xwZ, Wv³vi, M¤¢xi, MíKiv,
ivRbxwZwe`, M„n¯’vwji KvR, kw³, exi, fy³‡fvMx| Gi Øviv wewfbœ †ckv I Kg©Kv‡Ûi
mv‡_ †Kvb wj‡½i m¤ú„³Zv †ewk Zv wb‡q wk¶v_x©i gZvgZ †kªwY‡Z Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
Gevi wb‡Pi kãfvÛvi †_‡K kã wb‡q cÖ`Ë QKwU c~iY Kiæb|
93
gwnjv cyiæl Dfq
kã fvÛvi Wv³vi, bvm©, `ybx©wZ, ivbœvKiv, ivRbxwZwe`, exiDËg, M„n¯’vwji

KvR, wk¶KZv, eëmv-evwYR¨, Kwe, cywjk, ˆmwbK BZ¨vw`
ce©- L: wfRyqvjvB‡Rmb

wcÖq wk¶v_x© Avcbviv cÖvqB j¶¨ K‡i _v‡Kb †h, †g‡q wk¶v_x©iv †kªwYK‡¶ bvbvfv‡e
êl‡gï wkKvi n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ †Kb? cÖkœwU wb‡q 5 wgwbU wPšÍv Kiæb| AZci Avcbvi
mvg‡b †h wPšÍv¸‡jv Av‡m Zv AbymiY K‡i wb‡Pi QKwU‡Z wjwce× Kiæb|
94
wk¶v_x© Avmyb Gevi †g‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì Kxfv‡e êl‡gï wkKvi n‡Z nq Zvi D`vniY I
KviY¸‡jv wbY©q K‡i wb‡Pi QKwU‡Z D‡jøL Kiæb:
êl‡gï D`vniY êl‡gï KviY

1. †g‡q wkï‡ì ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡Z 1. we‡qi c‡i Zviv k¦ïi evwo P‡j
Abxnv| hv‡e ZvB cov‡jLvi ìKvi †bB|
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
95
ce©- M: gZvgZ MÖnY


wk¶K mK‡ji gZvgZ MÖnY Ki‡eb| mKj wk¶v_x©‡K GKm‡½ hvPvB‡qi myweav‡_© wZwb
†ev‡W© GKwU evK¨ wjL‡eb| †hgb,
Ôwk¶K KL‡bvB †kªwY‡Z GB ai‡bi êlg¨ m„wó Ki‡eb bvÕ| GB ai‡bi GKUv Dw³ †ev‡W©
wj‡L w`‡eb| evKÜvi wb‡P GKw`‡K ÔGKgZÕ Ab¨w`‡K ÔGKgZ bqÕ GB K_v `ywUI
wjL‡eb| wk¶v_x©‡ì wRÁvmv Ki‡eb hviv evK¨wUi mv‡_ GKgZ Zviv ÔGKgZÕ †jLvi
w`‡K ùvov‡eb Avi hviv GKgZ bq Zviv Ab¨w`‡K ùvov‡eb| `yB `‡ji hyw³ MÖnY
Ki‡eb|
Gici wk¶K m¤ú~Y© cvVwUi mvivsk †U‡b K¬vm †kl Ki‡eb|
wk¶K KL‡bvB †kªwY‡Z GB ai‡bi êlg¨ m„wó Ki‡eb bv| êlg¨ `~i Ki‡Z
wk¶K‡K me mgq m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v_x©e„›` Avmyb Gevi wb‡Pi QKwU‡K AbymiY K‡i †kªwY‡Z êlg¨ m„wói c‡¶ I
wec‡¶i hyw³¸‡jv GKwU mv`v KvM‡R wjLyb|
wk¶K KL‡bvB †kªwY‡Z êlg¨ m„wó Ki‡eb bv
GKgZ GKgZ bq
96
g~j wkLbxq welq

†Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x© Df‡qiB AvMÖn a‡i ivLv
 wk¶v_x©e„›` g‡bv‡hvMmnKv‡i wb‡Pi MíwU cvV Kiæb| cvV †k‡l †PvL eÜ K‡i M‡íi
wfZi †_‡K †RÛvi êlg¨RwbZ D`vniY¸‡jv g‡b Kivi †Póv Kiæb|
kx‡Zi mKvj iwngv AvR cuvP w`b ci ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q| ¯‹z‡j hvevi Av‡M iwngv‡K evevi bv¯Ív
ˆZwi I †QvU fvB‡qi †`Lvïbv Ki‡Z nq| AvRI Zvi e¨wZµg nq wb| eis gv‡qi wKQy
KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q iwngvi ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z wKQzUv †`wi n‡q †M‡Q | †m `ªæZ †nu‡U we`¨vj‡q
†cuŠQvj |
mßg †kªwY K‡¶i ìRvq hLb iwngv †cuŠQvj ZLb †kªwY wk¶K bvg WvK‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Qb|
lvU Rb wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ `k Rb †g‡q| wKš‘ AvR‡K gvÎ Qq Rb Dcw¯’Z| cÖ_g mvwi‡Z
cuvPwU †g‡q Av‡M †_‡KB e‡m wQj| †cQ‡bi mvwi‡Z †Q‡jiv e‡m _vKvq iwngv‡K Kó K‡i
cÖ_g mvwi‡ZB em‡Z n‡jv| †`wi‡Z K¬v‡m Avmvi Rb¨ wk¶K Zv‡K evwo‡Z †_‡KB
M„n¯’vwji KvR †kLvi K_v e‡j wZi¯‹vi Ki‡jb| iwngv gv_v bZ K‡i _vK‡jv|
wk¶K K¬vm ïiæ Ki‡jb| K¬v‡m cÖwZw`‡bi g‡Zv †Q‡j‡ì w`‡K ZvwK‡q cvV`vb KiwQ‡jb
Ges cÖkœI †Q‡j wk¶v_x©‡ìB KiwQ‡jb| wZwb KL‡bv †g‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì w`‡K ZvwK‡q
cvV`vb KiwQ‡jb bv| wZwb hLb GKUv cÖkœ Ki‡jb ZLb GKwU †g‡q Zvi DËi †èvi
†Póv Ki‡jv| DËiUv fyj wQj mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶Kmn †Q‡jiv mevB †n‡m DVj| wk¶K
†Q‡j‡ì‡K wKQzB ej‡jb bv eis wZwb wb‡RI nvm‡jb| wk¶K cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi bv
w`‡q cybivq cvV`vb ïiæ Ki‡jb|
wk¶K hLb †kªwYi KvR w`‡jb ZLb wZwb †Q‡j‡ì †e‡Âi cv‡k Ny‡i Ny‡i KvR †`L‡Z
ïiæ Ki‡jb| wKš‘ †g‡q‡ì Kv‡Q ‡M‡jb bv| †h cvV¨ cy¯ÍK †`‡L wk¶v_x©iv cÖ‡kœi DËi
wjLwQj Zv‡Z wewfbœ †ckvRxexi wPÎ wQj, †hgb-wePviK, Wv³vi, †`vKvb`vi|
97
cvV¨cy¯Í‡KI GB wZb †ckvi wP‡Î cyiæl‡ìB †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †kªwYi KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡ZB
K¬vm †k‡li NÈv †kvbv †Mj|
wk¶K ÔÔAv”Qv †Q‡jiv AvR GLv‡bB K¬vm †kl KiwQÕÕ e‡j we`vq wb‡jb|
†RÛvi êl‡gï m¤¢ve¨ KviY¸‡jv n‡jv-
 evOvwj ms¯‹„wZ‡Z gwnjvivB N‡ii KvR K‡ib| KviY N‡ii KvR cyiæ‡li Rb¨ bq|
†g‡q‡ì Rb¨|
 †g‡q wkï‡ì ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡Z Abxnv| KviY Zviv we‡qi c‡i Ab¨ evwo‡Z P‡j hv‡e|
 †g‡q‡ì wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Ki‡Qb bv| KviY cyiælivB msmvi cwiPvjbv
K‡i †g‡qiv bq|
 Kzms¯‹vi I Ace¨vL¨v- †g‡q‡ì evB‡i cvVv‡bv wbivc` bq|
 mvgvwRK wbivcËvnxbZv- †g‡q‡ì evB‡i cvVv‡bv wbivc` bq|
g~j¨vqb
1| †kªwY‡Z †g‡q wkÿv_x©‡ì Kxfv‡e êl‡gï wkKvi n‡Z nq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| †kªwY‡Z †Q‡j †g‡q Dfq wkÿv_x©i AvMÖn Kxfv‡e a‡i ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i?
3| †g‡q wkÿv_x©‡ì êl‡gï KviY¸‡jv wjwce× Kiæb|
98
†Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x©‡K wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨

f~wgKv:
†Q‡j †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_x©‡K wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi wewfbœ †KŠkj AvqI KivB G
Awa‡ek‡bi j¶¨| †mRb¨ †kªwY‡Z †g‡q I ‡Q‡j Dfq wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| G wel‡q wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †mR‡b¨ †kªwY‡Z
wk¶‡Ki KiYxq w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv cÖ‡qvRb|
D‡Ïk¨
 †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x© Df‡qi AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv KZUzKz Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 Df‡qi AvMÖn a‡i ivL‡Z wk¶‡Ki KiYxq Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kªwY êlg¨ `~i Kivi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: †kªwY‡Z †g‡q-†Q‡j Dfq wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶i †ev‡W© wjL‡eb Ò†kªwY‡Z †g‡q I †Q‡j Dfq wk¶v_x©‡ì AvMÖn a‡i
ivLv we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbÓ|
†ev‡W© †jLv welqwUi Dci cy‡iv †kªwYi gZvgZ wb‡eb| †ev‡W© ÔGKgZÕ Ges ÔGKgZ bqÕ
kã `ywU wj‡L wk¶v_x©‡ì gZvg‡Zi djvdj hvPvB Ki‡eb| K‡qKRb‡K Zv‡ì
gZvg‡Zi c‡¶ Kx hyw³ Zv wRÁvmv Ki‡eb|
†Q‡j ev †g‡q wk¶v_x© cv‡V AvMÖnx bv n‡j Kx n‡Z cv‡i? cvkvcvwk emv `yBRb wk¶v_x©‡K
†Rvovq †Rvovq welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ej‡eb| wk¶v_x©e„›` AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wPwýZ K‡i LvZvq wjL‡eb| wk¶K wewfbœ wk¶v_x©i DËi MÖnY Ki‡eb|
99
wcÖq wk¶v_x©, †Q‡j-†g‡q Dfq wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx Kx wb‡Ri g‡Zv
K‡i wb‡P wjLyb|
1| mywk¶vi cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2|
3|
4|
ce©- L: Df‡qi AvMªnÖ a‡i ivL‡Z wk¶‡Ki KiYxq w`K


†kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_x©‡ì AvMÖn a‡i ivL‡Z wk¶‡Ki KiYxq w`K¸‡jv wb‡q †eªBb÷wg©s
Kiv‡eb| wk¶K wj½ êlg¨ †bB Ggb †kªwY Mo‡Z wk¶‡Ki KiYxq w`K¸‡jv wb‡q msw¶ß
cvV †`‡eb| G‡¶‡Î Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi mv‡_ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi f~wgKvi Dci †Rvo
†`‡eb| †hgb: AvB K›Uv±, †kªwY‡Z cÖkœ Kivi †KŠkj, KUyK_v ejv ‡_‡K weiZ _vKv,
`jxq Kv‡R mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv, êlg¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ggb Qwe ev DcKiY cÖ`k©b
†_‡K weiZ _vKv, cvV`v‡b êlg¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ggb kã cwinvi Kiv, Dfq‡K †kªwY‡Z
AskMÖn‡Yi mgvb my‡hvM †`qv, Dfq‡K mgfv‡e cÖkswmZ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
AvB K›Uv±, †kªwY‡Z cÖkœ Kivi †KŠkj, KUyK_v ejv ‡_‡K weiZ _vKv, `jxq Kv‡R
mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv, êlg¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ggb Qwe ev DcKiY cÖ`k©b †_‡K
weiZ _vKv, cvV`v‡b êlg¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ggb kã cwinvi Kiv, ‡g‡q I †Q‡j wk¶v_x©
Dfq‡K †kªwY‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi mgvb my‡hvM †`qv, Dfq‡K mgfv‡e cÖkswmZ Kiv BZ¨vwì
gva¨‡g †kªwY‡Z êlg¨ `~i Kiv m¤¢e|
100
ce©- M: Awfbq

†kªwY êlg¨ Kxfv‡e `~i Kiv hvq Zvi wKQy †KŠkj Av‡Q| Awfbq Zb¥‡a¨ GKwU Ab¨Zg
†KŠkj| †kªwY wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì `yBwU eo `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| wk¶v_x©MY wb‡R‡ì ga¨
‡_‡K GKRb‡K wk¶K-Gi f~wgKvq Awfb‡qi Rb¨ †e‡Q †b‡eb, Abïv wk¶v_x©‡ì
f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡eb|
wk¶v_x©‡ì GKwU `j‡K êlg¨ ‰Zwi K‡i Ggb †kªwYi wk¶K I wk¶v_x©‡ì f~wgKvq
Awfbq Ki‡Z ej‡eb| Ab¨ `j‡K ‰elg¨ †bB Ggb †kªwYi wk¶K I wk¶v_x©‡ì f~wgKvq
Awfbq Ki‡Z ej‡eb| cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ wKQy mgq wba©viY K‡i †`‡eb| `ywU `j‡KB
cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| G ai‡bi Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K `jxq Kv‡R
mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq Ab¨w`‡K GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dfq †kªwY‡K mgvbfv‡e cÖmswkZ
Kivi d‡j †kªwY êlg¨ `yixf~Z nq|
wcÖq wk¶v_x© Awfbq QvovI Avi Kx Kx †KŠkj Av‡Q hv cÖ‡qvM K‡i †kªwY êlg¨ `~i Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡Ri gZ K‡i wb‡Pi e·wU‡Z wjLyb|
1| weZ©K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
2| iPbv wjLb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
3|
4|
5|
101
g~j wkLbxq welq

†Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x©‡K wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨
†kªwY‡Z ‡Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_x©‡KB mgfv‡e wkL‡b mnvqZv Kiv mKj cÖwk¶K I
 wk¶‡Ki KZ©e¨| GRb¨ wk¶K‡K †RÛvi êl‡gï D‡©× †_‡K †kªwYKvh©µg Pvjv‡Z n‡e|
†kªwY‡Z †g‡q I †Q‡j Dfq‡K mgfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j †kªwYK‡¶
mywk¶vi cwi‡ek ˆZwi n‡e| cov‡jLvi †¶‡Î weivRgvb êlg¨ K‡g Avm‡e| mK‡ji Rb¨
¸YMZ wk¶v wbwðZ n‡e| mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡Ui BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avm‡e| Df‡qi g‡a¨
mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡e| Df‡qi gvb-gh©v`v I wbivcËvi Dbœqb NU‡e|
GRb¨ wk¶‡Ki AvB K›Uv± mK‡ji cÖwZ mgvb n‡Z n‡e| ïay ‡Q‡j ev †g‡qi w`‡K
ZvwK‡q cvV bv w`‡q cy‡iv †kªwYi w`‡K ZvwK‡q K_v ej‡Z n‡e| †kªwY‡Z cÖkœ Kivi mgq
mK‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| DËiI Dfq †kªwY †_‡K wb‡Z n‡e| †g‡q‡ì ev
‡Q‡j‡ì D‡Ïk¨ K‡i KUyK_v ejv, nvwm-VvÆv Kiv BZ¨vw` cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
`jxq Kv‡R mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv, êlg¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ggb Qwe ev DcKiY cÖ`k©b
†_‡K weiZ _vKv, cvV`v‡b êlg¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ggb kã cwinvi Kiv, Dfq‡K †kªwY‡Z
AskMÖn‡Yi mgvb my‡hvM †`qv, Dfq‡K mgfv‡e cÖkswmZ Kiv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †kªwY‡Z
êlg¨ `~i Kiv m¤¢e| GQvov Mvb, weZ©K, iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, KweZv wjLb, nv‡Zi KvR
BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g Dfq wk¶v_x©‡K mgvR my‡hvM w`‡q Kv‡Ri cÖksmv K‡i †hgb, wkL‡bi
AvMÖn a‡i ivLv hvq, Ab¨w`‡K †kªwY êlgÏ `~i Kiv m¤¢e nq| gv‡S g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb
¯îƒc cyi¯‹…Z Kiv n‡j †mUvI LyeB Kvh©Kix f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wkLb cÖwµqv
Av‡iv AwaK MwZkxj I Avb›``vqK nq|
102
†Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|
 wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ †g‡q I †Q‡j Dfq‡K m‡PZb K‡i g‡bv‡hvMx ivL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mywk¶vi cwi‡ek ˆZwi n‡e|
 mK‡ji Rb¨ ¸YMZ wk¶v wbwðZ n‡e|
 cov‡jLvi †¶‡Î weivRgvb êlg¨ K‡g Avm‡e|
 mvgvwRK †cª¶vc‡Ui BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avm‡e|
 †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj wkLb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e n‡e|
 Df‡qi g‡a¨ mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡e|
 Df‡qi gvb gh©v`v I wbivcËvi Dbœqb NU‡e|
wk¶‡Ki KiYxq w`K
 wk¶K mKj wk¶v_x©i cÖwZ mgvb `„wó ivL‡eb|
 ïaygvÎ †Q‡j wk¶v_x© wKsev †g‡q wk¶v_x© hv‡Z cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †m w`‡K
j¶¨ Ki‡eb|
 we‡kl †Kv‡bv `j †hb cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|
 Df‡qi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e emvi RvqMv eivÏ Ki‡eb|
 Df‡qi KvR mgvbfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡eb|
 `j‡bZv wbe©vP‡b Dfq‡K mgvb my‡hvM †`‡eb|
 Df‡qi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡eb|
 wj½ êlg¨ ewR©Z D`vniY w`‡eb|
 wj½ êlg¨ ewR©Z fvlv eënvi Ki‡eb|
103
 mKj‡K mgvbfv‡e nvZ DVv‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb|
 Df‡qi gZvgZ‡K mgvb ¯^xK…wZ I ¸iyZ¡ w`‡eb|
 mgvbfv‡e mevi cÖwZ `„wó w`‡eb|
 Df‡qi bvg a‡i WvK‡eb|
 †kªwYK‡¶i evB‡iI Df‡qi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM eRvq ivL‡eb|
g~j¨vqb
1| †kªwY‡Z †Q‡j-†g‡q Dfq wkÿv_x©i AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| Dfq wkÿv_x©i AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi †ÿ‡Î GKRb wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq Kx Kx?
3| Kx Kx †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i †kªwY êlg¨ `~i Kiv hvq|
104
BDwbU- 7: wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g mgwš^Z g~j¨hvPvB

Awa‡ekb- 13 : wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK
Awa‡ekb- 14 : wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK
Awa‡ekb- 15 : g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb
Awa‡ekb- 16 : cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ Ges g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv
Awa‡ekb- 17 : †jLv hv e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, g‡bvfve I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZôv
K‡i
Awa‡ekb- 18 : mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbv I AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶vKiY- 1
Awa‡ekb- 19 : QÙwk¶Y I djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶vKiY- 2
Awa‡ekb- 20 : †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶v cÖYqb
Awa‡ekb- 21 : †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb: b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û
Awa‡ekb- 22 : we`¨vjq cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb
Awa‡ekb- 23 : we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb: b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP, b¤î hvPvB I ms‡kvab
Awa‡ekb- 24 : wk¶v_©xi djvdj msi¶Y I Zv‡ì AR©b cwiex¶Y
Awa‡ekb- 25 : Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm,
f~‡Mvj) cÖkœcÎ, cix¶v K‡i †`Lv
Awa‡ekb- 26 : Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (†cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ,
RbmsL¨v wk¶v, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv wk¶v) cÖkœcÎ, AZxZ I
bgybv cix¶v Ges ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ cix¶v K‡i †`Lv
105
106
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv:

AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK
f~wgKv:
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi cÖm½wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨

hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©b wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ AZxe cÖ‡qvRbxq welq| g~j¨hvPvB‡qi
wewfbœ c_ ev cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q| wKQy AvbyôvwbK, wKQy AbvbyôvwbK cÖwµqv| G me cÖwµqvq
Kxfv‡e g~j¨hvPvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges gyj¨hvPvB‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRb KZLvwb BZ¨vw`
welq¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e m¤ú„³| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y wkL‡b ¸iæ‡Z¡i
mv‡_ welq¸‡jv Avgv‡ì we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-
 g~j¨hvPvB‡qi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 g~j¨hvPvB‡qi 10wU cwigvc‡Ki bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi f~wgKvi ¸iæZ¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi msÁv
 wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ ev AR©b cwigv‡ci Rb¨ g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi aviYv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv
cÖ‡qvRb| g~j¨ hvPvB n‡jv wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ cwigvcK| wkLb I wk¶‡Yi ¸YMZ I
cwigvYMZ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq †mUv n‡jv g~j¨ hvPvB| G cÖm‡½
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †kªwY wfwËK g~j¨hvPvB KvRwU †kªwYK‡¶ m¤úbœ KivB h_v_©| G g~j¨
hvPvBKi‡Yi mv‡_ cix¶v I Afx¶v kã `ywU I‡Zv‡cÖv‡Zv fv‡e RwoZ| ZvB G `ywU wel‡q
aviYv _vKv ìKvi|
107
†h †Kv‡bv wel‡q GKRb wk¶v_©xi mvg_©¨, AwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv hvPvB‡qi c×wZ‡K ejv nq
cix¶v| Avi Afx¶v n‡jv wk¶v_©xi AwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv, K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡ci nvwZqvi ev
†KŠkj|
GKRb wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ ev g~j¨ †kªwYK‡¶ Kx Kx fv‡e hvPvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j g‡b
K‡ib| wb‡Pi e·wU‡Z D‡jøL Kiæb|
1.
2.
3.
4.
ce©- L: AvbyôvwbK we`¨vjq wfwËK g~j¨vqb


g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkLbdj KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zvi gvb wbiƒcY Kiv hvq; wkïi AwR©Z
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½; mvgvwRK `¶Zvmg~n hvPvB Kiv hvq| g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g
wk¶K cÖ‡qvRbxq wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj MÖn‡Yi wb‡`©kbv jvf K‡ib| wcwQ‡q cov
wk¶v_x©‡ì kbv³ Kiv hvq; wk¶v_x©‡ì gvb Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq;
wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì e¨vcv‡i wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v_x©‡ì AwR©Z Ávb cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mviv eQ‡i wjwLZ cix¶v w`‡Z
nq| wk¶v_x©i eyw×gËv, fvlvi `Lj,D”PviY ¶gZv, Dcw¯’Z eyw×, ¯§„wZkw³, AvZ¥cÖZ¨q,
Kg©`¶Zv, e¨w³Z¡ BZ¨vw` †gŠwLK cix¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
108
wk¶v_x©‡ì welq êwkó¨ Abyhvqx Kg©`¶Zv, ev¯ÍeÁvb, mvgvwRKZv‡eva I cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj

cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ eënvwiK cix¶v wb‡Z nq|
g~j¨hvPvB n‡jv wk¶v_x©i K…wZZ¡ cwigvcK| wkLb I wk¶‡Yi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ

cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq †mUv n‡jv g~j¨hvPvB| †kªwYwfwËK g~j¨hvPvB
KvRwU †kªwYK‡¶B m¤úbœ nq| gva¨wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ miKvi wm×všÍ
MÖnY K‡i‡Q †h, 2005 wk¶vel© n‡Z †`‡ki mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q lô †_‡K beg †kªwY
ch©šÍ wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ we`¨vjq wfwËK g~j¨vqb (SBA) c×wZ Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡e| G
c×wZ‡Z 10wU cwigvcK Gi wfwË‡Z GKRb wk¶v_©xi cwVZ wel‡q mviv eQi g~j¨vqb
Kiv n‡e|
wcÖq wk¶v_x© wb‡Pi e‡· 5wU cwgv‡ci bvg wjLyb I cv‡k D`vniY w`b|
cwigvc‡Ki bvg D`vniY
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
109
ce©- M: AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB

 ch©‡e¶Y (Observation): we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_x©iv AwaKvsk mgq wk¶K‡ì ch©‡e¶†Y
_v‡K| Zviv wk¶KM‡Yi mvg‡b covïbv, KvRKg©, †Ljvayjv, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK
Kg©Kv‡Û wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| ZvB ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì wewfbœ wel‡qi ‰bcyY¨ I
`¶Zv cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e|G cwigvc‡K êÁvwbK wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G
ch©‡e¶Y n‡e mKj wk¶‡Ki| Zv bv n‡j c¶cvZ `yó nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ch©‡e¶‡Yi
m‡½ m‡½ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e| G mg¯Í Z_¨‡K
evwl©K cix¶vi mgq ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
M„n cwi`k©b (Home visits): M„ncwi`k©‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úK©, ¯^vfvweK cÖeYZv,

Kg©`¶Zv, AvPvi-AvPiY, cÖeYZv cÖf„wZ cwigvc Kiv hvq|
mn-wk¶vµwgK Kvh©vewj (Co-curricular activities): mn-cvVµwgK Kvh©vewji

gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i kvixwiK, gvbwmK, †eŠw×K weKvk N‡U| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v_x©‡ì
†¶‡Î G¸‡jvi cÖfve A‡bK| wk¶v_x©iv we`¨vj‡qi mn-cvVµwgK Kvh©vewj‡Z AskMÖnY
K‡i Zv‡ì cvi`wk©Zv KZLvwb †`Lv‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ (Different activities): wk¶vg~jK wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ wk¶v_x©i

gvbwmK cÖwZdjb N‡U| Kv‡RB g~j¨vq‡b G¸‡jvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| Scrap book
ˆZwi, mvgvwRK weÁvb K¶ mvRv‡bv, cÖ`k©bxi eë¯’v Kiv, wk¶v ågY, mgvR †mev, wewfbœ
cÖ‡R±, cÖf„wZi g‡a¨ wk¶v_x©i m„RbkxjZv, Kg©`¶Zv, gvbwmK cÖeYZv, AvMÖn, wPšÍvkw³,
AwfiæwP cÖf„wZi cÖwZdjb N‡U| Ave„wË, Awfbq, msMxZ, †Ljvayjv, Qwe AvuKv cÖf„wZ‡KI
g~j¨vq‡bi mgq ¸iæZ¡mn we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v_x© Avmyb Gevi wb‡Pi e‡· ewY©Z NUbv¸‡jv‡K Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kwi I
Avjv`v KvM‡R wjwL:
110
AvR 21 †deª“qvwi †iv‡Kqv Lye †fv‡i AvR iv‡Z S‡o cv‡ki MÖvgwU
D‡V we`¨vj‡q hvevi Rb¨ ˆZwi n‡q wbj| ZQbQ n‡q †M‡Q| Zvi wKQz
AvR Zv‡ì †`qvj cwÎKvi D‡Øvab wQ‡U‡dvUv Zvi DciI GB
Ki‡eb cÖavb wk¶K| †iv‡Kqv mgq g‡ZvB MÖv‡gI c‡o‡Q| iwng, Zgvj,
we`¨vj‡q †cŠu‡Q †Mj| †iv‡Kqv I mvwebvi ewki we`¨vj‡q G‡m wVK
Lye fve| mvwebvi †fv‡i DVvi Af¨vm bv Kij Zviv H `yM©Z gvby‡li
_vKvq Zvi †`wi n‡q †Mj| †iv‡Kqvi Rb¨ Îvb wb‡q hv‡e|
GKwU †QvU Mí AvR‡Ki G †`qvj wb‡R‡ì wUwd‡bi UvKv w`‡q
cwÎKv‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡e| mvwebv fv‡jv Qwe cÖ_g msMÖn ïiæ Kij| Av‡k
Auv‡K| ZvB †`qvj cwÎKvi A½mÂvi cv‡ki evwo †_‡K Ges
`vwqZ¡ wQj mvwebvi Dci| mvwebvi †`wi Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì KvQ
†`‡L Abb¨ Dcv‡q Ab¨ KvD‡K LyuR‡Z †_‡K Zviv Lvevi, Kvco,
n‡jv| Jla BZ¨vw` msMÖn Kij|
cv‡ki MÖv‡gi we`¨vj‡qi mv‡_

cjvk‡ì we`¨vj‡qi AvR dyUej
g¨vP| GB wb‡q `yÕMÖv‡g Drmv‡ni ie
c‡o †M‡Q| †g‡qivI wKš‘ GB Drmv‡n
wcwQ‡q †bB| Zviv Lywk g‡b `vIqvZ
cÎ ˆZwi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| nv‡Z †jLv
Gme `vIqvZ cÎ¸‡jv e›U‡bi Rb¨
Zviv we`¨vj‡q wk¶‡Ki mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i| GQvov Zviv wewfbœ
iwOb KvM‡R wb‡R‡ì we`¨vj‡qi bvg
wj‡L †Ljv †`L‡Z hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z
nq|
111
g~j wkLbxq welq

mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv:
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK
cÖwk¶K g~j¨vq‡b ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:


g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkLbdj KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zvi gvb wbiƒcY Kiv hvq;wkïi AwR©Z
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½; mvgvwRK `¶Zvmg~n hvPvB Kiv hvq| g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g
wk¶K cÖ‡qvRbxq wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj MÖn‡Yi wb‡`©kbv jvf K‡i wk¶K wb‡R‡K
g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì kbv³ Kiv hvq; wk¶v_x©‰ì gvb Dbœq‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq; wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì e¨vcv‡i wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v
MÖnY Kiv hvq|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v_x©‡ì AwR©Z Ávb cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mviv eQ‡i wjwLZ cix¶v w`‡Z
nq| wk¶v_x©i eyw×gËv, fvlvi `Lj,D”PviY ¶gZv, Dcw¯’Z eyw×, ¯§„wZkw³, AvZ¥cÖZ¨q,
Kg©`¶Zv, e¨w³Z¡, BZ¨vw` †gŠwLK cix¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
wk¶v_x©‡ì welq êwkó¨ Abyhvqx Kg©`¶Zv, ev¯ÍeÁvb, mvgvwRKZv‡eva I cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj
cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ eënvwiK cix¶v wb‡Z nq|
g~j¨ hvPvB n‡jv wk_v¶©xi K…wZZ¡ cwigvcK| wkLb I wk¶‡Yi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq †mUv n‡jv g~j¨ hvPvB| †kªwY wfwËK g~j¨hvPvB
KvRwU †kªwYK‡¶B m¤úbœ nq| gva¨wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ miKvi wm×všÍ
MÖnY K‡i‡Q †h, 2005 wk¶v el© n‡Z †`‡ki mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q lô †_‡K beg
†kªwY ch©šÍ wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ we`¨vjq wfwËK g~j¨vqb (SBA) c×wZ Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡e| G
c×wZ‡Z 10wU cwigvcK Gi wfwË‡Z GKRb wk¶v_©xi cwVZ wel‡q mviv eQi g~j¨vqb
Kiv n‡e|
we`¨vjq wfwËK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi 10wU cwigvc‡Ki bvg:

K) K¬vm Dcw¯’wZ I wk¶v MÖn‡Y AvMÖn
L) g~j¨vqb (†kªwY wfwËK)
112
M) G¨vmvBb‡gÈ (GKK/`j wfwËK)
N) AvPiY, g~j¨‡eva I mZZv
O) e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb/GKK I `j wfwËK Av‡jvPbv
P) †bZ…‡Z¡i MyYvewj
Q) wbqgvbyewZ©Zv
R) mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY
S) †Ljvayjvq K…wZZ¡
T) weÁvb welqK eënvwiK K¬vm|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB: AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK

wjwLZ cix¶v (Written examination): mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v_x©‡ì AwR©Z Ávb
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mviv eQ‡i †kªwY‡Z mvßvwnK, gvwmK, ˆÎgvwmK, lvb¥vwmK I evwl©K cix¶v
w`‡Z n‡e| G me cix¶v n‡e iPbvagx© I ˆbe©¨w³K cix¶vi mswgkªY| G‡Z iPbvg~jK
cªkœ I msw¶ß iPbvg~jK cÖkœ, UxKv-wUàbx, I ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ n‡e|
†gŠwLK cix¶v (Oral test): wk¶v_x©i eyw×gËv, fvlvi `Lj,D”PviY ¶gZv, Dcw¯’Z eyw×,
¯§„wZkw³, AvZ¥cÖZ¨q, Kg©`¶Zv, e¨w³Z¡, BZ¨vw` †gŠwLK cix¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
eënvwiK cix¶v (Practical examination): mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶v_x©‡ì welq

êwkó¨ Abyhvqx Kg©`¶Zv, ev¯ÍeÁvb, mvgvwRKZv‡eva I cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj cwigvc Kivi
Rb¨ eënvwiK cix¶v wb‡Z n‡e|
ch©‡e¶Y (Observation): we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_x©iv AwaKvsk mgq wk¶K‡ì ch©‡e¶†Y

_v‡K| Zuviv wk¶KM‡Yi mvg‡b covïbv, KvRKg©, †Ljvayjv, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK
Kg©Kv‡Û wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| ZvB ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì wewfbœ wel‡qi ‰bcyY¨ I
`¶Zv cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e| G cwigvc‡K êÁvwbK wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G
ch©‡e¶Y n‡e mKj wk¶‡Ki| Zv bv n‡j c¶cvZ `yóZvq `yó n‡e| ch©‡e¶‡Yi m‡½ Z_¨
msMÖn K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e| G mg¯Í Z_¨‡K evwl©K cix¶vi
mgq ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
113
M„n cwi`k©b (Home visits): M„ncwi`k©‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úK©, ¯^vfvweK cÖeYZv,

Kg©`¶Zv, AvPvi-AvPiY, cÖeYZv cÖf„wZ cwigvc Kiv hvq|
Awc©Z `vwq‡Z¡i cwigvc (Assignment tests): wewfbœ mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì wewfbœ evwoi
KvR w`‡q Zvi †_‡K cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z g~j¨vqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mv¶vrKvi I cÖkœgvjv (Interview and questionnaires): wk¶v_x©‡ì we‡klÁ

†ev‡W©i mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z K‡i wewfbœ cÖkœ I DËi`v‡bi gva¨‡g Zuv‡ì wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv,
gvbwmK I e¨w³‡Z¡i cwigvc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mn-wk¶vµwgK Kvh©vewj (Co-curricular activities): mn-cvVµwgK Kvh©vewji

gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i kvixwiK, gvbwmK, †eŠw×K weKvk N‡U| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v_x©‡ì
†¶‡Î G¸‡jvi cÖfve A‡bK| wk¶v_x©iv we`¨vj‡qi mn-cvVµwgK Kvh©vewj‡Z AskMÖnY
K‡i Zv‡ì cvi`wk©Zv KZLvwb †`Lv‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ (Different activities): wk¶vg~jK wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ wk¶v_x©i

gvbwmK cÖwZdjb N‡U| Kv‡RB g~j¨vq‡b G¸‡jvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| Scrap book
ˆZwi, mvgvwRK weÁvb K¶ mvRv‡bv, cÖ`k©bxi eë¯’v Kiv, wk¶v ågY, mgvR †mev, wewfbœ
cÖ‡R±, cÖf„wZi g‡a¨ wk¶v_x©i m„RbkxjZv, Kg©`¶Zv, gvbwmK cÖeYZv, AvMÖn, wPšÍvkw³,
AwfiæwP cÖf„wZi cÖwZdjb N‡U| Ave„wË, Awfbq, msMxZ, †Ljvayjv, Qwe AvuKv cÖf„wZ‡KI
g~j¨vq‡bi mgq ¸iæZ¡mn we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ gb¯ÍvwË¡K Afx¶v (Different Psychological tests): m¤ú~Y© gb¯ÍvwË¡K I
êÁvwbK Dcv‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì eyw×e„wËi AvMÖn, `„wófw½, e¨w³Z¡ cÖf„wZi cwigvc Kiv hvq|
we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ gb¯ÍvwË¡K Afx¶vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì gvbwmKZvi êÁvwbK g~j¨vqb Kiv
hvq| G e¨vcv‡i Intelligence test, Interest test, personality test, Aptitude test,
Attitude test BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g G RvZxq g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
114
 g~j¨vqb
1| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi msÁv w`b| AvbyôvwbK we`¨vjq wfwËK g~j¨vqb Kxfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn AbvbyôvwbK gyj¨ hvPvB cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
3| AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cv_©K¨ Kiæb|
115
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: MVbKvjxb I

cÖvwšÍK
f~wgKv:
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©b KivB G †mk‡bi j¶¨|
wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB Gi cÖm½wU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GKRb wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi
AMÖMwZ wbY©q ev cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e nq g~j¨hvPvB Z_v g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g| g~j¨
hvPvB‡qi AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK w`K¸‡jv wb‡q Avgiv c~‡e©i †mk‡b Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
wk¶v_x©i wkLb AMÖMwZ Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i †m w`K¸‡jv wb‡q Avgiv Gevi
Rvbvi †Póv Kie|
D‡Ïk¨
 MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi †kªwY wefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 lô †_‡K beg †kªwYi Gm.we.G Gi Rb¨ MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi 6wU ‡¶Î wPwýZ
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi msÁv
 wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi AMÖMwZi Ae¯’v hvPvB Kiv‡KB ejv nq wk¶v g~j¨vqb| g~j¨vqb `yB
ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb:
wkLb-wk¶Y Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Kv‡j Kvh©µ‡g wb‡qvwRZ mKj Dcv`vb, c×wZ, †KŠkj I
Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB K‡i Kvh©µ‡gi j¶¨ gvÎvq †cuŠQvi Rb¨ †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K
MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb e‡j|
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb:
wkLb-wk¶Y Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb ‡k‡l Kvh©µ‡gi mvgwMÖK djvdj, cÖfve I AwR©Z
j¶¨gvÎv wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq, Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb e‡j|
116
wk¶v_x© eÜz Avmyb Gevi wb‡Pi QKwU wb‡q wPšÍv Kiæb Ges ejyb- c×wZ¸‡jv cv‡k †jLv
†Kvb †kªwYfy³ n‡e? ‡iLv Øviv hy³ Kiæb|
g~j¨ hvPvB c×wZ/†KŠkj
†kªwYi KvR
†kªwYi cix¶v
†kªwYi ‡gŠwLK cix¶v
wjwLZ cix¶v
†kªwYi cix¶v
†gŠwLK cix¶v
iPbvg~jK cix¶v
†kªwYK‡¶ †gŠwLK cÖkœ

MVbKvjxb mvßvwnK cix¶v cÖvwšÍK g~j¨
g~j¨ hvPvB gvwmK cix¶v hvPvB
ˆÎgvwmK cix¶v
lvb¥vwlK cix¶v
ˆbe©¨vw³K cix¶v
G¨vmvBb‡gÈ
Uvg© †ccvi
eënvwiK cix¶v
117
ce©- L: MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡


MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡:
1| wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi cvi¯úwiK cÖwZwµqvi d‡j †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©xi wkLb
m¤úwK©Z AMÖMwZ ev cvi`wk©Zv m¤ú‡K© Zvr¶wYK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb
mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2| Gi gva¨‡g cªvß djvd‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wk¶K Zvi wk¶Y c×wZ, DcKiY wbe©vPb I Zvi
eënv‡ii aib cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3| GwU wkLb-wk¶Y Kvh©µg‡K djcÖm~ K‡i †Zv‡j| MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb e¨ZxZ wk¶K
Kvh©Kifv‡e Zvi wk¶Y Kg© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
wk¶v_x©e„›` Avmyb Gevi ÔÔmvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y wkL‡b MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi †P‡q
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ †ewkÕÕ-kxl©K weZ‡K©i Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e mv`v KvM‡R Avcbvi
hyw³¸‡jv wjLyb|
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡:

1) †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb GKvšÍ Avek¨K|
2) Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x KZ©…K †Kv‡bv wel‡q `¶Zv AR©‡bi P~ovšÍ Ae¯’v wbY©q Kiv hvq|
3) djveZ©b-Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ ciewZ© Kvh©µg Kx n‡e Zvi wb‡`©kbv cvIqv hvq|
4) fwel¨r Kg© cwiKíbvq Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y GwU mnvqK|
ce©- M: lô †_‡K beg †kªwbi GmweG-Gi Rb¨ MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶Î
 GmweG-Gi Rb¨ we‡ewPZ 6wU †¶Î
†¶Î b¤î
1. †kªwY Afx¶v 5
2. †kªwYi KvR I eënvwiK KvR 5
118
GmweG-Gi Rb¨ we‡ewPZ 6wU †¶Î
†¶Î b¤î
3. evwoi KvR 5
4. wba©vwiZ KvR 5
5. †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv 5
6. `jMZ KvR 5
me©‡gvU b¤î 30
119
g~j wkLbxq welq mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK
wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ Ae¯’v hvPvB n‡”Q wk¶v g~j¨vqb| g~j¨vqb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi
 h_v:
1| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb (Formative Evaluation)
†Kv‡bv cvV ev †Kvm© PjvKv‡j wk¶v_x©‡ì †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K MVbKvjxb
g~j¨vqb e‡j|
†hgb: avivevwnK g~j¨vqb, mvßvwnK cix¶v, gvwmK cix¶v BZ¨vw`|
2| P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb (Summative Evaluation)
†Kv‡bv †Kvm© mgvwßi ci wk¶v_x©‡ì †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
e‡j|
†hgb: evwl©K cix¶v|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡
1| wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi cvi¯úwiK cÖwZwµqvi d‡j †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©xi
wkLb m¤úwK©Z AMÖMwZ ev cvi`wk©Zv m¤ú‡K© Zvr¶wYK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y MVbg~jK
g~j¨vqb mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2| Gi gva¨‡g cªvß djvd‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wk¶K Zvi wk¶Y c×wZ, DcKiY wbe©vPb I
Zvi eënv‡ii aib cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3| GwU wkLb-wk¶Y Kvh©µg‡K djcÖm~ K‡i †Zv‡j| MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb e¨ZxZ wk¶K
Kvh©Kifv‡e Zvi wk¶Y Kg© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡
1| †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb GKvšÍ
Avek¨K|
2| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x KZ©…K †Kv‡bv wel‡q `¶Zv AR©‡bi PzovšÍ Ae¯’v wbY©q Kiv
hvq|
3| djveZ©b-Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ cieZx© Kvh©µg Kx n‡e Zvi wb‡`©kbv cvIqv
hvq|
fwel¨r Kg© cwiKíbvq Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y GwU mnvqK|
g~j¨vqb
1| wkÿv g~j¨vqb Kv‡K e‡j?
2| g~j¨vqb KZ cÖKvi Kx Kx?
3| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb KZ cÖKvi Kx Kx?
4| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi cv_©K¨ Zz‡j aiæb|
5| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi MiæZ¡ KZLvwb?
120
g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb

f~wgKv:
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB-Gi DbœqbK‡í wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖn‡Y wk¶v_x©‡ì
DrmvwnZ KivB G Awa‡ek‡bi j¶¨| MZvbyMwZKZv †Q‡o cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ I c×wZi
mv‡_ mvgÄm¨kxj Dcvq DcKiY Lyu‡R †ei Kiv Ges Zv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv‡ZB †h †Kv‡bv
ai‡bi Dbœqb m¤¢e| wk¶v½‡b we‡kl K‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y I g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi
welqwU‡K †K›`ª K‡i MZvbyMwZK c×wZi DbœqbK‡í M„nxZ n‡q‡Q bvbv c`‡¶c| G
Awa‡ek‡b †mw`KwUB cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©x‡ì mdjZv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj cÖavb `¶Zvi g~j¨hvPvB
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡b g~j¨hvPvB Gi gvb Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: g~j¨hvPvB msµvšÍ cÖavb `¶Zvmg~n wPwýZKiY
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wkLb-wk¶‡Yi ci wk¶v_x©i gv‡S wKQy `¶Zv cwijw¶Z n‡e| hv Zvi
AwR©Z| Zv g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wPwýZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶v_x©i
wbgœwjwLZ `¶Zvmg~n hvPvB Kiv cª‡qvRb:
ÁvbMZ `¶Zv, K_v ejvi `¶Zv, AvuKvi `¶Zv, wPšÍb `¶Zv, e¨w³K `¶Zv, ‡jLvi
`¶Zv,mgm¨v mgvavb `¶Zv, wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi `¶Zv, †bZ…Z¡
`v‡bi `¶Zv,Ab¨‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi `¶Zv BZ¨vw`| g~j¨ hvPvB Ki‡Z †h mKj
BÝUªy‡g›Um eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi Î“wU _v‡K| †hgb: Ávb-Av‡ewMK-
g‡bv‡ckxR †¶Î hvPvB‡qi eë¯’v _v‡K bv| wk¶v_x© we‡kølY, Awf‡hvRb, cÖ‡qvM, g~j¨vqb
121
`¶Zv A‡bK mgq hvPvB bv K‡i ïaygvÎ Ávb ev gyL¯’we`¨v hvPvB Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq
cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ b¤î e›U‡bi AmsMwZ _v‡K|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v_x©i Kx Kx `¶Zv hvPvB Kiv n‡e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
122
ce©- L: g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cix¶v eë¯’vi Dbœqb


g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
`jMZ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖ‡R±; †kªwYi KvR; evwoi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wPšÍb/eyw×e„wËK
`¶Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq| `jMZ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖ‡R±; mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `jMZ
KvR; †kªwYi KvR; evwoi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvavb `¶Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
`jMZ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖ‡R±; mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `jMZ KvR; †kªwYi KvR
evwoi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
wk¶v_x©e„›` Avmyb wb‡Pi QKwU c‡o †bB| Gevi wPšÍv Kiæb Ges cv‡ki Lvwj N‡i D`vniY
wjLyb|
`¶Zvi bvg g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri aib D`vniY
wPšÍb/ eyw×e„wËK 1| AMÖMwZi Afx¶v
`¶Zv 2| `jMZ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖ‡R±
3| mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `jMZ KvR
4| †kªwYi KvR
5| evwoi KvR
mgm¨v mgvavb 1| `jMZ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖ‡R±
`¶Zv 2| mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `jMZ KvR
3| †kªwYi KvR
4| evwoi KvR
ejvi `¶Zv 1| AMÖMwZi Afx¶v
2| `jMZ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖ‡R±
123
†jLvi `¶Zv 3| mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `jMZ KvR
4| †kªwYi KvR
5| evwoi KvR
†hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv 1| AMÖMwZi Afx¶v
4| †kªwYi KvR
5| evwoi KvR
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK 1| `jMZ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖ‡R±
wkLb 2| mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `jMZ KvR
ce©- M: g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cix¶v eë¯’vi Dbœqb

 wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, G c‡e© g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ cix¶v eë¯’vi †h Av‡qvRb
Kiv nq †m¸‡jvi Dbœqb Kxfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q Avgiv Gevi Av‡jvPbvq
hv‡ev| †hgb, wjwLZ cix¶v, †gŠwLK cix¶v, eënvwiK cix¶vmn Av‡iv A‡bK Kg©Kv‡Ûi
gva¨‡g Avgiv wk¶v_x©i wkLb gyj¨ hvPvB Kwi| G me cix¶v eë¯’v‡_© A‡bK Î“wU
wePz¨wZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| †mKvi‡Y Zv fv‡jvfv‡e †`‡L cÖ‡qvM Kiv ìKvi| wewfbœ cix¶v
eë¯’vi Dbœq‡b Kx Kx c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q wPšÍv Kiæb Ges GKwU mv`v
KvM‡R Zv †bvU Kiæb|
124
 cÖ‡kœi fvlv mnR I mij n‡e|

 cªkœmg~n cwVZ wel‡qi mKj Aa¨vq †_‡K n‡Z n‡e|
 iPbvagx© cÖ‡kœi DËi (msw¶ß I iPbvagx©) cÖ‡kœi cwimi gvb (b¤î) Abyhvqx n‡e|
 cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi wba©vwiZ gvb (b¤î) D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| DËi I gv‡bi mvgÄm¨ weavb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K wk¶v_x©i AwR©Z wkLbd‡ji †Kvb w`KwU (Ávb, Abyf~wZ, cÖ‡qvM I `¶Zv)
hvPvB Ki‡Z Pvb Zv c~‡e©B wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gevi Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU wel‡qi cÖkœ nv‡Z wb‡q Zv hvPvB Kiæb| G
hvPvB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡Pi QKvwU eënvi Kiæb|
cix¶vi bvg:
welq:
mvj:
cix¶vi †Kvb `¶Zv Gi Øviv †Kvb †¶‡Îi g~j¨vqb Kiv gšÍe¨
cÖkœ bs hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q?
n‡q‡Q?
Ávb Av‡ewMK g‡bv‡ckxR

g~jK †¶Î †¶Î
†¶Î
125
cix¶vi †Kvb `¶Zv Gi Øviv †Kvb †¶‡Îi g~j¨vqb Kiv gšÍe¨

cÖkœ bs hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q?
n‡q‡Q?
Ávb Av‡ewMK g‡bv‡ckxR

g~jK †¶Î †¶Î
†¶Î
126
g~~j wkLbxq welq
g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb
wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi j¶¨ n‡jv wk¶v_x©i AvPi‡Yi wKQy Kvw•¶Z cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv|
 Avi GB AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b ej‡Z †evSvq wk¶v_x©i Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i cwieZ©b|
A_©vr †Kv‡bv GKwU cvV †k‡l wk¶v_x© Kx Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½ AR©b Ki‡e †m m¤ú‡K©
my¯úó I mywbw`©ó wee„wZ ev evK¨ n‡jv AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨| AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_x©i
ch©‡e¶Y‡hvM¨ I cwigvc‡hvM¨ AvPiY cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| ZvB GB D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡jv
wKbv mn‡RB cwigvc Kiv hvq| wkLbdj h_vh_ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K‡K wkL‡bi wewfbœ
†¶Î cwigv‡ci w`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
Ávbg~jK ev eyw×e„wËK †¶Î (Cognitive Domain)

Av‡ewMK ev Abyf~wZg~jK †¶Î (Affective Domain)
g‡bv‡ckxR †¶Î (Psychomotor Domain)
Ávbg~jK †¶‡Îi Avevi 6wU Dc‡¶Î Av‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q-
Ávb, Abyaveb/Dcjwä, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY, ms‡kølY, g~j¨vqb
Av‡ewMK †¶Î (Affective Domain)

wkL‡bi mv‡_ wk¶v_x©iv `„wófw½ ev Dcjwä, g~j¨‡eva, Av‡eM, AvMÖn, Abyf~wZ, cÖksmv,
Awf‡hvRb ev Lvc LvB‡q †bqvi ¶gZvi weKvk m¤úwK©Z D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv G †¶‡Îi AšÍfy©³|
g‡bv‡ckxR †¶Î (Psychomotor Domain)

G‡¶‡Î AšÍfy©³ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wk¶v_x©iv ˆ`wnK I †gvUi (Motor) mÂvj‡bi mv‡_
m¤úK©h³
y | Gme wkLb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ gb I †ckx GK mv‡_ KvR K‡i| G D‡Ïk¨
mvaviYfv‡e `¶Zv (Skill) bv‡g cwiwPZ| nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR Z_v Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g G
RvZxq D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z nq|
wk¶v_x©iv cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ Áv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡ii D‡Ïk¨ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
127
`„wófw½ Abyf~wZg~jK ¯Í‡ii D‡Ïk¨ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ g‡bvfve ev AvMÖn cwigvcK †¯‹j
eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GwU mv‡_ mv‡_ hvPvB Kiv hvq bv| g‡bv‡ckxR ¯Í‡ii
D‡Ïk¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ ch©‡e¶Y A_ev nv‡Z Kj‡g Kv‡Ri eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
iPbvagx© Afx¶v cªYqb †KŠkjmg~n:
 cÖ‡kœi fvlv mnR I mij n‡e|

 cªkœmg~n cwVZ wel‡qi mKj Aa¨vq †_‡K n‡Z n‡e|
 iPbvagx© cÖ‡kœi DËi (msw¶ß I iPbvagx©) cÖ‡kœi cwimi gvb (b¤î) Abyhvqx n‡e
 cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi wba©vwiZ gvb (b¤î) D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K wk¶v_x©i AwR©Z wkLbd‡ji †Kvb w`KwU (Ávb, Abyf~wZ, cÖ‡qvM I `¶Zv)
hvPvB Ki‡Z Pvb Zv c~‡e© wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e|
128
cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ Ges g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv
f~wgKv:
†Kv‡bv welq‡K Rvbvi Rb¨ †h wel‡q aviYv †bqv ev eB c‡o Rvbv m¤¢e| cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g
my¯úó I mywbw`©ófv‡e Rvbv m¤¢e nq| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b cÖkœ Kivi welqwU
LyeB Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| †Kbbv cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †hgb wk¶v_x©i ‡eŠw×K `¶Zv I
`„wófw½ hvPvB Kiv hvq †Zgwb cvkvcvwk G wel‡q g~j¨‡evaI MVb I cÖwZôv Kiv hvq| cÖkœ
Kivi GB †h BwZevPK w`K i‡q‡Q †m w`KwUi e¨vL¨v ‡`qvB G Awa‡ek‡bi j¶¨|
BwZevPK w`K m¤ú‡K© AeMZ KivB G Awa‡ek‡bi j¶¨|
D‡Ïk¨
 wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖ‡kœi eënvi wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖkœ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ‡eŠw×K `¶Zv `„wófw½ Ges g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôvq cÖkœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 cÖkœ Kivi †KŠkj we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: cÖ`k©bx cvV`vb
 wcÖq wk¶v_x© †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y I cvV‡K mnR-mvejxj I my›ì
Ki‡Z Kx Kx fv‡e cÖkœ Ki‡eb Zv RvbvB G c‡e©i D‡Ïk¨|
GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb cvV`vb ïiæ‡Z Kzkj wewbg‡q cÖkœ Ki‡eb| †hgb: †Zvgiv
†Kgb AvQ? AvR‡Ki mKvjUv †Kgb jvM‡Q? Gic‡i †cÖlYv m„wóg~jK I c~e©Ávb hvPvB
Ki‡Z cªkœ Ki‡eb| †hgb: cÖwZôvbwU †h AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z Zvi cvk w`‡q †Kvb b`x e‡q
†M‡Q Zv wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb: ivRkvnx, XvKv †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z? †m mv‡_
wk¶K Av‡iv ej‡eb evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU eo b`xi bvg ej‡Z cvi? AvR‡K Avgiv GKwU
eo b`x ÔcÙvÕ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| cv‡Vi MwZ a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ cÖkœ Ki‡eb| †hgb:
Puv`cy‡ii Kv‡Q G‡m cÙv b`x †Kvb b`xi mv‡_ wg‡k‡Q? Ag‡bv‡hvMx wk¶v_x©‡ì cv‡V a‡i
ivLvi Rb¨ Zvi bvg a‡i †W‡K eyS‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv Zv mivmwi cÖkœ Kiv hvq| wkLbdj ev
AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨ hvPvB Ki‡Z cªkœ Kiv nq|
129
wk¶v_x©e„›` Gevi wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kiæb|
Kx Kx cÖkœ Kiv n‡q‡Q gšÍe¨
†cÖlYvg~jK cÖkœ
wPšÍvg~jK cÖkœ
g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y
we‡kl D‡Ï‡kï g~j¨vqb
AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨ hvPvB
cvV eyS‡Z cviv bv cviv cÖkœ
cv‡V MwZ i¶v
130
ce©- L: cÖkœ Kivi cª‡qvRbxqZv

 cÖkœ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv KZUzKz Zv wb‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì ga¨ †_‡K †R‡b wb‡q †ev‡W© wjLyb
Ges we‡kl we‡kl w`K¸‡jv wb‡`©k Kiæb| †m¸‡jvi mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i bZzb K‡i Av‡iKwU
ZvwjKv Kiæb| Gfv‡e gyj¨ hvPvB Kv‡R cÖkœ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© wb‡Pi w`K¸‡jv
D‡jøL Kiæb|
g~j¨vqbMZ Kv‡R
 AvaywbK wk¶vZË¡ Abyhvqx wk¶v_x©‡ì Ávb cwigvc Ges Ávbg~jK AMÖMwZi
g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †ewk|
 †cÖlYvg~jK cÖkœ Kivi gva¨‡g wkLb Kvh©µ‡g †cÖlYv m„wó nq|
 wPšÍvg~jK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wPšÍv cÖwµqv‡K mnvqZv Ges AvZ¥mwµqZvi bZzb mgm¨v
mgvav‡b AbycÖvwYZ Kiv hvq|
 web¨vmg~jK cÖkœ Kivi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv wbR¯^ fw½‡Z welqe¯‘ web¨vm Ki‡Z m¶g
nq|
 D‡Ïk¨g~jK
 wk¶v_x©‡ì Abykxj‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb Avni‡Y
mnvqZv Ki‡Z cÖkœ Kiv nq|
 cwiPvjbvg~jK Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Ges k„sLjv ¯’vc‡b mnvqK nq|
 AvZ¥mshg, AvZ¥wek¦vm, my-Af¨vm MV‡b, cÖKvkfw½i weKv‡k cÖkœ-wRÁvmv mnvqK
f~wgKv iv‡L|
ce©- M: †eŠw×K `¶Zv I g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cÖkœ Kiv


wk¶v_x©‡ì wjwLZ cix¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z wb‡P DwjøwLZ ‡¶Î¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| Gi Øviv wk¶v_x©‡ì ‡eŠw×K `¶Zv I g~j¨‡eva hvPvB Kiv hvq| †hgb-
 Ávb: Ávb ej‡Z c~‡e© †kLv †Kv‡bv we‡kl Z_¨ ev AwfÁZv ¯§iY K‡i cybivq ej‡Z
cvivi gvbwmK ¶gZv‡K †evSvq| ¯§„wZwbf©i G cÖkœ wk¶v_x©iv ¯§iY K‡i Reve w`‡Z
cv‡i|
 Dcjwä: Dcjw× welqK cÖkœ Øviv welqe¯‘i A_© KZLvwb eyS‡Z ev Dcjwä Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q Zv †evSvq| G‡¶‡Î aviYv ¯úó nIqvi ci we‡eK‡eva‡K RvMÖZ K‡i welqe¯‘
131
wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i eY©bv Kivi mvg_© AwR©Z nq|

 cÖ‡qvM: c~‡e© †kLv †Kv‡bv aviYv, c×wZ ev m~Î‡K ev¯Í‡e bZzb †¶‡Î eënvi Kivi
¶gZv‡K cÖ‡qvM ejv nq|
 we‡kølY: mgMÖ mgm¨v‡K wewfbœ As‡k we‡kølY K‡i Ask¸‡jv‡K kbv³ Ki‡Z cviv
A_ev wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv Ges hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvivi Rb¨ cÖkœ
Kiv nq |
 ms‡kølY: †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK mË¡v ev NUbvi c„_K c„_K Dcv`vb‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU
mg‡MÖ iƒc`vb KivB n‡jv ms‡kølY| GB ¯Í‡ii AvPiwYK cwieZ©b n‡e m„wóagx© KvR ev
cwiKíbv Kivi ¶gZv AR©b|
 g~j¨vqb: we‡kl D‡Ï‡kï †cÖw¶‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQzi g~j¨ wePvi Kiv| G‡¶‡Î hyw³ cÖ`k©b
Kiv, cwigvc Kiv, wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv, cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY wbe©vPb Kiv, Dc‡hvwMZv hvPvB
Kiv, we‡ePbv Kiv BZ¨vwì mvg_© wePvi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiæb

Ávb
Dcjw×
Ávb
†¶Î cÖ‡qvM
we‡kølY
ms‡kølY
g~j¨vqb
Av‡ewMK †¶Î
g‡bv‡ckxR †¶Î
132
g~j wkLbxq welq

cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ Ges g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv
wk¶‡Y cÖkœ Kivi †KŠkjwU A‡bK cyivZb| m‡µwUm G c×wZ‡Z Zuvi wkl¨‡ì RwUj
 cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡q Ávb AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Zb| eZ©gvb Kv‡j wkLb-wk¶‡Y GwU
me©RbMÖvn¨ †KŠkj wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †kªwYK‡¶ wkLb †kLv‡bvi Kvh©vewji Ab¨Zg c`‡¶c
n‡jv wk¶v_x©‡ì †evaMg¨Zv cix¶v| wk¶v_x©iv Zv‡ì cv‡Vi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ Ask¸‡jv wVK
g‡Zv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K wbw`©ó Ask cvV`vb †k‡l
wKsev cv‡Vi g‡a¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖkœ K‡i _v‡Kb| G cÖkœ¸‡jvi cÖ`Ë DË‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wk¶K
cwigvc Ki‡Z m¶g nb †h, Av‡jvP¨ AskUzKz wk¶v_x©iv KZUzKz AvqË Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
wewfbœ wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì K…wZZ¡ hvPvB‡qi c×wZ ev cÖwµqv n‡jv K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb ev AR©b
wbY©q| G‡¶‡Î Ôcix¶vÕ, ÔAfx¶vÕ, ÔcwigvcÕ cÖf„wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| cix¶v g~j¨vq‡bi
GKwU †KŠkj gvÎ| cÖ‡kœi ai‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i cix¶v nq iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w ³K I
†gŠwLK|
cÖkœ Kivi mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì Áv‡bi ‡¶Î, Av‡ewMK ‡¶Î, `¶Zvi ‡¶Î hvPvB Ki‡Z cÖkœ
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wk¶v_x©‡ì wjwLZ cix¶vq Gme welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq ivLv Riæwi| wb‡P
K‡qKwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
Áv‡bi ‡¶Î
 Ávb (Knowledge): Ávb ej‡Z c~‡e© †kLv †Kv‡bv we‡kl Z_¨ ev AwfÁZv ¯§iY
K‡i cybivq ej‡Z cvivi gvbwmK ¶gZv‡K †evSvq| ¯§„wZwbf©i G cÖkœ wk¶v_x©iv ¯§iY
K‡i Reve w`‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-cyZ©MxRiv Kx Kx cY¨`ªe¨ fvi‡Z Avg`vbx Ki‡Zv?
 Dcjw× (Understanding Comprehension): welqe¯‘i A_© KZLvwb eyS‡Z ev

Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv †evSvq| G‡¶‡Î aviYv ¯úó nIqvi ci we‡eK‡eva‡K
133
RvMÖZ K‡i welqe¯‘ wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i eY©bv Kivi mvg_¨ AwR©n nq| cwieZ©b Kiv,
cybwe©b¨vm Kiv, cybM©Vb Kiv, cybwb©gvb Kiv, fwel¨rØvYx Kiv, msw¶ß Kiv, mvRv‡bv,
g~j¨ wePvi Kiv, wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv, A_© Kiv, hvPvB Kiv, wek` e¨vL¨v Kiv, Abyev`
Kiv, wbY©q Kiv, A¼b Kiv, Dcmsnvi Uvbv, mgv‡jvPbv Kiv BZ¨vw`| †hgb-mgvR
Dbœq‡b cÖhyw³i f~wgKv|
 cÖ‡qvM (Application): AwR©Z Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cwiewZ©Z cwi‡e‡k cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgm¨v
mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKsev bZzb wKQz D™¢veb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| cÖ‡qvM Kiv, m¤úwK©Z
Kiv, wb‡qvM Kiv, cybM©Vb Kiv, †kªwYweb¨vm Kiv, D`vniY †`qv, Pvjbv Kiv, Abygvb
Kiv, e¨vL¨v Kiv, Drcv`b Kiv, Avjv`v Kiv, m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv, Dce›Ub Kiv, wek`
e¨vL¨v Kiv BZ¨vw`| †hgb-cvwbc‡_i hy‡×i djvdj e¨vL¨v Kiv|
 we‡kølY (Analysis): wPšÍb I hyw³Ki‡Yi GwU GKwU cÖwµqv| mgMÖ mgm¨v‡K wewfbœ
As‡k we‡kølY K‡i Ask¸‡jv‡K kbv³ Ki‡Z cviv A_ev wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©
¯’vcb Kiv Ges hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv- G ¯Í‡ii D‡Ïk¨| †kªwY web¨vm Kiv,
we‡kølY Kiv, m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv, mymvgÄm¨ Kiv, Zzjbv Kiv, Avjv`v Kiv, c„_K Kiv,
kbv³ Kiv, e›Ub Kiv, wb‡`©k †`qv BZ¨vw`| †hgb-‰ØZ kvm‡bi Kzdj eY©bv Kiv|
KLb I †Kb ˆØZ kvm‡bi Aemvb nq?
 ms‡kølY (Synthesis): †Kv‡bv e¯‘i c„_KK…Z Ask¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i e¯‘wUi mgMÖ
iƒc`vb Kivi ¶gZv n‡jv ms‡kølY| ejv, †jLv, Drcv`b Kiv, cwiKíbv Kiv, bKkv
Kiv, ˆZwi Kiv| †hgb-cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi cÖeZ©b Kxfv‡e RvZxqZvev‡ì D™¢e NUvq
†jL/e‡jv|
 g~j¨vqb (Evaluation): we‡kl D‡Ï‡kï †cÖw¶‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQzi g~j¨ wePvi Kiv|
wePvi Kiv, hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiv, cwigvc Kiv, wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv, cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY, wbe©vPb
Kiv, Dc‡hvwMZv hvPvB Kiv, we‡ePbv Kiv BZ¨vw`| †hgb-bxj we‡`ªvn Avgv‡ì RvZxq
Rxe‡b Kx cÖfve †d‡jwQj?
134
g‡bv‡ckxR †¶Î (Psychomotor Domain): ZZ¡xq Ávb AR©‡bi ci Zv ev¯Íe

Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM K‡i gvbyl Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv AR©b K‡i| G‡¶‡Î AšÍfy©³ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv
wk¶v_x©iv ˆ`wnK I †gvUi (Motor) mÂvj‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Gme wkLb D‡Ïk¨
AR©‡bi Rb¨ gb I †ckx GK mv‡_ KvR K‡i| G D‡Ïk¨ mvaviYfv‡e `¶Zv
(Skill) bv‡g cwiwPZ| nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR Z_v Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g G RvZxq D‡Ïk¨
AwR©Z nq| cov, ‡jLv, A¼b Kiv, aiv, m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv, wbg©vY Kiv, cwi®‹vi Kiv,
mshy³ Kiv, m„wó Kiv, w¯’i Kiv, AbyKiY Kiv, ms‡kvab Kiv, bKkv Kiv, ï× Kiv,
GKwÎZ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Av‡ewMK †¶Î (Affective Domain): wkL‡bi mv‡_ wk¶v_x©iv `„wófw½ ev Dcjwä,

g~j¨‡eva, Av‡eM, AvMÖn, Abyf~wZ, cÖksmv, Awf‡hvRb ev Lvc LvB‡q †bqvi ¶gZvi
weKvk m¤úwK©Z D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv G †¶‡Îi AšÍfy©³| hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiv, cQ›` Kiv, m¤§Z
nIqv, mvnvh¨ Kiv, †hvM`vb Kiv, †`Lv Kiv, AskMÖnY Kiv, mnvqZv Kiv BZ¨vw`|
†hgb: A‡bï bvMwiK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e| cvov ev gnjøvq MvQ jvMv‡bv‡Z
AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
135
†jLvi gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, g‡bvfve Ges

g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv
f‚wgKv
wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wk¶v_©xi AvPi‡Yi mvgwMÖK Dbœqb| Gi D‡Ïk¨ Ges †¶Î AZ¨šÍ
e¨cK| wk¶vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi AwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g‡bvfve cwieZ©‡bi
cvkvcvwk Zvi e¨w³Z¡, Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ, mvgvwRK †PZbv, ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK weKvk BZ¨vw`
wewfbœ w`K hvPvB Ki‡Z nq| G hvPvB‡qi †KŠkjB n‡jv g~j¨vqb| g~j¨vqb GKwU AweiZ
I mgwš^Z cÖwµqv| †KejgvÎ cÖkœ wR‡Ám K‡i ev Zvi DËi wjL‡Z †Ìqvi g‡a¨ g~j¨vqb
mxgve× bq| wk¶v_©xi mvwe©K weKvk g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji mgš^‡q
MwVZ GKwU mgwš^Z g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv| wk¶v_©x‡K wjL‡Z w`‡q, †gŠwLK cÖkœ wR‡Ám K‡i,
Av‡ivwcZ KvR w`‡q, mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbv, AYy wk¶Y, QÙ wk¶Y, ch©‡e¶Y I djveZ©b
cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖwµqvq g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
mvgvwRK weÁv†bi g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv †KejgvÎ wk¶v_©xi AwR©Z Ávb g~j¨vqb Ki‡ebv, eis
wk¶v_©xi mvgvwRK ¸Y, `¶Zv, AvPvi-AvPiY, `„wófw½ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ w`K hvPvB Ki‡e|
Avi G Rb¨ eûwea g~j¨vq‡bi mgš^‡q GKwU mvwe©K I mgwš^Z g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e| mßg BDwb‡U mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ †KŠkj/c×wZ
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Awa‡ek‡b †jLvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi e¨w³MZ I
†eŠw×K `¶Zv, g‡bvfve Ges g~j¨‡eva g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 Ávb, †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½/g‡bvfve I g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †jLvi ¯îƒc I ¸iæZ¡ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †jLvi gva¨‡g g~j¨vq‡bi cªwµqv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 †jLvi Abykxjb cÖwµqv I j¶Yxq w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
136
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi ‡¶‡Î g~j¨vq‡bi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv wk¶v_©xi mvgvwRK Ávb, `¶Zv,
`„wófw½ ev g‡bvfve, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vwì g~j¨vqb| KvRwU djcÖm~fv‡e Kivi ¯^v‡_© wk¶K
wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡ì Aek¨B G w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 wcÖq wk¶v_©x Gevi wb‡Pi Q‡K Ávb, ‡eŠw×K `¶Zv, g‡bvfve I g~j¨‡ev‡ai m¤ú‡K©
Avcbvi AwR©Z aviYv ms‡¶‡c K‡qKwU k‡ã D‡jøL Kiæb|
welq aviYv
Ávb
†eŠw×K `¶Zv
g‡bvfve/`„wófw½
g~j¨‡eva
137
 g‡b Kiæb Avcwb †kªwYK‡¶ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e RbmsL¨v wk¶v
cov‡”Qb| G‡¶‡Î DcwiD³ PviwU w`‡Ki weKvk g~j¨vq‡b Avcwb wk¶v_©x‡ì Kx
ai‡bi †jLv/cÖkœ w`‡Z cv‡ib cÖ‡Z¨KwUi `ywU K‡i D`vniY ‡bvUey‡K D‡jøL Kiæb|
ce©- L: †jLvi ¯îƒc I ¸iæZ¡

 †jLv Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g| †jLvq e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ i‡q‡Q| e¨w³‡Z
e¨w³‡Z †jLvi ZviZg¨ nq| †jLv fvlv I fvecÖavb| †jLvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì fvlv
Ávb I iPbv kw³i cwigvc A‡c¶vK…Z mnRZi| wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ †Kej welqe¯‘ m¤úwK©Z
Ávb `vb ev Z_¨ AR©‡b mxwgZ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| †jLv e¨w³i e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv,
g‡bvfve Ges g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv K‡i| G Kvi‡YB cix¶v I g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î †jLvi
Dc‡hvwMZv i‡q‡Q|
 Gevi DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z †jLvi K‡qKwU êwkó¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|

1| e¨vw³¯^vZš¿
2|
3|
4|
 Avcbvi wPwýZ ‰ewk‡óï Av‡jv‡K GLb †jLvi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© gv_v LvUvb Ges wb‡Pi
¯úvBWvi MÖvgwU c~iY Kiæb|
†jLvi ¸iæZ¡
138
ce©- M: †jLvi gva¨‡g Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv

 †jLvi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡qi Ávb, `¶Zv, g‡bvfve I g~j¨‡eva g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ Dcvq
ev †KŠkj i‡q‡Q| welq‡f‡` Zv wewfbœ iKg n‡Z cv‡i|
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v_©x‡ì AwR©Z K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ Kx Kx ai‡bi ˆjwLK

g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Kiv hvq wPšÍv Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K D‡jøL Kiæb|
ce©- N: †jLvi Abykxjb cÖwµqv I j¶Yxq w`K


†jLv wk¶v_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg †KŠkj| wewfbœ ai‡bi †jLv wjL‡Z
w`‡q wk¶v_©xi K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| Z‡e †jLvi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb ej‡Z †Kej
wk¶v_©xi c~e© AwR©Z Áv‡bi ûeû ¯§iYg~jK †jLv‡K †evSvq bv| eis †jLvi gva¨‡g
g~j¨vqb n†Z n‡e m„Rbkxj, we‡kølYg~jK, wPšÍvg~jK, mgm¨v mgvavbg~jK, cÖwZdjbg~jK|
wk¶v_©xiv †h mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi eB †_‡K mivmwi w`‡Z cv‡i †m ai‡bi cÖkœ †jLvi Rb¨
†Ìqv DwPZ bq| G†Z wk¶v_©xi m„RbkxjZv e¨vnZ nq| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h
Avgv‡ì wk¶KMY †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_x©‡ì AMªMwZ g~j¨vq‡b cÖavbZ ¯§&iYg~jK cÖkœ K‡i
_v‡Kb hv wk¶v_©xi mvwe©K AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡b mnvqK nq bv| GQvov A‡bK †¶‡Î †jLvi
KvRwU mwVKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq bv| ZvB †jLvi Abykxj‡bi †¶‡Î wKQz welq m¤ú‡K©
wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡K m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e|
139
 wb‡Pi Q‡K †jLvi †¶‡Î Avcbvi g‡Z PviwU j¶Yxq w`K m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL Kiæb|
†jLvi †¶‡Î j¶Yxq w`K:
1.
2.
3.
4.
 we`¨vj‡q †jLvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î G w`K¸‡jvi

cÖwZ †Lqvj ivLyb|
140
g~j wkLbxq welq
†jLvi ¯îƒc
 †jLv Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g| †jLvq e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ i‡q‡Q|
e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z †jLvi ZviZg¨ nq| †jLv fvlv I fvecÖavb| cix¶vi gva¨‡g
wk¶v_x©‡ì fvlv Ávb I iPbv kw³i cwigvc A‡c¶vK…Z mnRZi| wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ †Kej
welqe¯‘ m¤úwK©Z Ávb `vb ev Z_¨Ávb AR©‡b mxwgZ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| †jLv e¨w³i
e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, g‡bvfve Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZôv K‡i| G Kvi‡YB cix¶v I
g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î †jLvi Dc‡hvwMZv i‡q‡Q|
†jLvi gva¨‡g wb‡gœv³ w`K¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UÑ

1| welqe¯‘ I fvee¯‘ myk„•Ljfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq|
2| weg~Z© I Kíbv kw³ Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq|
3| m„Rbkxj kw³i D‡b¥l I hyw³i weKvk mvab m¤¢e nq|
4| gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©b nq|
5| †jLv †eŠw×K `¶Zv g‡bvfve I g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôvq mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L|
†jLvi †¶‡Î wb‡gœv³ w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e-

1| welq wPwýZKiY
2| wPšÍv/hyw³ msMwVZKiY
3| Lmov †jLv
4| cybtcvV Ges
5| †jLv P~ovšÍKiY
141
†jLvi ¸iæZ¡
1| †jLvi PP©v wk¶v_x©‡ì cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †m g‡bv‡hvM ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
Zv‡K fvlv wk¶vq AbycÖvwYZ K‡i hv cieZx‡Z wewfbœ ˆbc~Y¨ AR©‡b mnvqK nq|
2| †jLv wk¶v_©x‡K m„RbgyLx K‡i| †`‡L-†R‡b-ey‡S Abyfe K‡i hv †j‡L Zv‡Z hyw³
cÖ`vb, hyw³ LÛb, hyw³ cÖwZwôZ Kievi my‡hvM cvq|
3| †jLv †_‡K ‡mŠ›`h©‡eva Rv‡M hv iywP‡eva cwikxwjZ K‡i|
4| †jLv †_‡K †h wPšÍvkw³, hyw³ cÖ`vb ¶gZv, I wbi‡c¶ weg~Z©-Ag~Z© welq Zz‡j
aievi cÖeYZv cwijw¶Z nq Zv e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b Ae`vb iv‡L|
5| †jLvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv I g~j¨‡eva mymsNe×KiY I †m¸‡jvi m¤cÖmviY
m¤¢e nq|
6| Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY, ms‡kølY, †hŠw³K µgweb¨vm I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g
D”PZi Ávb AR©‡bi mvg_© e„w× K‡i|
7| †jLwPÎ, mviYx, cÖZxK, bKkv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ges G¸‡jv †evSvi
mvg_© AR©b K‡i|
8| Kíbv, wPšÍv, Ávb cÖKv‡ki ¯’vqx gva¨g †jLv| g‡bi fve ¯’vb, Kvj I cvÎ †f‡`
A‡bï g‡a¨ mÂvwjZ/mÂvwiZ Kiv hvq e‡j †jLvi BwZevPK w`K Lye `„p I gReyZ|
†jLvi Abykxjb cÖwµqv I KiYxq w`K
1| †jLvi welq c~e© wba©vwiZ n‡Z cv‡i wKsev evQvB K‡i wb‡Z nq|
2| ms‡KZ †`qv _vK‡j Gi MVb cwiKwíZ n‡e|
3| †jLvi g‡a¨ we‡kølY, weZK©, Zzjbv, ch©v‡jvPbv, eY©bv _vK‡e|
4| A¯úóZv _vK‡j cwi®‹vi aviYv MVb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
5| m‡›`n _vK‡j Zv `~ixKi‡Yi c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e|
6| †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ch©vß †jLvi my‡hvM _v‡K|
7| †eªBb ÷wg©s K‡i cÖ_‡g hv g‡b n‡e ZvB wj‡L †djv|
8| cÖ_‡g MÖvgvi/evbvb †`Lvi ìKvi †bB|
142
9| wKQy mgq weiwZ w`‡q †jLv welq co‡Z n‡e|

10| cybivq †eªBb ÷wg©s K‡i bZzb Z_¨ ms‡hvRb Kiv|
11| cybive„wË hv‡Z bv N‡U †mUv j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
12| f~wgKv ïiæ n‡e mvaviY evK¨ w`‡q, g~j welq wb‡q|
13| f~wgKvq cvVK‡K †KŠZznjx K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|
14| cÖwZwU Aby‡”Q‡ì Avjv`v ¯^KxqZv _vK‡e, D`vniY w`‡q hyw³ cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| Aby‡”Q‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb ev ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
15| cybtcv‡Vi gva¨‡g cybtwPšÍv K‡i myweb¨¯Í K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
16| P~ovšÍ †jLvq g~j welq¸‡jv Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e, mvwe©K w`K †`L‡Z n‡e|
17| †jLv wcÖ›U K‡i †PK Ki‡Z n‡e wb‡R‡KB|
ˆjwLK g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv

iPbvg~jK cix¶v
Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk¶v_x©‡ì wk¶vMZ DbœwZi gvb/g~j¨ wePvi Ki‡Z wjwLZ cix¶v eë¯’v
cÖvavb¨ cvq| wewfbœ AšÍtcix¶v I ewntcix¶vi gva¨‡g agx©q, ˆbwZK mvs¯‹…wZK I
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, †`kvZ¡‡eva, gvbeZv‡eva, ÁvbMZ, Av‡ewMK, g‡bv‡ckxR ¯Í‡i
g~j¨vq‡b Kg©‡Kw›`ªK I wk¶v_©x‡Kw›`ªK cix¶v eë¯’vi mycvwik i‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z wk¶v_x©‡ì
fvlvÁvb, kã Pqb I evK¨ MVb ¶gZv, hyw³ wbf©iZv, fvlv eënv‡i mvgwMÖK `¶Zv
BZ¨vw` iPbvg~jK cix¶vi gva¨‡g mv_©Kfv‡e wePvi Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ iPbvg~jK
cÖkœ¸‡jv ïaygvÎ wk¶v_x©‡ì gyL¯’ kw³‡KB cwigvc K‡i _v‡K hv g~j¨vq‡bi h_vh_
cÖwµqv bq| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i: (K) `xN© DËig~jK, (L) msw¶ß DËig~jK, (M)
UxKv wUàbx, (N) e¨vL¨v| GLv‡b _vK‡e msÁv, eY©bv, Av‡jvPbv, welqe¯‘ ev NUbv
mvRv‡bv, wbe©vPb, cÖavb cÖavb NUbv ev wel‡qi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘ZKiY, Zzjbv, e¨vL¨v, mvigg©,
mvwe©K Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv, wePvi-we‡kølY BZ¨vw`|
iPbvg~jK cix¶vi cÖkœ n‡e Db¥y³ ai‡bi hv wk¶v_©xi gyL¯’ we`¨v‡K †Kej cwigvc
Ki‡ebv eis Zvi wPšÍvkw³, m„Rbx kw³, we‡kølY I ms‡kølY Kivi ¶gZv BZ¨vwì cwigvc
Ki‡e|
143
ˆbe©¨w³K cix¶v
iPbvg~jK cix¶vi `ye©jZv wbim‡b ˆbe¨©w³K cix¶vi D™¢e N‡U‡Q| DwÏó welqe¯‘
A‡c¶vK…Z ¶z`ª ¶z`ª †mvcvb ev cÖm‡½ wef³ K‡i DÏxcK I cÖwZwµqvi mwVK †hvMm~Î
¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GLv‡b Kvw•¶Z j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡bv mnR nq| GLv‡b cix¶K‡K GKB gvb
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq, cix¶v cwiPvjbvi mvwe©K e¨qI Kg| ‰be¨©w³K cÖ‡kœ nu¨v-bv, m¤ú~Y©KiY,
†kªwYKiY, k~b¨¯’vb c~iY, mZ¨ wg_¨v, eû wbe©vPbx, wgj Kiv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b
Kiv nq|
†jLvi g~j¨gvb hvPvB Ki‡Z MZvbyMwZK wjwLZ cix¶v c×wZi ÎæwU `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ggbfv‡e †jLvi Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z eyw×e„wË m¤úwK©Z, ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K,
†hvMv‡hvMg~jK, bv›`wbK I mvgvwRK Ges mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g~j¨‡eva Abykxjb I weKwkZ
nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K- 1
wb‡R wb‡R Kiæb|
ce©- L- 1
e¨w³¯^vZš¿, fvlvcÖavb, fvecÖavb, eY©bvg~jK, we‡kølYg~jK, wkLb AMÖMwZi cwigvcK,
`¶Zvi cwiPvqK, `„wófw½ I gZvgZ cÖKv‡k mnvqK BZ¨vw`|
ce©- L- 2
 wk¶v_x©‡ì cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 fvlv ‡kLvq AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|
 m„RbgyLx K‡i|
 hyw³ cÖ`vb, hyw³ LÛb, hyw³ cÖwZwôZ Kievi my‡hvM cvq|
 AwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv I g~j¨‡eva mymsNe×KiY I m¤cÖmviY K‡i|
 D”PZi Ávb AR©‡bi mvg_© e„w× K‡i|
 Kíbv, wPšÍv, Ávb cÖKv‡ki ¯’vqx gva¨g †jLv|
144
ce©- M
cix¶vi aib Abyhvqx: ˆ`wbK cix¶v, mvßvwnK cix¶v, gvwmK cix¶v, ˆÎgvwmK cix¶v,
lvb¥vwmK cix¶v, evwl©K cix¶v, Av‡ivwcZ KvR, evwoi KvR BZ¨vw`|
cª‡kœi aib Abyhvqx: iPbvg~jK, msw¶ß iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w³K, KvVv‡gve× BZ¨vw`|
ce©- N
1. †jLvi welq c~e© wba©vwiZ n‡Z cv‡i wKsev evQvB K‡i wb‡Z nq|
2. †jLvi g‡a¨ we‡kølY, weZK©, Zzjbv, ch©v‡jvPbv, eY©bv _vK‡e|
3. cybive„wË hv‡Z bv N‡U †mUv j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖwZwU Aby‡”Q‡ì Avjv`v ¯^KxqZv _vK‡e, D`vniY w`‡q hyw³ cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 g~j¨vqb
1| †jLvi êwkó¨ I ¸iæZ¡ Kx?
2| †jLv Abykxjb cÖwµqvq KiYxq Kx? G¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
3| †jLv Kxfv‡e e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, g‡bvfve Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
m¶g?
4| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi `ywU welqe¯‘i Ici Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡evag~jK
‡jLvi GKwU K‡i D`vniY w`b|
145
mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbv I AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB

Kv‡Ri cix¶vKiY
fzwgKv
g~j¨hvPvB wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wk¶K Zvi cvV`vb Kvh©µg‡K mdj I
A_©en Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †KŠkj I c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb| G cvV`vb KZUv mdj
n‡q‡Q ev wk¶v_©xiv cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ KZUv AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv Rvbv hvq g~j¨hvPvB‡qi
gva¨‡g| g~j¨hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ cÖwµqv Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbv Ges AYywk¶Y
`ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj| g~jZ G¸‡jv wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn†Yi wfwË‡Z g~j¨vq‡bi KvR
cwiPvjbvi my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvov †Kv‡bv GKK c×wZB wk¶v_©xi mvwe©K Dbœq‡b
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ h‡_ó ev ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| D™¢‚Z wkLb cwiw¯’wZi †cÖ¶vc‡U Dchy³ I
wfbœ wfbœ †KŠkj Mªn‡Yi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e wk¶v_©xi K…wZ‡Z¡i h_vh_ g~j¨hvPvB| PjwZ
Awa‡ek‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi `ywU AvaywbK †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡ì aviYv †Ìqv n‡jv|
D‡Ïk¨
 g~j¨hvPvB‡qi D‡Ïk¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †KŠkj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mZx_© wk¶‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ I mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb Ges
 AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB KvR cix¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: g~j¨hvPvB-Gi D‡Ïk¨
 e¨w³i K…wZZ¡†K †gvUvgywU `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- AwR©Z I mnRvZ| †Kv‡bv wk¶vg~jK
Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q e¨w³ KZUv Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½ AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv wbiƒcY KivB
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| GQvovI g~j¨hvPvB-Gi Av‡iv wewfbœ D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q|
 wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Gevi gv_v LvwU‡q wPšÍv K‡i †`Lyb g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Avi Kx Kx D‡Ïk¨
_vK‡Z cv‡i| Avcbvi wPšÍvi Av‡jv‡K cieZ©x c„ôvi aviYv gvbwPÎwU c~iY Kiæb|
146
djveZ©b cÖ`vb
g~j¨hvPvB-Gi
D‡Ïk¨
 g~j wkLbxq wel‡q cÖ`Ë Av‡jvPbv mv‡_ Avcbvi DËi wgwj‡q ‡`Lyb| bZzb c‡q›U¸‡jv
wPwýZ Kiæb| m¤¢e n‡j Av‡iv bZzb c‡q›U †hvM Kiæb|
ce©- L: g~j¨hvPvB-Gi †KŠkj

  g‡b Kiæb gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb
wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi mvwe©K AMÖMwZi g~j¨hvPvB Ki‡eb| Kx Kx
c×wZ/‡KŠkj Avcwb G‡¶‡Î Aej¤^b Ki‡eb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡Pi e‡· ˆZwi
Kiæb|
g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj:
 AvZ¥g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lyb- Avcwb wK KL‡bv mZx_© wk¶Y ev AYywk¶Y c×wZ‡Z

wk¶v_©x/cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì g~j¨hvPvB K‡i‡Qb? bv K‡i _vK‡j ‡Kb K‡ib bvB ch©v‡jvPbv
Kiæb Ges AvMvgx‡Z Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© g‡b g‡b GKwU cwiKíbv Kiæb|
147
ce©- M: mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi ¸iæZ¡ I mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB


mZx_© wk¶Y n‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q GK ev GKvwaK wk¶v_©x KZ…©K Ab¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì
wk¶v`vb| GKBfv‡e GK ev GKvwaK wk¶v_©x KZ©…K Ab¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb Kv‡Ri
ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb n‡jv mZx_© g~j¨hvPvB| A_©vr GKB †kªwY‡Z GKB êwk‡óï
wKsev mg‡hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wk¶v_©x‡ì Øviv cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbgq I Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi
Ges †hŠ_ Kvh©Kjv‡ci wfwË‡Z wk¶v`vb, MÖnY I g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvB n‡jv mZx_© wk¶Y I
g~j¨hvPvB| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì mnvqZvq Ab¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì KvR ch©v‡jvPbv, g~j¨vqb
Ges †m Abyhvqx djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G ai‡bi g~j¨vqb †Rvovq ev `‡j Kiv hvq hv
wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkL‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi †¶‡Î
GwU we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y|© ZvB wk¶K‡ì DwPZ g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqvi mv‡_ G ai‡bi
AvaywbK Ges AskMÖnYg~jK g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqvi eënvi wbwðZ Kiv| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x
I wkLb cÖwµqv Df‡qB DcK…Z n‡e|
 wb‡Pi Q‡K Avcbvi we‡ePbvq mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB‡qi wZbwU
BwZevPK w`K D‡jøL Kiæb|
mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB‡qi ¸iæZ¡:
1|
2&|
3|
 GQvov wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m Ges we`¨vj‡q Avcbvi †kªwY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq mZx_©
ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Ici †Rvi w`b| Gfv‡e Avcwb wk¶v_©x‡ì/mZx_©‡ì
g‡a¨ mM‡hvwMZvg~jK wkL‡bi my‡hvM m„wó I g~j¨vqb `¶Zvi weKvk NUv‡Z cv‡ib, hv
mvwe©K wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqv‡K AwaKZi Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡e|
 we GW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wk¶v_©x wn‡m‡e wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m Avcwb mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
Avcbvi mncvVxi cvV`vb Abykxjb g~j¨vqb K‡i wdWe¨vK w`b|
148
 we`¨vj‡q G †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i Avcwb Acbvi mnKg©x wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb ch©v‡jvPbv
I g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Abyiƒcfv‡e Avcbvi cvV`vb Kvh©Kg Avcbvi mnKg©x‡K
ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 g‡b Kiæb Avcwb Avcbvi GKRb weGW mncvVxi cvV`vb Abykxjb Kv‡Ri cvi`wk©Zv
mZx_© wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| G‡¶‡Î Zvi cvi`wk©Zvi †Kvb w`K¸‡jv
g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
 g~j¨vq‡b Avcwb †`L‡jb Avcbvi mnKg©x †Kej cviM I mvg‡bi mvwi‡Z emv
wk¶v_©x‡ì cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov wZwb †Kej Z_¨ ¯§iYg~jK cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î
Avcbvi wdWe¨vK Kx ai‡bi n‡e wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
wdWe¨vK

ce©- N: AYywk¶Y I g~j¨hvPvB

  AYywk¶Y c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ weGW wk¶v_©xiv wk¶v`v‡bi †hmKj †KŠkj Abykxjb I
fv‡jvfv‡e AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
†hmKj †KŠkj AvqË Kiv hvq?

1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
 wb‡P cÖ`Ë AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqvwU cvV Kiæb Ges Gi wfwË‡Z
AYywk¶‡Yi êwkó¨¸‡jv mswkøó ÷vi wP‡Î D‡jøL Kiæb|
149
AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqv
1| †kªwYK¶ cwi‡e‡k wk¶Y-wkL‡bi GK GKwU †KŠkj ch©‡e¶K I †QvU GKwU

wk¶v_©x MÖæ‡ci mvg‡b cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb Ges m¤¢e n‡j Zv
Video Cassette G aviY Kiv n‡e| wk¶‡Yi cwi‡ekwU GLv‡b †gvUvgywUfv‡e
m„wó Kivi gva¨‡g 8/10 R‡bi GKwU †QvU `‡ji mvg‡b cÖwk¶Yv_x© cy‡iv cv‡Vi
GKwU LÛvsk 5/6 wgwbU mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡e
GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj we‡klÁ‡ì ch©‡e¶Y I ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AvqË Kiv|
Gi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj †`Lv n‡e gvÎ|
2| wk¶Y-wkLb KvR g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ we‡klÁ‡ì 5 †_‡K 7 c‡q›U †¯‹‡ji GKwU

Evaluation sheet mieivn Kiv nq| we‡klÁMY wb‡RivI g~j¨vqb kxUwU ˆZwi
K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
3| cvV`vb †kl nevi ci we‡klÁMY Zv‡ì c~iYK…Z Sheet wb‡q gy‡LvgywL Av‡jvPbv
K‡i cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡K Zvi †KŠkj AvqË Kivi mv_©KZv/e¨_©Zv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡ib
Ges gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ ìKvwi wdWe¨vK w`‡eb| cÖwk¶Yv_©x †m Abyhvqx cybivq
cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡eb|
4| Gi Aí wKQz¶Y ci IB GKB cv‡Vi AskUzKz Avevi Ab¨ GK`j wk¶v_x©i mvg‡b

Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb cÖwk¶Yv_x©|
5| wØZxqevi AbykxjbKv‡j IB †KŠkjwU c~e©eZx© mgv‡jvPbvi Ici wfwË K‡i
DbœZZi n‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweKfv‡e a‡i ‡bqv hvq|
AYywk¶‡Yi êwkó¨
AYywk¶‡Yi
‰ewkó¨
150
ce©- O: AYywk¶Y cÖwµqvq mvgvwRK weÁvb K¬v‡m cvV`vb ch©‡e¶Y I

 djveZ©b
 wk¶v_©x eÜziv, mvgvwRK weÁvb wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m AYywk¶Y c×wZ‡Z ch©‡e¶Y I

djveZ©b cÖ`vb cÖwµqv PP©vi Rb¨ wb‡Pi AYywk¶Y cÖwµqvwU Abykxjb Kiæb|
1| Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ GKwU `¶Zv wbe©vPb Kiæb| D`vniY¯îƒc- avivevwnK g~j¨vqb ev

cÖkœ&KiY|
2| cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb eB †_‡K GKwU welq wbe©vPb Kiyb|
3| cvVwU Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
4| †kªwYi cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì cvV ch©‡e¶Y K‡i djveZ©b Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
5| djveZ©‡bi ci cybivq cvV Dc¯’vcb Kiyb (cÖwZevi 5 wgwbU K‡i mgq wb‡eb)|
6| GKBfv‡e Ab¨ cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì cv‡Vi Ici djveZ©b w`b|
7| cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv `yÕcv‡Vi Zzjbv Ki‡eb| Gfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y I djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g
wk¶Y `¶Zv I †KŠkj AvqË Ki‡eb hv g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶vKiY m¤úbœ
Ki‡e|
 wUDUi wb‡RI G c×wZ‡Z weGW cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì cvV ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡eb Ges djveZ©b
w`‡eb|
151
g~j wkLbxq welq
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi D‡Ïk¨
 wk¶vi mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ welq¸‡jvi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ Ae¯’v wbiƒcY ev
wba©viYB g~j¨hvPvB|
g~j¨hvPvB-Gi D‡Ïk¨
1| wk¶Y-wkL‡b djveZ©b cÖ`vb|
2| wk¶v_x©i we‡kl `¶Zvi Dbœqb|
3| wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb c×wZi Dbœqb|
4| wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi `¶Zv wbiƒcY|
5| wk¶K I wk¶v_x©i `„wófw½i cwieZ©b I Dbœqbmvab|
6| cÖwk¶‡Yi `¶Zv e„w×|
7| wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi mej I `ye©j w`K kbv³KiY Ges Dbœqb|
8| wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb|
mZ©x_© wk¶Y I g~j¨hvPvB
Bs‡iwR Peer Gi evsjv cÖwZkã mZx_©, mgeqmx| wk¶v cÖhyw³i bZzb Avwe®‹vi/ms‡hvRb
n‡jv Peer Teaching| wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ Ávb, aviYv I AwfÁZvi cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †h wk¶v †`qv nq Zv‡K mgeqmx wk¶Y ev Peer Teaching e‡j| G
cÖwµqvq wZb †_‡K Qq Rb wk¶v_x© welqe¯‘i Ici M‡elYvi gva¨‡g mn‡hvwMZvg~jK
wk¶vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶Y cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i| GwU GKwU wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK wkLb c×wZ| GwU
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK Ges cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqvg~jK wkLb c×wZ|
mZx_© wk¶Y 3wU wel‡qi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i:
1| cwKíbv: mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g mZx_© wk¶Y Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi GKwU cwiKíbv
_vK‡e|
2| g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv: wVKfv‡e D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx GwU cwiPvwjZ n‡jv wKbv Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i
†`Lv|
152
3| cÖwZdjb Wv‡qwi †jLv: wk¶v_x©iv e¨w³MZ eY©bvg~jK wee„wZi gva¨‡g mZx_© wk¶‡Yi
Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri AwfgZ e¨v³ K‡i GKwU cÖwZdjb weeiYx cÖ¯‘Z Ki†e|
G‡Z wk¶K/wUDUi I mZx_© wk¶v_©xi ga¨‡g g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvi Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K©
cÖwZdjb _vK‡e|
mZx_© wk¶‡Yi Gi gva¨‡g hv Kiv hvq-
K) `‡ji g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv e„w×
L) welqe¯‘ Av‡jvPbv
L) Ae¯’vi wewfbœZv Abyhvqx wk¶Y
M) Kv‡Ri AwfÁZv jvf
N) wk¶vµ‡gi welqe¯‘ wba©viY
O) †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zv e„w×
P) `‡ji m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wkLb
Q) wkLb cÖwµqvq m¤ú„³KiY
mZx_©iv †hmKj †¶‡Î †kªwY‡Z cvV`vb KvR g~j¨hvPvB Ki‡eb-
cÖwk¶Yv_©xi cvi`wk©Zv gšÍe¨

1| †ckv`vwiZ¡: mgqvbyewZ©Zv, welqÁvb
2| cwiKíbv: cv‡Vi j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ Ges cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ¯‘wZ
3| †hvMv‡hvM: ¯^‡ii ¯úóZv, †Pv‡L †PvL ivLv, †kªwY‡Z PjvPj
4| eë¯’vcbv: wb‡`©kbv, †kªwY eë¯’vcbv, mgq eë¯’vcbv, †Rvovq
I `jMZ Kv‡Ri eë¯’vcbv, cwiex¶Y †hvM¨Zv, wbqg-k„•Ljv
5| eënvi: wk¶v_©xi mv‡_ m¤úK©, Drmvn cÖ`vb I cÖksmvm~PK
ev‡Kï eënvi, wel‡qi cÖwZ Drmvn
153
cÖwk¶Yv_©xi cvi`wk©Zv gšÍe¨

6| wb‡qvRb I AšÍf©yw³: wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Yi gvb, wewfbœ wk¶Y
c×wZi eënvi, †RÛvi m‡PZbZv
7| cÖkœKiY: D”P wPšÍv ¯Í‡ii cÖkœKiY, wk¶v_©xi DËi ï×KiY
eë¯’vcbv
8| DcKiY: DcKi‡Yi eënvi, Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡ì eënvi, †ev‡W©i
eënvi
AYywk¶‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqv
1| †kªwYK¶ cwi‡e‡k GK GKwU †KŠkj ch©‡e¶K I †QvU GKwU MÖæ‡ci mvg‡b

cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb Ges m¤¢e n‡j Zv Video Cassette G aviY
Kiv n‡e| wk¶‡Yi cwi‡ekwU GLv‡b †gvUvgywUfv‡e m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e A_©vr 8/10
R‡bi GKwU †QvU `‡ji mvg‡b cÖwk¶Yv_x© g~j cv‡Vi GKwU LÛvsk 5/6 wgwbU
mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡e GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj
we‡klÁ‡ì Ávb ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AvqË Kiv| GgbZi Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ GKwU
we‡kl †KŠkj †`Lv n‡e gvÎ|
2| wk¶Y wkLb KvR g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ we‡klÁ‡ì 5 †_‡K 7 c‡q›U †¯‹‡ji GKwU
Evaluation sheet mieivn Kiv nq| we‡klÁ ch©‡e¶K GwU wb‡RI ˆZwi K‡i
wb‡Z cv‡ib|
3| cvV`vb †kl nevi ci we‡klÁMY Zv‡ì c~iYK…Z Sheet wb‡q gy‡LvgywL Av‡jvPbv
K‡i cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡K Zvi †KŠkj AvqË Kivi mv_©KZv/e¨_©Zv m¤^‡Ü AewnZ K‡ib|
4| Gi Aí wKQz¶Y ci IB GKB cv‡Vi AskUzKz Avevi Ab¨ GK`j wk¶v_x©i mvg‡b

Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb cÖwk¶Yv_x©|
5| wØZxqevi AbykxjbKv‡j IB †KŠkjwU c~e©eZx© mgv‡jvPbvi Ici wfwË K‡i

DbœZZi n‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweKfv‡e a‡i ‡bqv hvq|
154
AYywk¶‡Yi êwkó¨
wk¶Y-Abykxjb
cÖwµqv
wk¶Y
djveZ©b ¯^í mg‡q
cybtwk¶Y AYywk¶‡Yi ¯^í cwim‡i Kiv nq
P‡µ GwU Kiv nq êwkó¨
GKwU wbw`©ó `¶Zv ev

Gi D‡Ïk¨ AwfÁZv †KŠkj Abykxjb Kiv nq
AR©b Kiv, fyj aiv
Igv‡bvbœqb Ibq
AYywk¶Y g~j¨vqb QK
cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶‡Ki bvg :...............................................................................
wb‡`©kbv: G QKwU cvV PjvKvjxb mg‡q ch©‡e¶K eënvi Ki‡eb| cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡gi
Avjv`v g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| cQ›`mB b¤îwU e„ËvwqË Ki‡Z n‡e| 1 me©wbgœ gv‡bi I 7
m‡e©v”P gv‡bi|
wk¶K †KŠkj: cvV m~Pbv

1| wk¶v_x©i c~e©Ávb/AwfÁZv I AvMÖ‡ni eënvi KZUv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kiv n‡q‡Q?
2| bZzb cvV‡K Kxfv‡e wk¶v_x©‡ì c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
m‡½ mgwš^Z K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q?
3| wk¶‡Ki e³e¨ cÖvmw½K I my¯úó wQj wKbv? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4| wk¶v DcKiY I Ab¨vb¨ Kjv‡KŠkj Kvh©Kifv‡e eënvi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kiv n‡qwQj wKbv?
5| mvgwMÖKfv‡e cv‡Vi m~Pbv Kxiƒc wQj? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ab¨vb¨ we‡kl †KŠkj:
ce©‡e¶‡Ki gšÍe¨:
wb‡`©kbv:
155
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi D‡Ïk¨:
wk¶Y/wkLb AMÖMwZ wbiƒcY, NvUwZ wPwýZKiY, djveZ©b cÖ`vb, wk¶Y/wkLb `¶Zvi
Dbœqb BZ¨vw`|
ce©- L
g~j¨hvPvB-Gi †KŠkj
ce©- M- 1
mZx_© wk¶‡Yi ¸iæZ¡
1| wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi cwi‡ek m„wó
2| AskMÖnYg~jK wkL‡b mnvqK
3| `jMZ Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †`q
ce©- M- 2
wb‡R Kiæb
156
ce©- N- 1
AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g †hmKj †KŠkj AvqË Kiv hvq:
†kªwY eë¯’vcbv, Avmb web¨vm, DcKi‡Yi eënvi, AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y I wkLb, `jMZ
KvR cwiPvjbv, cÖkœKiY `¶Zv, `jMZ KvR cwiPvjbv, MvVwbK g~j¨vqb, wbivgqg~jK
eë¯’v, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb BZ¨vw`|
ce©- N- 2
wb‡R Kiæb
 g~j¨vqb
1| wk¶v_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZ g~j¨hvPvB‡qi D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
2| mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri myweav Kx? G c×wZ‡Z g~j¨hvPvB†qi
†KŠkj D`vniYmn eY©bv Kiæb|
3| †kªwYK‡¶ mZx_© wk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi cwi‡ek
m„wó Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4| Avcwb Kxfv‡e mZx_© wk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Avcbvi weGW mncvVxi wk¶Y cvi`wk©Zv
e„w×‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡ib? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
5| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki wk¶Y `¶Zv Dbœq‡b AYywk¶‡Yi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6| AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb?
7| `~iwk¶‡Y weGW †cÖvMÖv‡g Gi cÖ‡qvM c×wZ D‡jøL Kiæb| Avcwb wb‡R
AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e DcK…Z n‡q‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
157
QÙwk¶Y I djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB

Kv‡Ri cix¶vKiY
f‚wgKv
g~j¨hvPvB GKwU avivevwnK I wbiwew”Qbœ cÖwµqv hvi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ ai‡bi
Z_¨ Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶K Zvi wk¶v_©x m¤ú‡K© hZ‡ewk Z_¨ msMÖn
Ki‡eb ZZ wbf©yj n‡e Zvi g~j¨hvPvB‡qi KvRwU| G Rb¨ wZwb wewfbœ ai‡bi g~j¨hvPvB
†KŠkj I DcKiY eënvi Ki‡eb| Z‡e Zvi g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj I DcKiY h_vh_ I
gvbm¤úbœ wKbv Zv cix¶v K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges h_vh_ djveZ©b cÖ`vb I cwigvR©‡bi
gva¨‡g G¸‡jv h_vm¤¢e ÎæwUgy³ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j wk¶v_©xi K…wZ‡Z¡i
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi KvRwU wbf©ikxjZvi mv‡_ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b QÙwk¶Y I
djveZ©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wk¶v_©xi K…wZZ¡ g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj m¤ú‡K©
aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 g~j¨hvPvB‡qi we‡eP¨ w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk¶‡Y g~j¨hvPvB ‡PKwj÷/c‡Îi eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kxfv‡e QÙwk¶‡Yi †KŠkj eënvi Kiv hvq D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: mvgvwRK weÁvb- Gi g~j¨hvPvB‡qi we‡eP¨ w`K

 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi g~j¨hvPvB n‡e mvgwMÖK| Z‡e Gi g~j †dvKvm n‡e mvgvwRK Ávb,
`¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk g~j¨vqb|
158
 wk¶v_©xi mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi DcwiwjøwLZ w`K¸‡jv g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvb †Kvb w`K
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e I ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶K wn‡m‡e
wPšÍv Kiæb Ges ‡bvUey‡K wjLyb|
 wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m Avcbvi mncvVx A_ev we`¨vj‡q mnKg©x wk¶K‡ì mv‡_ wPwýZ
welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges GKwU mgwš^Z ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri GKwU Ab¨Zg j¶¨ n‡jv wk¶Y-wkLb cwiw¯’wZi gv‡bvbœqb|

g~j¨hvPvB‡q cÖvß djvdj hw` h_vh_fv‡e eëüZ bv nq Z‡e G D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡e bv|
ZvB Gi djvdj mwVKfv‡e eënv‡ii g‡a¨B wbw`©ó wel‡qi wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi
¯^v_©KZv wbwnZ i‡q‡Q|
 g~j¨hvPvB†qi gva¨‡g cÖvß djvdj wk¶Y I wkL‡bi wb‡gœv³ †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z Kxfv‡e

Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq †m m¯ú‡K© wb‡Pi Q‡K GKwU K‡i c‡q›U wjLyb|
cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î 1|
civgk© I wb‡`©kbvi †¶‡Î 1|
wk¶v cÖkvm‡bi †¶‡Î 1|
ce©- L: g~j¨hvPvB †PKwj‡÷i eënvi

 g~j¨hvPvB wk¶v_©xi K…wZ‡Z¡i cwigvcK| we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ wel†qi wk¶vjv‡fi gva¨‡g
wk¶v_©xi AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b ev Dbœqb hvPvB KivB n‡jv we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨hvPvB-Gi
cªavb D‡Ïk¨|
 wk¶v_©xi AvPi‡Yi †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©b¸‡jv g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqvq †`Lv DwPZ †m
159
m¤ú‡K© 2/3wU c‡q›U Wv‡qwi‡Z wjLyb|

 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶Y AMÖMwZi we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqv I djvdj
msi¶Y c×wZ n‡Z n‡e KvVv‡gve× I wjwLZ| Zvn‡jB G †_‡K h_vh_ mydj jvf
Kiv m¤¢e|
 wb‡P we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨hvPvB‡qi GKwU bgybv †PKwj÷ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv| †PKwj÷wU
fv‡jv K‡i coyb I AvZ¥¯’ Kiæb| Gevi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv welqe¯‘‡K wfwË
K‡i Avcwb wb‡R g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GKwU c„_K †PKwj÷ cÖYqb Kiæb Ges m¤¢e
n‡j Avcbvi Kg©iZ we`¨vj‡q GwU cÖ‡qvM Kiyb|
†gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †PKwj÷

 wk¶v  †kvbv  †evSv  ¯^Ztù~  AvZ¥we  mvims‡  c‡q›U  † 
_©xi bvg hvq hvq Z© AskMÖnY k¦vm ¶c gvU ¤î
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
iwng 8 4 2 8 32 5
4
gqbv - 3 9 6 9 15 2
3 = AwZ DËg 2 = DËg 1 = fv‡jv
†gŠwLK Dc¯’vc‡bi g~j¨vqb wb‡P DwjøwLZ b¤^‡ii iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e|

30-36 c‡q›U = 5 b¤î, 25-29 c‡q›U = 4 b¤î, 20-24 c‡q›U = 3 b¤î,
15-19 c‡q›U = 2 b¤î, 12-14 c‡q›U = 1 b¤î|
160
ce©- M: QÙwkÿ‡bi mvnv‡h¨ g~j¨hvPvB KvR cix¶vKiY †KŠkj

 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶K welqe¯‘ mswkøó wewfbœ g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e
G¸‡jv wba©vwiZ wkLbdj AR©‡b KZUv mnvqK Zv c~‡e©B hvPvB K‡i †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| hw`
g~j¨vqb †KŠkj h‡_vchy³ bv nq Z‡e g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqv cÖZ¨vwkZ djvdj cÖ`v‡b e¨_©
n‡e| wUD‡Uwiqvj K¬v‡m QÙwk¶Y Av‡qvRb K‡i g~j¨hvPvB KvRwU cix¶v K‡i †bIqv
hvq|
 Kxfv‡e QÙwkÿ‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cix¶vKi‡Yi KvRwU Kiv hvq Ges Gi gva¨‡g Kx jvf
n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© 1 wgwbU fveyb Ges Avcbvi †bvUey‡K D‡jøL Kiæb|
ce©- N: djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj

 djveZ©b AvaywbK wk¶veë¯’vi GKwU MwZkxj I Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| †h †Kv‡bv wk¶Y-wkLb
Kvh©µg ch©‡e¶Y K‡i cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK Z_¨ ev mycvwik cÖ`vbB n‡jv
djveZ©b| djveZ©b wk¶vi gv‡bvbœq‡b AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| d‡j wk¶v
`vb I MÖnY Df‡qiB gv‡bvbœqb m¤¢e nq| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶K‡ì wk¶Y `¶Zvi
Dbœq‡b GwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wk¶v_©xiv mn‡RB AYywk¶Y I
QÙwk¶Y c×wZ‡Z wUDUi I mZ©x_© wk¶v_©x‡ì KvQ †_‡K djveZ©b †c‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e
djveZ©b cªwµqvwU n‡Z n‡e `¶ I Dchy³| G Rb¨ Zv cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e mwVK
c×wZ‡Z| Avevi cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶v_©x‡ì Zv MÖn‡Yi I AbymiY Kivi g‡Zv gvbwmKZv
_vK‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB djveZ©b BwZevPK djvdj e‡q Avb‡e|
 wk¶v_x©e„›`, djveZ©b cÖwµqvwU g‡b Kivi †Póv Kiæb Ges Gi avç‡jv
avivevwnKfv‡e wb‡P D‡jøL Kiæb|
djveZ©b cÖwµqv:
161
 djveZ©‡bi cÖwµqvi djcÖm~Zv e„w×‡Z KZ¸‡jv welq †Lqvj Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

wk¶v_©xe„›`, djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj¸‡jv Kx n‡Z cv‡i wPšÍv Kiæb I wb‡Pi
Q‡K D‡jøL Kiæb|
djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj:

1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
 wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m wewfbœ `‡j wef³ n‡q mZx_©‡ì mv‡_ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv
wk¶Y `¶Zvi Ici wba©vwiZ cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb I Kvh©Ki Kivi
Abykxjb Kiæb|
162
g~j wkLbxq welq

g~j¨hvPvB-Gi ‡¶Î
 mvaviYfv‡e ‡hmKj †¶‡Î g~j¨hvPvB Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv: mgvRweÁvb wk¶vq AvMÖn cÖKvk
I GKvMÖZv, `jMZ Kvh©m¤úv`b, wbqwgZ nvwRiv, hyw³c~Y© cÖkœ Kiv, my›ì nv‡Zi †jLv,
D”P wPšÍb ¶gZv, mncvV¨µwgK Kv‡h© AskMÖnY, cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv, cix¶vi b¤î,
†gŠwLK cÖkœ DËi, wkLb AMÖMwZ, wewfbœ AvPiwYK `¶Zv, `„wófw½i cwieZ©b, kvixwiK,
gvbwmK I mvgvwRK weKvk BZ¨vwì Ici|
g~j¨hvPvB-Gi we‡eP¨ w`K

1| g~j¨hvPvB cwiKwíZ n‡Z n‡e hv wkLb Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e|
2| †h †Kv‡bv wk¶Y g~j¨hvPvB Kvh©µ‡gi GwU GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e _vK‡e|
3| g~j¨hvPvB Kvh©µ‡g Ggb Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ _vK‡e hv‡Z ÎæwU kbv³ K‡i Z‡_ï
Dbœqb NUv‡bv hvq|
4| g~j¨hvPvB n‡Z n‡e wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
5| GB Kvh©µ‡g Kx hvPvB Kiv n‡e G e¨vcv‡i wk¶v_©xiv Aek¨B mZK© _vK‡e|
6| g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó †evaMg¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e †hb wk¶v_©xiv Gi mv‡_ mn‡R
Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i|
7| g~j¨hvPvB ïaygvÎ gyL¯’we`¨vi g‡a¨B mxgve× _vK‡e bv| wk¶v_©xi mwVK `¶Zvi
Ici g~j¨hvPvB n‡Z n‡e|
8| g~j¨hvPvB mKj m¤cÖ`v‡qi, mKj ms¯‹…wZ Ges bvix-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mK†ji Rb¨
mgvbfv‡e Db¥y³ n‡e|
9| g~j¨hvPvB wk¶vµ‡gi D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z n‡e|
10| wk¶v_©xi AR©b Ges AMÖm‡i djveZ©b †`qvi Rb¨ GwU BwZevPK n‡Z n‡e|
11| g~j¨hvPvB cwieZ©bkxj n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wewfbœ Drm Ges c×wZ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
Kiv hvq|
163
g~j¨hvPvB-Gi djvd‡ji eënvi

cvV`v‡bi †¶Î
1| wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb Kvh©Ki Kiv|
2| wk¶v_©xi Pvwn`vi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L cvV`vb cwiKíbv Kiv|
3| AbMÖmi wk¶v_©x wPwýZ K‡i cÖwZKvig~jK cvV`vb Kiv|
civgk© I wb‡`©kbvi †¶Î

1| wk¶v_©x‡K mwVK wb‡`©kbv †`qv|
2| AK…ZKvh©Zvi msL¨v n«vm Kiv|
3| fwel¨r cwiKíbvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv Kiv|
wk¶v cÖkvm‡bi †¶‡Î

1| c~e© mg‡qi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv|
2| cÖwZ‡ekx ¯‹z‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv|
3| bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î mnvqZv Kiv|
4| wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶v_©xi `j MVb Kivi wfwË|
5| wk¶vµg c~Y© cÖ¯‘Z I cwigvR©‡bi †¶‡Î mnvqZv cÖvwß|
we`¨vjq wfwËK g~j¨hvPvB †PKwj÷

GKwU wk¶vqZ‡b †fŠZ I Af¨šÍixY myweavw` hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †PK wj÷
µwgK bs myweavi wk‡ivbvg ch©vß Ach©vß

1| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’vb msKzjvb
2| K¶ msL¨v
3| K‡¶i myweavw`
4| cvk¦©eZ©x iv¯Ív
5| K‡¶ Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë¯’v
164
µwgK bs myweavi wk‡ivbvg ch©vß Ach©vß

6| cqtwb®‹vkb eë¯’v
7| M¨v‡iR myweav
8| wbivcËv eë¯’v
9| DcKiY I hš¿cvwZ
10| PZz_© †kªwYi Kg©Pvixi myweav
11| wk¶K msL¨v
12| eB cy¯ÍK
13| †Ljvayjvi myweav
14| hvZvqvZ myweav
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q ˆZwiK…Z †PK wj÷

mvgvwRK weÁvb: beg-`kg †kªwY
welq g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wkL‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ Kvh©cÖYvwj ch©‡e¶Y I
Ávb I `¶Zvi c×wZ, Z_¨ cÖgvY DcKiY ch©v‡jvPbv
wbw`©ó †dvKvm hv msM„nxZ I mshy³
n‡q‡Q
ivR‰bwZK  ivR‰bwZK  †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcb  cvVëB cVb  mvgwqK
`j `‡ji msÁv  Z_¨ msMÖn  ˆ`wbK Afx¶v
 ivR‰bwZK  AbymÜvb g~j¨vqb cwÎKv cVb  †kªwYi KvR
`‡ji D‡Ïk¨  `jxqfv‡e Z_¨  mv¶vrKvi  evwoi KvR
 ivR‰bwZK AbymÜvb  cvi¯úwiK  `jMZ KvR
`‡ji  `‡ji Kvh©vewj gZ wewbgq  mZx_©
Kvh©vewj wPwýZ-KiY  G¨vmvBb‡g›U ch©v‡jvPbv
 `‡ji D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K©  cÖkœ DËi
Z_¨ msMÖn `¶Zv
 AvPiY
165
welq g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wkL‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ Kvh©cÖYvwj ch©‡e¶Y I

Ávb I `¶Zvi c×wZ, Z_¨ cÖgvY DcKiY ch©v‡jvPbv
wbw`©ó †dvKvm hv msM„nxZ I mshy³
n‡q‡Q
 cÖwk¶‡Ki
ch©v‡jvPbv
 AvZ¥
ch©v‡jvPbv
†gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbvi g~j¨hvPvB †PKwjó

†gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv
wk¶v_©xi †kvbv hvq †evSv hvq ¯^Ztù~Z© AvZ¥wek¦vm mvi c‡q›U †gvU b¤î
bvg AskMÖnY ms‡¶c
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
iwng 8 4 24 8 32 5
gqbv - 3 9 6 9 15 2
3 = AwZ DËg 2 = DËg 1 = fv‡jv

†gŠwLK Dc¯’vc‡bi g~j¨vqb wb‡P DwjøwLZ b¤^‡ii iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e|
30-36 c‡q›U = 5 b¤î, 25-29 c‡q›U = 4 b¤î, 20-24 c‡q›U = 3
b¤î,
15-19 c‡q›U = 2 b¤î, 12-14 c‡q›U = 1 b¤î|
166
QÙwk¶Y †KŠkj
1| cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv wba©viY

2| wk¶Y `¶Zv wbe©vPb I Av‡jvPbv
3| cwiKíbv
4| g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv wba©viY
5| Abykxjb cvV|
G‡Z-
1| cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv wk¶Y `¶Zv AR©b K‡i|
2| mivmwi ch©v‡jvPbvq mej I `ye©j w`K wPwýZ nq|
3| wjwLZ gšÍe¨ (ch©‡e¶K I cÖwk¶‡Ki) wk¶Y `¶Zv Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡ iv‡L|
4| mivmwi Feedback cvIqv hvq, d‡j `ye©j w`K `~ixKi‡Y m‡Pó nIqv hvq|
5| g~j¨vqb wk‡Ui gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g mwVK w`K
wb‡`©kbv cvq|
djveZ©‡bi cÖwµqv
djveZ©b cÖwµqv Dchy³ c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zv wbw`©ó avc AbymiY K‡i
cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
†hgb-
g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj wba©viY → †kªwYK‡¶ ev¯Íevqb → g~j¨hvPvB KvR ch©‡e¶Y →
gšÍe¨/djveZ©b cÖ`vb → gv‡bvbœq‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY
167
djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj
ch©‡e¶K ev cÖwk¶K hLb djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡eb ZLb cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K Zv‡K evav
w`‡eb bv, g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i me ïb‡eb|
1| cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv hLb ¯^g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb Ges djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡eb ZLb cÖwk¶K
evav w`‡eb bv|
2| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e cvV`v‡bi Av‡M †h wbY©vqK a‡i †bqv n‡qwQj Zvi IciB
djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| mywbw`©ó `¶Zvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B MVbg~jK djveZ©b w`‡Z n‡e|
4| cÖwk¶K cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K AYywk¶Y c×wZ‡Z cv‡Vi Ask we‡kl cvV`vb Ki‡Z
ej‡eb| Ab¨vb¨ mZx_©‡ì GKwU K‡i `¶Zv wfwËK g~j¨vqb wkU w`‡q cvV`vb
ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
5| g~j¨vqb wk‡U gšÍe¨ wjL‡Z ej‡eb|
6| djveZ©b Gi Rb¨ K‡qKwU `¶Zv wbY©vqK wn‡m‡e wVK K‡i †ev‡W©i GK cÖv‡šÍ
wjL‡eb|
7| cÖwk¶K wb‡R djveZ©b †`qvi Rb¨ wjL‡eb|
8| Gici cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K cÖ_‡g mej w`K Ges c‡i `ye©j w`K wPwýZ Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
9| ¯^g~j¨vqb n‡e|
10| Gici 4/5 R‡bi Kv‡Q djveZ©b †bqv n‡e|
11| me‡k‡l cÖwk¶K `¶Zvi Dbœqb msµvšÍ Avbylw½K Dc‡`k †`‡eb|
12| cieZ©x cvV`v‡bi Uv‡M©U wPwýZ K‡i †`‡eb|
djveZ©‡bi MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv
MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv BwZevPK cwieZ©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv| GB ai‡bi mgv‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ ch©‡e¶‡Ki bv mgv‡jvP‡Ki c~e©-
cÖ¯‘wZ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb:
1| mgv‡jvPbvi Rb¨ GKwU Kg©cÎ _vK‡e n‡e, G‡Z mgv‡jvPK j¶¨åó n‡eb bv|
168
2| mgv‡jvwPZ e¨w³i cÖwZ mgv‡jvP‡Ki BwZevPK `„wófw½ _vK‡e|

3| mgv‡jvwPZ‡K mgv‡jvP‡Ki gšÍ‡eï Reve w`‡Z ch©vß mgq w`‡Z n‡e|
4| evowZ K_v e‡j A_ev weiw³ cÖKvk K‡i mgv‡jvwPZ‡K g‡bv¶zYœ bv Kiv|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b mvavibfv‡e g~j¨hvPvB‡qi we‡eP¨ w`K ev †¶Î¸‡jv n‡jv-
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶vq AvMÖn cÖKvk I GKvMÖZv, `jMZ Kvh©m¤úv`b, wbqwgZ nvwRiv,
hyw³c~Y© cÖkœ Kiv, my›ì nv‡Zi †jLv, D”P wPšÍb ¶gZv, mncvVµwgK Kv‡h© AskMÖnY I
cvi`wk©Zv, cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv, cix¶vi b¤î, †gŠwLK cÖkœ DËi, wkLb AMÖMwZ, wewfbœ
mvgvwRK AvPiwYK `¶Zv, `„wófw½i cwieZ©b, kvixwiK, gvbwmK I mvgvwRK weKvk;
mvgvwRKZv‡eva I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY; mgvR‡mev; †bZ…Z`¡ v‡bi `¶Zv;
MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve; mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I AvPiY; BZ¨vw`|
g~j¨hvPvB-Gi djvd‡ji eënvi
cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î: cvV`vb Kvh©Ki Kiv|

civgk© I wb‡`©kbvi †¶‡Î: fwel¨r cwiKíbvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv Kiv|
wk¶v cÖkvm‡bi ‡¶‡Î: bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î mnvqZv Kiv|
ce©- L
1. wk¶vµ‡g DwjøwLZ wkLbd‡ji AR©b AMÖMwZ hvPvB|
2. mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj hvPvB|
3. mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgwMÖK K…wZ‡Z¡i gvb hvPvB|
169
ce©- M
QÙwk¶‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqv
1| g~j¨vqb †KŠkj wba©viY
2| wk¶v_©xi f~wgKv wba©viY
3| wk¶Y cwiPvjbv
4| g~j¨hvPvB KvR ch©‡e¶Y I g~j¨vqb
5| ch©v‡jvPbv/cÖwZdjb
6| cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvR©b/bZzb †KŠkj D™¢veb|
QÙwk¶‡Yi myweav
1| cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv wk¶Y `¶Zv AR©b K‡i|
2| mivmwi ch©v‡jvPbvq mej I `ye©j w`K wPwýZ nq|
3| wjwLZ gšÍe¨ (ch©‡e¶K I cÖwk¶‡Ki) wk¶Y `¶Zv Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡ iv‡L|
4| mivmwi Feedback cvIqv hvq, d‡j `ye©j w`K `~ixKi‡Y m‡Pó nIqv hvq|
5| g~j¨vqb wk‡Ui gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kiv nq e‡j cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv
cvq|
ce©- N
1| ch©‡e¶K ev cÖwk¶K hLb djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡eb ZLb cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K Zv‡K
evav w`‡eb bv, g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i me ïb‡eb|
2| cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv hLb g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb Ges djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡eb ZLb cÖwk¶K evav
w`‡eb bv|
3| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e cvV`v‡bi Av‡M †h wbY©vqK a‡i †bqv n‡qwQj Zvi IciB
djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| mywbw`©ó `¶Zvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B MVbg~jK djveZ©b w`‡Z n‡e|
5| cÖwk¶K cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K AYywk¶Y c×wZ‡Z cv‡Vi Ask we‡kl cvV`vb Ki‡Z
ej‡eb| Ab¨vb¨ mZx_©‡ì GKwU K‡i `¶ZvwfwËK g~j¨vqb wkU w`‡q cvV`vb
ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
6| g~j¨vqb wk‡U gšÍe¨ wjL‡Z ej‡eb|
170
7| djveZ©b Gi Rb¨ K‡qKwU `¶Zv wbY©vqK wn‡m‡e wVK K‡i †ev‡W©i GK cÖv‡šÍ
wjL‡eb|
8| cÖwk¶K wb‡R djveZ©b †`qvi Rb¨ wjL‡eb|
9| Gici cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K cÖ_‡g mej w`K Ges c‡i `ye©j w`K wPwýZ Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
10| ¯^g~j¨vqbI Ki‡Z n‡e|
11| Gici 4/5 R‡bi Kv‡Q djveZ©b †bqv n‡e|
12| me‡k‡l cÖwk¶K `¶Zvi Dbœqb msµvšÍ Avbylw½K Dc‡`k †`‡eb|
13| cieZ©x cvV`v‡bi Uv‡M©U wPwýZ K‡i †`‡eb|
 g~j¨vqb
1| g~j¨hvPvB-Gi we‡eP¨ w`K¸‡jv Kx Kx?
2| QÙwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶vKiY Kiv hvq?
3| djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶v I Dbœqb Kiv hvq?
171
†kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶v cÖYqb

g~j¨vqb GKwU mvgwMÖK I avivevwnK cÖwµqv| †Kv‡bv GKwU wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì cvi`wk©Zv
ev K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †kªwYK‡¶ ev †kªwYK‡¶i evB‡i wewfbœ †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i
g~j¨hvPvB Kivi cÖwµqvB n‡jv g~j¨vqb| g~j¨vq‡bi g~~j K_vB n‡jv wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB hv
†kªwYwfwËK ev †kªwYi evB‡i n‡Z cv‡i| †kªwYK¶ g~j¨vqbI GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv|
†Kv‡bv wel‡q †Kvm© PjvKvjxb mg‡q wk¶Yxq wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì aviYv MVb I Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ GB g~j¨vvqb cwiPvwjZ nq| GwU GK ai‡bi MvVwbK g~j¨vqb| †h †Kv‡bv AMÖMwZ
g~j¨vqb †Kv‡bv GKK cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Kiv m¤¢e bq| djcÖm~ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ c×wZ I †KŠkj| wewfbœ ai‡bi Afx¶vi cÖ‡qvM I eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Zv
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wcÖq wk¶v_©xe„›`, Avcbviv B‡Zvc~‡e© Avcbv‡ì Aewk¨K ‡Kvm© eB †_‡K
Afx¶v I Gi eënvi m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb
AMÖMwZ hvPvB‡hi Rb¨ G¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cÖYqb Kiv hvq ‡m m¤ú‡K© Avcbviv G Awa‡ek‡b
aviYv cv‡eb|
D‡Ïk¨
 Afx¶v I cix¶vi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ cÖKvi Afx¶v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vq‡bi †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q bgybv †kªwY Afx¶v cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 cÖYxZ Afx¶vi ÎæwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
172
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: Afx¶v I cix¶v

wk¶v_©x g~j¨vq‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nvwZqvi n‡jv Afx¶v| Afx¶vi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Test hvi
AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv Trail of the qualities of a person or a thing| e¨vcK A‡_© †h
cwigvcK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ we‡kl ai‡bi wk¶vMZ ev gvbwmK êwkó¨ ev †hvM¨Zv cwigvc
Kiv nq Zv‡K Afx¶v e‡j| wk¶vg~jK Afx¶v n‡jv †m mKj DcKiY ev cÖkœcÎ ev
nvwZqvi/†KŠkj hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv wk¶vg~jK wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì AwR©Z Ávb, K…wZZ¡ ev
cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB K‡i Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK wk¶vMZ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiv nq|
Aciw`‡K cix¶v mb`wfwËK| †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ wel‡q wk¶v_©xi cvV AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ cix¶v GKwU c×wZMZ †KŠkj| GwU mvaviYZ D‡Ïk¨gyLx| AvbyôvwbK wk¶vq Gi
gva¨‡g D”PZi †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡gvkb †`qv nq| AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zv wbiƒcY K‡i cix¶v DËi
mb`cÎ †`qv nq|
 wk¶v_©x©e„›` mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e Gevi Avcwb †f‡e †`Lyb
wk¶v_©x‡ì †kªwYwfwËK wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb wk¶v_©x‡ì
Ici Kx Kx ai‡bi Afx¶v cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
iPbvg~jK
Afx¶v
ce©- L: †kªwY ev AMÖMwZ Afx¶v

 †kªwY ev AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi mv‡_ cix¶vi cv_©K¨ wPšÍv Kiyb I wb‡Pi Q‡K ms‡¶‡c D‡jøL
Kiæb|
173
†kªwY ev AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi mv‡_ cix¶vi cv_©K¨:
ce©- M: Afx¶vi cÖKvi‡f`

 wk¶vi j¶¨ n‡jv wk¶v_©xi AvvPi‡Yi mvgwMÖK cwieZ©b| wk¶v_©xi AvPi‡Yi mvgwMÖK
cwieZ©b cwigv‡ci Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ ai‡bi Afx¶v| mvgvwRK weÁvb gvby‡li
cwieZ©bkxj AvPiY wb‡q KvR K‡i| ZvB Gi cwiwa e¨vcK| myZivs †Kej wjwLZ ev
†gŠwLK cix¶vi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AMÖMwZi mvgwMÖK g~j¨hvPvB
m¤¢e bq| wk¶vweÁvbxiv Zv‡ì `xN©w`‡bi M‡elYvi dmj wn‡m‡e wk¶v‡¶‡Î wewfbœ
ai‡bi AvaywbK I djcÖm~ Afx¶v D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb hv bvwK mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶v_©x‡ì
K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡ÎI eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
 wk¶v‡¶‡Î eënvi Dc‡hvMx GmKj Afx¶v¸‡jv Kx n‡Z cv‡i- wPšÍv Kiæb I
LvZvq/Wv‡qwi‡Z wjLyb|
ce©- N: †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vq‡bi †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZKiY


g~j¨vqb D‡Ïk¨wenxb †Kv‡bv KvR bq| eis wk¶v_©xiv †Kv‡bv welq ev cv‡Vi gva¨‡g
c~e©wba©vwiZ mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨B g~j¨vqb Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| ZvB g~j¨vq‡bi c~‡e©B wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Gi DÏk¨ Ges †¶Î¸‡jv|
GQvovI g~j¨vq‡bi wKQz mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q|
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q g~j¨vq‡bi G †¶Î¸‡jv Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv

Kiæb Ges †bvU ey‡K wjLyb| wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcbvi AwfÁZv G †¶‡Î Kv‡R
jvMvb|
174
ce©- O: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q bgybv †kªwY Afx¶v cÖYqb


†kªwY ev AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wk¶v_©x©‡ì K…wZZ¡ ev cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB Kiv|
cvi`wk©Zvi Afx¶vq bvbv ai‡bi cÖkœ AšÍfy©³ Kiv hvq, †hgb- m„Rbkxj ev iPbvg~jK
cÖkœ, eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ BZ¨vw`| †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vq eënvi Kiv hvq Ggb `ywU cÖ‡kœi
bgybv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
1| bvMwiK‡ì AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡mg~n D‡jøL Ki| (Z_¨ ¯§iY Kivi ¶gZv)

2| K‡qKwU †Q‡j GKwU wbwiwewj iv¯Ívi Ici e‡m AvÇv w`‡”Q I c_Pvix‡ì
D‡Ï‡k¨ bvbviKg Lvivc gšÍe¨ Ki‡Q| wkï‡ì wb‡q gv‡qiv Ges †Q‡j‡g‡qiv
¯‹z‡j IB c_ w`‡q hvIqvi mgq AvÇvevR †Q‡j‡ì f‡q fxZ _v‡Kb| G †¶‡Î
Dfq c‡¶i †jv‡Ki AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| Dfq c‡¶i †jv‡Ki g‡a¨
mg‡SvZv Avbvi cÖwµqv Kx n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? (G †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡K
Zvi AwR©Z Ávb bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|)
 Gevi lô †_‡K `kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K GKwU Aa¨vq
†e‡Q wb‡q DcwiwjøwLZ bgybv¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K K‡qKwU K‡i cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiæb|
Avcbvi mnKg©/mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ cÖYxZ cÖkœ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© gZ wewbgq Kiæb
Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq djveZ©b w`b Ges MÖnY Kiæb|
 Gevi Afx¶v m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi AwR©Z aviYvi Av‡jv‡K cvV mswkøó
Kg©cÎ¸‡jv‡Z (1-4) DwjøwLZ welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K wb‡`©wkZ ai‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jv
cÖYqb K‡i LvZvq wjLyb|
 cÖkœ¸‡jv cÖYqb h_vh_ n‡q‡Q wKbv g~j¨vqb Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wbw`©ó ai‡bi
cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv m¯ú‡K© †R‡b wbb|
 mZx_©‡ì mv‡_ µm †PwKs-Gi gva¨‡g Avcbvi cÖYxZ cÖkœ¸‡jv Dchy³Zv I
mwVKZv hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
175
Kg©cÎ- 1
eyw×wfwËK Afx¶v cÖYqb
wkLbdj cÖkœ cÖYqb
1| we‡`wk I bvMwi‡Ki cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|  1wU ˆbe©¨w³K

2| bvMwiK AwaKvi I KZ©‡eï m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z  1wU iPbvg~jK
cvi‡e|
cÖkœmg~n:
176
Kg©cÎ- 2
Abyf~wZ/Av‡eMg~jK Afx¶v cÖYqb
wkLbdj cÖkœ cÖYqb
GBPAvBwf GBWm †ivMxi Rb¨ KiYxq I miKvi KZ©„K  1wU ˆbe©¨w³K

M„nxZ c`‡¶c ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 1wU iPbvg~jK
cÖkœmg~n:
177
Kg©cÎ- 3
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v cÖYqb
wkLbdj
cÖkœ cÖYqb
1. mvgvwRKxKiY Kx ej‡Z cvi‡e|  msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ
2. mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î wkïi Rxe‡b cwiev‡ii  eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
cÖfve cÖfve wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|  wgjKiY cÖkœ
 mZ¨-wg_¨v wbY©q
 k~b¨¯’vb c~iY
cÖkœmg~n:
178
Kg©cÎ- 4
wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi †KvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi Afx¶vi AšÍf³

©y D‡jøL Kiæb|
wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi aviYv
1| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi 2| ˆ`bw›`b KvRK‡g© mswkøó 5wU

f~wgKv eY©bv Ki| cÖwZôv‡bi bvg wjL|
3| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv me‡P‡q 4| Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb KqwU?

†ewk †Kvb ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq? 3 / 4 / 5/ 6|
K) GKbvqKZvwš¿K L) MYZvwš¿K (mwVK DË‡i wUK  wPý `vI)
M) mgvRZvwš¿K N) ˆ¯îZvwš¿K
5| evsjv‡`‡k --------- e¨vsK †bvU cÖPjb 6| evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i wKQy abx,

Ki‡Z cv‡i| Dbœqbkxj I ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki gv_vwcQy
Av‡qi ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki|
7| AvqKi Drm †_‡K miKv‡ii m‡e©v”P 8| AvBb cÖYqb

ivR¯^ Avq nq| mZ¨ / wg_¨v K) RvZxq msm`
L) ‡KvU©
M) wePvi wefvM
N) cÖkvmb wefvM
179
g~j wkLbxq welq
cix¶v I Afx¶v
 wk¶v_©x g~j¨vq‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nvwZqvi n‡jv Afx¶v| Afx¶vi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Test hvi
AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv Trail of the qualities of a person or a thing| e¨vcK A‡_© †h
cwigvcK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ we‡kl ai‡bi wk¶vMZ ev gvbwmK êwkó¨ ev †hvM¨Zv cwigvc
Kiv nq Zv‡K Afx¶v e‡j| wk¶vg~jK Afx¶v n‡jv †m DcKiY ev cÖkœcÎ ev
nvwZqvi/†KŠkj hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv wk¶vg~jK wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì AwR©Z Ávb, K…wZZ¡ ev
cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB K‡i Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK wk¶vMZ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiv nq|
Aciw`‡K cix¶v mb`wfwËK| †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ wel‡qi welqe¯‘ AR©‡b wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ
g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cix¶v GKwU c×wZMZ †KŠkj| GwU mvaviYZ D‡Ïk¨gyLx| AvbyôvwbK
wk¶vq Gi gva¨‡g D”PZi †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡gvkb †`qv nq| AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zv wbiƒcY K‡i
cix¶v DËi mb`cÎ †`qv nq|
†kªwY ev AMÖMwZi Afx¶v

wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡bB G Afx¶v †bIqv nq| G Afx¶vi
gva¨‡g wk¶K wk¶v_©xiv wkLbdj AR©b K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i _v‡Kb| GwU wkLb
AMÖMwZ hvPvB Kivi GKwU Afx¶v Ges mivmwi wk¶v_©xi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| Kv‡RB GwU
†kLv‡bvi GKwU Ask| cix¶vi mv‡_ Gi cv_©K¨ n‡jv cix¶v n‡”Q e¨vcK Ges GwU
†bIqv nq †kLv‡bvi KvR †kl n‡j| Aciw`‡K AMÖMwZ Afx¶v n‡”Q msw¶ß| cy‡iv GKwU
cvV ev Aa¨vq †kl K‡i G Afx¶v M„nxZ nq|
†kªwY Afx¶v
†kªwY Afx¶vi bZzb wKQy bq| GwUI GK ai‡bi AMÖMwZ Afx¶v| A‡bK wk¶K Zv‡ì
wk¶v_©x‡ì AMÖMwZ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wbqwgZ †kªwY Afx¶vi gva¨‡g cix¶v wb‡q _v‡Kb|
GwU GK ai‡bi wjwLZ cix¶v‡K †evSvq hv wm‡jev‡mi †Kv‡bv cwi‡”Q` ev Aa¨vq ev
BDwbU †k‡l †bIqv nq| †kªwY Afx¶v †kªwYK‡¶i wfZ‡i wbqwgZ †kªwY mg‡qi wfZ‡i
welq wk¶KMY wb‡q _v‡Kb| †kªwY Afx¶vq msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ Ges iPbvg~jK cÖkœmn
wewfbœ cÖkœ Kiv nq| †kªwY ev AMÖMwZi Afx¶v n‡Z n‡e GKwU e¨vcKwfwËK Afx¶v hvi
gva¨‡g cvV¨m~wPi wba©vwiZ As‡k wk¶v_©x‡ì Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i Dbœqb
avivevwnKfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e|
180
Afx¶vi cÖKvi‡f`
 cvi`wk©Zvi Afx¶v (Achievement Test): Gi gva¨‡g wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv cwigvc Kiv

nq|
 wbY©vqK Afx¶v (Diagnostic Test): wk¶v_©x‡ì `ye©jZmg~n wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ G

RvZxq Afx¶v †bqv nq|
 c~e©vfvmg~jK Afx¶v (Prognostic Test): fwel¨r ci`wk©Zvi c~e©vfvm †`qvi Rb¨ GwU
Kiv nq|
 ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK Afx¶v (Survey Test): wk¶Y eë¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨

GwU Kiv nq|
 GQvovI Av‡Q iPbvg~jK cÖkœ, msw¶ß DËi, ˆbe©¨w³K, eënvwiK I †gŠwLK Afx¶v|
wk¶v_©x‡ì Ávbg~jK ¯Í‡ii AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b ev D‡Ïk¨ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ cvi`wk©Zv
I K…wZZ¡ Afx¶v eënvi Kiv nq| Abyf~wZg~jK ¯Í‡ii D‡Ïk¨ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ we‡kl
ai‡bi Afx¶v, †hgb- g‡bvfve cwigvcK †¯‹j, AvMÖn cwigvcK †¯‹j BZ¨vw` eënvi
Kiv nq| g‡bv‡ckxR ev wµqvg~jK ¯Í‡ii D‡Ïk¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ eënvwiK cix¶v ev
nv‡Z-Kj‡g Kv‡Ri eë¯’v Kiv nq| wk¶v_©x‡ì Ávb Avni‡Yi †¶‡Î `ye©jZv wPwýZ
Kivi Rb¨ wbY©vqK Afx¶v eënvi Kiv nq| wk¶v_©x‡ì fwel¨r c~e©vfvmg~jK Afx¶v
Ges wk¶Y cÖwµqvi m‡½ mshy³ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi (†hgb- DcKiY, Avmb-eë¯’v, we`¨vjq
K¶, AwaK msL¨K wk¶v_©x BZ¨vw`) Kvh©KvwiZv cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK
Afx¶v eënvi Kiv nq|
cix¶v MÖn‡Yi c×wZ Abymv‡i K…wZ‡Z¡i Afx¶v‡K wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
1| wjwLZ Afx¶v
2| †gŠwLK Afx¶v
3| eënvwiK Afx¶v
wjwLZ Afx¶v Avevi `yB cÖKvi| h_v:

1| iPbvg~jK Afx¶v
2| ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v
iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi DËi`v‡bi †¶‡Î cix¶v_©x‡ì ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| DËi`v‡bi G ¯^vaxbZv

Abymv‡i iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi c`¸‡jv‡K `y†kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
181
1. we¯Z…Z-DËi cÖkœ
2. mxwgZ-DËi cÖkœ
bgybv iPbvg~jK Afx¶v
 Ávbg~jK (Knowledge) cÖkœ: GBWm Gi msÁv `vI|
 Abyavebg~jK (Comprehension) cÖkœ: †Kvb †Kvb Dcv‡q GBPAvBwf Ges
GBWm Qovq?
 cÖ‡qvMg~jK (Application) cÖkœ: GBPAvBwf I GBWm †_‡K Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡K
gy³ ivLv hvq?
 we‡kølYg~jK (Analysis) cÖkœ: cyiæ‡li †P‡q bvixivB GBPAvBwf msµg‡Yi
†¶‡Î †Kb AwaK SuywK‡Z _v‡K?
 ms‡kølYg~jK (Synthesis) cÖkœ: gv`Kvm³ GKRb cÖwZ‡ekx‡K my¯’ Rxe‡b
wdwi‡q Avb‡Z GKwU Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki|
 g~j¨vqbg~jK (Evaluation) cÖkœ: GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm cÖwZ‡iv‡a miKvi
M„nxZ c`‡¶ç‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki|
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v
†h mKj Afx¶vi MVb, cÖ‡qvM, dj wbY©q ev b¤î cÖ`v‡b cix¶‡Ki †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ cÖfve
_v‡K bv, ‡m¸‡jv‡K ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v e‡j| wb‡Pi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vi
†kªwYwefvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v
g‡b Kiv RvZxq wPb‡Z cviv RvZxq
mn‡R g‡b k~b¨¯’vb nu¨v-bv kbv³KiY

Kiv RvZxq c~iY/ mZ¨-wg_¨v mv`„k¨KiY
m¤ú~Y©KiY
ï×-Aï× DËg DËi
wgjKiY †kªwYweb¨vm
eûwbe©vPbx c~bwe©b¨vmKiY
msw¶ß wee„wZKiY DÏxcK
DËi cÖkœ RvZxq RvZxq
wPÎ: ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vi †kªwYwefvM|
182
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
wk¶vg~jK Afx¶v: †m mKj DcKiY ev cÖkœcÎ ev nvwZqvi/†KŠkj hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv

wk¶vg~jK wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì AwR©Z Ávb, K…wZZ¡ ev cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB K‡i Zv‡ì
cvi¯úwiK wk¶vMZ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiv nq|
cix¶v: cix¶v mb`wfwËK| †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ wel‡q wk¶v_©xi cvV AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨
cix¶v GKwU c×wZMZ †KŠkj|
ce©- L
iPbvg~jK, ˆbe©¨w³K, †gŠwLK, eënvwiK BZ¨vw`|
ce©- M
cvi`wk©Zvi Afx¶v, wbY©vqK Afx¶v, c~e©vfvmg~jK Afx¶v, ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK Afx¶v
BZ¨vw`|
ce© N
†kªwY Afx¶vi gva¨‡g g~jZ wk¶v_©xi cvi`wk©Zv I wPšÍb `¶Zvi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Kiv
nq| g~j¨vq‡bi G †¶Î¸‡jv n†Z cv‡i-
1| wk¶v_©x hv wk‡L‡Q Zv ¯§iY Ki‡Z cviv|

2| hv wk‡L‡Q Zv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cviv, jä aviYv wb‡Ri fvlvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv,
Z_¨‡K †kªYxweb¨vm Ki‡Z cviv, mvi ms‡¶c ˆZwi A_ev m¤cÖmviY ev e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cviv|
3| AwR©Z Ávb‡K bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cviv|
4| aviYv ev hyw³‡K we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv|
5| †Kv‡bv wel‡q hyw³ mnKv‡i wbR¯^ gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
6| mvgwMÖK Ávb‡K g~j¨ Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cviv|
7| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mvgvwRK `„wófw½|
183
ce©- O
Kg©cÎ 1, 2 I 3 wb‡R wb‡R Kiæb
Kg©cÎ- 4 Gi mgvavb
cÖ‡kœi aib cÖkœ bs
we¯Z…Z DËi (Extended answer) D`v: 1 bs
msw¶ß DËi (Restricted answer) 2 bs
eû wbe©vPbx DËi (MCQ) 3 bs
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY (Fill in the gaps) 5 bs
mv`„k¨KiY (Analogy Test) 8 bs
mZ¨/wg_¨v A_ev nu¨v/bv (True/False; Yes/No) 7 bs
eënvwiK (Practical) 6 bs
kbv³KiY (Identification type) 4 bs
184
 g~j¨vqb
1| †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vq‡bi †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb|
3| wewfbœ cÖKvi Afx¶vi eY©bv w`b|
4| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mywbw`©ó welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K wb‡gœv³ †¶Î¸‡ji Dci GKwU
K‡i bgybv †kªwY Afx¶v cÖYqb Kiæb|
-eyw×g~jK Afx¶v
-Abyf~wZg~jK Afxÿv
(cÖwZwU †¶Î †_‡K 1wU eûwbe©vPbx I 1wU iPbvg~jK Afx¶v cÖYqb Kiæb)
185
†kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vq b¤î cÖ`vb: b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û
f‚‚wgKv
c~e©eZ©x Awa‡ek‡b Avcbviv †kªwY I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi aib, †¶Î, cÖYqb c×wZ m¤ú‡K©
†R‡b‡Qb| Avcbviv Av‡iv †R‡b‡Qb †kªwY AMÖMwZ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ Avgiv iPbvg~jK I
ˆbe©¨w³K wewfbœ ai‡bi Afx¶v eënvi K‡i _vwK| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wk¶v eë¯’vq G
mKj Afx¶v g~j¨vq‡bi mywbw`©ó ev Av`k©gvb GL‡bv M‡o D‡V wb| we‡klZ iPbvg~jK
Afx¶vi †¶‡Î| d‡j DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡b I b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó wbqg bv _vKvq
wewfbœ cix¶K DËicÎ g~j¨vqb I b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î wewfbœ bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i
_v‡Kb| welqe¯‘i AR©b AMÖMwZ †`L‡Z wM‡q †KD nq‡Zv fvlvMZ w`‡K †Rvo †`b Avevi
†KD nq‡Zv nv‡Zi †jLv ev evbvb fz‡ji cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM †`b| d‡j A‡b‡K fv‡jv wj‡L
Kg b¤î cvq Avevi †KD Lvivc wj‡L †ewk b¤î cvq|
b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î Afx¶‡Ki iæwP, †gRvR, cÖeYZv BZ¨vw` cÖfve †d‡j e‡jB GiKg
n‡q _v‡K| Dc‡iv³ mgm¨vi myôz mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖYqbKvix Z_v cÖkœKZ©vi b¤î cÖ`v‡bi
GKwU Av`k© gvb`Û wba©viY Kiv DwPZ| cÖkœc‡Îi aib, KvwV‡bï gvÎv, DË‡ii cÖK…wZ,
we¯Z…wZ BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i G gvb`Û wba©viY Kiv DwPZ| G Awa‡ek‡b mvgvwRK
weÁvb wel‡qi Afx¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Ávb I `¶Zv AR©b wel‡q
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
D‡Ïk¨
 b¤î cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi Afx¶vi DËicÎ g~j¨vqb †KŠkj ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Afx¶vi DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡b ˆbe©¨w³Kfv‡e b¤î cÖ`vb Kivi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb;
 b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 djvdj msi¶Y †KŠkj D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
186
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: b¤î cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨
 b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZ cwigvc Kiv hvq| GwU wk¶v eë¯’vi GKwU
avivevwnK cÖwµqv Ges g~j¨vq‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| †Kv‡bv wel‡qi cÖwZ g~j¨ Av‡ivc K‡i
e¨w³i wkLb m¤úwK©Z AvPiY m¤^‡Ü AeMZ nIqv hvq b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g| b¤î cÖ`vb
Kiv nq msL¨v w`‡q| wkLb m¤úwK©Z AvPiY cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ b¤î ev GKwU wbw`©ó
msL¨v †`qvB b¤î cÖ`vb| cÖwZwbqZ †h‡Kv‡bv Afx¶v ev cix¶vi †¶‡Î Avgiv GUv K‡i
_vwK|
 †Kb b¤î cÖ`vb Kiv nq ev Gi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv Kx wb‡Pi Q‡K K‡qKwU c‡q›U D‡jøL
Kiyb|
b¤î cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨:

1|
2|
3|
4|
ce©- L: DËicÎ g~j¨vqb I b¤î cÖ`vb ‡KŠkj


 we`¨vj‡qi mKj wk¶‡Ki DËicÎ g~j¨vqb Ges b¤î cÖ`vb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges
AvqË Kiv GKvšÍ Riæwi| welqwU Abykxj†bi Rb¨ Gevi Avcwb wb‡Pi e‡· †`qv
AskwU cvV Kiæb Ges mswkøó cªkœwUi DËi wjLyb|
GBWm
GBWm evqy, cvwb, Lv`¨ A_ev mvaviY ¯ú‡k© Qovq bv| †h †h Dcv‡q G †ivM Qov‡Z cv‡i,
Zv n‡jv: (1) GBPAvBwf/GBWm AvµvšÍ †ivMxi i³ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡n cwimÂvjb
Ki‡j, (2) AvµvšÍ e¨w³ KZ…©K eëüZ m~uP ev wmwiÄ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ eënvi Ki‡j,
(3) AvµvšÍ e¨w³i †Kv‡bv A½ Ab¨ e¨w³i †`‡n cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡j, (4) GBPAvBwf/GBWm
AvµvšÍ gv‡qi gva¨‡g (Mf©ve¯’vq, cÖmeKv‡j ev mšÍv‡bi gv‡qi `ya cvbKv‡j) Zvi wkï
GB †iv‡M msµwgZ n‡Z cv‡i, (5) A‰bwZK I Awbivc` ˆ`wnK wgjb Ki‡j G †ivM n‡Z
cv‡i|
187
GBWm cÖwZ‡iv‡a †h me eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv: Avgv‡ì mKj AvPi‡Y ag©xq I
mvgvwRK Abykvmb h_vh_fv‡e AbymiY K‡i, cix¶v bv K‡i A‡bï i³ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g,
Iqvb UvBg m~uP I wmwiÄ eënvi K‡i, A‰bwZK I Awbivc` †hŠb AvPiY †_‡K weiZ
†_‡K, GBWm AvµvšÍ gv‡qi mšÍvb MÖnY ev mšÍvb‡K ey‡Ki `ya cvb †_‡K weiZ †_‡K,
†Kv‡bv †hŠb †ivM _vK‡j wej¤^ bv K‡i wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡j|
cÖk:œ GBWm cÖwZ‡iv‡a miKvi M„nxZ c`‡¶c †Kgb nIqv DwPZ?
 †jLv †kl n‡j wb‡RB wb‡Ri DËi cix¶v K‡i b¤î cÖ`vb Kiyb|
 Gevi wb‡gœv³ c‡q›U¸‡jvi wfwË‡Z Avcbvi DËi g~j¨vqb I b¤î cÖ`vb c×wZwU wePvi
Kiæb| G‡¶‡Î g~j wkLbxq wel‡q cÖ`Ë b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û AskwU fv‡jv K‡i c‡o
wbb|
 b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvb †Kvb w`K we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb?
 Avcbvi Abym„Z b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û wK h_vh_ wQj? bv n‡j †Kb bq?
 †Kvb †Kvb gvb`‡Ûi wfwË‡Z b¤î cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ?
ce© M: b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û

 mvavibZ iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi g~j¨vq‡b e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z cv_©K¨ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘
cix¶K hw` Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi mgq ev DËi g~j¨vq‡bi mgq KZ¸‡jv gvb`Û c~e© †_‡KB
wVK K‡i iv‡Lb, †m‡¶‡Î DËi g~j¨vq‡b AwaK ˆbe©¨w³KZv eRvq ivLv m¤¢e|
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_©x‡ì DËi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb
welq/gvb`Û Avcwb wk¶K wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡eb Zv wb‡Pi Q‡Ki Ô¸iæ‡Z¡i ch©vqÕ
N‡i ¸iæZ¡vbymv‡i 1, 2 I 3 wj‡L D‡jøL Kiæb|
 Avcbvi mncvVx/mnKg©x‡ì mv‡_ Avcbvi aviYv µm †PK Kiæb| †Kv_vI Awgj
_vK‡j wbR hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiæb Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨ Dcv‡q i¨vswKs cybwe©b¨vm Kiæb|
 hw` Av‡iv †Kv‡bv gvb`Û wePvi Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j †m¸‡jv Q‡Ki duvKv mvwi‡Z wjLyb|
1= Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, 2= †gvUvgywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, 3= †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
188
we‡eP¨ welq ¸iæ‡Z¡i

ch©vq
1. cÖ‡kœ PvIqv g~j welqe¯‘i h_vh_ DËi K‡i‡Q|
2. cÖ‡kœ hv PvIqv n‡q‡Q wk¶v_©xi mvgwMÖK Av‡jvPbv †mB D‡Ï‡k¨B

cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q|
3. Av‡jvPbv ev KvRwU mymsMwVZfv‡e Dcmsnv‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q‡Q|
4. h_vh_ D`vniYmn wk¶v_©x Zvi e³‡eï mg_©b K‡i‡Q|
5. cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î MÖš’cwÄ ev Z_¨m~Î D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|
6. cÖvmw½K †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq Qwe/QK/†Uwej/WvqvMÖvg Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|
7. Dcw¯’Z Qwe/QK/†Uwej/WvqvMÖvg Gi my¯úó I welqe¯‘i mv‡_

mvgÄm¨c~Y© e¨vL¨v ev K¨vckb †`qv n‡q‡Q|
8. cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡i cÖvmw½K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|
9. e³‡eï ¯^c‡¶ wk¶v_©x Ab¨‡ì †_‡K c„_K/¯^Zš¿ †Kv‡bv

mv¶¨/cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|
10. cÖkœc‡Î wb‡`©wkZ MVb web¨vm I KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i DËi K‡i‡Q|
11. wk¶v_©xi wjLb `¶Zv (evbvb, evK¨MVb, hwZwPý BZ¨vw`) h_vh_|
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
GQvovI wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i h_vh_ b¤î cÖ`vb I fv‡jv
g~j¨hvPvB†qi Ici| Avi Gi DcKiY wn‡m‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi Afx¶v eënvi nq| ZvB
b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`‡Û Afx¶vi ¯^”QZv, Afx¶vi h_v_©Zv, Afx¶vi wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv, Afx¶vi
ˆbe©¨w³KZv, Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb, Afx¶vi cwiPvjb eë¯’v, Afx¶vi cÖ‡qvMKv‡ji ¯^íZv
I gvb wbY©‡qi mijZv, Afx¶vi mgZzj¨Zv I Afx¶vi e¨q BZ¨vw` w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZ †Lqvj
189
ivL‡Z n‡e|
ce©- N: djvdj msi¶Y †KŠkj

 GKwU gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q mviv eQ‡i 1g mvgwqK, 2q mvgwqK I 3q mvgwqK cix¶vi
gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K hv we`¨vjq cÖkvmb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wb‡q _v‡K|
GQvovI welq wk¶KMY cÖwZ mvgwqK cix¶vi Av‡M Zv‡ì myweavgZ wewfbœ mg‡q
Kgc‡¶ 2wU †kªwY Afx¶v MÖnY K‡ib| cÖwZ mvgwqK cix¶vq we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ 30% b¤î I wjwLZ cix¶vi Rb¨ 70% b¤î eivÏ K‡i g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| Avevi
we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi 6wU †Kvm© Iqv‡K©i g‡a¨ b¤î eÈb n‡jv: †kªwY Afx¶v-5,
†kªwYi KvR-5, evwoi KvR-5, wba©vwiZ KvR-5, †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv-5, `jMZ KvR-5 =
†gvU 30| wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgwMÖK g~j¨vq‡b me¸‡jv b¤î we‡ePbv K‡i P~ovšÍ djvdj cÖ¯‘Z
Kiv nq|
 GB Ae¯’vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wk¶v_©x‡ì mviv eQ‡ii djvdj msi¶‡Yi Rb¨
Avcwb Kx eë¯’v wb‡eb? D‡jøL Kiæb|
 djvdj msi¶‡Yi ‡KŠkj D‡jøLc~e©K GKwU QK/†Uwej cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
190
g~j wkLbxq welq

b¤î cÖ`vb I b¤î cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨
b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZ cwigvc Kiv nq| GwU wk¶v eë¯’vi
 avivevwnK Ges Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| †Kv‡bv wel‡qi cÖwZ g~j¨ Av‡ivc K‡i e¨w³i wkLb
m¤úwK©Z AvPi‡Yi ¸YMZ Ae¯’v m¤^‡Ü AeMZ nIqv hvq b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g| b¤î
cÖ`vb Kiv nq msL¨v w`‡q| wkLb m¤úwK©Z AvPiY cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ b¤î ev GKwU wbw`©ó
msL¨v †`qvB b¤î cÖ`vb|
b¤î cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨

welqMZ Áv‡bi hvPvB, cv‡VvbœwZ, AbMÖmiZv/`ze©jZv, fwel¨r mdjZvi w`K wb‡`©kbv,
wk¶v Kv‡R Drmvn m„wó, wk¶v_©xi `¶Zv I g‡bvfv‡ei cwigvc, AwR©Z Ávb‡K cÖ‡qv‡Mi
`¶Zv, wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqvi mdjZv hvPvB BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ b¤î cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
DËicÎ g~j¨vqb I b¤î cÖ`vb ‡KŠkj

iPbvg~jK Afx¶vq DËicÎ hvPvB Kivi mgq ˆbe©¨w³KZv Avbq‡bi Dcvq
wZb Dcv‡q DËicÎ †`Lvi mgq ˆbe©¨w³KZv Avbvqb Kiv hvq|
1| cÖPwjZ c×wZ (Traditional Method)
2| ch©vqµwgKfv‡e cÖ‡kœvËi hvPvB c×wZ (Question by Question Method)
3| b¤î c×wZ (Point Scale)
1| cÖPwjZ c×wZ: cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z DËicÎ hvPvB‡qi avç‡jv n‡jv-
(K) cÖkœ ˆZwi Kivi mgq cÖkœKZ©v DËicÎ ˆZwi Ki‡eb Ges Zvi mv‡_ Zzjbv
K‡i cix¶K DËicÎ hvPvB Ki‡eb|
(L) cwiewZ©Z I cwiewa©Z bgybv ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
(M) mKj cix¶v_©xi DËicÎ 2q I 3q evi †`‡L c¶cvwZZ¡ `~i Kivi †Póv
Ki‡eb|
(N) cix¶v_©xi msL¨v †ewk n‡j me¸‡jv LvZv cybivq Zzjbv Ki‡eb|
(O) GKvwaK cix¶K LvZv †`L‡eb (1g cix¶K, 2q cix¶K I 3q cix¶K)
191
G c×wZ‡Z ˆbe©¨w³KZv Avbq‡bi m‡e©vËg Dcvq n‡jv- Face Reading ev GKevi Dc‡i
Dc‡i cov Ges me¸‡jv DËicÎ‡K DPuygv‡bi Mo (Above Average), Mo (Average),
wbPuygv‡bi Mo (Below Average)-G wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv Ges †m Abyhvqx b¤î cÖ`vb
Kiv|
2| ch©vqµwgKfv‡e cÖ‡kœvËi hvPvB c×wZ: G c×wZ‡Z mKj cix¶v_©xi GKB cÖ‡kœi

DËi GKmv‡_ †`L‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î kZ© n‡jv cÖwZwU cÖkœ wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q †`L‡Z
n‡e| c×wZwU mgqmv‡c¶ n‡jI G‡Z b¤^‡ii êlg¨ Kg _v‡K, G c×wZi ÎæwU
n‡jv- wk¶K mr bv n‡j wbf©yj cwigvc cvIqv hvq bv| ZvQvov ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM
mgqmv‡c¶ e‡j cix¶K G c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M AvMÖnx nb bv|
3| b¤î c×wZ: G c×wZ‡Z Kx g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKwU cÖ‡kœi †Kvb As‡ki
Rb¨ KZ b¤î _vK‡e Zv cÖkœKZ©v wba©viY K‡i †`‡eb| †hgb -
cÖk-œ 1 c~Y©gvb 25 (Ávb Abyaveb-5, welqe¯‘-15, msMVb ¶gZv-5)
cÖk-œ 2 c~Y©gvb 20 (cÖ‡qvM-10, welqe¯‘-5, msMVb ¶gZv-5)
Dc‡iv³ c×wZ‡Z cÖkœKZ©v me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi Dcb¤îmg~n wba©viY K‡i †`‡eb|
GQvovI iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi cÖkœ Kivi mgq wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
(K) cÖ‡kœi D‡Ïk¨ ¯úó n‡Z n‡e|
(L) cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq wb‡q cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx cÖkœ Kiv|
(M) cÖkœc‡Î Option ev evQvB‡qi my‡hvM Kg †`qv|
(N) cÖkœKZ©vi welqwfwËK `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
(O) mg‡qi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L cÖkœ msL¨v wba©viY Kiv|
(P) mnR †_‡K KwVb ¯Í‡i cÖkœmg~n mvRv‡bv|
(Q) cÖ‡kœi KvwV‡bï gvÎv wba©viY Kiv|
(R) welqwfwËK Ávb hvPvBg~jK cÖkœ n‡Z n‡e|
(S) cÖ‡kœi ¸iæZ¡ Abyhvqx c~Y©gvb wba©viY Kiv|
(T) cÖ‡kœi DËi hv‡Z `xN© bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L †ewk msL¨K cÖkœ †mU Kiv|
192
(U) †h mKj wel‡q ˆbe©¨w³K g~j¨vqb mnR †m †¶‡Î iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi cÖkœ
bv Kiv|
(V) cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv/AvPiYxq D‡Ï†kï Av‡jv‡K cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv|
iPbvg~jK Afx¶v Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ DËicÎ hvPvB‡q wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ `„wó ivL‡Z
n‡e|
(K) cix¶v_©xi LvZvq cÖ_‡gB †KvW b¤î †`qv|
(L) GK`j cix¶K GK‡Î e‡m GK GK Rb GK GKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi g~j¨vqb
Ki‡eb Ges whwb †h cÖ‡kœi DËi g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb wZwb me¸‡jv DËic‡Îi
†m cÖ‡kœi DËi g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|
(M) cÖKvkfw½ Ges eY©bvi PvZz‡h© gy» bv n‡q welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K DËicÎ
hvPvB Ki‡eb|
(N) DËic‡Îi cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi Z_¨¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwiKiY|
(O) g~j¨vq‡bi c×wZi Ici Afx¶K‡ì cÖwk¶Y `v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
(P) AmsMwZc~Y© DËi Av‡Q wK bv Luy‡R †ei Kiv|
b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û

b¤^‡ii nvi we‡eP¨ welq
33% Gi Kg  Amgvß DËi
 weK…Z Z_¨
 AcÖvmw½K e³e¨
 `y‡e©v× fvlv/†jLv
 AmsMwVZ Dc¯’vcbv
 DËi cÖ`v‡b Ae‡njv ¯úó|
33-39%  DËi h_vh_ bq
 DË‡i gv‡S gv‡S A_©nxb/AcÖ‡qvRbxq e³e¨ Av‡Q
 A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Av‡jvPbv mymsMwVZ I avivevwnK bq
 DËi wjLvi wb‡`©wkZ wbqg A‡bKUvB †g‡b Pjv nq bvB
 cÖ`Ë hyw³¸‡jv wKQyUv A_©c~Y© g‡b n‡jI Am¤ú~Y©
 fv‡jv Kivi cÖ‡Póv †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
193

40-49%  DËi A‡bKvs‡kB h_vh_ bq
 DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ Acwi®‹vi ev Abycw¯’Z
 evûj¨ e³e¨ †ewk
 e³e¨ wKQyUv cÖvmw½K n‡jI cwi®‹vi/m¤ú~Y© bq
 DËi wjLvi wb‡`©kbv wKQyUv †g‡b Pjv n‡q‡Q|
50-59%  †kªwY cvV, e³„Zv ev cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K welqe¯‘i Av‡jvPbv
†ewk
 †kªwY‡Z ev cy¯Í‡K †`qv D`vniY¸‡jvB ûeû D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q
 cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ewk eY©bvg~jK hv cÖ‡kœi cÖvmw½KZv‡K
Acwi®‹vi K‡i‡Q
 bv ey‡SB RwUj ZË¡ K_vi AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi
AšÍwb©wnZ A_© cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ AmvgÄm¨c~Y©
 e³e¨ mymsMwVZ I avivevwnK bq
 cy¯Í‡Ki/†kªwY cv‡Vi evB‡i †`qv wbR¯^ hwy³¸‡jv †Zgb
cwi®‹vi bq, KL‡bv KL‡bv åvšÍ hyw³
 DËi wjLvi wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pjv n‡q‡Q|
60-69%  cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡b wbR¯^ ¯^Zš¿ wPšÍvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q,
hwÌ Zv †kªwY Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z
 mvgwMÖK wel‡qi cÖwZwU Ask m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi hyw³ Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Q
 mwVK cÖgvY/D`vniY D‡jøL K‡i‡Q
 wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvmw½K I h_vh_ Z_¨-DcvË Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Q, Drm I m~Îmn
 DËi A‡nZzK eY©bvg~jK bv n‡q we‡kølYvZ¥K n‡q‡Q
194

 k‡ãi eënvi I evK¨MVb h_vh_, nv‡Zi †jLv cvV-
Dc‡hvMx
 myk„•Lj I avivevwnKfv‡e DËi n‡q‡Q
 wb‡`©kbv †g‡b h_vh_ wbq‡g DËi K‡i‡Q|
70-74%  cÖ`Ë DË‡i †gŠwLK, ¯^Zš¿ I cÖvmw½K wPšÍv I hyw³i
cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q
 ALÛ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q, cÖ`Ë D`vniY mwVK n‡q‡Q
 DË‡i welqe¯‘i mxgve×Zv I Amyweavmg~n‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q
 Drm D‡jøLc~e©K cÖvmw½K Z_¨ I DcvË Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q hv
Zvi hyw³ I Av‡jvPbv‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q
 e³e¨ myk„•Lj, mymsMwVZ I avivevwnK
 cÖ‡qvRbxq cvÙxKv, Z_¨m~Î D‡jøL K‡i‡Q
 wb‡`©kbv I Ab¨vb¨ wbqgbxwZ †g‡b DËi K‡i‡Q|
75-84%  70-75% b¤î cÖvwßi me ¸YvewjB Av‡Q| GQvovI-
 e³‡e¨ D”PZi Áv‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q hv Ab¨‡ì †_‡K c„_K
 e³e¨ GZUvB DbœZ hv mPivPi †`Lv hvq bv|
85% Ges Gi †ewk  75-84% b¤î cÖvwßi me ¸YvewjB Av‡Q| GQvovI-
 e³‡e¨ D”PZi Áv‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q hv cÖKvkbvi Rb¨
†hvM¨
 e³e¨ GZUvB DbœZ †h Zv‡K D”PZi †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡gvkb
†èvi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv hvq|
195
djvdj msi¶Y †KŠkj

we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb Gi djvdj msi¶Y
wk¶v_©xi †kªwY Afx¶v †kªwY I eënvwiK KvR evwoi KvR wba©vwiZ †gŠwLK `jMZ KvR †Kvm©
bvg KvR Dc¯’vcbv IqvK©
Afx¶v-2
Afx¶v-1
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
KvR-2
KvR-1
SBA
SBA
SBA
SBA
SBA
SBA
†gvU
(eivÏK…Z 10 10 20 5 10 10 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 30
b¤î)
wk¶v_©x-1
wk¶v_©x-2
wk¶v_©x-
3
* †gvU b¤î‡K 5 a‡i cÖvß b¤î‡K 5 Gi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b K‡i wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e| GmweG-Gi
†gvU b¤î n‡jv †Kvm© Iqv‡K©i †gvU b¤î|
wk¶v_©xi K…wZ‡Z¡i evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b
¯‹z‡ji bvg: ............................................................................. ermi: ..........
wk¶v_©xi bvg: .............................................. †kªwY: ................... kvLv: ...........
mvgwqK- 1 mvgwqK- 2 mvgwqK- 3 †gvU
cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU
(70%) IqvK© b¤î (70%) IqvK© b¤î (70%) IqvK© b¤î (210) IqvK© b¤î
(30%) (100%) (30%) (100%) (30%) (100%) (90) (300)
(100
b¤^‡ii
welq)
mvgvwRK
weÁvb
(Ab¨
welq)
* †Kvm©IqvK© n‡jv †gvU Gm.we.G. b¤î|
wet`ª: djvdj ˆZwii Rb¨ MS Excel eënvi K‡i b¤î mw¾Z K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| wk¶K djvd‡ji
†MvcbxqZv i¶v Ki‡eb| djvdj †iKW© mh‡Zœ `xN©w`‡bi Rb¨ msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡eb| GRb¨
djvd‡ji GKvwaK Kwc ev Back Up ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| Computer QvovI Floopy, CD,
Pen drive-G djvdj msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
196
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
welqMZ Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½ hvPvB, cv‡VvbœwZ, `ye©jZv wPwýZKiY BZ¨vw`|
ce©- L, M I N
wb‡R wb‡R Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mnvqZv wbb|
 g~j¨vqb
1| b¤î cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
2| b¤î cÖ`v‡bi gvb`‡Û we‡eP¨ w`K Kx Kx?
3| djvdj msMÖ‡n M„nxZ eë¯’v †Kgb nIqv DwPZ?
4| iPbvg~jK Afx¶v cÖYqb I Dbœq‡bi mgq †Kvb welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivLv
DwPZ?
5| iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î Kxfv‡e ˆbe¨©w³KZv i¶v Kiv hvq?
197
we`¨vjq cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb
f‚wgKv
we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z wba©vwiZ wel‡qi cVb-cvVb †k‡l wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AMÖMwZ
m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ g~j¨vq‡bi †h eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq we`¨vjq cix¶v|
mvaviYZ we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †kªwY cix¶v, mvßvwnK cix¶v, gvwmK cix¶v, Uvg© cix¶v,
evwl©K cix¶v BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ai‡bi cix¶v AbywôZ n‡q _v‡K| Gme cix¶v AbywôZ n‡q
_v‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi Afx¶vi mvnv‡h¨| Afx¶v n‡jv †mB cÖkœcÎ ev cÖkœc‡Îi †mU hvi
mvnv‡h¨ G mKj cix¶v †bIqv nq| Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡Mi aib Abyhvqx Zv n‡Z cv‡i wjwLZ
ev †gŠwLK| cÖ‡kœi aib Abyhvqx Afx¶v n‡Z cv‡i iPbvg~jK ev ‰be©¨w³K| G‡ì cÖwZwUi
Avevi i‡q‡Q wewfbœ aib| GQvov Afx¶v n‡Z cv‡i Av`k©vwqZ ev AAv`k©vwqZ| G
Awa‡ek‡b we`¨vj‡q cix¶vi Dc‡hvMx cÖkœcÎ, cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv, gvb eÈb BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| Gi gva¨‡g Avcbviv mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi
wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© aviYv I `¶Zv jvf Ki‡eb|
D‡Ïk¨
 mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖkœc‡Îi aib D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 we`¨vjq cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi gvb eÈb D‡jøL Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb;
 we`¨vjq cix¶vq m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 we`¨vjq cix¶vq eûwme©vPbx cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 we`¨vjq cix¶vq mvaviY iPbvg~jK cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi wbqgvewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
198
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb
  gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AMÖMwZ Kx ai‡bi
cÖkœ/Afx¶vi mvnv‡h¨ gyj¨vqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K †m m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv/cÖwZdjb Kiæb
Ges eëüZ cªkœ/Afx¶vi GKwU ZvwjKv ‰Zwi Kiæb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î Avi Kx Kx ai‡bi Afx¶v/cÖkœ eëüZ n‡Z
cv‡i g‡b Kiæb I c„_K ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
ce©- L: we`¨vjq cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cª†Ökœi gvbeÈb
gva¨wgK ch©v‡q mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbw`©ó wk¶vµg i‡q‡Q| RvZxq wk¶vµg I

cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mKj wel‡qi g‡Zv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GB wk¶vµg
cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z lô †_‡K `kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wjwLZ
cix¶vi cÖkœ cÖYqb wel‡q cÖ‡kœi aib, msL¨v gvbeÈb m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv
†Ìqv n‡q‡Q| cÖavbZ: G wb‡`©kbvi wfwË‡Z we`¨vj‡q ckœ cÖYqb I gvbeÈb Kiv
n‡q _v‡K|
 g~j wkLbxq welq As‡k cÖ`Ë 6ô-8g Ges 9g-10g †kªwYi cÖkœ c×wZ I gvb
eÈ‡bi Ici †Ìqv Ask `ywU co–b Ges cÖ‡kœi aviv I gvbe›Ub m¤ú‡K© aviYv
my¯úó Kiæb|
 wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi cv‡ki Lvwj RvqMvq wjLyb:
beg-`kg †kªwY‡Z wjwLZ cix¶vq Kx ai‡bi cÖkœ _vK‡e?
wjwLZ cix¶vi b¤î eÈb Kx ai‡bi n‡e?
199
ce©- M: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv

  wcÖq wk¶v_©x, Gevi g~j wkLbxq wel‡q †Ìqv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv AskwU
coyb Ges bxwZgvjv¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e AvqË Kiæb|
 cÖ`Ë bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ Aej¤^‡b m„Rbkxj cªkœ cÖYq‡bi
Abykxjb Kiæb|
ce©- N: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv


 g~j wkLbxq wel‡q †Ìqv eZ©gv‡b cÖewZ©Z eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv AskwU
coyb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ wb‡q cÖ`Ë bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx `ywU K‡i mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx
cªk,œ eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖkœ I Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi Abykxjb Kiæb|
ce©- O: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvaviY iPbvg~jK cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv

 iPbvg~jK Afx¶v hwÌ me©vwaK eëüZ Ges eûj cÖPwjZ g~j¨vqb †KŠkj Z_vwc Gi †h
wewfbœ mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q Zv me©Rb¯^xK…Z| wk¶v_©x eÜziv, G mxgve×Zv¸‡jvi K‡qKwU g‡b
Kivi †Póv Kiæb I wb‡Pi e‡· D‡jøL Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi mxgve×Zv:
iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi G mKj mxgve×Zv `~ixKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Dchy³ iPbvg~jK Afx¶v

cÖYqb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY wk¶v_©xi K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vq‡bi Acwimxg cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| AZGe
wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡ì DwPZ G ai‡bi cÖkœ‡K cwinvi Kiv bq, eis G‡K hZUv m¤¢e
ÎæwUgy³ Dcv‡q eënvi Kiv| G D‡Ïk¨ mvaviYfv‡e iPbvg~jK cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi wKQyz
200
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bxwZgvjv D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ cªYq‡b G bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K©

Avcbv‡ì Aek¨B mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
 iPbvg~jK cÖkœ (`xN© I msw¶ß DËi) cÖYq‡bi G bxwZgvjv¸‡jv Kx n‡Z cv‡i ev

nIqv DwPZ †m m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiæb I wb‡Pi QK `ywU c~iY Kiæb| g~j wkLbxq wel‡q
cÖ`Ë Av‡jvPbvi mv‡_ Avcbvi aviYv wgwj‡q wbb|
`xN© DËi iPbvg~jK

cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv
201
msw¶ß DËi iPbvg~jK

cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv
ce©- P: ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi wbqgvewj


 wk¶v_©xe„›`, Gevi g~j wkLbxq wel‡q †Ìqv ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi wbqgvewj cvV
Kiæb cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiæb|
(K) lô †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq †_‡K (4wU weKí DËi wewkó) 10wU eû
wbe©vPbx cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiæb|
(L) mßg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq †_‡K 10wU k~b¨¯’vb c~iY RvZxq cÖkœ
cÖYqb Kiæb|
(M) Aóg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq †_‡K 10wU wgjKiY RvZxq cÖkœ cÖYqb
Kiæb|
 cÖkœ cÖYqb †k‡l cÖYxZ cÖkœmg~n cªYq‡b G¸‡jv cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv KZUv Abym„Z
n‡q‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lyb| †Kv‡bv NvUwZ _vK‡j wPwýZ Kiæb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
cwigvR©b/ms‡kvab Kiæb|
202
g~j wkLbxq welq
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb

 wk¶v †¶‡Î `xN© w`‡bi M‡elYvi d‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi AvaywbK Ges g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z cÖkœ ev
Afx¶v D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgwMÖK AMÖMwZ cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e
nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z eëüZ cÖkœ wk¶v_©xi mvgwMÖK Dbœqb cwigv‡ci
Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| Gi Rb¨ cÖqvRb wewfbœ c×wZi mswgkª‡Y eënv‡ivc‡hvMx Dchy³ g~j¨vqb
c×wZ hv‡Z AšÍf©y³ _vK‡e iPbvg~jK Ges ˆbe¨©w³K Dfq ai‡bi cÖkœ| GQvov cÖkœ¸‡jv
n‡Z n‡e wewfbœ wPšÍv ¯Í‡ii| welqwUi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i miKvi gva¨wgK ch©v‡q Ab¨vb¨
wel‡qi mv‡_ mvgvwRK weÁv‡b m„Rbkxj cÖkœ bv‡g GK bZzb avivi cÖkœ Pvjy K‡i‡Q| g~jZ
m„Rbg~jK cÖkœ GK ai‡bi iPbvg~jK cÖkœ hvi i‡q‡Q 4wU ¯Íi, h_v Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM
I D”PZi ¯Íi (we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb)| 2011 mvj †_‡K mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
GmGmwm cix¶vq m„Rbkxj cÖkœ AšÍf~©³ n‡e| GQvov ˆbe©¨w³K cix¶vi aib cwieZ©b
K‡i eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z AšÍf©y³ Av‡Q mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ, eûc`x
mgvwßm~PK cÖkœ Ges Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖkœ| eZ©gv‡b gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z G ai‡bi
cÖkœ AšÍf©y³ K‡i mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv n‡”Q|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ (iPbvg~jK) cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi wbqg¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi ïiæ‡ZB GKwU `„k¨Kí ev NUbv ci¤úiv eY©bv _vK‡e| G `„k¨K‡íi
Ici wfwË K‡i PviwU cÖkœ _vK‡e|
2| cÖkœ¸‡jv mnR †_‡K KwV‡bi w`‡K µgvbyhvqx mvRv‡bv _vK‡e|
3| cÖkœ n‡e †gŠwjK I wewfbœ wPšÍv ¯Í‡ii
4| 1g Ask: ¯§iYkw³ hvPvBg~jK
2q Ask: Abyaveb ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK
3q Ask: AwR©Z Ávb cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv hvPvBg~jK
4_© Ask: we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK|
203
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ wZb ai‡bi n‡e, h_v- mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx, eûc`x mgvwßm~PK Ges Awfbœ
Z_¨wfwËK| eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ¸‡jvI Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM I D”P ¯Í‡ii n‡e|
we`¨vjq cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖ‡kœi gvbeÈb
beg I `kg †kªwY
wjwLZ cix¶vq m„Rbkxj/iPbvg~jK I eûwbe©wPbx cÖkœ _v‡K| m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 60
b¤î Ges eûwbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 40 b¤î eivÏ| cix¶vq 9wU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ _v‡K| Gi
g‡a¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì 6wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z nq| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi †gvU gvb 10| eûwbe©vPbx As‡k
†gvU 40 wU cÖkœ _v‡K| cÖwZvU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|
welqwfwËK cÖkœ I b¤î eÈb

m„Rbkxj (iPbvg~jK) cÖkœ 10 x 6 = 60 b¤î
eûwbe©vPbx As‡k 40wU cÖkœ 10 x 4 = 40 b¤î
†gvU = 100 b¤î
m„Rbkxj (iPbvg~jK) Afx¶v: 60 b¤î
K wefvM mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I 5wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| wk¶v_©x‡ì
†cŠibxwZ †h‡Kv‡bv `ywUi DËi w`‡Z n‡e
L wefvM A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v 2wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| †h‡Kv‡bv 1wUi
DËi w`‡Z n‡e
M wefvM f~‡Mvj, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv 2wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| †h‡Kv‡bv 1wUi
DË w`‡Z n‡e
evKx 2wU cÖkœ †h‡Kv‡bv wefvM †_‡K †Ìqv hv‡e|
cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 10 b¤î eivÏ _vK‡e| cÖwU cÖ‡kœi 4wU ¯Íi I gvb _vK‡e:
K) Ávb ¯Íi 1 b¤î
L) Abyaveb ¯Íi 2 b¤î
M) cÖ‡qvM ¯Íi 3 b¤î
O) D”PZi ¯Íi (we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb) 4 b¤î
†gvU = 10 b¤î
204
eûwbe©vPbx Afx¶v: eûwbe©vPbx Afx¶v 40wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
†Kv‡bv weKí cÖkœ _vK‡e bv| G‡Z wZb ai‡bi cÖkœ mvaviY eû wbe©vPbx, eûc`x
mgvwßg~jK Ges Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖkœ AšÍf©y³ _vK‡e|
lô †_‡K Aóg †kªwY

we`¨vj‡qi wjwLZ cix¶vq eZ©gvb eûwbe©vPbx I m„Rbkxj(iPbvg~jK) cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g
cix¶v †bqv nq| eûwbe©vPbx I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î †gvUvgywUfv‡e DcwiwjøwLZ
wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvaviY iPbvg~jK Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv

`xN© DËiwewkó iPbvg~jK cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖkœ cÖ‡YZvi wbgœwjwLZ wel‡qi cÖwZ mZK©
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb:
1| wk¶vµ‡g ewY©Z wkLb d‡ji w`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|

2| welqe¯‘MZ gvb e›Ub AbymiY K‡i cÖkœ cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| h‡_ó mgq wb‡q cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| cÖkœc‡Î my¯úó wb‡`©kbv _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡`©kbvi fvlv mnR I mij nIqv cÖ‡qvRb
hv‡Z cix¶v_©x mn‡RB Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i|
5| cÖ‡kœi fvlv mnR I mwVK nIqv evÃbxq|
6| cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi mgq DË‡ii K_v †f‡e cÖ‡kœi mgqmxgv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| bgybv DËi ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| cÖkœ cÖYqbKvix‡K welqwfwËK `¶ n‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î whwb †kªwY wk¶Y-wkLb
Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv K‡ib wZwbB cÖkœ cÖYqb Ki‡j fv‡jv n‡e|
9| cix¶vi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e|
10| cÖ‡kœi avivevwnKZvq mnR †_‡K KwVb- G aviv/mgš^q i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|
11| †Kej Z_¨ ¯§iY ivLvi ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK cÖkœ bv K‡i Áv‡bi GjvKvwfwËK aib
wb‡`©kK ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i Zvi wfwË‡Z cÖkœ Kiv|
12| cÖ_‡g Lmov cÖkœ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i AZtci cwigvR©‡bi gva¨‡g P~ovšÍ Ki‡Z n‡e|
13| DËicÎ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ As‡ki Rb¨ we¯ÍvwiZ gvb eÈb ZvwjKv
205
cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

14| Ggbfv‡e cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Ab¨ wel‡qi Ávb cwigv‡ci my‡hvM bv _v‡K|
15| weKí cÖkœ †èvi ixwZ eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
16| GKB DËicÎ wewfbœ cix¶‡Ki Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv‡bv DwPZ|
17| g~j¨vqb Kx c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Kiv n‡e ZvI c~‡e© wba©vwiZ nIqv DwPZ|
msw¶ß DËiwewkó iPbvg~jK cÖkœ MV‡b Abym„Ze¨ bxwZgvjv

1| msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœi fvlv n‡e msw¶ß I mywbw`©ó|
2| cvV¨ eB‡qi fvlv cwinvi Kiv †kªq|
3| cÖ‡kœi DËi Kxfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi wb‡`©kbv cÖkœc‡Î _vK‡e|
4| GKwU cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Ask ivLv hv‡e bv|
5| cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †h me wel‡qi Z_¨ Aí K_vq ejv n‡q‡Q IB me Z_¨ †_‡K Ggb
ai‡bi cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi wbqgvewj

mvaviY eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi wbqgvewj
eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœi `ywU Ask| GKwU g~j cÖkœKvix evK¨ ev cÖavb evK¨ (Stem)| Ab¨wU
Avjv`v Avjv`v G‡KKwU ev‡K¨ mgvß weKí DËi¸”Q hv‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU DËi Aek¨B
mwVK ev h_v_© n‡e| DËg eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ ˆZwii †¶‡Î Aek¨B cvjbxq wbqg¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| cÖkœwU cÖavb ev‡K¨ ewY©Z n‡e|

2| cÖ‡kœi cÖavb Ask mnR I ¯úó fvlvq wjL‡Z n‡e|
3| mwVK DËiwUi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ms‡KZ †`qv hv‡e bv|
4| mwVKI bv fyjI bv G ai‡bi Ø¨_©‡evaK DËi _vK‡e bv|
5| weKí DËi evK¨mg~n Ggb AvKl©Yxq fw½‡Z ewY©Z n‡e †h cÖ‡Z¨KwU mwVK e‡j
g‡b n‡e|
206
GQvovI eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj wbqg †g‡b Pjv DwPZ Zv n‡jv:
1| cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡bi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Aek¨B my¯úó wb‡`©kbv _vK‡e|
2| Am¤ú~Y© evK¨ A‡c¶v cÖZ¨¶ cÖkœ Kiv fv‡jv|
3| GKwU cÖ‡kœi GKwU gvÎ DËi _vK‡e| †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB GKvwaK mwVK DËi
_vK‡e bv|
4| cÖkœ Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e¨vKiYMZ fyj bv _v‡K|
5| weKí DËi¸‡jv mwVK DË‡ii Lye KvQvKvwQ n‡e|
6| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ï× DËiwU Ab¨¸wji Zzjbvq n«¯^ ev `xN© bv nq| hv‡Z
wk¶v_©xiv fve‡Z bv cv‡i †h n«¯^ ev `xN© DËiB mwVK|
7| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e mKj cÖ‡kœi ï× DËiB †hb GKB Ae¯’v‡b bv _v‡K|
8| cÖ‡kœ bv †evaK A_ev `yÕevi bv †evaK evK¨ eënvi bv Kiv|
9| Dc‡ii me¸‡jv mZ¨ A_ev Dc‡ii †Kv‡bvwUB bq G ai‡bi evK¨ eënvi bv
Kiv|
10| GKwU Afx¶vq cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖ‡kœi mgvb msL¨K DËi nIqv DwPZ|
11| GKB cÖ‡kœi ewY©Z DËi¸‡jv GKB ai‡bi nIqv DwPZ|
12| wk¶v_©x‡ì msÁvi Ávb Rvb‡Z n‡j cÖ‡kœi g~j As‡ki msÁvi bvg wj‡L DË‡ii
As‡k wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwU wjL‡Z n‡e|
13| cÖ‡kœi g~j As‡k mwVK DË‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Z_¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
14| DËi¸‡”Q DËi¸‡jv n‡e msw¶ß Ges DË‡i †Kv‡bv k‡ãi cybive„wË bv nIqvB
fv‡jv|
15| cÖ‡kœ †hb †Kv‡bviƒc PvZzh© bv _v‡K|
16| cvVëB-Gi fvlv ûeû eënvi Kiv DwPZ bq|
17| cÖkœ¸‡jv `je×fv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡e hv‡Z b¤î `v‡b mgq Kg jv‡M|
207
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK; iPbvg~jK I ˆbe©¨w³K, m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPbx; g‡b Kiv, wPb‡Z cviv,
cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY, ms‡kølY BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
ce©- L
wb‡R Kiæb
ce©- M, N
lô ‡_‡K beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †h‡Kv‡bv weqqe¯‘i wfwË‡Z wb‡R
wb‡R Abykxjb Kiæb|
ce©- O
g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi wfwË‡Z c~iY Kiæb
ce©- P
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ Aej¤^‡b wb‡R Kiæb
g~j¨vqb

1| m„Rbkxj Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv mvgvwRK weÁv†bi D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
2| eûwbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœi MVbixwZ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi D`vniYmn wjLyb|
3| mvaviY iPbvg~jK cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| beg I `kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi b¤î eÈb bxwZgvjv D‡jøL Kiæb|
5| eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv eY©bv Kiæb|
208
we`¨vjq cix¶vq b¤î cÖ`vb: b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP

b¤î hvPvB I ms‡kvab
f‚wgKv
we`¨vj‡qi wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xiv KZUzKz K…wZZ¡ ev AMÖMwZ
AR©b Kij Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi cix¶v MÖnY Kiv nq| cix¶v
g~jZ mvgwMÖK g~j¨vq‡bi GKwU aib hv mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv cwi‡”Q` ev Aa¨vq †k‡l †bIqv
nq| G ai‡bi cix¶v gyjZ: wjwLZ n‡q _v‡K|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z cix¶KMY wbR¯^ `„wófw½ ev wePvi we‡ePbvi wfwË†Z Gme
cix¶vq b¤î w`‡q _v‡Kb| Gi Rb¨ mvavibZ †Kv‡bv Av`k© gvb`Û ev c~‡e© cÖYxZ m~wP
eënvi Kiv nq bv| G Qvov b¤î msi¶‡Yi Dchy³ eë¯’vi Afve i‡q‡Q| d‡j wk¶v_©xi
P‚ovšÍ K…wZ‡Z¡i gvb wba©vi‡Y G¸‡jv †Zgb f~wgKv iv‡L bv ev ivL‡Z cv‡i bv|
wKš‘ cix¶vi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Dbœqbg~jK
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì wk¶vµ‡g wba©vwiZ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kivi gva¨‡g
wk¶vi mvgwMÖK j¶¨ AR©b| †Kej GKwU cix¶vi djvdj hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g G m¤ú‡K©
wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e bq| G †¶‡Î we`¨vj‡q AbywôZ mKj cix¶vi (avivevwnK I mvgwMÖK)
djvdj we‡ePbvq Avbv DwPZ| G KvRwU h_h_fv‡e Ki‡Z n‡j wba©vwiZ m~wPi wfwË‡Z
mKj cix¶vq b¤î w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ`Ë b¤^‡ii h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e A_¨©vr †h †hvM¨Zv
I wkLbdj hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cix¶v †bIqv n‡q‡Q b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î Zv mwVKfv‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Ges †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv mxgve×Zv ev ÎæwU _vK‡j Zv ms‡kva‡bi
eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 we`¨vjq cix¶vq b¤î cÖ`vb m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 we`¨vjq cix¶vq b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 iPbvg~jK Afx¶vq cÖ‡kœi we¯ÍvwiZ gvb eÈb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 m„Rbkxj/KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DË‡i b¤î cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î hvPvB I ms‡kvab cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
209
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`v‡bi m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
 b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP Kx GKwU ev‡K¨ wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP Kx?
 we`¨vj‡q cix¶vq b¤î cÖ`v‡b m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Lvwb¶Y fveyb Ges wb‡Pi
cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gv_v LvwU‡q ‡ei Kiæb I c‡q›UvKv‡i †bvU LvZvq wjLyb|
(K) we`¨vjq cix¶vq b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
(L) m~wPi Afv‡e b¤î cÖ`v‡b Kx mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i?
(M) Gi d‡j wk¶v_©xi K…wZZ¡ I †cÖlYvq Kx cÖfve co‡Z cv‡i?
 AvZ¥g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lyb wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb wb‡R wK b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi
m~wP eënvi K‡ib? bv K‡i _vK‡j G wel‡q Avcbvi fwel¨Z cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv
210
Kiæb|
ce©- L: we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP wPwýZKiY


 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î GKwU Dchy³ m~wP
cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡j †Kvb †Kvb w`K we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ wPšÍv Kiæb I GKwU ZvwjKv
cÖYqb Kiæb|
b¤î cÖ`vb m~wPi we‡ewPZ w`K:
 g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K mswkøó AskwU cvV Kiæb Ges ¸iæ‡Z¡i we‡ePbvq cÖ_g 6wU
c‡q›U wPwýZ K‡i GKwU c„_K ZvwjKv cª¯ÍzZ Kiæb|
ce©- M: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q iPbvg~jK cix¶vi we¯ÍvwiZ gvb eÈb

 wb‡P cÖ`Ë mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi `kg †kªwYi wk¶v_©x‡ì we`¨vjq cix¶vi cÖkœcÎwU
g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cozb Ges wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbvc~e©K LvZvq wjLyb|
1| Wvbcv‡k DwjøwLZ gvb cÖ‡kœi †Kvb As†ki Rb¨ KZ eivÏ?

2| cª`Ë gvb cÖkœ¸‡jv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ h‡_ó wKbv?
3| cÖ`Ë gvb Abyhvqx Kxfv‡e wewfbœ As‡ki Rb¨ b¤î †Ìqv hvq? GKwU b¤î cÖ`v‡bi
m~wP cÖYqb Kiæb|
211
we`¨vjq cix¶vi GKwU bgybv cÖkœcÎ

welq: mvgvwRK weÁvb
†kªwY: `kg
mgq: 2 NÈv c~Y©gvb: 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cvk¦©¯’ msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK|]
1| †h †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| 51=5

K) mvgwRKxKiY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨g wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Ki|
L) mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai msÁv `vI| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ae¶‡qi KviY¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
K) G‡÷U cÖ_v ej‡K Kx †evSvq?
L) mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b wkívq‡bi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki|
K) wZZzgx‡ii msMÖvgx Av‡›`vjb eY©bv Ki|
L) 1857 mv‡ji msMÖv‡gi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK KviY¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
K) ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq mgvR ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e Kx Kx KvR K‡ib?
L) Kxfv‡e Ges Kv‡ì wb‡q gyw³evwnbx MwVZ n‡qwQj?
K) AvwýK MwZ Kv‡K e‡j? Gi d‡j Kxiƒ‡c wèvivwÎ msMwVZ nq eY©bv Ki|
L) wkjv Kv‡K e‡j? KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? Av‡Mœq wkjvi eY©bv `vI|
K) fw½j ce©‡Zi eY©bv `vI|
L) gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji M‡oi eY©bv `vI|
K) bvMwiK Kv‡K e‡j? mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj eY©bv Ki|
L) AvBb Kx? AvB‡bi wewfbœ Drm eY©bv Ki|
K) msm` Kxfv‡e kvmb wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i?
L) mwPevjq Kx? mwPevj‡qi KvR Kx?
K) A_©bxwZ cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
L) A‡_©i msÁv `vI| A‡_©i Kvh©vewji weeiY `vI|
K) wgkª A_©bxwZ Kx?
L) `vwi‡`ªi `yóPµ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
212

K) evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i mvgvwRK KviY¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
L) Av`gïgvwi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? GUv Kx Kx Kv‡R jv‡M?
K) `y‡h©vM I wech©‡qi Zdvr Kx?
L) AeKvVv‡gvMZ `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iva ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
ce©- N: m„Rbkxj/KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DË‡i b¤î cÖ`vb

  cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb: B Gm 102 †Kv‡m© jä
Ávb I `¶Zv cÖ‡qvM K‡i wb‡Pi cÖkœ `ywUi DËi LvZvq wjLyb|
 m„Rbkxj/KvVv‡gve× cÖkœ Kx?
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q GKwU KvV‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DËi wjLyb A_ev msMÖn Kiæb|
 m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi b¤î cÖ`vb cÖwµqvi Ici wfwË K‡i KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DËi g~j¨vqb
K‡i b¤î w`b|
 Gevi ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lyb Avcbvi b¤î †Ìqvi cÖwKªqv h_vh_ n‡q‡Q wKbv|
ce©- O: we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î hvPvB I ms‡kvab cÖwµqv

  we`¨vj‡q cix¶vq b¤î hvPvB I ms‡kva‡bi c×wZ Kx ai‡bi nIqv DwPZ wb‡Pi e‡·
wjwce× Kiyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b g~j wkLbxq As‡k Dc¯’vwcZ Z‡_ï mnvqZv MÖnY Kiæb|
b¤î hvPvB I ms‡kvab c×wZ:
213
g~j wkLbxq welq
we`¨vjq cix¶vq b¤î cÖ`v‡bi m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wbiƒcY


we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©xi cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb I msi¶‡Y †h c×wZMZ cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq
Zv‡K cix¶vi b¤îm~wP e‡j| wk¶v_©xi AwR©Z Ávb m¤^‡Ü GKUv ¯^”Q aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
†hgb cix¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wVK †Zgwb b¤î cÖ`vb m~wPi gva¨‡g mwVK I c×wZMZ b¤î cÖ`vb
I msi¶Y welqwU Ab¯^xKvh©| GwU GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z, wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges g‡bv‰eÁvwbK
cÖwµqv|
m~wPi Afv‡e GKB gv‡bi DË‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ cix¶‡Ki Kv‡Q b¤^‡ii wewfbœZv †`Lv w`‡Z
cv‡i| †Kv‡bv cix¶K †ewk ev †KD Kg b¤î w`‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j b¤î cÖ`v‡b ˆbe¨©w³KZvi
Afve †`Lv hvq| Gi d‡j wk¶v_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZi cwigvc h_vh_ nq bv| wk¶vi
D‡Ïk¨ AR©b e¨vnZ nq| wk¶v_©xiv fv‡jv K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi †cÖlYv nvwi‡q ‡dj‡Z cv‡i|
Avevi ‡ewk b¤î wk¶v_©x‡K AwaK AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j hv cÖK…Z AMªMwZ AR©‡bi
AšÍivq n‡Z cv‡i|
we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`v‡bi m~wP

1| cix¶K‡K wk¶v_©x g~j¨vq‡bi ˆbe©¨w³Zv i¶v Kivi j‡¶¨ b¤îm~wP ˆZwi Ki‡Z
n‡e|
2| cÖkœc‡Î cÖ‡kœi gvbeÈb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cix¶K‡K DwjøwLZ b¤^‡ii †cÖw¶‡Z DËicÎ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| GKB cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ As‡ki b¤î wefvRb bv _vK‡j Zv wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
5| wVK Ki‡Z n‡e evbvb fyj I fvlvi ÎæwUi Rb¨ b¤î KvUv n‡e wKbv|
6| mswkøó wPÎ, wP‡Îi †j‡ewjs, msMV‡bi gvb, †idv‡iÝmn DË‡ii h_v_©Zvi
†cÖw¶‡Z b¤î eÈb wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
214
7| we¯ÍvwiZ gvbeÈb ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ges †m Abyhvqx b¤î cÖ`vb|

8| m¤¢ve¨ bgybv DËicÎ ˆZwi Ges †m Abyhvqx b¤î cÖ`vb|
9| b¤î cÖ`vb c×wZ wba©viY|
10| AcÖ‡qvRbxq êwk‡óï Ici KZUv ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡e Zv wbw`©ó Kiv|
11| AcÖvmw½K Z_¨ AšÍf©yw³i Rb¨ KZ b¤î n«vm Kiv n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv|
12| †h mKj cÖ‡kœi DË‡i AwaK msL¨K Z_¨ _v‡K †mB Z_¨¸‡jvi ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘ZKiY|
13| ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vi DËic‡Î b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î ï× DËi ZvwjKv ev Answer
Key cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †m Abyhvqx DËicÎ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
14| b¤î cÖ`v‡b fMœvsk cwinvi Kiv evÃbxq| cÖvß †gvU b¤î fMœvsk n‡j Zv cieZ©x
c~Y© msL¨vq DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
15| cix¶v_©x cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ DËi wjL‡j A‡c¶vK…Z mwVK DËiwU g~j¨vqb K‡i
Ab¨ DËiwU ÔAwZwi³Õ wj‡L cix¶K ¯^v¶i Ki‡eb Ges D³ cÖ‡kœi DË‡ii Rb¨
†Kv‡bv b¤î cÖ`vb Ki‡eb bv|
16| DËi m¤ú~Y© AcÖvmw½K n‡j DË‡ii evgw`‡K ÔAcÖvÕ wj‡L Ô0Õ (k~b¨) b¤î cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
17| cix¶v_©x DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœvËi wjL‡Z fyj Ki‡j ev †gv‡UB bv wjL‡j cix¶K Zv
jvj Kvwj w`‡q wj‡L w`‡eb Ges DË‡ii mwVKZvi gvÎv Abyhvqx b¤î cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb|
18| b¤î cÖ`vb †kl K‡i cybivq mgMÖ LvZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wePvi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
19| GKB ai‡bi b¤î cÖvß DËi cÎ¸‡jv cybivq Zzjbv Kiv|
20| DËicÎ g~j¨vqb †k‡l Avjv`v b¤î d`© cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
21| DËic‡Î cÖ`Ë b¤î Ges b¤î d‡`© cÖ`Ë b¤î wgwj‡q †`L‡Z n‡e|
22| wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L KZ…©c‡¶i wbKU b¤î d`© Ges DËicÎ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e|
215
m„Rbkxj/KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi DË‡i b¤î cÖ`vb
wb‡`©kK mviYx (hv MÖxK, iæweªK, g¨vwUª· bv‡g cwiwPZ) fv‡jv GKwU KvVv‡gve× cÖkœc‡Îi
b¤î cÖ`v‡b we‡kl Dc‡hvMx| wb‡`©kK mviYx wn‡m‡e iæweªK KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi GKwU
As‡ki mv‡_ mswkøó _v‡K| G mviYx †Kej †mB AskwUi b¤î cÖ`vb cwiKíbv| m‡e©v”P
b¤î †c‡Z Kx ai‡bi DËi n‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i ÔiæweªKÕ bv‡gi mviYx| G Qvov ÔiæweªKÕ
KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi Dcvsk¸‡jviI cÖZ¨vwkZ m‡e©v”P b¤î wb‡`©k K‡i| wb‡P GKwU
KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi Askwe‡k‡li D`vniY †`qv n‡jv| G AskwUi DËi Ki‡Z wk¶v_©xi
D”P¯Í‡ii `¶Zv cÖ‡qvRb nq|
¯Íi cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯Í‡i we¯Z…Z cÖ`Ë
DËi (wjwLZ bq) b¤î
¯Íi 4 D”P¯Íi `¶Zvi ¯Íi wb‡`©kK ï× 4
DËi †`qv n‡q‡Q|
¯Íi 3 DË‡i †Kej cÖ‡qvM Dc‡hvMx welq 3
AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¯Íi 2 DË‡i †Kej Abyave‡bi cwiPq 2
cvIqv hvq|
¯Íi 1 DË‡i †Kej gyL¯’ Kiv Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| 1
¯Íi 0 DËi m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Aï×| 0
mviYx wn‡m‡e Ôg¨vwUª·Õ GKwU b¤î cÖ`v‡bi cwiKíbv| G‡Z m¤ú~Y© KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi
DË‡ii m‡½ m¤úwK©Z b¤î¸‡jv GKwÎZ Kiv nq| GwU Avm‡j GKwU we‡kl cÖ‡kœi
iæweªK¸‡jvi mgwó Ges G‡Z cÖ‡kœi ga¨Kvi wewfbœ ai‡bi wPšÍb `¶Zv cix¶v Kiv nq|
Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii wPšÍb `¶Zvi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xi DËi¸‡jv‡Z b¤î cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
wb‡P PviwU As‡k wefvwRZ KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi D`vniY †`qv n‡jv| G‡Z ÔKÕ As‡ki DËi
Z_¨ wbf©i, ÔLÕ As‡ki DËi Abyavebg~jK, ÔMÕ As‡ki cÖ‡qvM ¯Í‡ii Ges ÔNÕ As‡ki
DË‡i D”PZi `¶Zv cÖZ¨vkv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
216
¯Íi 4 .......................
¯Íi 3 .......................
¯Íi 2 .......................
¯Íi 1 .......................
ÔKÕ Ask ÔLÕ Ask ÔMÕ Ask ÔNÕ Ask
GB D`vniY b¤î cÖ`vb cwiKíbv wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
ÔKÕ As‡ki m¤ú~Y© DË‡ii Rb¨ 1 b¤î|
ÔLÕ As‡ki m¤ú~Y© DË‡ii Rb¨ 2 b¤î; wKš‘ hw` DËi †Kej Z_¨ wbf©i nq Zv n‡j 1
b¤î †`qv n‡e|
ÔMÕ As‡ki m¤ú~Y© DË‡ii Rb¨ 3 b¤î; Z‡e DËi Abyaveb ¯Í‡ii A_ev Z_¨ wbf©i n‡j
h_vµ‡g 2 I 1 b¤î †`qv n‡e|
ÔNÕ As‡ki m¤ú~Y© DË‡ii Rb¨ 4 b¤î; Z‡e Zv cÖ‡qvM, Abyaveb A_ev Z_¨wbf©i n‡j
h_vµ‡g 3, 2 I 1 b¤î †`qv n‡e|
we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î hvPvB I ms‡kvab cÖwµqv ev KiYxq

1| cix¶v_©x KZ…©K DËi †`qv Avek¨K Giƒc mKj DË‡ii Rb¨ b¤î †`qv n‡q‡Q wK
bv Ges †Kv‡bv AwZwi³ DËi †`qv n‡q‡Q wK bv|
2| cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ DË‡ii wgj Av‡Q wK bv|
3| Ab¨ GKRb cix¶‡Ki gva¨‡g cybivq b¤î cÖ`vb Kiv|
4| AwZwi³ DËi I AcÖvmw½K DËi wbqgvbyhvqx wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv|
5| DËi c‡Î cÖ‡kœvËi b¤î wjL‡Z fyj Ki‡j ev bv wjL‡j cix¶K Zv wVK K‡i
wj‡L h_vh_fv‡e b¤î cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb wK bv|
6| mg¯Í DËi¸‡jvi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë b¤î DËic‡Îi mvg‡bi c„ôvq †bqv n‡q‡Q wK bv Ges
wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b wjwce× n‡q‡Q wK bv|
7| DËi c‡Îi mvg‡b c„ôvq †bvU Kiv b¤î¸wj ï×fv‡e †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv|
8| DËi c‡Îi b¤^‡ii mv‡_ gvK©wk‡Ui b¤^‡ii Zzjbv Kiv|
9| `„wófw½i Awg‡ji Kvi‡Y b¤î cÖ`v‡b cv_©K¨ n‡q‡Q wK bv|
217
we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î ms‡kvab

mswkøó KwgwU hvPvB cÖwµqvi †h †Kv‡bv c‡q‡›U fyj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zv h_v wbq‡g
ms‡kvab Ki‡eb| G‡¶‡Î Kvh©Ki I cÖPwjZ c×wZ n‡”Q DËicÎ wØZxq cix¶Y Ges
†¶Î we‡k‡l Z…Zxq cix¶‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv| mvaviYZ cÖ_g I wØZxq cix¶‡Yi b¤î Mo
K‡i †¯‹vi wba©viY Kiv nq| cÖ_g I wØZxq cix¶‡Ki cÖ`Ë b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ hw` 20% b¤^‡ii
cv_©K¨ nq ZLb D³ DËicÎ Z…Zxq cix¶‡Ki gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| GQvovI eû
wbe©vPbx Afx¶vq wk¶v_©x‡ì Abygvb wbf©i DËi †`qvi cÖeYZv †_‡K fyj DËi bvKP
Kivi ms‡kvabx m~Î eënvi Kiv hvq-
R W
S S = b¤î ev
Q 1
†¯‹vi
R = mwVK
DË‡ii msL¨v
W = fyj
DË‡ii msL¨v
Q = weKí
DË‡ii msL¨v
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
b¤î cÖ`vb m~wP:
we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©x†ì cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`vb I msi¶‡Y †h c×wZMZ cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv
nq Zv‡K cix¶vi b¤îm~wP e‡j|
cÖkœ K
wk¶v_©xi AwR©Z Ávb m¤^‡Ü GKUv ¯^”Q aviYv jvf Ki‡Z †hgb cix¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wVK
†Zgwb b¤î cÖ`vb m~wPi gva¨‡g mwVK I c×wZMZ b¤î cÖ`vb I msi¶Y welqwU
Ab¯^xKvh©| GwU GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z, wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges g‡bv‰eÁvwbK cÖwµqv|
cÖkœ L
m~wPi Afv‡e GKB gv‡bi DË‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ cix¶‡Ki Kv‡Q b¤^‡ii wewfbœZv †`Lv w`‡Z
cv‡i| †Kv‡bv cix¶K †ewk ev †KD Kg b¤î w`‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j b¤î cÖ`v‡b ˆbe¨©w³KZvi
Afve †`Lv hvq| Gi d‡j wk¶v_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZi cwigvc h_vh_ nq bv| wk¶vi
D‡Ïk¨ AR©b e¨vnZ nq|
218
cÖkœ M
m~wPi Afv‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì DËicÎ h_vh_fv‡e g~j¨vwqZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| wk¶v_©xiv
cÖZ¨vkvi Zzjbvq Kg b¤î †c‡j fv‡jv K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi †cÖlYv nvwi‡q ‡dj‡Z cv‡i| Avevi
AwaK b¤î cÖ`vb wk¶v_©x‡K AwaK AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j hv cÖK…Z AMÖMwZ AR©‡bi
AšÍivq n‡Z cv‡i|
ce©- L
ˆbe©¨w³KZv i¶v, cÖ‡kœi gvb eÈb, cÖ‡kœi Ask Abyhvqx b¤î wefvRb, bgybv DËicÎ ˆZwi
Ges †m Abyhvqx b¤î cÖ`vb, BZ¨vw`|
ce©- M
cÖkœ 1
. K) msÁv- 1, cwiev‡ii f~wgKv- 4
L) msÁv- 1, KviY¸‡jv- 4
2 K) G‡÷U cÖ_v eY©bvq- 3
L) wkívq‡bi f~wgKv eY©bvq- 3
3 K) mvwe©K eY©bvq- 6
L) ivR‰bwZK KviY- 3, A_©‰bwZK KviY- 3
4 K) Kv‡Ri eY©bvq- 3
L) Kxfv‡e- 1, MV‡b- 2
5 K) msÁv- 1, wèvivwÎ msNUb cÖwµqvi eY©bv- 4
L) msÁv- 1, cÖKvi‡f`- 1, eY©bvq- 3
6 K) eY©bvq- 3
L) eY©bvq- 3
7 K) msÁv- 1, ¸Yvewj‡Z- 5
L) msÁv- 1, AvB‡bi Drm eY©bvq- 5
8 K) mvwe©K eY©bvq- 3
L) msÁv- 1, Kv‡R- 2
9 K) cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bvq- 6
L) msÁv- 1, Kvh©vewji weeiYx- 5
219
10 K) msÁv- 3
L) msÁv- 3
11 K) mvgvwRK KviY¸‡jv eY©bvq- 5
L) msÁv- 1, Kv‡Ri eY©bvq- 4
12 K) Zdvr- 2
L) msÁv- 2
cÖkœ 2 I 3
wb‡R Kiæb
ce©- N
wb‡R Kiæb
ce©- O
hvPvB I ms‡kvab c×wZ:
1. b¤î hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ KwgwU MVb|
2. cÖ‡qvR‡b wØZxq ev Z„Zxq cix¶Y Kiv|
3. DËi bvKP Kivi ms‡kvabx m~Î eënvi|
 g~j¨vqb
1| we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| b¤î cÖ`vb m~wPi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| iæweªK Abyhvqx KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi b¤î cÖ`vb cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb|
4| we`¨vjq cix¶vi b¤î hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ KiYxq Kv‡Ri GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍZ Kiæb|
220
wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶Y I Zv‡ì AR©b cwiex¶Y

f‚wgKv
we`¨vj‡q AbywôZ wewfbœ cix¶vq wk¶v_©x‡ì AwR©Z djvdj msi¶Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G me
djvdj we‡køøl‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì mvwe©K AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv hvq| Zv‡ì
AMÖMwZ m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v wPwýZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq Luy‡R cvIqv mnR
nq| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶‡Ki cvV`v‡bi †KŠk‡ji ÎæwU kbv³ K‡i Zv‡ì †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi
w`K wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv mnR nq| G Qvov msiw¶Z djvdj †_‡K wk¶v_©xi AvMÖn, `„wófw½,
g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| AZGe we`¨vj‡q AbywôZ mKj cix¶vi
djvdj msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ| G Aa¨v‡q wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g mgwš^Z g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶Y I Zv‡ì AR©b cwiex¶Y m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cÖ`vb I `¶Zv AR©†bi Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
D‡Ïk¨
 wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 djvdj †iK‡W© †h mKj Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wba©vwiZ QK Abyhvqx wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AR©b cwiex¶Y Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk¶v_©x‡ì AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi cÖwµqvmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi Rb¨ M„nxZ Kvh©µ‡gi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 wba©vwiZ QK Abyhvqx AR©b cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
  gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi GKRb wk¶‡Ki wk¶KZv m¤úwK©Z
cieZ©x c„ôvq cÖ`Ë †KBm ÷vwWwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cvV Kiyb Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœmg~‡ni
DËi †ei Kiyb|
(K) wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj h_vh_fv‡e msi¶Y bv Kivq Kx Kx Amyweav n‡q‡Q?
(L) wk¶K djvdj msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kxfv‡e Abyfe Ki‡jb?
(M) wk¶v_©x‡ì mKj cix¶vi djvdj msi¶Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
221
Hypothetical Case Study
nvwjg Rvwgj `xN©w`b hver nvmbvevM gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q mnKvix wk¶K wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ
Av‡Qb| wk¶K wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q Ges GjvKvi RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q wZwb LyeB wcÖq Ges
wZwb h‡_ó mybv‡gi AwaKvix| †Kbbv †kªwYK‡¶ wZwb LyeB fv‡jvfv‡e wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©
cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wZwb MZvbyMwZK e³„Zv c×wZ‡Z †kªwY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq Af¨¯Í bb|
eis wZwb wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †kªwY wk¶Y Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wKš‘ m¤cÖwZ wZwb
cÖwZw`‡bi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì AR©b ev wkLb AMÖMwZi g~j¨hvPvB wjwce× K‡ib bv
ev djvdj msi¶Y K‡ib bv| GgbwK AMÖMwZi Afx¶vi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ cix¶vi
djvdjI wZwb msi¶Y K‡ib bv| be cÖewZ©Z we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqv Zuvi
we`¨vj‡q Pvjy nIqv m‡Ë¡I wZwb djvdj msi¶Y K‡ib bv e‡j wZwb Ab¨ wk¶K‡ì †P‡q
fv‡jvfv‡e wk¶Y Kvh© cwiPvjbv m‡Ë¡I wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AR©‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖgvY ev wPý
Zuvi Kv‡Q †bB| d‡j we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨hvPvBmn Ab¨vb¨ mvgwqK cix¶v I evwl©K
cix¶vi djvdj cÖKvk wewNœZ nq|
Ab¨w`‡K wZwb cieZ©x mg‡q Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wk¶v_©x‡ì wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
cÖavb wk¶K ev EaŸ©Zb KZ…©c‡¶i we`¨vjq cwi`k©bKvjxb mg‡q we`¨vj‡qi Ab¨
wk¶KMY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e fv‡jv wk¶Y Kvh© cwiPvjbv bv K‡iI wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AR©‡bi
aviv ev gvÎvi †iKW© cwi`k©‡Ki mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ nvwjg Rvwgj
G‡¶‡Î Pzc K‡i _v‡Kb Ges j¾v‡eva K‡ib| wk¶K cwil‡ì mfvq hLb Ab¨vb¨
Kg©m~wP wb‡q Av‡jvPbv P‡j ZLb Rbve nvwjg Rvwgj †ek mie _v‡Kb Ges cÖwZwU e³e¨
†hŠw³Kfv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib| hLbB Av‡jvPbvi welq wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AMÖMwZi K_v
Av‡m ZLb cÖavb wk¶K g‡nv`q Rbve nvwjg Rvwgj‡K †hŠw³Kfv‡e e³e¨ w`‡Z Aby‡iva
K‡ib| wZwb G wel‡q Zuvi AwfÁZv I ch©‡e¶Y †gŠwLKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖavb
wk¶K G wel‡q Zuvi wjwLZ †iKW© Rgv w`‡Z ej‡j nvwjg Rvwgj Zv w`‡Z AcviMZv
cÖKvk K‡ib| d‡j mfvi Ab¨ m`mïv Zuvi e³‡eï wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv wb‡q cÖkœ †Zv‡jb|
222
wk¶vel© †k‡l wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj cÖKv‡ki mgqI wZwb GKB mgm¨vq c‡ob| d‡j D³
wk¶ve‡l© wk¶v_©x‡ì AMÖMwZi cÖwZ‡e`‡b mswkøó wel‡q b¤î cÖ`v‡bi Ni ev RvqMv Lvwj
ivLv nq| wKQyw`b ci GKRb wk¶v_©xi AwffveK AMÖMwZi wi‡cv‡U© wbw`©ó Ni Lvwj ivLvi
welqwU Rvb‡Z we`¨vj‡q Avm‡j wZwb Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Rbve nvwjg Rvwg‡ji Kvi‡Y IB
wel‡qi djvdj msi¶Y Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| D³ AwffveK mswkøó wk¶‡Ki bvg ï‡b Zv
wek¦vm Ki‡Z Pvb wb|
ZvQvov DuPz I wbPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x wba©vi‡Y Ges wbPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl
mnvqZv Kg©m~wP I DuPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl m¤cÖmviY Kg©m~wP cÖYqb,
ev¯Íevqb I cwiex¶‡Y cÖKU mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| Ggwbfv‡e GKwUi ci GKwU mgm¨v
†gvKv‡ejv K‡i Rbve nvwjg Rvwgj cÖavb wk¶K g‡nv`‡qi mv‡_ G wel‡q K_v e‡jb Ges
wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri `ye©jZvi Rb¨ `ytL cÖKvk K‡ib| mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, †Kej
†kªwY‡Z wk¶Y Kvh© cwiPvjbvB GKRb wk¶‡Ki KvR bq, Zuv‡K Aek¨B wkL‡bi Rb¨
g~j¨hvPvB Ges GKB mv‡_ wkL‡bi g~j¨hvPvB-Gi mZ¨‡K cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ g~j¨hvPvB‡qi
mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj h_vh_fv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| djvdj msi¶‡Yi Rb¨
KZ…©c¶‡K h_vh_ mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Avcbvi wPwýZ c‡q›U¸‡jv mnKg©x wk¶K/mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb,

c‡q›U¸‡jvi †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Kiæb Ges G †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki Kx Kiv DwPZ wQj Zv
ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|
 wk¶K wn‡m‡e Acwb wb‡R Kx K‡ib †m m¤ú‡K© AvZ¡-cÖwZdjb Kiæb Ges †Kv‡bv
NvUwZ _vK‡j wPwýZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g M„nxZe¨ c`‡¶c D‡jøL Kiæb|
 †KBm ÷vwWwUi g~j wkLbxq welq Kx?
223
ce©- L: djvdj †iK‡W© †h mKj Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ

  g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi AwfÁZv I aviYvi Av‡jv‡K we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨hvPvBmn
MVbg~jK g~j¨hvPvB Ges mgwš^Z g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î djvdj †iK‡W© †Kvb †Kvb Z_¨
D‡jøL _vKv DwPZ †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi m„Rbg~jK wPšÍvi Av‡jv‡K GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb
Kiæb|
djvdj †iK‡W© †h mKj wel‡q Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ:

1|
2|
3|
4|
 AZ:ci g~j wkLbxq As‡k cÖ`Ë c‡q›U¸‡jvi mv‡_ Avcbvi wPwýZ c‡q›U¸‡jv
wgjvb| bZzb †Kv‡bv c‡q›U †hvM Kivi cÖ‡qvRb g‡b Ki‡j Kiæb|
ce© M: wba©vwiZ QK Abyhvqx wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶Y


 we`¨vj‡q cix¶vi djvdj msi¶‡Y wewfbœ ai‡bi djvdj msi¶Y QK eëüZ n‡q
_v‡K A_ev nIqv DwPZ| Avcbvi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K K‡qKwU djvdj msi¶Y
Q†Ki bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|
 Gevi Kg©cÎ 1-4 G cÖ`Ë QK¸‡jv (K…wZ‡Z¡i †iKW© msi¶Y QK, K…wZ‡Z¡i evwl©K
cÖwZ‡e`b QK, MVbKvjxb gvbhvPvB‡qi †iKW© msi¶Y QK, wk¶v_©xi gvb hvPvB ) cvV
Kiæb| AšÍf©y³ c‡q›U¸‡jv fv‡jv K‡i j¶¨ Kiæb| Avcbvi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Q‡K
bZzb †Kv‡bv c‡q›U ms‡hvRb ev we‡qvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv Kiæb|
ce©- N: AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi aviYv I cÖwµqv

  cwiex¶Y Ges AR©b cwiex¶Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv msMVb
Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi e‡· ms‡¶‡c D‡jøL Kiæb|
cwiex¶Y:
AR©b cwiex¶Y:
224
 cix¶K KZ©…K wk¶v_©xi AR©b cwiex¶Y †Kb cÖ‡qvRb †m m¤ú‡K© wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Kiæb|
we`¨vj‡q wk¶Ke„›` Zv KZUv K‡i _v‡Kb †m m¤ú‡K© cÖwZdjb Kiæb Ges G †¶‡Î
wk¶‡Ki KiYxq m¤ú‡K© fveyb I LvZvq wjLyb|
 Gevi wk¶v_©x‡ì AR©b Kx Kx cÖwµqvq cwiex¶Y Kiv hvq gv_v LvwU‡q †ei Kiæb I
wb‡Pi aviYv gvbwPÎwU c~iY Kiæb|
†kªwY
AMÖMwZ
cwiex¶Y
cÖwµqv
ce©- O: AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi Rb¨ M„nxZ mnvqZv Kvh©µ‡gi weeiY Ges AR©b
 cwiex¶Y msµvšÍ wba©vwiZ QK c~iY Kiv
Avcbviv j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb wk¶v_©x‡ì AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi Rb¨ bvbvwea †KŠkj eënvi Kiv
hvq| AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶K mn‡RB wbPz, ga¨g I DuPz K…wZ‡Z¡i wk¶v_©x wPwýZ
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| wPwýZ `ye©j
wk¶v_©x‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv Kvh©µg MÖnY Ges DuPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨
m¤úªmviYg~jK Kg©KvÛ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì‡K AMÖMwZi m‡ev©”P ch©v‡q wb‡q hvIqvi
gva¨‡g wk¶vi wba©vwiZ j¶¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv KivB cwiex¶‡Yi g~j j¶¨| Avi G j¶¨
AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j M„nxZ mnvqZv Ges m¤cÖmviYg~jK Kvh©µgI h_vh_fv‡e cwiex¶Y I
cÖ‡qvRbxq djveZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| cy‡iv KvRwU Kivi †¶‡Î †iKW© msi¶Y cÖwK&ªqvi
Ici †Rvi w`‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡bK Z_¨ nvwi‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv †_‡K
hv‡e|
225
 AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi gva¨‡g wPwýZ `ye©j I DuPz K…wZ‡Z¡i wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi
eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq wb‡P D‡jøL Kiæb|
`ye©j wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ M„nxZe¨ mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©µg
1|
2|
3|
DuPz K…wZ‡Z¡i wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ M„nxZe¨ mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©µg

1|
2|
3|
 Kg©cÎ 5 Ges 6 G cÖ`Ë QK `ywU fv‡jv K‡i ch©‡e¶Y Kiæb| AZtci mvgvwRK
weÁvb wel‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Kg©c‡Î DwjøwLZ QK `ywU c~iY Kiyb|
226
Kg©cÎ 1: lô †_‡K beg †kªwY‡Z we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi AvIZvq

wk¶v_©x‡ì K…wZ‡Z¡i †iKW© msi¶Y
†Kvm© IqvK©: mvgwqK- 1
†kªwY †kªwYi †kªwY I evwoi KvR wba©vwiZ †gŠwLK `jMZ KvR

wk¶v_©xi bvg
Afx¶v KvR eënvwiK KvR Dc¯’vcbv
†Kvm© IqvK©
KvR
Afx¶v-2
Afx¶v-1
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
†gvU b¤î
†gvU bgÍ
evK¨-2
evK¨-1
SBA
SBA
SBA
SBA
SBA
SBA
SBA
†gvU
b¤î
b¤î
10 10 20 5 36 5 36 5 10 10 20 5 15 5 36 5 36 5
227
Kg©cÎ 2: wk¶v_©xi K…wZ‡Z¡i evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b
†Kvm© IqvK©: mvgwqK- 1

¯‹z‡ji bvg: ................................................................................................
wk¶v_©xi bvg: ............................................................. †kªwY: .....................
kvLv: ...............................
mvgwqK- 1 mvgwqK- 2 mvgwqK- 3 †gvU
cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU cix¶v †Kvm© †gvU
(70%) IqvK© b¤î (70%) IqvK© b¤î (70%) IqvK© b¤î (210) IqvK© b¤î
(30%) (100%) (30%) (100%) (30%) (100%) (90) (300)
(100
b¤^‡ii
welq)
Bs‡iwR
1g cÎ
Bs‡iwR
2q cÎ
evsjv
1g cÎ
evsjv
2q cÎ
MwYZ
mvaviY
weÁvb
mvgvwRK
weÁvb
50
b¤^‡ii
welq
†bvU: cvk b¤î 33%
228
wk¶v_©x‡ì AvPiY
mvgwqK 1 AwZ DËg DËg fv‡jv AMÖMwZ cÖ‡qvRb m‡šÍvlRbK bq

e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva

wk¶v_©x‡ì Dcw¯’wZ-Abycw¯’wZ w`‡bi msL¨v/†gvU GKv‡WwgK Kvh©wèm: mvgwqK-1

...................... mvgwqK- 2 .................... mvgwqK- 3 ........................... eQ‡ii
†gvU Abycw¯’Z w`b ...............
mncvVµwgK Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY
mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb
e‡qR ¯‹vDU I Mvj© MvBWm
†Ljvayjv I µxov Abyôvb
229
Kg©cÎ 3: MVbKvjxb gvb hvPvB‡qi †iKW© msi¶Y
MVbKvjxb gvb hvPvB‡qi †iKW© msi¶Y
Uvg© I mßvn welq- 1 welq- 2 welq- 3 welq- 4

Uvg© 1
mßvn 1
mßvn 2
mßvn 3
mßvn 4
mßvn 5
mßvn 6
mßvn 7
mßvn 8
mßvn 9
mßvn 10
†bvU: MVbKvjxb gvb hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î welq I †kªwYi gvb wjL‡Z n‡e| MVbKvjxb gvb
hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨KwU mßv‡ni Rb¨ welq Abyhvqx ms‡KZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
k=†kªwY Kg©; e=evwoi KvR; c=cÖ‡R±; A=AbymÜvb; g=†gŠwLK cÖ‡kœvËi; `=`jxq
KvR|
230
Kg©cÎ 4: wk¶v_©xi gvb hvPvB
wk¶v_©xi gvb hvPvB

Uvg©- 1
welq- 1 ........................................................... †kªwY ............................
MVbKvjxb gvb hvPvB mvgwqK

µwgK wk¶v_©xi ZvwiL aib ZvwiL ZvwiL ZvwiL ZvwiL ZvwiL ZvwiL ZvwiL ZvwiL ZvwiL cix¶vq
bs bvg : b¤î: aib: aib: aib: aib: aib: aib: aib: aib: aib: cÖvß b¤î
b¤î: b¤î: b¤î: b¤î: b¤î: b¤î: b¤î: b¤î: b¤î:
231
Kg©cÎ- 5
wbPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x wPwýZKiY Ges mnvqZv Kvh©µg cwiex¶Y

Uvg©:
wewfbœ mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi ci
mnvqZv c~e© gvb hvPvB

†Rvo †Rvov- we‡kl we‡kl AwZ AwZ mn- mn- mnvqZv
Uvg©-1 G cÖvß b¤î
wk¶v_©xi †ivj bs
welq I †kªwY
v-e× e× wUD: wUD: . e. . e. wk. wk. cieZ©x
†gvU
Kiv Kiv KvR KvR µwgK µwgK gvb gšÍe¨
hvPvB
†gvU
welq 1 †kªwY ..................
welq 2 †kªwY ..............
we‡kl †bvU: †Rvove× Kiv = 1 Rb wbPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x Ges 1 Rb DuPz K…wZZ¡avix
wk¶v_©x GK‡Î KvR Ki‡e| we‡kl wUD: = wbqwgZ †kªwY cvV`v‡bi evB‡i we‡kl †kªwY
cvV`vb †`qv| AwZ. e. KvR (AwZwi³ evwoi KvR) = wbqwgZ evwoi Kv‡Ri evB‡i
AwZwi³ evwoi KvR cÖ`vb| mn-wk. µwgK (mn-wk¶vµwgK Kvh©µg) = wbPz K…wZZ¡avix
wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì K…wZZ¡ e„w×i Rb¨ mn-wk¶vµwgK Kg©m~wP‡Z AwaK nv‡i AskMÖnY
Ki‡e|
232
Kg©cÎ 6: DuPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x wPwýZKiY Ges M„nxZ m¤cÖmviY

Kvh©µg cwiex¶Y
Kg©cÎ- 6
DuPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x wPwýZKiY Ges M„nxZ m¤cÖmviY Kvh©µg cwiex¶Y
welq I †kªwY wk¶v_©xi †ivj we‡kl m¤cÖmviY Kvh©µ‡gi we‡kl m¤cÖmviY Kvh©µ‡gi
b¤î weeiY djvdj
welq- 1
†kªwY
.............
welq- 1
†kªwY
.............
we‡kl †bvU: we‡kl m¤cÖmviY Kvh©µgmg~n| †hgb: µm eqm cvV - DuPz K…wZZ¡avix
wk¶v_©x‡ì wbR †kªwY †_‡K c„_K K‡i, Zvi wb‡Pi †kªwYi wk¶v_©x‡ì mnvqZv cÖ`vb;
AwZwi³ †kªwY cvV`vb = DuPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x‡ì Avjv`v K‡i we‡kl AMÖMvgx cvV`v‡bi
eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e; we‡kl cVb Ges G¨vmvBb‡g›U = cVb wel‡qi Ici we‡kl
G¨vmvBb‡g›U cÖ`vb; AwZwi³ evwoi KvR = †Kv‡bv mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Ges e¨w³MZ
AbymÜvbg~jK evwoi KvR cÖ`vb|
[K…ZÁZv: †mwmc I cyivZb PZz_© gwWDj]
233
g~j wkLbxq welq

wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wPwýZKiY

djvdj msi¶Y GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| cÖMwZ weeiYx, me©vZ¥K cwiPq cÎ BZ¨vwì
gva¨‡g GUv Kiv nq|
djvdj msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
1| wk¶v_©x‡ì wdWe¨vK cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv|

2| wk¶v_©x‡ì †MÖW cÖ`vb ev mb`cÎ cÖ`vb|
3| wk¶v_©x‡ì AMÖMwZi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb|
4| wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AR©‡bi gvÎv wbiƒcY|
5| wbPz I DuPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x wPwýZKiY|
6| wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AR©b cwiex¶Y cwiKíbv cÖYqb|
7| we`¨vj‡qi GKv‡WwgK Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
8| we`¨vj‡qi GKv‡WwgK Kvh©µ‡gi `wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
9| we`¨vj‡qi GKv‡WwgK ZË¡veavb Kv‡R mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
10| wk¶K‡ì GKv‡WwgK Dbœq‡b mnvqZvi Rb¨|
11| EaŸ©Zb KZ©„c¶‡K djvdj msµvšÍ Z_¨ mieivn m¤¢e nq|
12| G‡Z wk¶‡Ki cvV`v‡bi †KŠkj ev ÎæwU kbv³ K‡i †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi w`K
wb‡`©kbv †`qv hvq|
13| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi e„wËg~jK wb‡`©kbv `vb m¤¢e nq|
14| avivevwnK djvd‡ji gva¨‡g AwffveK mšÍvb m¤ú‡K© KiYxq wb‡`©kbv jvf
K‡ib|
wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj †iK‡W© †hme AšÍf©y³ _vK‡e Zv n‡”Q-

1| wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x g~j¨vq‡b cÖ`Ë b¤î cÖ`vb Ges (lô-
Aóg †kªwY Ges beg-`kg †kªwY we`¨vjqwfwËK gvb hvPvB) Ges MVbKvjxb gvb
hvPvB|
2| wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgwqK ev evwl©K cix¶vq cÖ`Ë b¤î-P~ovšÍ gvb hvPvB|
234
DwjøwLZ `ywU †¶‡Î †hme wel‡qi b¤î cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e ev †hme welq †iKW© Ki‡Z n‡e
Zv n‡”Q-
1| mvßwnK wfwË‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨K †kªwY‡Z MVbKvjxb gvb hvPvB‡q eëüZ KvR ev c×wZ
Ges b¤î (†kªwYi KvR, evwoi KvR, cÖ‡R±, AbymÜvb, †gŠwLK cÖ‡kœvËi, `jxq
KvR)|
2| gvwmK wfwË‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ GKwU cix¶vi KvR|
3| Uvg© wfwË‡Z `ywU †kªwY cix¶vi wfwË‡Z `ywU b¤î|
AR©b cwiex¶Y
cwiex¶Y GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv hv wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj c~e© cwiKwíZfv‡e AMÖmi n‡”Q
wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i| G cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq, cwiKíbv M„nxZ n‡jv, ev¯Íevq‡bi
hveZxq Av‡qvRb KvR ïiæ n‡jv, GLb cwiKwíZ KvR‡K Afxó j¶¨ ev myôz mgvwßi c‡_
GwM‡q †bqvi Kg©m~wP| Monitoring GKB m‡½ Means Ges Ends. cwiexw¶Z KvR
ZLbB mvdj¨ AR©‡b m¶g nq hLb Zvi ev¯Íevqb ch©v‡q m„ó Amyweav, evav ev mgm¨v
wPwýZ K‡i Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv nq| cwiex¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
wk¶vµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki µ‡gvbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb, wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi I
wk¶v_©x‡ì gv‡bi ZzjbvKiY, Kx cwigvY Ávb, `¶Zv AR©b I Zv cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e n‡”Q Zv
wbiƒcY, cÖ‡qvR‡b c×wZ-†KŠk‡ji cwieZ©b I cyYwe©b¨vm Kiv|
wk¶v_©x‡ì AR©b cwiex¶Y ej‡Z †evSvq wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb mwVK c‡_ ivLvi Rb¨ Ges
wb‡`©kbvg~jK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AMÖMwZi djveZ©b mieivn Ki‡Z
wk¶K ev KZ…©c¶ KZ…©K Z`viKx Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hvIqv|
AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi cÖwµqvmg~n

AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi cÖwµqvmg~n n‡”Q-
1| †kªwY wk¶Y Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb wk¶v_©x‡ì †evaMg¨Zvi gvÎv wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨
cÖkœKi‡Yi gva¨‡g|
2| wk¶v_©x‡ì GKRb Ab¨R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m Kv‡R RwoZ _vKvKvjxb †kªwYK‡¶i
PZzw`©‡K Ny‡i †`Lv|
3| evwoi KvR †`qv, msMÖn Kiv Ges Zv ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g mgvwß I †MÖW cÖ`vb
Kivi gva¨‡g|
4| wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi wkLb mvgMÖx m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì Dcjwä ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv Ges
wk¶v_©x‡ì Ávb I †evaMg¨Zvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒc‡Yi gva¨‡g|
235
5| Afx¶vi gva¨‡g cix¶v cwiPvjbv, ms‡kvab Ges cÖvß †¯‹vi †iKW©Ki‡Yi

gva¨‡g|
6| wk¶v_©x‡ì K…wZZ¡ msµvšÍ Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g|
GKK_vq AMÖMwZ I Kvw•¶Z †hvM¨Zv cwiex¶Y ch©v‡q wKQy c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e-
1| cwiKíbvi D‡Ïk¨, mywbw`©ó j¶¨gvÎv, Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi mgqmxgv, mswkøó

e¨w³eM© cÖf„wZ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv
2| msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv
3| ev¯Íevqbvaxb cwiKíbvi AMÖMwZ I cwiKwíZ Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
wPwýZ Kiv
4| cv_©K¨ _vK‡j Zv wbim‡bi h_v_© c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv|
Gfv‡e e¨_©Zv KvwU‡q DVv m¤¢e hv mgq, A_©, kª‡gi AcPq †iva K‡i|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- L
wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj †iK‡W© †hme AšÍfy©³ _vK‡e Zv n‡”Q-
1| wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x g~j¨vq‡b cÖ`Ë b¤î Ges (lô-Aóg
†kªwY Ges beg-`kg †kªwY we`¨vjqwfwËK gvb hvPvB) Ges MVbKvjxb gvb hvPvB|
2| wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgwqK ev evwl©K cix¶vq cÖ`Ë b¤î-P~ovšÍ gvb hvPvB|
ce©- M
cÖMwZ mviYx, me©vZ¥K cwiPqcÎ BZ¨vw`|
ce©- N
cwiex¶Y
cwiex¶Y GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv hv wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj c~e© cwiKwíZfv‡e AMÖmi n‡”Q
wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i|
AR©b cwiex¶Y
AR©b cwiex¶Y ej‡Z †evSvq wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb mwVK c‡_ ivLvi Rb¨ Ges wb‡`©kbvg~jK
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb AMÖMwZi djveZ©b mieivn Ki‡Z wk¶K ev
KZ…©c¶ KZ…©K Z`viwK Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hvIqv|
236
AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi cÖwµqvmg~n n‡”Q- cÖkœKiY, †kªwYK‡¶i PZzw`©‡K Ny‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì wk¶Y
KvR ch©‡e¶Y, evwoi KvR cÖ`vb, msMÖn, ms‡kvab I †MÖW cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`|
ce©- O
`ye©j wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ M„nxZe¨ mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©µg|
 DuPz I wbPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x‡ì GK‡Î †Rvove× K‡i KvR †Ìqv|

 wbqwgZ K¬v‡mi evB‡i we‡kl cvV`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
 wk¶Y wkLb cÖwKªqvq mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv|
DuPz K…wZZ¡avix wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ M„nxZe¨ mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©µg|
 AvMÖMvgx cvV`vb|
 e¨w³MZ AbymÜvbg~jK evwoi KvR cÖ`vb|
 wbPz K…wZ‡Z¡i wk¶v_©x‡ì GKv‡WwgK mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
g~j¨vqb

1| wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| djvdj †iK‡W© †h
mKj Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ Zv D‡jøL Kiæb|
2| wk¶v_©x‡ì AR©b cwiex¶Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? AR©b cwiex¶‡Yi cÖwµqvmg~n
D‡jøLc~e©K Kvh©µ‡gi weeiY w`b|
3| DPz K…wZZ¡avix I `ye©j †gavi wk¶v_©x‡ì we‡kl Pvwn`v‡K †Kb ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv
DwPZ? Kxfv‡e Zv c~iY Kiv hvq?
237
BDwbU 7 Awa‡ekb- 25
Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (mgvR weÁvb, BwZnvm,

f~‡Mvj) cÖkœcÎ cix¶vKiY
f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mKj †kªwY‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb cov‡bv n‡”Q| mvgvwRK
weÁvb welqwU‡Z mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj, †cŠibxwZ I A_©bxwZi †gŠj welqmg~n
AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov RbmsL¨v wk¶v I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v welq
`ywUI mvgvwRK weÁv‡b ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| mKj †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cªkœcÎ
cÖYqbKv‡j mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ welqmg~n †_‡K cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv nq| mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi mKj Aa¨v‡qi cÖwZwU cwi‡”Q‡ì welqe¯‘i ci Abykxjbx †`qv n‡q‡Q|
Abykxjbx‡Z ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ I iPbvg~jK cÖkœmg~n †`qv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU
cwi‡”Q‡ì welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K Abykxjbxi cÖkœmg~n cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| beg-`kg †kªwYi
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ I Abykxjbx‡Z cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi Av‡jv‡K GmGmwm cix¶vi
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœmg~n cÖYqb Kiv nq| wk¶v_x©‡ì ÁvbMZ, Av‡ewMK I g‡bv‡ckxR
†¶‡Îi g~j¨vq‡b GmKj cÖ‡kœi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| wk¶v_x©‡ì gv‡S Kvw•¶Z
wkLbd‡ji AR©bgvÎv wbY©‡q cÖkœmg~n h_v_© f~wgKv cvj‡b m¶g n‡”Q wKbv Zv wbY©‡q
eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB GB Awa‡ek‡b GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi (mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj) cÖkœmg~n cix¶v K‡i †`Lv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi †¶‡Î AZxZ, bgybv I ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbvi †hŠw³KZv I
†KŠkj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb-Gi mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj welq Gi g~j
wkLbdj wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj wel‡qi cyivZb cÖkœc‡Îi
Î“wUmg~n kbv³ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
238
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj-Gi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœ I

wkLbd‡ji Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 XvKv †ev‡W©i 2005 mv‡ji Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖ‡kœi mv‡_
wkLbdj I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi †¶‡Î AZxZ, bgybv Ges ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ
 ch©v‡jvPbvi †hŠw³KZv I †KŠkj wbY©qKiY
cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w×, Ávb PP©v‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv, ¯^-wjLb I AvZ¥wek¦vm `„p
Ki‡Z cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv Ges †m Abymv‡i bgybv cix¶v I ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi `¶Zv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| GQvov cÖkœcÎ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi †KŠkj eënv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| wk¶v_x©e„›` wb‡gœ mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi †¶‡Î AZxZ, bgybv I ¯^Zš¿
cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbvi †hŠw³KZv eY©bv Kiæb| Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi †¶‡Î AZxZ, bgybv I ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbvi †hŠw³KZv:
 cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w× cvq|







wk¶v_x© eÜziv, g~j¨hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi cÖkœcÎ ev †KŠkj eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨hvPvB-Gi †KŠkj¸‡jv ev cÖkœcÎ¸‡jv Kx ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i wb‡gœi Q‡K
wjLyb| Avcbv‡ì †evSvi myweav‡_© GKwU DËi †`qv n‡jv:
239
wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †KŠkjmg~n /cÖkœcÎmg~n
 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ: Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mwVK DËi wbe©vPb|
ce©- L: beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb-Gi mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj

 wel‡qi g~j wkLbdj wbiƒcY
beg-`kg †kªwY‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb bvgK GKwU cvV¨cy¯ÍK i‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iPbv
K‡i‡Qb- iIkb Aviv †eMg, Avãyj nvB wkK`vi I W. ¶Y`v †gvnb `vk| RvZxq
wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K 1996 wk¶vel© †_‡K cy¯ÍKwU beg-`kg †kªwYi
cvV¨cy¯ÍKiƒ‡c wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`k I mgv‡Ri Pvwn`vi †cÖ¶vc‡U 2000 mv‡j
cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU D”P ch©v‡qi we‡klÁ‡ì Øviv †hŠw³K g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g ms‡kvab I
cwigvR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁv‡b †h mKj welqe¯‘ AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wkL‡bi
ci wk¶v_x©‡ì †h mKj AvPiwYK cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K wkLbdj ejv nq| beg-`kg
†kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡b mgvR weÁvb, BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj, †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v I
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v m¤úwK©Z welqmg~n AšÍfy©³ i‡q‡Q| wk¶v_x©e„›`- Avcbviv
cy¯ÍKwUi welqe¯‘mg~n cix¶v K‡i †`Lyb Ges mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj wel‡qi g~j
wkLbdjmg~n wbiƒcY Kiæb| Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© cÖ‡Z¨KwU wel‡qi GKwU K‡i D`vniY
†`qv n‡jv|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi g~j wkLbdj: mgvRweÁvb wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

 mgvRweÁvb,mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi msÁv cª`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|



240



BwZnv‡mi g~j wkLbdj: BwZnvm wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

 Bs‡iR kvm‡bi weiæ‡× msMwVZ dwKi we‡`ªvn, wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vjb I we‡`ªvn,
div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb, bxj we‡`ªvn m¤ú‡K© Ges Gme Av‡›`vj‡bi Amv¤cÖ`vwqK PwiÎ
m¤ú‡K© eyS‡Z cvi‡e|




f~‡Mv‡ji wkLbdj: fy‡Mv‡ji wkLb †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

 gvbwP‡Îi msÁv, †kªwYwefvM, A¼b †KŠkj I A¼‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZi eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|




241
ce©- M: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi- mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj wel‡qi cyivZb

 cÖkœc‡Îi Î“wUmg~n kbv³KiY
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cy‡iv‡bv auv‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv †Kgb n‡Zv GKUz †f‡e wbb|
GmKj cÖ‡kœi Î“wU¸‡jv kbv³ Kivi †Póv Kiæb Ges wb‡gœ wjLyb| Avcbv‡ì †evSvi
myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj wel‡qi cyivZb cÖkœc‡Îi Î“wUmg~n:

 cyivZb cÖkœcÎ n‡Zv iPbvgyjK Ges GKwU wel‡q (†hgb mvgvwRK weÁvb) mvaviYZ
9/10 wU cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv n‡Zv hv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mvgvb¨ cwigvY welqe¯‘‡K AšÍfy©³
Ki‡Zv|






ce©- N: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj-Gi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K

 cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœ I wkLbd‡ji ZzjbvKiY
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avcbviv beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU nv‡Z wbb|
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mgvRweÁvb As‡ki mvgvwRK cwieZ©b, BwZnvm As‡ki evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q
Ges f~‡Mvj As‡ki evsjv‡`k-Gi GKwU K‡i bgybv ˆbe©¨w³K, msw¶ß DËi-cÖkœ I
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ wb‡q Gme cÖ‡kœi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ wkLbdj DwjøwLZ cwi‡”Q`¸‡jv‡Z _vK‡j
A_ev bv _vK‡j cv‡ki Kjv‡g wjLyb|
welq cÖkœ wkLbdj

mgvRweÁvb  ˆbe©¨w³K-mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi nvi
†Kvb AÂ‡j `ªæZ?
 msw¶ß- mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ej‡Z Kx
†evS?
 iPbvg~jK-mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b wkívqb
I knivq‡bi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki|
BwZnvm  ˆbe©¨w³K-wK‡mi wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi
Rb¥ nq?
 msw¶ß- hy³d«›U gš¿xmfv KLb MwVZ
nq? KLb G gš¿xmfv evwZj †NvwlZ nq?
242
welq cÖkœ wkLbdj

 iPbvg~jK- cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK
Ae¯’vi weeiY `vI|
f~‡Mvj  ˆbe©¨w³K- evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq ga¨ fvM
w`‡q †Kvb †iLvwU AwZµg K‡i‡Q
 msw¶ß- c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki
Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
 iPbvg~jK- evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZi
weeiY `vI|
ce©- O: XvKv †ev‡W©i 2005 mv‡ji Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi

 cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ wkLbdj I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi ZzjbvKiY
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›` XvKv †ev‡W©i 2005 mv‡ji Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgvR
weÁvb, BwZnvm Ges f~‡Mvj wel‡qi GKwU K‡i ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ I
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ wbb| GmKj cÖ‡kœi m‡½ mswkøó cwi‡”Q‡ì bgybv cÖkœ I wkLbd‡ji
Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY K‡i wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
welq cÖkœ
bgybv cÖkœ wkLbdj
2005 mv‡ji XvKv †evW©
ˆbe©¨w³K- ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv ˆbe©¨w³K- G ai‡bi 
gvby‡li ..............| cÖkœ †bB
mgvR msw¶ß- mgvR MV‡b a‡g©i msw¶ß- cÖkœ i‡q‡Q 
weÁvb f~wgKv wjL|
iPbvg~jK- ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zv iPbvg~jK- cÖkœwU 
Kx? ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi bgybvq †bB
cv_©K¨ wjL|
ˆbe©¨w³K-wZZzgxi †Kv_vq ˆbe©¨w³K- i‡q‡Q 
euv‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib?
BwZnvm msw¶ß- e½f½ i‡ì msw¶ß- i‡q‡Q 
cªwZwµqv wjL|
iPbvg~jK- 6-`dv Av‡›`vjb iPbvg~jK- i‡q‡Q 
Kx? 6-`dv Kg©m~wP I 6-
`dvi Zvrch© wjL|
243
welq cÖkœ
bgybv cÖkœ wkLbdj
ˆbe©¨w³K- gvbwPÎ AuvK‡Z ˆbe©¨w³K- i‡q‡Q
cÖ‡qvRb nq †KvbwU?
f~‡Mvj msw¶ß- kZKiv wn‡m‡e msw¶ß- AvswkK

evqyi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi bvg i‡q‡Q
I cwigvY wjL|
iPbvg~jK- †mŠiRM‡Z MÖ‡ni iPbvg~jK- AvswkK 
msL¨v KZ? c„w_ex I g½j i‡q‡Q
MÖ‡ni weeiY wjL|
244
g~j wkLbxq welq
Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm,

f~‡Mvj) cÖkœcÎ cix¶vKiY
cÖwk¶Y MÖnYKvix wk¶K‡ì Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w×‡Z cÖkœc‡Îi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
 gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mKj †kªwY‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb GKwU cvV¨welq wn‡m‡e cov‡bvi
Kvi‡Y gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~‡n wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi cÖwZwU cwi‡”Q‡ì ci Abykxjbx‡Z cwi‡”Q‡` AšÍfy©³
welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
welqe¯‘ I Abykxjbx‡Z cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi Av‡jv‡K GmGmwm cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv nq
Ges GmKj cÖkœc‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì ÁvbMZ, Av‡ewMK I g‡bv‡ckxR †¶‡Îi
g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶KMY GmKj cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, AZxZ I
bgybv cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ w`K we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges Gfv‡e AwaK ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ cÖkœcÎ
cÖYq‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi †¶‡Î AZxZ, bgybv I ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbvi †hŠw³KZv
 G‡Z cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w× cvq|

 cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Ávb PP©v I ¯^-wkLb DrmvwnZ nq|
 cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b AvMÖnx nb|
 G‡Z cÖwk¶K-cÖwk¶Yv_x© Df‡qB DcK…Z nb|
 ˆbe©¨w³K I iPbvg~jK QvovI G¨vmvBb‡g›U, mv¶vrKvi, cÖ`k©b, mZx_© Av‡jvPbv
cÖf„wZ c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi †hŠw³KZv m„wó nq|
 AZxZ, bgybv I ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g G¸‡jvi mejZv I `ye©jZv wbiƒcY I
`ye©jZv ms‡kva‡b m¶g nb|
245
 G‡Z cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY cÖkœc‡Îi KvwiMwi msMV‡bi (KvM‡Ri gvb, gy`ª‡Yi gvb cÖf„wZ)
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©‡b m¶g nb|
 cÖkœc‡Îi fvlvi ¯úóZv, mijZv I msw¶ß Kivi Dc‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I eyS‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 cÖkœc‡Î mvaviY wb‡`©kbv I we‡kl wb‡`©kbv _vKvi DcKvwiZv m¤ú‡K© eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖkœcÎ mnR †_‡K RwUj Kivi †hŠw³KZv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖkœc‡Î b¤î eÈ‡bi †hŠw³KZv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †KŠkjmg~n/cÖkœcÎmg~n
 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖk:œ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mwVK I mywbw`©ó DËi wbe©vPb Kiv m¤¢e|

 msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ: wba©vwiZ b¤^‡ii †cÖw¶‡Z cÖvmw½K, msw¶ß, mxwgZ eY©bv, mywbw`©ó
kã, ¸YMZ gv‡bi weeiY †`qv nq|
 iPbvg~jK cÖkœ: iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DË‡i wk¶v_x©MY Z_¨, ZË¡, aviYv, Zzjbv, cv_©K¨,
mvigg©, e¨vL¨v, Zvrch©, eY©bv, hyw³ZK©mn gZvgZ we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|
 cÖ`k©b: mswkøó wel‡q Rwic Kv‡h©i djvdj cÖ`k©b Kiv nq|
 G¨vmvBb‡g›U: wewfbœag©x cÖ‡kœi Dci Z_¨ wbf©i DËicÎ cÖYqb Ges gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv
hvq|
 mZx_© Av‡jvPbv: mZx_©‡ì gZvgZ I wePvi we‡kølY MÖnY|
g~j¨vqb †KŠk‡ji †¶‡Î wKQy g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z wba©viK we‡ePbvq ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i-
 welqe¯‘i mvgwMÖK wm‡jevm m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b

 mKj Aa¨vq †_‡K cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv nq|
 cÖ‡kœi we¯Í…wZ Abymv‡i mgqmxgv wba©viY Kiv nq|
 mn‡Ri ci RwUj cÖkœ DÌvcb Kiv nq|
 DË‡ii e¨vwßi cÖwZ j¶¨ †i‡L b¤î eÈb Kiv nq|
246
 g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î wewfbœ c×wZ I †KŠk‡ji aviYv eënvi Kiv nq|

 Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g AvZ¥we‡kølY Kiv nq|
 wk¶v_x©‡ì K…ZKvh©Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qv nq|
¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbv
cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb †k‡l cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖkœ‡K ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Zvi DË‡ii cÖK…wZ, cwiwa, DËi`v‡bi
mgq, me ai‡bi wk¶v_x©i Dc‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wePvi we‡kølY Kiv‡KB ¯^Zš¿ cÖkœ
ch©v‡jvPbv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| G j‡¶¨ cÖkœ cÖYq‡b cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i ¯^Zš¿
cÖkœ¸‡jvi e¨vwß I cwimi Ges G‡ì mej I `ye©j w`K m¤ú‡K© wePvi we‡kølY Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| wkLbdj hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e cÖkœ Ki‡j cÖkœ¸‡jv‡Z
c¶cvZ`yóZv †_‡K hv‡e| cÖkœ¸‡jvi ¸YMZ gvb I êwkó¨ i¶vi Rb¨ e¯‘wbôfv‡e cÖk œ
cÖYq‡bi †Póv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j wkLbdj: mgvRweÁvb-Gi wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv 
1| mgvRweÁvb, mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi msÁv cª`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vbmg~n, ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi m¤úK©, mgvR I mf¨Zvi
avç‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3| Avw`g mgv‡Ri †cvkvK, nvwZqvi, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, Rxebgvb cÖf„wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
4| mgvR I mf¨Zv weKv‡ki †¶‡Î wewfbœ cÖZ¥ZvwË¡K hy‡Mi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
5| AvaywbK mgv‡Ri êwkó¨ Ges gvbe mgv‡Ri weKv‡k †fŠ‡MvwjK, ivR‰bwZK I
A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖfve wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
6| mvgvwRKxKiY-Gi msÁv, gva¨g, cwiev‡ii msÁv, cÖKvi‡f`, Kvh©vewj, †Mvôx
Ges m¤cÖ`v‡qi msÁv, †Mvôxi cÖKvi‡f`, m¤cÖ`v‡qi wfwË eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
247
7| cÖwZôv‡bi ¯îƒc, †kªwYwefvM, a‡g©i msÁv, DrcwË, weKvk wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
8| mgvR KvVv‡gvi msÁv, Dcv`vb, mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm-Gi msÁv, êwkó¨,
cÖKvi‡f`, KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
9| mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi msÁv, êwkó¨, Dcv`vb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR cwieZ©‡bi
aviv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
10| mvgvwRK cÖMwZi c~e©kZ©mg~n, evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK mgm¨vewj, RbmsL¨v e„w×i
KviY, cÖwZKv‡ii c`‡¶c cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
BwZnv‡mi g~j wkLbdj: BwZnv‡mi wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-
1| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi weiæ‡× msMwVZ dwKi we‡`ªvn, wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vjb I we‡`ªvn,

div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb, bxj we‡`ªvn m¤ú‡K© Ges Gme Av‡›`vj‡bi Amv¤cÖ`vwqK
PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
2| evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR I wk¶v ms¯‹v‡i ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, Bk¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, nvRx
gyn¤§` gnmxb, beve Ave`yj jwZd, ˆmq` Avgxi Avjxi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
3| 1857 mv‡j wmcvnx‡ì gnvwe‡`ªv‡ni KviYmg~n, we¯Ívi, djvdj Ges ˆmq`
Avng` Lvb I AvjxMo Av‡›`vj‡bi j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨; fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm I
gymwjg jxM MV‡bi KviY; e½f½, ¯^‡`wk, wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi
†cÖ¶vcU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4| dRjyj n‡Ki gwš¿mfv, jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve, gnvZ¥vMvÜxi ÔfviZ QvoÕ Av‡›`vjb,
cvwK¯Ívb I fviZ iv‡óªi AvZ¥cÖKvk m¤ú‡K© wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5| evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi †cÖ¶vcU we‡klZ : fvlv Av‡›`vjb, 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb,
hy³d«›U MVb, 6 `dv I 11 `dv Av‡›`vjb, 1969 mv‡ji MYAfy¨Ìvb, 1970
mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vPb, Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb, gyw³hy× I evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
AR©b m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~‡Mv‡ji g~j wkLbdj: f~‡Mv‡ji wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-
1| gvbwP‡Îi msÁv, †kªwYwefvM, A¼b †KŠkj I A¼‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZi eY©bv

Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2| †mŠiRMr-Gi msÁv I MÖnmg~‡ni weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
248
3| f~-c„‡ô †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi Ae¯’vb wbY©q, A¶vsk, `ªvwNgv †iLv, wbi¶‡iLv, ¯’vbxq
mgq, cÖgvY mgq m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
4| c„w_exi MwZ cwieZ©b, AvwýK MwZ, w`b ivwÎi msNUb, evwl©K MwZ, FZz cwieZ©b
m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
5| f~-Z¡K I wkjvi msÁv, Dcv`vb, †kªwYwefvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
6| f~-Z¡‡Ki AvKw®§K cwieZ©b, f~wgK¤ú, Av‡MœqwMwi, ce©Z G¸‡jvi †kªwYwefvM
eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7| evqygÛ‡ji aviYv, Dcv`vb I ¯Í‡ii eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
8| †mŠiZvc, ZvcgvÎv, evqyi Pvc, evqycÖevn, evqyi Av`ª©Zv, ev®úxfeb, Nbxfeb,
e„wócv‡Zi KviY I cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
9| gnvmvM‡ii bvg, evwigÛj, †Rvqvi fvUvi KviY I cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
10| evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb, f~-cÖK…wZ, b`x¸‡jvi bvg - DrcwË, K…wlR m¤ú`, LwbR
m¤ú`, kw³ m¤ú`, grm¨ m¤ú`, ebR m¤ú`, wkí, hvZvqvZ eë¯’v, cÖavb kni,
cÖavb e›ì I evwYR¨ †K‡›`ªi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi-mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj wel‡qi cyivZb cÖkœc‡Îi

Î“wUmg~n
1| cyivZb cÖkœcÎ n‡Zv iPbvgyjK Ges GKwU wel‡q (†hgb mvgvwRK weÁvb)
mvaviYZ 9/10 wU cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv n‡Zv hv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mvgvb¨ cwigvY
welqe¯‘‡K AšÍfy©³ KiZ|
2| cyivZb c×wZi cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv n‡Zv AvKv‡i eo hv gyL¯’ wbf©i wk¶v_x© ˆZwi
KiZ|
3| GKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi KZUzKz wjL‡Z n‡e A‡bK mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì c‡¶ ey‡S IVv
m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|
4| cyivZb iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËicÎ cix¶Y I b¤î cÖ`vb cix¶‡Ki †SuvK, †gRvR,
†Lqvj cÖf„wZ Øviv cÖfvweZ nZ|
5| G‡Z DË‡ii Askwe‡kl mwVK A_ev fyj n‡Z cv‡i|
249
6| G‡Z DË‡ii wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv I êaZv Kg _v‡K|
7| wk¶v_x©iv e¨¯ÍZv I `ywðšÍvq †fv‡M|
8| wk¶v_x©iv cy‡iv eQi cov-‡jLv bv K‡i cix¶vi c~‡e© cov-‡jLv K‡i|
9| iPbvg~jK cÖkœc‡Î wk¶v_x©‡ì AwaK mgq e‡m cix¶v w`‡Z nq|
10| G‡Z cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Aa¨vq Ges cÖkœ D‡cw¶Z †_‡K hvq|
11| iPbvg~jK cÖkœc‡Îi DËi †jLvi mgq wk¶v_x©iv fv‡jvfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi Rb¨ mgq
cvq bv|
12| wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ iPbvg~jK cix¶vi cÖ¯‘wZ mnRZi nq| KviY wk¶v_x©MY
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Askwe‡kl Aa¨qb bv K‡i cix¶vq AeZxY© nq|
13| wk¶v_x©iv Kx cÖkœ cix¶vq Avm‡Z cv‡i c~‡e©B †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
14| iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g cix¶v †`qvi Kvi‡Y DËicÎ cix¶‡Yi Rb¨ AwaK mgq
e¨q nq|
15| iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv A‡bK mgq bv ey‡S gyL¯’ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K
wk¶v_x©‡ì eva¨ K‡i hv g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wk¶Y c×wZ weiæ×|
16| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ¸‡jv mgwš^Z (Comprehensive) bq e‡j A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv

wk¶v_x© cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mvgvb¨ Ask c‡oI AwaK b¤î †c‡Z cv‡i|
17| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ¸‡jv wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ Ges wk¶vµ‡gi DbœwZ weav‡bi Rb¨
h‡_vchy³ bq|
250
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi- mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mvj-Gi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœ I

wkLbd‡ji ZzjbvKiY
welq cÖkœ wkLbdj

ˆbe©¨w³K- mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi nvi †Kvb AÂ‡j D‡jøL †bB
`ªæZ?
mgvR msw¶ß- mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ej‡Z Kx †evS? D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q
weÁvb
iPbvg~jK- mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b wkívqb I mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi
knivq‡bi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki| Dcv`v‡b D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q
ˆbe©¨w³K- wK‡mi wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¥ nq? D‡jøL †bB
BwZnvm msw¶ß- hy³d«›U gš¿xmfv KLb MwVZ nq? KLb G D‡jøL †bB
gš¿xmfv evwZj †NvwlZ nq?
iPbvg~jK- cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q
ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi weeiY w`b|
ˆbe©¨w³K- evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq ga¨ fvM w`‡q †Kvb D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q
†iLvwU AwZµg K‡i‡Q?
f~‡Mvj msw¶ß- c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q
†Kv_vq?
iPbvg~jK- evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZi weeiY `vI| D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q
251
gšÍe¨
cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœ¸‡jv Ges wkLbd‡ji Zzjbvg~jK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h,
mgvR weÁvb Ges BwZnv‡mi DwjøwLZ cwi‡”Q‡` we‡ewPZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi †ewki fvM †¶‡ÎB
cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ wkLbd‡ji wgj i‡q‡Q| Z‡e `yGKwU †¶‡Î e¨wZµgI cwijw¶Z n‡”Q|
Avevi f~‡Mv‡ji cixw¶Z me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi mv‡_B wkLbd‡ji wgj i‡q‡Q| G †_‡K aviYv
Kiv hvq †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi mv‡_
wkLbd‡ji wgj _vKvi Kvi‡Y wk¶v_x©iv Kvw•¶Z wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡e|
XvKv †ev‡W©i 2005 mv‡ji Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi- mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm
I f~‡Mv‡ji ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ I iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ wkLbdj I
cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi ZzjbvKiY
welq cÖkœ
bgybv cÖkœ wkLbdj
ˆbe©¨w³K- ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv gvby‡li ˆbe©¨w³K- G  wkLbd‡ji
..............| ai‡bi cÖkœ †bB m‡½
mvgÄm¨c~Y©
mgvR msw¶ß- mgvR MV‡b a‡g©i msw¶ß - cÖkœ  mvgÄm¨c~Y©
weÁvb f~wgKv wjL| i‡q‡Q
iPbvg~jK- ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zv iPbvg~jK-  mvgÄm¨c~Y©
Kx? ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi cv_©K¨ bgybvq †bB
wjL|
ˆbe©¨w³K- wZZzgxi †Kv_vq ˆbe©¨w³K- i‡q‡Q  mvgÄm¨c~Y©
euv‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib?
BwZnvm msw¶ß- e½f½ i‡ì cªwZwµqv msw¶ß- i‡q‡Q  mvgÄm¨c~Y©
wjL|
252
iPbvg~jK- 6-`dv Av‡›`vjb iPbvg~jK- i‡q‡Q  mvgÄm¨c~Y©

Kx? 6-`dv Kg©m~wP I 6-`dvi
Zvrch© wjL|
ˆbe©¨w³K- gvbwPÎ AuvK‡Z ˆbe©¨w³K- i‡q‡Q  mvgÄm¨c~Y©
cÖ‡qvRb nq †KvbwU?
f~‡Mvj msw¶ß- kZKiv wn‡m‡e evqyi msw¶ß- AvswkK  mvgÄm¨c~Y©
wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi bvg I cwigvY i‡q‡Q
wjL|
iPbvg~jK- †mŠiRM‡Z MÖ‡ni iPbvg~jK-  mvgÄm¨c~Y©
msL¨v KZ? c„w_ex I g½j MÖ‡ni AvswkK i‡q‡Q
weeiY wjL|
gšÍe¨
XvKv †ev‡W©i 2005 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I
f~‡Mvj wel‡qi ˆbe©¨w³K, msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ Ges iPbvg~jK cÖkœmg~‡ni Zzjbvg~jK we‡køl‡Y
†`Lv hvq †h, †ev‡W©i wKQz msL¨K cÖ‡kœi m‡½ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi AvswkK wgj
i‡q‡Q| wKQz msL¨K cÖ‡kœi m‡½ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœi ûeû wgj i‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯Í‡K
cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ wgj bv _vK‡jI cixw¶Z †Kv‡bv cÖkœB wk¶vµ‡g ewY©Z mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi wkLbd‡ji m‡½ AmvgÄm¨c~Y© e‡j g‡b n‡”Q bv| G †_‡K GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wel‡qi cÖwZ wk¶vwe`‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Zv n‡jv eZ©gvb avivq cÖkœcÎ
cÖYqb Ki‡j wk¶vµ‡g ewY©Z wkLbdj AwR©Z n‡”Q, wk¶v_x©‡ì mgMÖ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Ici
Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q Ges ïaygvÎ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœ Qvov Av‡iv bvbv ai‡bi
cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡b Zv‡ì cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwk¶K I cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi
†¶‡Î DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 g~j¨vqb
1. mgvRweÁv‡bi cyivZb avivi cÖkœc‡Îi Î“wUmg~n wjLyb|
2. f~‡Mvj wel‡qi bZzb ai‡bi cÖkœcÎmg~‡ni abvZ¥K w`K¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3. mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm I f~‡Mv‡ji †h †Kvb GKwU cwi‡”Q‡ì wkLbdj¸‡jv wjLyb|
253
Gm Gm wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (†cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v

wk¶v, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v) wel‡qi cÖkœcÎ cix¶vKiY
f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii beg-`kg †kªwY‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb bv‡gi †h cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU
cov‡bv n‡”Q Zv‡Z †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv
wk¶vi welqe¯‘ AšÍfy©³ i‡q‡Q| GmKj welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨
cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv nq| cÖkœc‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq| wk¶v_x©MY wbw`©ó
wkLbdj AR©‡b KZUzKz m¶g n‡q‡Qb Zv G mKj cÖkœc‡Îi gva¨‡g hvPvB Kiv nq|
cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi KZK¸‡jv g~jbxwZ i‡q‡Q| GmKj g~jbxwZi Av‡jv‡K cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv
nq| cÖkœc‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ _v‡K| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³
K‡qKwU wel‡qi cÖkœc‡Îi wewfbœ w`K cix¶v K‡i †`Lv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi aib/cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 GmGmwm cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖ‡kœi aviv I gvbeÈb m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqmg~‡ni gyw`ªZ c„ôv Ges 2004 mv‡ji XvKv †ev‡W©i GmGmwm
cix¶vq cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi I gv‡bi/b¤^‡ii Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁvb-Gi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v wel‡qi g~j wkLbdj kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ,
RbmsL¨v wk¶v I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶vi cÖkœmg~‡ni mv‡_ wkLbdj I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K
cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœ¸‡jvi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
254
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi aiY/cÖKvi‡f`
 cix¶vKiY
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Avcbviv Rv‡bb evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨hvPvB-

Gi j‡¶¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖkœcÎ eënvi Kiv nq| GmGmwm cix¶vi †¶‡ÎI bvbv cÖKvi
cÖkœcÎ eëüZ nq| GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi aib m¤ú‡K©
Avcbviv GKUz †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœc‡Îi aib

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ce©- L: cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv wbiƒcY

 †h †Kv‡bv welq I †kªwYi cÖkœcÎ mvaviYZ wk¶v_x©‡ì Ávb, `¶Zv, AwfÁZv‡K
cwigv‡ci nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| G mKj cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi KZK¸‡jv g~jbxwZ
i‡q‡Q| GmKj g~jbxwZi Dci wbf©i K‡iB cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv nq| wk¶v_x©e„›` cÖkœcÎ
cÖYq‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv Kx n‡Z cv‡i †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb| Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_©
GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi g~jbxwZmg~n
1. wk¶v_x©‡ì mvaviY I mgwš^Z `¶Zv cix¶vKi‡Yi A_ev GKwU welqe¯‘ AvqË¡Ki‡Yi

gvb hvPvB Gi j‡¶¨ cÖkœcÎ ev Afx¶v cÖYqb Kiv nq|
2.
255
ce©- M: Gm Gm wm cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖ‡kœi aviv I gvbeÈb


Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœcÎ _v‡K| cÖwk¶Yv_x© eÜziv,
Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqvbyhvqx ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vi cÖ‡kœi msL¨v I
gvb/b¤î m¤ú‡K© †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb| Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY
†`qv n‡jv|
Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vi cÖ‡kœi msL¨v I gvb/b¤î eÈb
welq cÖ‡kœi msL¨v cÖ‡kœi gvb/b¤î
mgvRweÁvb 8wU 18=8
†gvU
256
wk¶v_x©MY Gm.Gm.wm cix¶vq iPbvg~jK Afx¶vI eënvi Kiv nq| Avcbviv †f‡e †`Lyb
iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi cÖwZwU wel‡q KqwU cÖkœ _v‡K Ges Zb¥‡a¨ KqwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z
nq| ZvQvov cÖkœmg~‡ni b¤î eÈb m¤ú‡K©I †f‡e wbb Ges DwjøwLZ Z_¨mg~n wb‡Pi Q‡K
wjLyb| Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv-
Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqvbyhvqx cÖkœ I DË‡ii msL¨v I b¤î eÈb
welq cÖ‡kœi msL¨v DËi w`‡e cÖ‡kœi gvb/b¤î
mgvRweÁvb 2wU mvaviY 1wU mvaviY 51=5
2wU msw¶ß 1wU msw¶ß 31=3
†gvU
257
ce©- N: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqmg~‡ni gyw`ªZ c„ôv Ges 2004 mv‡ji XvKv
 †ev‡W©i GmGmwm cix¶vq cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi I gv‡bi/b¤^‡ii ZzjbvKiY
cÖwk¶Yv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv 2004 mv‡ji XvKv †ev‡W©i mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ˆbe©¨w³K,
mvaviY iPbvg~jK I msw¶ß DËi-cÖkœ nv‡Z wbb| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUI nv‡Z
wbb| †`Lyb cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU‡Z †gvU 260wU gyw`ªZ c„ôv i‡q‡Q| Avcbviv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
welqvbyhvqx gyw`ªZ c„ôv¸‡jvi kZKiv nvi wbY©q Kiæb| AZtci Avcbviv XvKv †ev‡W©i
2004 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœmg~‡ni welqvbyhvqx kZKiv nvi I
b¤^‡ii kZKiv nvi wbY©q Kiæb| AZtci G¸‡jvi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv wjLyb|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqmg~‡ni gyw`ªZ c„ôv Ges XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji GmGmwm
cix¶vq cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi I gv‡bi / b¤^‡ii Zzjbv
welqmg~n gyw`ªZ c„ôv 2004 mv‡ji XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji XvKv
(%) GmGmwm cix¶vi cÖkœ †ev‡W©i GmGmwm
(%) cix¶vi b¤î (%)
mgvRweÁvb 16.15 16.21 16.0
†gvU 100.00 100.00 100.00
gšÍe¨:
ce©- O: beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v

258
wk¶v I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v wel‡qi g~j wkLbdj kbv³KiY
wk¶Y-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î wkLbdj AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ nIqvi
ci GKRb wk¶v_x©i Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i g‡a¨ †h AvPiwYK cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i e‡j
c~e© †_‡K aviYv Kiv nq Zv‡K wkLbdj ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| wk¶v_x©e„›`, beg-`kg †kªwYi
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v wkL‡bi
ci wk¶v_x©‡ì †h AvPiwYK cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv kbv³ Kiæb| cÖwZwU
wel‡qi GKwU K‡i wkLbdj Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
†cŠibxwZi g~j wkLbdj: †cŠibxwZ wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-
1| †cŠibxwZi msÁv, welqe¯‘, bvMwi‡Ki msÁv, bvMwiKZv jv‡fi c×wZ, bvMwi‡Ki

AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
8|
259
A_©bxwZi g~j wkLbdj: A_©bxwZ wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-
1| A_©bxwZi msÁv, welqe¯‘, cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, †gŠj A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v m¤ú‡K©

Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
RbmsL¨v wk¶vi wkLbdj: RbmsL¨v wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-
1| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|

2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
260
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶vi wkLbdj: `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-
1| `y‡h©vM I wech©‡qi msÁv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
ce©- P: XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ,

 RbmsL¨v wk¶v I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v wel‡qi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ,
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ Ges iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ wkLbdj I
cvV¨cy¯‡Í K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi ZzjbvKiY
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, Avcbviv cÖ_‡gB XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK
weÁvb wel‡qi GKwU cÖkœcÎ Ges beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKwU cvV¨cy¯ÍK
nv‡Z wbb| AZtci Avcbviv cÖ_‡g †cŠibxwZi I c‡i A_©bxwZi GKwU K‡i ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖkœ, msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ wbb| AZ:ci RbmsL¨v wk¶v wel‡qi GKwU
iPbvg~jK, GKwU ‰be©¨w³K Ges `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v wel‡qi GKwU ˆbe©¨w³K I GKwU
msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ wbb| Gme cÖ‡kœi m‡½ mswkøó cwi‡”Q‡ì bgybv cÖkœ I wkLbd‡ji
261
Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY K‡i wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb Ges AZtci gšÍe¨ wjLyb|
welq cÖkœ: bgybv cÖkœ:

2004 mv‡ji XvKv †evW© Av‡Q A_ev †bB wkLbdj
ˆbe©¨w³K: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi ˆbe©¨w³K: G ai‡bi mvgÄm¨c~Y©
me©wb‡gœ Av‡Qb ..........| cÖkœ †bB
†cŠibxwZ msw¶ß: †fvU ej‡Z wK eySvq? msw¶ß:
iPbvg~jK: MYZ‡š¿i msÁv `vI| Gi †`vl- iPbvg~jK:
¸Y eY©bv Ki|
ˆbe©¨w³K: A_©‰bwZK KvR †KvbwU? ˆbe©¨w³K:
A_©bxwZ msw¶ß: evRv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx? msw¶ß:
iPbvg~jK: evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK iPbvg~jK:
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvqmg~n eY©bv Ki|
RbmsL¨v ˆbe©¨w³K: 1901 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ˆbe©¨w³K:
wk¶v RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi wQj .........|
iPbvg~jK: mgvR Rxe‡b RbmsL¨v e„w×i iPbvg~jK:
¶wZKi cÖfve¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
`y‡h©vM ˆbe©¨w³K: evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq `y‡h©vM ˆbe©¨w³K:
eë¯’vcbv eë¯’vcbv KvDwÝ‡ji mfvcwZ †K?
wk¶v msw¶ß: `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Kx msw¶ß:
Kx?
gšÍe¨:
262
g~j wkLbxq welq
Gm Gm wm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi (†cŠibxwZ,
A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv
wk¶v) wel‡qi cÖkœcÎ cix¶vKiY
evsjv‡`‡ki Gm.Gm.wm ch©v‡qi cÖkœcÎ `yiKg n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- (1) ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ
 Ges (2) iPbvg~jK cÖkœcÎ| iPbvg~jK Avevi `yai‡bi (K) eo cÖkœ I (L) †QvU cÖkœ|
bygbv cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î KZK¸‡jv avc AbymiY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| †hgb: cÖ‡kœi
msL¨v, cÖ‡kœi b¤î e›Ub, mKj welqe¯‘ †_‡K cÖkœ cÖYqb, cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi bxwZ AbymiY,
Afx¶v AvB‡Ug cÖ¯‘ZKiY, welqe¯‘i avivevwnKZv AbymiY, m‡ev©cwi wm‡jevm AbymiY
Kiv| cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv g~jbxwZ i‡q‡Q|
cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi g~jbxwZmg~n
1| wk¶v_x©‡ì mvaviY I mgwš^Z `¶Zv cix¶vKi‡Yi A_ev GKwU welqe¯‘

AvqËKi‡Yi gvb hvPvB-Gi j‡¶¨ cÖkœcÎ ev Afx¶v cÖYqb Kiv nq|
2| Afx¶v wk¶v_x©‡ì mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx Qq †_‡K `kwU ev `‡kvwaK wewfbœ cÖ‡kœ wef³
Kiv nq|
3| Afx¶vq AšÍfy©³ cÖkœcÎ‡K hZ †ewk cwigv‡Y m¤¢e ˆbe©¨w³K (Objective) Kiv

nq|
4| Ab¨vb¨ welq GKB iKg †i‡L †h Afx¶v ¯^íZg mg‡q Ges ¯^íZg K¬vwšÍ‡Z
AZ¨šÍ wbweofv‡e ev we¯Í…Zfv‡e cix¶v K‡i _v‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ Zv m‡e©vËg|
5| Afx¶v m„Rbkxj I ¯^wbf©i KvR‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i Ges hvwš¿K gyL¯’KiY‡K

wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|
6| Afx¶v Ggb ai‡bi n‡e hv wk¶v_x©‡ì m‡e©vËg cÖ‡Póv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z m‡Pó
K‡i|
7| Afx¶v Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K Zv‡ì Î“wUmg~n m¤ú‡K©
eyS‡Z Ges Zv `~ixKi‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡i|
263
8| m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi Afx¶vq hv cix¶v Kivi K_v mwVKfv‡e Zv cixw¶Z nIqv

DwPZ| †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq hv‡Z welq ewnf~©Z welqe¯‘‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì Î“wUmg~n
Afx¶vq D`NvU‡bi †Póv Kiv bv nq|
9| wk¶v_x©‡ì ev¯Íe AvPi‡Yi IciB †hb Afx¶vi gvb wbf©i K‡i †mfv‡e cÖkœcÎ
cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq|
10| Afx¶vi AvKvi †hb AwZ †QvU A_ev AwZ eo bv nq Ges Kvw•¶Z D‡Ïk¨ I
wkLbdj †hb cwigvc Kiv nq †m wbwi‡LB cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq|
11| GK`j wk¶v_x©i wbgœgv‡bi djvdj n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Afx¶vwU Î“wUc~Y© n‡q‡Q
A_ev Ggb welqe¯‘ Afx¶vq AšÍfy©³ n‡q‡Q hv wk¶v_x©‡ì cov‡bv nq wb|
12| cÖkœ¸‡jv‡Z cÖ_‡g mnR cÖkœ Ges c‡i KwVb cÖkœ w`‡Z nq|
13| AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Abygvb wbf©i DËi w`‡Z n‡e Ggb ai‡bi cÖkœ eR©b Kiv
evÃbxq|
14| Afx¶vi wb‡`©kbv n‡Z nq my¯úó|
15| cÖ‡kœi fvlv cix¶v_x©i fvlvi `¶Zv Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvM Kiv evÃbxq|
Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi cwiKíbv
1| Afx¶vi cÖv_wgK aviYv MVb: Afx¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY (Test

Conceptualization : Specification of Test Purpose)
2| Afx¶v cÖYqb: Afx¶vi c` e›Ub (Test Construction : Item Generation)
3| Afx¶vi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB (Try Out)
4| Afx¶vi c` we‡kølY (Item Analysis)
5| Afx¶v cybiv‡jvPbv (Test Revision)
264
Gm Gm wm cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖ‡kœi aviv I gvbeÈb
Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁv‡b †gvU 100 b¤^‡ii cix¶v MÖnY Kiv nq| Zb¥‡a¨
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vq 50wU cÖkœ _v‡K| G‡Z 50 b¤î _v‡K| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z nq|
†Kv‡bv weKí cÖkœ _v‡K bv| ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vq welqvbyhvqx cÖ‡kœi aviv I gvbeÈb
wbgœiƒc:
welq cÖ‡kœi msL¨v cÖ‡kœi gvb/b¤î

mgvRweÁvb 8wU 18=8
BwZnvm 9wU 19=9
f~‡Mvj 8wU 18=8
†cŠibxwZ 9wU 19=9
A_©bxwZ 9wU 19=9
RbmsL¨v wk¶v 5wU 15=5
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v 2wU 12=2
†gvU 50wU 50
iPbvg~jK Afx¶vq 12wU mvaviY iPbvg~jK Ges 12wU msw¶ß DËi-cÖkœ _v‡K| G‡Z 50
b¤î _v‡K| wb‡gœi ZvwjKvq welqvbyhvqx cÖ‡kœi msL¨v I gvbeÈb Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
welq cÖ‡kœi msL¨v DËi w`‡e cÖ‡kœi gvb/b¤î

mgvRweÁvb 2wU mvaviY 1wU mvaviY 51=5
BwZnvm 2wU mvaviY 1wU mvaviY 61=6
f~‡Mvj 2wU mvaviY 1wU mvaviY 51=5
265
†cŠibxwZ 2wU mvaviY 1wU mvaviY 61=6

A_©bxwZ 2wU mvaviY 1wU mvaviY 61=6
RbmsL¨v wk¶v 2wU mvaviY 1wU mvaviY 51=5
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v 2wU msw¶ß 1wU msw¶ß 21=2
†gvU 12+12 6+6 50
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqmg~‡ni gyw`ªZ c„ôv Ges 2004 mv‡ji XvKv †ev‡W©i GmGmwm
cix¶vq cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi I gv‡bi/b¤^‡ii ZzjbvKiY
welqmg~n gyw`ªZ c„ôv XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶v,

(%) GmGmwm cix¶v, cÖkœ XvKv †evW©-2004,
(%) b¤î (%)
mgvRweÁvb 16.15 16.21 16.0
BwZnvm 18.46 17.57 18.0
f~‡Mvj 28.46 16.21 16.0
†cŠibxwZ 17.31 17.57 18.0
A_©bxwZ 12.69 17.57 18.0
RbmsL¨v wk¶v 3.85 9.46 10.0
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv 3.08 5.41 4.0
wk¶v
†gvU 100.00 100.00 100.00
gšÍe¨
1| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mgvRweÁvb wel‡qi gyw`ªZ c„ôv Ges 2004 mv‡ji GmGmwm
cix¶vi cÖkœc‡Îi nv‡ii g‡a¨ mgZv cwijw¶Z n‡jI G †¶‡Î cix¶vq ewÈZ
b¤^‡ii nvi Kg e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q|
2| BwZnv‡m gyw`ªZ c„ôvi nv‡ii †P‡q cix¶vi cÖ‡kœi nvi Kg, Avevi b¤^‡ii nvi
266
cÖ‡kœi nv‡ii †P‡q †ewk n‡jI gyw`ªZ c„ôvi Zzjbvq Kg †`Lv hv‡”Q|
3| f~‡Mvj wel‡q gyw`ªZ c„ôvi nv‡ii Zzjbvq b¤^‡ii nvi cÖvq 43.78% Kg| ZvB
G‡¶‡Î gyw`ªZ As‡ki welqe¯‘i cwigvY mywPwšÍZfv‡e Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
4| †cŠibxwZ‡Z gyw`ªZ c„ôv I GmGmwm cix¶vi cÖ‡kœi nv‡ii Zzjbvq b¤^‡ii kZKiv
nvi †ewk| G‡¶‡Î gyw`ªZ welqe¯‘ †hŠw³Kfv‡e wKQzUv e„w× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
5| A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶vq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi
Zzjbvq †ev‡W©i cÖkœ I b¤^‡ii nvi †ewk| Gme wel‡q gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi cwigvY
e„w× Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I `y‡h©vM

eë¯’vcbv wk¶v wel‡qi g~j wkLbdjmg~n wbiƒcY
†cŠibxwZi g~j wkLbdj: †cŠibxwZ wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

1| †cŠibxwZi msÁv, welqe¯‘, bvMwi‡Ki msÁv, bvMwiKZv jv‡fi c×wZ, bvMwi‡Ki
AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2| iv‡óªi msÁv, Dcv`vb, gyL¨ I Hw”QK Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3| miKv‡ii †kªwYwefvM, A½mg~n Ges A½mg~‡ni Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z
cvi‡e|
4| wbe©vPb, Gi D‡Ïk¨, ¸iæZ¡, wbe©vPbx Aciva m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
5| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv, D‡Ïk¨, Kvh©vewj, AvB‡bi msÁv, êwkó¨, Abykvmb
m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi êwkó¨, ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ, ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I
Kvh©vewj Ges cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` I Gi Kvh©vewj, wePvi wefvM I Gi MVb Ges
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
8| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ ms¯’v¸‡jv Ges G¸‡jvi Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
9| RvwZmsN MV‡bi †cª¶vcU, Gi D‡Ïk¨ I Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
267
A_©bxwZi g~j wkLbdj: A_©bxwZ wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

1| A_©bxwZi msÁv, welqe¯‘, cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, †gŠj A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
2| A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK aviYv (K) Afve I Gi †kªwYwefvM, (L) `ªe¨ I Gi †kªwY
wefvM, (M) m¤ú` I m¤ú‡ì †kªwY wefvM, (N) Dc‡hvM, (O) Pvwn`v, (P) †hvMvb,
(Q) mÂq I wewb‡qvM, (R) evRvi, (S) RvZxq Drcv`b I (T) RvZxq Avq
m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3| Drcv`b, Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n Ges G‡ì f~wgKv, my‡hvM e¨q ZË¡ e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
4| A_© Avwe®‹v‡ii c~e©ve¯’v, A_© Avwe®‹vi, A‡_©i Kvh©vewj, e¨vsK, evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki
Kvh©vewj, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK I Gi Kvh©vewj Ges we‡kl ai‡Yi K‡qKwU e¨vsK m¤ú‡K©
aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
5| miKvwi Av‡qi Drm I e¨‡qi LvZmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6| evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vewj I Zv mgvav‡bi Dcvqmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
7| ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï msÁv, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Avg`vwb I ißvwb `ªe¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z
cvi‡e|
RbmsL¨v wk¶vi wkLbdj: RbmsL¨v wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi, RbmsL¨v e„w×RwbZ mgm¨vewj, RbmsL¨v e„w×i
KviYmg~n, mgvR I A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡b Gi djvdj Ges RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ I
c×wZ¸‡jv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶vi wkLbdj: `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_©xiv-

`y‡h©vM I wech©‡qi msÁv, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ I Dcv`vbmg~n, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv
msµvšÍ wewfbœ ch©v‡qi KwgwU I G‡ì Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
268
XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶vi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ Ges iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi mv‡_
wkLbdj I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi ZzjbvKiY
welq cÖkœ 2004 mv‡ji XvKv †evW© bgybv cÖkœ wkLbdj
ˆbe©¨w³K: evsjv‡`‡ki mwPevj‡qi ˆbe©¨w³K: G ai‡bi mvgÄm¨c~Y©
cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi me©wb‡gœ Av‡Qb cÖkœ †bB
†cŠibxwZ msw¶ß: †fvU ej‡Z Kx eySvq? msw¶ß: cÖkœ i‡q‡Q mvgÄm¨c~Y©
iPbvg~jK: MYZ‡š¿i msÁv `vI| iPbvg~jK: cÖkœ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
Gi †`vl-¸Y eY©bv Ki| i‡q‡Q
ˆbe©¨w³K: A_©‰bwZK KvR †KvbwU? ˆbe©¨w³K: i‡q‡Q mvgÄm¨c~Y©
A_©bxwZ msw¶ß: evRv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx msw¶ß: i‡q‡Q mvgÄm¨c~Y©
Kx?
iPbvg~jK: evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK iPbvg~jK: AvswkK mvgÄm¨c~Y©
A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi i‡q‡Q
Dcvqmg~n eY©bv Ki|
ˆbe©¨w³K: 1901 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ˆbe©¨w³K: †bB mvgÄm¨c~Y©
RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi wQj|
RbmsL¨v iPbvg~jK: mgvR Rxe‡b RbmsL¨v iPbvg~jK: i‡q‡Q mvgÄm¨c~Y©
wk¶v e„w×i ¶wZKi cÖfve¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
`y‡h©vM ˆbe©¨w³K: evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq `y‡h©vM ˆbe©¨w³K: i‡q‡Q mvgÄm¨c~Y©
eë¯’vcbv eë¯’vcbv KvDwÝ‡ji mfvcwZ †K?
wk¶v
msw¶ß: `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi cÖavb msw¶ß: †bB mvgÄm¨c~Y©
D‡Ïk¨ Kx Kx?
269
welq cÖkœ 2004 mv‡ji XvKv †evW© bgybv cÖkœ wkLbdj

gšÍe¨
XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxZ,
RbmsL¨v wk¶v I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶v welqmg~‡ni ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ I
iPbvg~jK cÖkœmg~‡ni ZzjbvgyjK we‡køl‡Y cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, †ev‡W©i cÖkœc‡Î †`qv
AwaKvsk cÖ‡kœi m‡½ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi m¤ú~Y© wgj i‡q‡Q| †ev‡W©i wKQz
msL¨K cÖ‡kœi m‡½ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mswkøó cwi‡”Q‡ì †k‡l †`qv cÖ‡kœi AvswkK wgj Luy‡R
cvIqv hvq| Avevi †ev‡W©i GgbI wKQz cÖkœ i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv
cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv wgj †bB| †ev‡W©i †hme cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi wgj †bB
A_ev AvswkK wgj †bB - cvV¨cy¯Í‡K GmKj cÖ‡kœi DË‡ii welqe¯‘i Dcw¯’wZ cwijw¶Z
nq| A_©vr GmKj cÖ‡kœi DËi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki AšÍfy©³ welqe¯‘‡Z i‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
bgybv cÖ‡kœ G‡Kev‡iB †bB, AvswkK i‡q‡Q Ges m¤ú~Y© i‡q‡Q †ev‡W©i Giƒc mKj
cÖ‡kœiB Kvw•¶Z wkLbd‡ji m‡½ wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q| cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY wbtm‡›`‡n
eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h, cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bgybv cÖ‡kœi evB‡iI cÖkœ cix¶vq †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e
G‡¶‡Î cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘i mv‡_ wgj _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wkLbd‡j Kvw•¶Z Ávb,
`¶Zv I ˆbcyY¨ AwR©Z n‡Z n‡e|
 g~j¨vqb
1| Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Kiæb| wk¶v_x©‡ì
g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Avi †Kv‡bv bZzb cÖkœ †hvM Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv _vK‡j
†hŠw³KZvmn wjLyb|
2| cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vq mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖ‡kœi aviv I gvbe›Ub m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi
gZvgZ wee„Z Kiæb|
4| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ welqmg~‡ni gyw`ªZ c„ôv Ges 2004 mv‡ji XvKv †ev‡W©i
GmGmwm cix¶vq cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi b¤^‡ii Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| beg-`kg †kªwYi mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I `y‡h©vM
eë¯’vcbv wk¶v wel‡qi g~j wkLbdjmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
6| XvKv †ev‡W©i 2004 mv‡ji mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, RbmsL¨v wk¶v I
`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wk¶vi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ, Ges iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi mv‡_
wkLbdj I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖ‡kœi Zzjbvg~jK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Avcbvi gšÍe¨
wee„Z Kiæb|
270
BDwbU 8: mvgvwRK weÁv‡b ¯^-wkLb
Awa‡ekb- 27 : mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: fv‡jv cVb I wkLb Af¨vm- 1

Awa‡ekb- 28 : mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: fv‡jv cVb I wkLb Af¨vm- 2
Awa‡ekb- 29 : mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: mvgvwRK weÁvb cybtcv‡Vi †KŠkj
Awa‡ekb- 30 : avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zv
Dbœqb
Awa‡ekb- 31 : avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y Kg©mnvqK
M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
Awa‡ekb- 32 : avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
wk¶‡Ki wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMxKiY
271
272
mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: fv‡jv cVb I wkLb Af¨vm- 1

f~wgKv
mvgvwRK weÁvb welqwU evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii weÁvb kvLvi wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨
Avewk¨K welq¸‡”Qi GKwU welq wn‡m‡e wk¶vµg KvVv‡gvi AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶K‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi †¶‡ÎI mvgvwRK weÁvb GKwU welq wn‡m‡e AšÍfy©³
Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁv‡b ¯^-wkLb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq| †h
c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ I wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq Ges my‡hv‡Mi eënvi K‡i
wk¶v jvf K‡ib Zv‡K ¯^-wkLb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¯^-wkL‡bi ïiæ nq mvaviYZ cV‡bi
gva¨‡g| Avi cVb ej‡Z g~jZ †Kv‡bv Qvcv‡bv †jLvi A_© D×vi Kivi cÖwµqv‡K †evSv‡bv
n‡q _v‡K| GKwU welq c‡o mwVK A_© Abyave‡bi ¶gZv AR©b‡K cVb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqmg~n m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©‡b g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
welqe¯‘ cvV Kiv‡KB fv‡jv cVb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| fv‡jv cV‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i
welqe¯‘ m¤úwK©Z `¶Zv DbœZ nq| AwR©Z Ávb ¯^”Q nq, evPbfw½ DbœZ nq, wk¶v_x©i
†gavi c~Y© weKvk mvwaZ nq| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î
cVb `¶Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv, fv‡jv cVb I wkLb Af¨v‡mi aviYv, ¸iæZ¡ cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 fv‡jv cVb, wkLb Af¨v‡mi aviYv I †KŠkjmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

 fv‡jv cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I cv‡Vi we‡kl KZK¸‡jv w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cVb `¶Zvi †kªwYwefvM I mycV‡bi gva¨gmg~n wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g ev mie cv‡Vi myweavmg~n wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
273
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: fv‡jv cVb, wkLb Af¨v‡mi aviYv I †KŠkj kbv³KiY
†Kv‡bv †jLv ev gyw`ªZ welqe¯‘ †`‡L ej‡Z ev co‡Z cviv‡K cVb ejv hvq| welqe¯‘
mi‡e D”PviY Ki‡j Zv Kv‡bI †kvbv hvq| Kv‡b †kvbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘i A_© Dcjwä
KiviI my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K mvaviYZ wk¶v_x©‡ì AvPi‡Yi ¯’vqx cwieZ©b‡K wkLb
ejv nq| wkL‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z nq| wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv
†f‡e wbb fv‡jv cVb I wkLb Af¨vm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wkLb Af¨v‡mi †KŠkj¸‡jv Kx
Kx n‡Z cv‡i wb‡gœ Zv wjLyb|
fv‡jv cVb:
wkLb Af¨v‡mi aviYv:
wkLY Af¨v‡mi †KŠkj:
274
ce©- L: fv‡jv cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I cv‡Vi we‡kl w`Kmg~n wbiƒcY

 wk¶Y-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î fv‡jv cVb ev my-cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ mK‡jB ¯^xKvi K‡ib| GKwU wbw`©ó
welq g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q c‡o Gi welqe¯‘ mwVKfv‡e Abyaveb Kiv †M‡j Zv‡K fv‡jv cVb ev
my-cVb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ávb I AwfÁZv e„w×i Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK Ges cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡i
†_‡K ZË¡ I Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY KivI fv‡jv cV‡bi AšÍfy©³|
wk¶v_x©e„›`, fv‡jv cV‡bi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q Ges cv‡Vi KZK¸‡jv we‡kl w`K i‡q‡Q|
wb‡gœi QK¸‡jv‡Z Avcbviv h_vµ‡g fv‡jv cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I cv‡Vi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv wjLyb|
Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© GKwU K‡i D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
fv‡jv cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡:-
1| fv‡jv cVb wk¶v MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î GKwU AZ¨vek¨K kZ© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
2|
3|
4|
5|
275
cv‡Vi we‡kl w`Kmg~n:
1| weï× D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g cvV m¤úbœ Kiv|
2|
3|
4|
5|
ce©- M: cVb `¶Zvi †kªwYwefvM I mycV‡bi gva¨gmg~n wbY©qKiY


wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Avcbviv a‡i wbb †h G gyn~‡Z© Avcbviv †kªwYK‡¶ e‡m Av‡Qb| AZtci
GKRb kã K‡i ev mi‡e wb‡Ri cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ co–b Ges AZtci kã bv K‡i A_©vr
wbi‡e cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ co–b| †f‡e †`Lyb Avi †Kv‡bvfv‡e covi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q wKbv|
Gici `¶Zvi †kªwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb| ZvQvov †h mKj
gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ mycVb Af¨vm‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv kbv³ K‡i GKB Q‡K
wjLyb| mKj †¶‡Î Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© GKwU K‡i D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
276
cVb `¶Zvi †kªwYwefvM I mycV‡bi gva¨gmg~n
mvaviYZ mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `yai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
1| D”PviY K‡i cvV ev mie cvV (Loud Reading)
2|
3|
4|
277
mycV‡bi gva¨gmg~n
1| Qvcv‡bv ev gyw`ªZ DcKiY
2|
3|
4|
5|
278
 ce©- N: D”PviY K‡i ev mie cv‡Vi myweavmg~n kbv³KiY
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welqe¯‘‡K D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvj, jq, Q›` wVK †i‡L
Dc¯’vcb K‡i A‡bï kÖæwZMÖvn¨ I †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjvi †KŠkj‡KB D”PviY K‡i ev mie
cvV e‡j| wk¶v_x©iv Zv‡ì cVb `¶Zv e„w× Ges DcK…Z nIqvi Rb¨ evi evi mie cv‡Vi
Avkªq MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e Aíeq¯‹ wk¶v_x©iv G‡Z †ewk ¯^v”Q›` Abyfe K‡i| wk¶v_x©e„›`
mie cv‡Vi A‡bK¸‡jv myweav i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœi Q‡K mie cv‡Vi myweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
D”PviY K‡i ev mie cv‡Vi myweavmg~n

mie cvV ev D”Pvi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì-
1| wRnevi Ges ¯^fv‡ei RoZv †K‡U DV‡Z mnR nq|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
8|
279
g~j wkLbxq welq

mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv gyw`ªZ/Qvcv‡bv ev Agyw`ªZ †jLvi A_© ev cv‡Vv×vi‡K cVb ejv hvq|
 cVb ev cov n‡jv fvlv I Ávb Avni‡Yi GKwU c×wZ| cV‡bi gva¨‡g Ávb I wPšÍvfvebv
wewbgq Kiv hvq| m‡PZb cvVK Zvi Ávb I `¶Zv w`‡q cV‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
welqe¯‘‡K Zvi wb‡Ri wbqš¿‡b Avb‡Z m¶g nb| cVb ej‡Z covi KvR‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q
_v‡K| †KD GUv‡K Ave„wË Ges †KD Avevi GUv‡K Aa¨qb e‡j _v‡Kb| cVb ej‡Z
mvaviYZ †jLv, †`Lv I ej‡Z cviv‡K †evSv‡bv nq| cv‡Vi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkï
cÖ_‡g †jLvi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib| AvbyôvwbK wk¶vi ïiæ‡ZB
cv‡Vi KvR ïiæ nq| GB cv‡Vi KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K mviv Rxeb| fv‡jv wk¶vi Rb¨ †hgb
cV‡bi weKí †bB, †Zgwb mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi RbÏ cV‡bi weKí †bB| cVb e¨ZxZ
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q Ávb jv‡fi †Póv e„_v nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| c‡o c‡oB gvbyl
wkL‡Z cv‡i| cVb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Áv‡bi iv‡R¨ cÖ‡e‡ki Øvi D›gy³ K‡i|
fv‡jv cVb:
fv‡jv cV‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi Af¨vm M‡o I‡V| cV‡bi Af¨vm hvi hZ †ewk I
DbœZ n‡e †m ZZ †ewk wkL‡e Ges fv‡jv K‡i wkL‡e| fv‡jv cVb ej‡Z Ggb cVb‡K
†evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K hv‡Z c~e© wba©vwiZ †Kv‡bv welq m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©‡bi j‡¶¨ g‡bv‡hvM
mnKv‡i mwVK D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ cvV Kiv nq| fv‡jv cVb mie Ges bxie
`yfv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i|
wkLb Af¨v‡mi aviYv:

wk¶Y-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î wkLb Af¨vm ej‡Z mvaviYZ GKwU Aweivg ev wbiew”Qbœ cÖwµqv‡K
†evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr GKRb wk¶v_x© hLb wbqwgZfv‡e mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘
PP©v K‡ib, mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ARvbv welqmg~n Rvbvi †KŠZznj †eva K‡ib, wbqwgZ
Abykxjb K‡ib Ges G j‡¶¨ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cy¯ÍK I Ab¨vb¨ welqe¯‘ msMÖn K‡ib,
AwfÁZv wewbgq K‡ib, Zv‡KB mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wkLb Af¨vm ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wkLb Af¨v‡mi †KŠkjmg~n:

1| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ m¤^wjZ cy¯ÍK, Rvb©vj cÖf„wZ msMÖn I Abykxjb Kiv|
2| †Rvovq †Rvovq ev `jxq wfwË‡Z mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ Abykxjb|
280
3| cÖwZ †Rvovq ev `‡j mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi KiYxq KvR eÈb|

4| cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì wb‡R‡ì gv‡S wewfbœ wel‡q gZvgZ wewbgq|
5| welqe¯‘i fve Rvbvi µgvMZ cÖ‡Póv MÖnY|
6| GKwU wbw`©ó welqe¯‘i wkLbmxgv wbw`©óKiY|
7| †Kv‡bv wel‡q cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì A¯úóZv _vK‡j Zv AKc‡U ¯^xKvi K‡i †evSvi Rb¨
A‡bï mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kiv|
8| ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Kiv|
9| Áv‡bi Mfx‡i †h‡Z m‡Pó nIqv|
10| wewfbœ wel‡qi wk¶Y-wkL‡bi ci ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
fv‡jv cV‡bi ev my-cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡mg~n

1| fv‡jv cVb wk¶v MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î GKwU AZ¨vek¨K kZ© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
2| fv‡jv cVb wk¶v MÖnY‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zv‡j|
3| fv‡jv cV‡bi Øviv wk¶v_x©‡ì D”PviY GKwU mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv jvf K‡i|
4| fv‡jv cVb wk¶v_x©‡ì cv‡V AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j|
5| fv‡jv cV‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i wRnevi RoZv `~i nq|
6| fv‡jv cV‡bi gva¨‡g welqwUi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©i `¶Zv e„w× cvq|
7| fv‡jv cV‡b fve I Av‡e‡Mi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivL‡Z nq e‡j wk¶v_x©i welqe¯‘MZ
aviYv my¯úó n‡q D‡V|
8| wbqwgZ Abykxj‡b cv‡Vi my-Af¨vm M‡o D‡V|
9| G‡Z wk¶v_x©i AwR©Z Ávb ¯^”QZv jvf K‡i|
10| fv‡jv cV‡b wk¶v_x©i evPbfw½ I fvlvi `¶Zv e„w× cvq|
11| G‡Z wk¶v_x©i †gavi c~Y© weKv‡ki m¤¢vebv m„wó nq|
12| wk¶Y-wkL‡bi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn e„w× cÖvß nq|
13| welqMZ Áv‡bi RwUjZv K‡g Av‡m|
14| wel‡qi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©i AbyivM I BwZevPK g‡bvfve m„wó nq|
15| wel‡qi †evaMg¨Zvi Kvi‡Y wk¶v_x© welqwU wbqwgZ Abykxj‡b m‡Pó nb|
281
cv‡Vi we‡kl w`Kmg~n

1| weï× D”Pvi‡Y cov
2| ¯^vfvweK ¯^‡i cov
3| A_© ey‡S cov
4| g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q cov
5| †kLvi Rb¨ cov
6| Áv‡bi cwiwa evov‡bvi Rb¨ cov
7| cV‡bi gva¨‡g wkL‡bi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ cov
8| cÖ‡qvR‡b cv‡Vi Ask e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kivi Rb¨ cov
9| Awfavb eënvi Kiv
10| cv‡Vi welq wb‡q ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ gZ wewbgq Kiv
11| m¤¢e n‡j mZx_©‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv
12| Abykxjb Kiv/cÖwZwbqZ Aaëmvq
13| Aa¨vqwfwËK wkLb Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv
14| cybive„wËg~jK Abykxjb Kiv
15| †cÖlYv I AvMÖn RvMÖZ Kiv|
cVb `¶Zvi †kªwYwefvM

mvaviYZ mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `yai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
1| D”PviY K‡i ev mie cvV (Loud Reading)
2| D”PviY bv K‡i ev wbie cvV (Silent Reading)|
mycV‡bi gva¨gmg~n
1| Qvcv‡bv ev gyw`ªZ DcKiY
2| cÎ-cwÎKv, Rvb©vj, M‡elYv cÖeÜ
3| B‡j±ªwbK MYgva¨g
282
4| B›Uvi‡bU
5| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv
6| cÖwk¶K I mZx_©‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv
7| GKK KvR I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv Kiv
8| e¨w³MZfv‡e †bvU Kiv
9| jvB‡eªwi eënvi Kiv
10| Dcw¯’Z e³„Zv, wba©vwiZ e³„Zv I weZ‡K© AskMÖnY
11| mvgvwRK weÁvb †gjv, ißvwb †gjv cwi`k©b
12| mvgvwRK m‡PZbZvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY|
D”PviY K‡i ev mie cv‡Vi myweavmg~n

D”PviY K‡i ev mie cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì-
1| wRnevi RoZv Ges ¯^fv‡ei RoZv KvwU‡q DV‡Z mnR nq|
2| cv‡V jvRyKZv `~i nq|
3| mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡V Ag‡bv‡hvwMZvi Aemvb N‡U|
4| fyj D”PviY Ki‡j wk¶K ev AwffveK Zv mn‡R ai‡Z cv‡ib Ges ms‡kvab K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡ib|
5| g‡bv‡hvMx wk¶v_x© cv‡Vi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘i A_© ü`q½g Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6| D”PviY weK…wZ I AvÂwjK D”PviY `~ixf~Z nq|
7| †Kv‡bv cvV gyL¯Í Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv A‡bKUv mnR nq|
8| wk¶v_x©i g‡b Avb‡›ì mÂviY N‡U Ges cv‡V Aby‡cÖiYv cvq|
9| welq‡eva ¯úó nq|
10| welqwUi Ici `¶Zv ev‡o|
11| g‡bv‡hvM ev‡o|
12| e¨vL¨v we‡kølY m¤¢e nq|
13| A‡bK †jv‡Ki mvg‡b wKQy covi Af¨vm m„wó nq|
283
14| mfv †mwgbv‡i cÖeÜ cv‡V Af¨¯Í K‡i †Zv‡j/cÖeÜ cv‡V `¶Zv AR©b Kiv hvq|
15| cwVZ welq †evSvi cwigvY g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
16| †kªwYi wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv mnR nq|
17| cv‡Vi cÖwZ Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó K‡i|
 g~j¨vqb:
1| cVb I wkLb Af¨vm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wkLb Af¨v‡mi †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
2| fv‡jv cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡mg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqvq cv‡Vi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv wee„Z Kiæb|
4| cVb `¶Zvi †kªwYwefvM Ges mycV‡bi gva¨g¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
5| Avcbvi g‡Z D”PviY K‡i ev mie cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡ì †h DcKvi mvwaZ n‡Z
cv‡i e‡j g‡b K‡ib Zv wee„Z Kiæb|
284

f~wgKv
mvgvwRK weÁv‡b cVb `¶Zv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ evi evi
Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g hw` my¯úó, ï× , †evaMg¨, kÖæwZgayifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j
Zv‡K mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi fv‡jv cVb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| fv‡jv cVb `¶Zvi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶K
I cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY AvKl©Yxqfv‡e cvV Dc¯’vc‡b m¶g nb| cvVK‡ì gv‡S i‡q‡Q mwµq
I wbw®Œq cvVK| mwµq cvV‡Ki mwµqZv `yfv‡e msNwUZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Zvn‡jv D”PviY
K‡i ev kã K‡i cvV, A_©vr mie cvV| ZvQvov i‡q‡Q D”PviY bv K‡i ev kã bv K‡i
cvV, A_©vr bxie cvV| eZ©gvb BDwb‡Ui Awa‡ekb 11 †Z mie cvV m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b g‡bv‡hvMx I Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvVK, bxie I
mwµq cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡, myweav-Amyweav cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 g‡bv‡hvMx I Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvV‡Ki aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kãwenxb/ bxie cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kãwenxb/ bxie cV‡bi myweav Ges Amyweavmg~n wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cv‡Vi wewfbœ †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- 1: g‡bv‡hvMx I Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvV‡Ki aviYv eY©bvKiY

wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Aa¨qbKv‡j Avcbviv wbtm‡›`‡n wewfbœ ai‡bi cvV‡Ki m‡½ cwiPq jvf
K‡i‡Qb| Gig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †hgb- g‡bv‡hvMx cvVK Avevi Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvV‡KiI †`Lv
cvIqv hvq| Avcbviv GKevi †f‡e †`Lyb g‡bv‡hvMx cvV‡Ki Kx ai‡bi êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q
Ges Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvVK Kx K‡ib? Avcbv‡ì aviYv¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K wee„Z Kiæb|
285
g‡bv‡hvMx I Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvV‡Ki aviYv
g‡bv‡hvMx cvVK
 GKRb mwµq cvVK






Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvVK
 cvV Ki‡Qb Z‡e ¯^ígvÎvq mwµqZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Qb






ce©- L: kãwenxb/bxie cVb I Gi ¸iæZ¡ kbv³KiY


mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv wk¶Y-wkLbxq welqe¯‘ kã K‡i bv c‡o †PvL eywj‡q hvIqv‡K bxie ev
kãnxb cvV ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi cV‡b †Kv‡bv AvIqvR bv nIqvi Kvi‡YB GUv‡K
bxie cvV ejv nq| whwb bxie cvV MÖnY Ki‡Qb Zvi cv‡ki †Kv‡bv cvVK Zvi cv‡Vi kã
ïb‡Z cvb bv| wk¶v_x©e„›`, bxie cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K
wjLyb| Avcbv‡ì †evSvi myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
286
bxie cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ kbv³KiY
 kãwenxb cv‡Vi mvnv‡h¨ AwaK cwigv‡Y cov hvq|
ce©- M: kãwenxb cv‡Vi myweav I Amyweav wbiƒcY


wk¶v_x©MY, kãwenxbfv‡e mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡Vi †¶‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv myweav I Amyweav
i‡q‡Q| Avcbviv kãwenxb cv‡Vi myweav I Amyweav m¤ú‡K© wKQz¶Y †f‡e wbb Ges
AZtci wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
kãwenxb cv‡Vi myweav:
 A‡bK †ewk welqe¯‘ cvV Kiv hvq e‡j kãwenxb/bxie cvV AwaK ÁvbvR©‡b
mnvqK|






287
kãwenxb cv‡Vi Amyweavmg~n

 cvV‡Ki RoZv `~ixKi‡Y mnvqK nq bv




ce©- N: kãwenxb cv‡Vi †KŠkjmg~n kbv³KiY


wk¶v_x© eÜziv, kãwenxb cvV ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© wewfbœ ai‡bi †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
ZvQvov cvV PjvKvjxb I cv‡VvËi Kv‡jI A‡bK¸‡jv †KŠk‡ji Avkªq wb‡Z nq| Avcbviv
GmKj †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© GKUz †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
1| cvVc~e© †KŠkj:
K) cvV¨welq Rwic:
 cvV¨welq Rwic: cv‡Vi wel‡qi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqv, wPšÍv kw³‡K mwµq K‡i
†Zvjv| cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg I Dc-wk‡ivbvg¸‡jv †`‡L aviYv MVb Kiv|






288
2| cvV PjvKvjxb †KŠkj:

K) aviYv g~Z©KiY: PvU©, Qwe, D`vniY, QK BZ¨vwì Dci †PvL eywj‡q c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_
mgš^q mvab Kiv|




3| cv‡VvËi †KŠkj:
K) wel‡qi mvivsk wj‡L †bqv




289
g~j wkLbxq welq
mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: fv‡jv cVb I wkLb Af¨vmÑ 2
g‡bv‡hvMx cvVK
 g‡bv‡hvMx cvVK ej‡Z mvaviYZ †mB cvVK‡K †evSv‡bv nq whwb AwaK msL¨K Bw›`ªq‡K
Kv‡R jvwM‡q AZ¨šÍ mwµqZvi mv‡_ cv‡V g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|
g‡bv‡hvMx cvVK
 GKRb mwµq cvVK
 AwaK msL¨K Bw›`ªq‡K cv‡Vi Kv‡R eënvi K‡ib
 AwaK cwigv‡Y co‡Z †Póv K‡ib
 cwiKwíZ I msMwVZfv‡e cvVvf¨vm K‡ib
 AwaK cwigv‡Y wkL‡Z I eyS‡Z †Póv K‡ib
 AwaK cwigv‡Y Rvbvi †Póv K‡ib
 †ckLvi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri ÁvbfvÛvi‡K mg„× K‡ib
 †Kv_vI eyS‡Z mgm¨v n‡j A‡bï mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡ib
 AwaK cwigv‡Y Z‡_ï Drm †_‡K Ávb Avni‡Y m‡Pó nb
 c~‡e© AwR©Z Áv‡bi m‡½ cieZx©‡Z AwR©Z Áv‡bi †mZzeÜ‡b m‡Pó nb
 wk¶‡Ki mnvqZv/mn‡hvwMZv Kvgbv K‡ib
 †kªwY‡Z memgq Kg©Zrci _v‡Kb|
290
Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvVK-
 AwaK mgq cv‡V wbw®Œq _v‡Kb
 ¯^ímsL¨K Bw›`ªq‡K cv‡Vi Kv‡R eënvi K‡ib
 ¯^í cwigv‡Y wkL‡Z I eyS‡Z †Póv K‡ib
 gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ I `¶Zvi Abycw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq
 wew”Qbœfv‡e cvV MÖnY K‡ib
 cv‡V Abxnv cwijw¶Z nq
 welqe¯‘ eyS‡Z I wkL‡Z †Zgb †Póv K‡ib bv
 A‡bï mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Y †Zgb AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡ib bv
 Z‡_ï Drm mÜv‡b †Póv K‡ib bv
 AcwiKwíZfv‡e cvVvf¨vm K‡ib
 AvMÖ‡ni Afv‡e j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡ib bv|
kãwenxb ev bxie cVb

mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv AvIqvR ev kã bv K‡i wk¶Y-wkLbxq welqe¯‘ cvV Kiv‡K bxie cVb
ejv nq| bxie cV‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
bxie/kãwenxb cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡:

1| kãwenxb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g AwaK cwigv‡Y cov hvq
2| GKvMÖZv mnKv‡i cvV Kiv hvq
3| ¯^í mg‡q welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv AwR©Z nq
4| cvV MÖnYKvixi Dcjw× ¶gZv e„w× cvq
5| welqe¯‘i Mfx‡i †cuŠQv hvq
6| cvV MÖnYKvixi kvixwiK kw³i Kg AcPq N‡U
7| AwaK mgq a‡i cvV MÖnY Kiv hvq
8| a¨vbgMœ n‡q cvV MÖnY Kiv hvq
9| gv_v e¨_v †_‡K †invB cvIqv hvq
291
10| e¨w³i AvZ¥we‡kølY m¤¢e nq

11| cvV‡Ki AvZ¥wek¦vm `„p nq
12| wkLb mÂvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i
13| fvlvg~jK wkL‡b mnvqK nq
14| cwVZe¨ wel‡qi gg©v_© Abyaveb Kiv mnR nq
15| `vwo, ¶gv I hwZ wP‡ýi Abykxjb Kiv hvq|
kãwenxb cv‡Vi myweavmg~n

1| A‡bK †ewk welqe¯‘ cvV Kiv hvq e‡j kãwenxb/bxie cvV AwaK Ávb AR©‡b
mnvqK|
2| kãwenxb cvV wk¶v_x©‡K cv‡V GKwbô Ges mshgx K‡i †Zv‡j|
3| kãwenxb cv‡Vi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv we‡kl cwi‡e‡ki ìKvi nq bv|
4| kãwenxb cvV GKvKxZ¡ webvkx| Aemi mg‡qi wcÖq m½x|
5| wel‡qi Mfx‡i g‡bv‡hvM †`qvi Rb¨ kãwenxb cvV †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
6| kãwenxb cv‡Vi `ªæZZv A‡bK †ewk| d‡j Aí mg‡q A‡bK †ewk welqe¯‘ cvV
Kiv hvq|
7| ¶z‡` wk¶v_©x A‡c¶v eo‡ì Rb¨ kãwenxb cvV †ewk Kvh©Ki I mnvqK|
8| kãwenxb cv‡V mn‡R K¬vwšÍ Av‡m bv|
9| kãwenxb cvV g~j e³e¨ Abyave‡b mnvqK|
10| kãwenxb cvV A‡bï Amyweav m„wó K‡i bv|
kãwenxb cv‡Vi Amyweavmg~n
1| †kªwY‡Z kãwenxb cvV Abyc‡hvMx KviY G‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv
hvq bv|
2| G ai‡bi cvV mKj cwi‡e‡k Kiv hvq bv|
3| wk¶v_x©‡ì RoZv `~ixKi‡Y kãwenxb cvV mnvqK bq|
292
4| kãwenxb cv‡V Aï× D”PviY †kvaivevi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|

5| G‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì ï× K‡i †`qvi my‡hvM bv _vKvq fvlvi AvÂwjK cÖfve I
D”PviY weK…wZ `~i Kiv hvq bv|
6| GKvMÖZv e¨ZxZ kãwenxb cvV e¨_© nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk|
7| wk¶vq Awb”QzK wk¶v_x©iv kãwenxb cv‡Vi bv‡g cov-‡kvbvq duvwK w`‡Z cv‡i|
8| ¯^íeqmx wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ kãwenxb cvV Abyc‡hvMx|
kãwenxb cv‡Vi †KŠkjmg~n
1| cvV c~e© †KŠkj:

K) cvV¨ welq Rwic: cv‡Vi wel‡qi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqv, wPšÍv kw³‡K mwµq Kiv|
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg I Dc-wk‡ivbvg¸‡jv †`‡L aviYv MVb Kiv|
L) mgq wbe©vPb: cvV¨ wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvi cwiwa I MfxiZv Ges KvwV‡bï gvÎv ey‡S
mgq wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) cvV¨ wel‡qi aviYv gvbwPÎ MVb: GKwU KvM‡R wk‡ivbvg, Dc-wk‡ivbvg Ges g~j
welq mswkøó wKQy kã wjL‡Z n‡e hv co‡Z AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡e, †kªwY‡Z ïb‡Z DØy×
Ki‡e|
2| cvV PjvKvjxb †KŠkj:
K) aviYv g~Z©KiY: PvU©, Qwe, D`vniY, QK BZ¨vwì Dci †PvL eywj‡q c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_
mgš^q mvab K‡i †bqv|
L) wk‡ivbvg †`qv: wb‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K c¨vivi bvgKiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
M) AvÛvi jvBb/wPwýZKiY: gvK©vi/†cwÝj/Kjg w`‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨/ZË¡ wPwýZ
Ki‡j myweav nq|
293
3| cvV DËi †KŠkj:

(K) wel‡qi mvivsk †jLv, (L) wel‡qi msw¶ß †bvU †jLv, (M) welqe¯‘i AwR©Z
Áv‡bi Av‡jv‡K AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Kiv|
g~j¨vqb:

1. g‡bv‡hvMx I Ag‡bv‡hvMx cvV‡Ki aviYv eY©bv Kiæb|
2. kãwenxb/ bxie cVb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? kãwenxb cV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. kãwenxb cV‡bi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
4. cV‡bi †KŠkjmg~n wee„Z Kiæb|
294
mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: mvgvwRK weÁvb cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkj
f~wgKv
cVb ej‡Z mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welqe¯‘ covi KvR‡KB †evSv‡bv nq| mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welqe¯‘ †Kv‡bv wk¶v_x© hw` co‡Z I eyS‡Z cv‡ib Ges covi
KvR hw` wbf©yjfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡ib Z‡e GUv‡K mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cVb `¶Zv ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cVb `¶Zv wewfbœfv‡e Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq| †hgb- D”PviY K‡i
ev kã K‡i cVb Ges D”PviY bv K‡i ev kãwenxbfv‡e cVb| Z‡e D”PviY K‡i A_ev
kãwenxbfv‡e mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cybt cvVI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cybtcvV †KŠkj mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ wk¶Y-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î GKwU eûj eëüZ I Kvh©Kix †KŠkj wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘i `y‡e©va¨Zv `~ixKi‡Y, wkLbdj‡K
`xN©¯’vqxKi‡Y, Aa¨qbjä Ávb I `¶Zv e„w×‡Z cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b cybt cv‡Vi aviYv, †KŠkj, ¸iæZ¡ Ges wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y cybt
cv‡Vi Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 cybt cv‡Vi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkjmg~n wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cybt cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y cybt cv‡Vi Ae`vb kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
295
ce©mg~n
 ce©-K: cybt cv‡Vi aviYv eY©bvKiY
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, aviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, Avcbviv A‡b‡KB cybt cvV K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘
KL‡bv wK †f‡e †`‡L‡Qb cybt cvV ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †KD †KD cybt cvV‡K cybt Aa¨qb
ev Review Study wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib| Avevi †KD †KD cybt cvV‡K cybt wkLb ev
Review Learning e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| Avcbviv †f‡e †`Lyb cybt cvV ej‡Z Kx
†evSvq Ges Avcbv‡ì aviYv¸‡jv wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
cybt cv‡Vi aviYv
ce©- L: cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkjmg~n kbv³KiY


†h †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úbœ Kivi KZK¸‡jv †KŠkj _vK‡Z cv‡i| cybt cv‡Vi KvRwUI m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z nq| †KŠkj ej‡Z g~jZ Dcvq‡KB †evSv‡bv
n‡”Q| eZ©gvb wek¦vq‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávbiv‡R¨ e¨vcK Dbœqb I
AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| AwZ mn‡RB GK‡`‡ki mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi be D`NvwUZ Ávb Ab¨
†`‡ki gvby‡li gv‡S mÂvwiZ n‡”Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g| GB bZzb Ávb, AwfÁZv I
`¶Zv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ wk¶K, wk¶v_x© Dfq‡KB wbqwgZ cov-†jLv Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kv‡bv Ávb ¯§„wZ †_‡K nvwi‡q †M‡j Zv cybiæ×v‡i cybt cvV MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwk¶Yv_x©
eÜziv, cybt cvV MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Kx Kx ai‡bi †KŠkj eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Avcbviv GKUz
†f‡e wbb Ges AZt:ci wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
296
cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkjmg~n

 A_©c~Y© mie cvV





ce©- M: cybt cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨vKiY


mvgvwRK weÁvb Avgv‡ì mgvR I gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mv‡_ AZ¨šÍ Nwbôfv‡e m¤ú„³|
Avgv‡ì e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxeb‡K MwZkxj ivLvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb cybt cv‡Vi
cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| wk¶v_x©e„›`, mvgvwRK weÁvb cybt cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© GKUz †f‡e wbb
Ges wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|

cybt cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡mg~n
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨, j¶¨ I wkLbdj m¤ú‡K© aviYv ¯^”Q nq|






297
ce©- N: wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y cybt cv‡Vi Ae`vb kbv³KiY


cybt cvV GKRb wk¶v_x©i wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| wk¶v_x©e„›`, cybt cvV
Kxfv‡e wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y Ae`vb iv‡L †m m¤ú‡K© GKUz †f‡e †`Lyb| AZtci Zv wb‡gœi
Q‡K wjLyb|
wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y cybt cv‡Vi Ae`vb|
 cybt cvV wel‡qi Aa¨qbjä Ávb I `¶Zv e„w× K‡i|






298
g~j wkLbxq welq
mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: mvgvwRK weÁvb cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkj
cybt cv‡Vi aviYv


wk¶Y-wkLb‡K A_©en K‡i †Zvjvi †¶‡Î cybt cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| cybt
cvV‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jLK cybt wkLb ev Review Learning Ges †KD †KD cybt
Aa¨qb ev Review Study wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| †h bv‡gB AwfwnZ Kiv †nvK bv †Kb
cybt cvV, cybt wkLb Ges cybt Aa¨qb kã¸‡jv GKB ai‡bi aviYv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨B
eënvi Kiv nq| cybt cvV n‡jv wk¶Y-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î eëüZ GKwU †KŠkj| aiæb,
GKRb wk¶v_x© mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mwVKfv‡e ÁvbvR©b
K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wk¶v_x©i ÁvbMZ Av‡ewMK Ges g‡bv‡ckxR †¶‡Îi Dbœqb N‡U‡Q hv
g~j¨hvPvB-Gi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ `xN©w`b hw` wk¶v_x© mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
welqe¯‘ cybt cvV bv K‡ib Zvn‡j A‡bK wKQzB Zvi ¯§„wZ †_‡K nvwi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G
ai‡bi †¶‡Î wkLb‡K Zvrch©gq I Kvh©Kix K‡i †Zvjvi †¶‡Î cybt cvV ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb
ivL‡Z cv‡i|
mvgvwRK weÁvb ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wel‡qi wk¶Y-wkLbxq welqe¯‘‡K ¯§„wZ †_‡K nvwi‡q bv
hvIqvi j‡¶¨ wKQzw`b ci ci cvV Kiv n‡j G ai‡bi cvV‡K cybt cvV e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e
ejv hvq, wk¶Y-wkLbxq welqe¯‘i †h †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î evi evi cybive„wËi gva¨‡g wkL‡bi
mvgwMÖK j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi cÖ‡Póv‡K cybt cvV ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr cybt cvV
cv‡Vi cybive„wË A‡_© eëüZ nq| wbqwgZ I djcÖm~ cybt cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wkLb‡K mdj
K‡i †Zvjv hvq| wkLb n‡jv GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv| Avevi cybt cvVI avivevwnK
MwZ‡Z P‡j| cybt cv‡Vi avivevwnK cÖwµqvq cv‡Vi welq Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jv
wPwýZ nq|
299
cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkjmg~n

1| A_©c~Y© mie cvV|
2| A_©c~Y© kãwenxb cvV|
3| AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z welqe¯‘i cybt cv‡Vi cwiKíbv Kiv|
4| cybt cv‡Vi Rb¨ welqe¯‘i ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv|
5| welqe¯‘i cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ZvwjKv dvB‡j msi¶Y Kiv|
6| cybt cv‡Vi Rb¨ †hme welqe¯‘ cvIqv hvq wb ZvI wPwýZ Kiv|
7| cieZx©‡Z m¤¢e n‡j G¸‡jv msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g cybt cvV Kiv|
8| cybt cv‡Vi †¶‡Î e¨vcK cwigvY KvR Rwg‡q bv ivLv|
9| cix¶vi †¶‡Î AZx‡Zi/wbKU AZx‡Zi cÖkœcÎ msMÖn K‡i †mmKj cÖ‡kœi
AšÍf©y³ welqe¯‘ cybt cvV Kiv|
10| wewfbœ cÖkœ I DË‡ii gv‡S m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b evi evi †Póv Kiv|
11| D‡Øvabx I mgvcbx †Kv‡m©i, †mwgbv‡ii welqe¯‘ msMÖn K‡i Zv cybt cvV Kiv|
12| †Kv‡bv welq RwUj A_ev mnR e‡j Ae‡njv bv K‡i welqwU cybt cv‡Vi gva¨‡g
iß Kiv|
13| wbw`©ó wbqg I mgq fvM K‡i cybt cvV Kiv|
14| cybt cv‡Vi gv‡S wKQy mgq weiwZ †`qv|
15| ¯^í cwigvY welqe¯‘ w`‡q cybt cvV ïiæ K‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í welqe¯‘i cwigvY e„w×
Kiv|
16| `„p msKí MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cybt cvV‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv|
17| ms‡KZ eënvi K‡i †jLvi gva¨‡g cybt cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ `ªæZ msMÖn Kiv|
18| cybt cv‡V Q›`gq wkLb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
19| welqe¯‘i †kªwYweb¨vm K‡i cybt cvV Kiv|
20| DÏxcK wbf©i cybt cvV c×wZ AbymiY Kiv|
21| †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î cybt cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ RwUj g‡b n‡j Ges †Kv‡bvfv‡e mgvavb
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cÖwk¶‡Ki mn‡hvwMZv MÖnY Kiv|
mvgvwRK weÁvb cybt cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡mg~n

1| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨, j¶¨ I wkLbdj m¤ú‡K© aviYv ¯^”Q nq|
2| Áv‡bi wfZ gReyZ nq|
300
3| wk¶v_x©‡K cwikªgx, âh©kxj K‡i †Zv‡j|

4| wk¶v_x©‡K D™¢vebx ¶gZvm¤úbœ I m„Rbkxj K‡i †Zv‡j|
5| wk¶v_x©‡K eyw×`xß I †KŠZznjx K‡i †Zv‡j|
6| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡K AbyivMx K‡i †Zv‡j|
7| bZzb ZË¡ I Z_¨ †c‡Z mnvqK nq|
8| welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©i wbKU mnR‡eva¨ nq|
9| wk¶vMÖnY myweb¨¯Í I Avb›`gq nq|
10| wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cvV †kl nq|
11| Ávb AR©‡bi wewfbœ †¶‡Î avivevwnKZv eRvq _v‡K|
12| cvV mnR I ü`qMÖvnx n‡q I‡V|
13| wk¶v_x©i gvbwmK k„•Ljv eRvq _v‡K|
14| RwUj welq mnR, mij I cÖvÄj n‡q I‡V|
15| wkLbdj `xN©¯’vqx nq|
16| wkLb A_©c~Y© nq|
17| fyj ms‡kvab Kivi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y cybt cv‡Vi Ae`vb

1| cybt cvV wel‡qi Aa¨qbjä Ávb I `¶Zv e„w× K‡i|
2| cybt cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v `xN©¯’vqx nq|
3| wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘ myweb¨¯Í K‡i wk¶v‡K AMÖmi K‡i †bq|
4| cybt cv‡Vi mgq †bvU wb‡q RwUj welq¸‡jvi wk¶v `xN©¯’vqx Kiv hvq|
5| AZxZ bgybv cÖ‡kœi we‡kølY Kiv hvq|
6| wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn I ¶gZv e„w× Kiv hvq|
7| mwVKfv‡e wk¶v_x© aviYv MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8| ‡Kv‡m©i welqe¯‘ my¯úó nq|
9| welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©i AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó nq|
g~j¨vqb:
 1| cybt cv‡Vi aviYv eY©bv Kiæb|
2| cybt cv‡Vi †KŠkjmg~n wee„Z Kiæb|
3| wk¶v my`„pKi‡Y cybt cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
301
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi

wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœqb
f~wgKv
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †ckvi gvb Dbœqb GKwU wbiew”Qbœ ev Aweivg cÖwµqv| GKRb wk¶K wbw`©ó
wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi ci wk¶KZv †ckvq †hvM`vb K‡ib| wbw`©ó wel‡qi welqe¯‘
m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq ZË¡ I Z_¨MZ Ávb Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g Zuvi wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv AwR©Z
nq| Zuvi AwR©Z ZË¡ I Z_¨MZ Ávb wk¶KZv †ckvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡jI Zv h‡_ó
(Sufficient) bq| wZwb wk¶KZv †ckvi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b me©`v m‡Pó
_vK‡eb| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †ckvq wb‡qvRwZ †ckvRxexMY Zv‡ì
†ckvi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ gvb e„w×i j‡¶¨ cÖwZwbqZ bvbvgyLx †KŠkj eënvi K‡i †h
Abykxjb K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡K avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb ev Continuous Professional
Development- CPD ejv nq| GKRb wk¶K †h mKj c×wZ‡Z mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib hw` wZwb †m mKj c×wZ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g AMÖmi nb
Zvn‡j Zuvi mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`vb cÖwµqv myôz, my›ì, mvdj¨gwÛZ n‡e| cÖwZwbqZ
wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqvq wZwb bZzb bZzb Dcv`vb ms‡hvRb K‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`vb‡K
GKUv DbœZZi Ae¯’v‡b wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb
cÖwµqvq mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ cš’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ wewfbœ Dcvq m¤ú‡K© wee„Z
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KiYxqmg~n kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
302
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviYv kbv³KiY

mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b µgvMZ †ckvMZ Dbœqb GKwU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv Avcbv‡ì Ávb I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K µgvMZ
†ckvMZ Dbœqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq †f‡e wbb| AZtci Avcbv‡ì aviYv‡K wb‡gœi Q‡K
wjLyb|
µgvMZ †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviYv





ce©- L: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨

 Dcvqmg~n wbY©qKiY
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, gvB‡µvwUwPs Gi 18wU `¶Zv i‡q‡Q| Avcbviv `¶Zv¸‡jv ¯§iY Kivi
†Póv Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
gvB‡µvwUwPs Gi 18wU `¶Zv
1. wk¶v_x©‡ì DÏxcbvq ZviZg¨ Avbqb Kiv
303
2.
3.
4.
.
.
.
18.
wk¶v_x©e„›`, mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b avivevwnK/µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ

Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ Dcvq Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avcbviv Dcvq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †f‡e wbb
Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcvqmg~n
1. wbqgvbyewZ©Zv wk¶v
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ce©- M: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨vKiY


wk¶v_x© eÜziv, mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Kx? Avcbviv G m¤ú‡K©
GKUz †f‡e wbb Ges Avcbv‡ì wPšÍv †_‡K cÖvß welq¸‡jv wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡
1. mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K‡ì †ckvMZ wel‡q Ávb,
304
`¶Zv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dbœqb mvab m¤¢e|

2.
3.
4.
.
.
.
ce©- N: avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KiYxqmg~n kbv³KiY


wk¶v_x© eÜziv, avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKRb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶‡Ki Kx
Kx KiYxq n‡Z cv‡i Avcbviv †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
Avcbv‡ì †evSvi myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b GKRb mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki KiYxq
1. cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Kiv

2.
3.
4.
.
.
.
305
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKRb wk¶‡Ki †kªwY cvV`v‡bi †¶‡ÎI A‡bK¸‡jv KiYxq KvR
i‡q‡Q| Avcbviv Gme KvR m¤ú‡K© †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
Avcbv‡ì †evSvi myweav‡_© GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|
†kªwYi cvV`v‡bi gv‡bvbœq‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki KiYxq
1. cvV`v‡bi welq I welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wk¶K‡K Mfxi Áv‡bi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e|
2.
3.
4.
.
.
.
306
g~j wkLbxq welq

avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zv
Dbœqb
µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviYv
 wk¶K‡ì †ckvMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶KZv †ckvq bvbvwea bZzb I D™¢vebxg~jK
Dcv`vb ms‡hvRb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b cÖwZwbqZ bZzb bZzb
c_ I c×wZ D™¢vweZ n‡”Q| GmKj bZzb c_ I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© wk¶KZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ
e¨w³e‡M©i ÁvbvR©b m¤¢e n‡q D‡V µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g| µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ
Dbœqb ej‡Z wk¶KZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ‡ì Áv‡bi cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb
cÖwµqv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr µgvMZ †ckvMZ Dbœqb cªwµqv ej‡Z †ckv
msµvšÍ †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv¸‡jv‡K AvqË Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K †evSv‡bv nq| Abykxjb I
Rxebe¨vcx Kg©ZrciZvi gva¨‡g GB Kvw•¶Z Dbœqb N‡U| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b
cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv AbymiY Ges Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g Ávb I `¶Zvi µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ
Dbœqb m¤¢e n‡q D‡V|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zvi Dbœqb

avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb (Continuous Professional Development- CPD) †h
†Kv‡bv †ckvi c~e©kZ©| weivRgvb Ae¯’vi Kvw•¶Z cwieZ©b mvabB n‡jv Dbœqb| wk¶KZv
†ckvq Gi Avek¨KZv Ab¯^xKvh©| wk¶K‡K ZvwË¡K I eënvwiK Ávb, `¶Zv I AwfÁZv
m¤úbœ n‡Z nq| G‡K AvaywbK I mg‡qvc‡hvMx Ki‡Z n‡j †ckvMZ Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv
Lye Riæwi| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q µgMZ †ckvMZ Dbœqb cÖwµqvq Zuv‡K AvaywbK Ávb-
weÁv‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPZ _vK‡Z n‡e, cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e wkLb-wk¶Y cwi‡e‡k|
wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M cvV¨cy¯ÍK Avi welq wk¶K Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm bq| B-†gBj,
B›Uvi‡bU cÖf„wZ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wbf©i wewfbœ gva¨g †_‡K wk¶v_©x wb‡RB cvV¨ welq m¤úwK©Z
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z m¶g n‡”Q| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶KI wewfbœ wel‡q
307
wk¶v_©xi mv‡_ wg_w¯Œqvq †h‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb| myZivs wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ AZ¨šÍ mRvM
_vK‡Z n‡”Q I Ki‡Z n‡”Q wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zvi Dbœqb|
wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ `¶Zvi Dbœq‡b Wong Ges Wong (1998) e‡j‡Qb, Òwk¶K wn‡m‡e
Avcwb Avcbvi wk¶v_©xi Rxe‡bi ¯ú›`b‡K ¯úk© Kivi †Póv Kiæb| G‡Z K‡i Avcwb
Ggb GK wk¶v_©x‡K cv‡eb †h, BwZnvm, kvixwiK wk¶v, weÁvb, MwYZ me wel‡q wkL‡e,
wb‡Ri Ab¨ me KvR K‡iI Avcbv‡K Lywk ivLevi me©‡Zv cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Ki‡e|Ó
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶K‡K ZvB †ckvMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zvi
Dbœq‡bi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| †ckvi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä K‡i wZwb n‡eb `¶-†hvM¨| Abykxjb,
ch©‡e¶b, ch©v‡jvPbv, djveZ©b, AvZ¥g~j¨vqb BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g wZwb µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ
Dbœqb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ ivL‡eb|
gvB‡µvwUwPs Gi 18wU `¶Zv
1| wk¶v_x©‡ì DÏxcbvq ZviZg¨ Avbqb Kiv

2| wk¶‡Ki e¨vL¨v `vb
3| ej e„w×KiY
4| AbymÜvbg~jK cÖkœ DÌvcb
5| cÖkœKi‡Y `ªæZZv
6| D”Pgv‡bi cÖkœKiY
7| wewfbœag©x cÖkœKiY
8| wk¶‡Ki wbieZv I Ae¨³ Bw½Z
9| g‡bv‡hvMx AvPi‡Yi ¯^xK…wZ
10| wek`KiY I D`vni‡Yi eënvi
11| evPbfw½ ev e³„ZvKiY
12| cwiKwíZ cybiæw³
13| ms‡hvM mvab ev AewnZKi‡Yi m¤ú~Y©Zv
308
14| kªeY-`k©b DcKi‡Yi eënvi

15| †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki cÖvYešÍZv
16| wk¶v_©x‡ì `jMZ Av‡jvPbvq Drmvn `vb
17| cvV cÖ¯‘wZ
18| mgvwßKiY|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wbR¯^ Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi

Dcvqmg~n
1| wbqgvbyewZ©Zv wk¶v
2| †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©b
3| BwZevPK `„wófw½ MVb
4| cVb `¶Zv AR©b
5| fv‡jv cV‡bi Af¨vm m„wó‡Z m‡Pó nIqv
6| wbqwgZ wkL‡bi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv
7| ¯^-wkL‡b m‡Pó nIqv
8| Ac‡ii MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv‡K mv`‡i MÖnY Kiv
9| AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Kiv
10| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq hy³ _vKv
11| cÖwZdjb Wvqwii eënvi Kiv|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡

1| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K‡ì †ckvMZ wel‡q
Ávb, `¶Zv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dbœqb m¤¢e|
2| AvaywbK c×wZ I †KŠkj iß K‡i Kvh©Kifv‡e wk¶v`vb Kiv m¤¢e|
3| wk¶K‡ì welqwfwËK AwfÁZvi Dbœqb mvab Kiv hvq|
4| AvaywbK Ávb weÁv‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq jvf Kiv hvq|
5| G‡Z wk¶KMY mywk¶K wn‡m‡e M‡o DV‡eb|
309
6| `¶Zvi mv‡_ †kªwY wbqš¿Y, †kªwY eë¯’vcbvq m¶g n‡eb|

7| wk¶v_©x‡ì mnvqZv Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡ì mv‡_ myôz †hvMv‡hvM M‡o Zzj‡Z cvi‡eb|
8| wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨gvb hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|
9| wk¶vi ¸YMZgvb Dbœq‡b m¶g n‡eb|
10| AvZ¥wek¦vmmn †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
11| ch©‡e¶Y I cix¶‡Y `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡eb|
12| cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb I NUbvewj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
13| mvgvwRK weÁvb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv I †KŠZznj e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
14| Av‡Z¥vcjwäi gva¨‡g Av‡Z¥vbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
15| A_©c~Y©fv‡e wk¶Y-wkLb KvR cwiPvjbvi ZvwM` Abyfe Ki‡eb|
16| `vwqZ¡kxj wk¶K wn‡m‡e M‡o DV‡eb|
17| my›ìfv‡e cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi †KŠkj AvqË Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
18| wbqwgZ cvV cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î `¶Zv e„w× cv‡e|
19| wk¶K‡ì AvZ¥m‡PZbZv e„w× cv‡e|
20| bZzb Z_¨vw` m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|
21| welqMZ `¶Zv e„w× Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
22| AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g `¶Zv e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki KiYxqmg~n

1| cÖwk¶Y MÖnY
2| Kbdv‡iÝ I Kg©wkwe‡i AskMÖnY
3| mgx¶v `j MVb I AwfÁZv wewbgq,cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv
4| cvV¨cy¯ÍK, mnvqK MÖš’, g¨vMvwRb cvV
5| Rvb©vj, wbDR †jUvi, ˆ`wbK cwÎKv, mvgwqKx cvV, wk¶vevZ©v, M‡elYv Kv‡R
RwoZ nIqv
6| †ckvMZ msMV‡bi m`m¨ nIqv
310
7| M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b msMÖn, wk¶v_©x‡ì Awc©Z KvR w`‡q g~j¨vqb

8| wk¶v m‡¤§jb I †gjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv
9| †iwWI, wUwf‡Z wbqwgZ wk¶vg~jK UK †kv †kvbv I †`Lv

10| ICT welqK mvP© BwÄ‡bi aviYv jvf (Bqvû, ¸Mj)
11| B›Uvi‡bU eënvi

12| B-†gB‡ji gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn|
†kªwY cvV`v‡bi gvb Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki KiYxqmg~n
1| cvV`v‡bi welq I welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wk¶K‡K Mfxi Áv‡bi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e|
2| cvV`v‡bi c~‡e© cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cvV cwiKíbvq AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì c~e© Ávb hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

5| cvV`v‡b welqe¯‘ mswkøó DcKiY eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| cvV`v‡bi avivevwnKZv I mvgÄm¨ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

7| cvV`v‡bi welqe¯‘ †QvU †QvU c‡e© wef³ K‡i cvV`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq‡K cv‡Vi ce© Abyhvqx wefvRb Ki‡Z n‡e|
9| wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì †kªwY‡Z mwµq I Kg©Zrci ivL‡Z n‡e|

10| †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi cÖwZ wk¶K‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
11| cvV MÖn‡Y wk¶v_©x‡ì DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

12| wk¶v_©x‡ì mv‡_ gvwR©Z AvPiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
13| cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
14| wk¶v_©xiv cvV MÖn‡Y KZUzKz mdj n‡jv Zv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
311
 g~j¨vqb:
1| avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcvqmg~n
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb I `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi
¸iæZ¡mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
4| avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b GKRb mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †hme KiYxq i‡q‡Q
- †m¸‡jv wee„Z Kiæb|
5| †kªwYi cvV`v‡bi gv‡bvbœq‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki KiYxqmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
312
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y Kg©mnvqK
f~wgKv
cÖvq mvZ `kK c~‡e© 1944 mv‡j Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv welqwU AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡iwQj| 1944
mv‡j me©cÖ_g e„wUk I divmx weÁvbxiv mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡b Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv
eënvi K‡ib| GKB mv‡j KvU©wjqb ev¯Íe mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î G c×wZwU
cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| divmx weÁvbx KvU© wjqb‡K Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi RbK ejv nq|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZ M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß ZË¡ I Z_¨‡K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Kv‡R jvwM‡q
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKUv ev¯Íe mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe cwi‡e‡k G
ai‡bi M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| †h mKj mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv
cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv hw` M‡elYvq cÖvß ZË¡ I Z‡_ï mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb bv Kiv hvq
Zvn‡j cybivq mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i †m mgm¨v‡K mgvav‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKvwaK P‡µ Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Pj‡Z
cv‡i Ges M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß mgvav‡bi c_ I c×wZi cÖwZdjb m¤ú‡K© j¶¨ ivLv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv I Gi cÖwZdjb c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
†kªwY Kvh©µg, cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì Ávb, `¶Zv I ˆbcyY¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb‡K djcÖm~
K‡i †Zvjvi m¤¢vebv m„wó nq|
D‡Ïk¨
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi msÁv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi wewfbœ avc I Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZi
cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv msÁvwqZKiY

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv ev Action Research n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g cÖvß ZË¡
I Z_¨mg~n Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Kv‡R jvwM‡q †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgm¨vi mgvab Kiv nq|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi A‡bK¸‡jv msÁv i‡q‡Q| wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv ej‡Z
Kx †evSvq Avcbviv wKQz¶Y †f‡e †`Lyb| Zvici wb‡gœi Q‡K Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi
hZ¸‡jv m¤¢e msÁv wjLyb|
313
Avcbv‡ì myweav‡_© Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi GKwU msÁv D`vniY wn‡m‡e †`qv n‡jv|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi msÁv
1| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi M‡elYv hvi gva¨‡g M‡elK cÖwZôv‡b
KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q m„ó mgm¨v kbv³ K‡i Zvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi civgk© w`‡q
Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek Dbœqb Kivi gva¨‡g Kv‡R MwZkxjZv Avbqb I KvR‡K mv_©K
K‡i _v‡Kb|
2|
3|
4|
ce©Ñ L: Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZ e¨vL¨vKiY


wk¶v_x©e„›`, Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq cÖwZdjb c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Avcbviv †f‡e wbb|
Avcbv‡ì wPšÍv †_‡K cÖvß aviYvwU wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZ
314
ce©Ñ M: Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi wewfbœ avc I Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb

 c×wZi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© eY©bvKiY
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv wewfbœ avc ev ch©v‡qi gva¨‡g AMÖmi nq| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi
avivevwnK avç‡jv cÖ_‡g KzU© wjDBb eY©bv K‡ib Ges KzU© wjDBb-Gi g‡W‡ji Av‡jv‡K
cieZx©‡Z †Kwgm Gi wewfbœ avç‡jv eY©bv K‡ib|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi avç‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi avcmg~n
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq cÖwZdjb c×wZ Kxfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq wk¶v_x©MY GKUz †f‡e wbb
Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq cÖwZdjb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
315
ce©Ñ N: Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZv wbiƒcY


Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi Kx ai‡bi Dc‡hvwMZv i‡q‡Q wk¶v_x©e„›` Avcbviv †f‡e
†`Lyb| AZtci wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZv
1. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì wk¶Y Abykxjb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i|
2.
3.
4.
5.
316
g~j wkLbxq welq
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y Kg©mnvqK

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi msÁv


1| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi M‡elYv hvi gva¨‡g M‡elK cÖwZôv‡b
KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q m„ó mgm¨v kbv³ K‡i Zvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi civgk© w`‡q
Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek Dbœqb Kivi gva¨‡g Kv‡R MwZkxjZv Avbqb I KvR‡K mv_©K
K‡i _v‡Kb|
2| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv n‡jv- ÒmvgvwRK wµqv/K‡g©v‡`¨v‡Mi ¸YMZ gvb DbœqbÓ (Rb
BwjqbU-1991)
3| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv n‡jv GK ai‡bi M‡elYv hv cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv Zv‡ì wbR¯^
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K ... GUv n‡jv wk¶vi DbœwZ mva‡b
AskMÖnYg~jK MYZvwš¿K ai‡Yi wk¶v M‡elYvÓ (†Kwgm-1993)
4| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY êÁvwbK
c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ì mgm¨vewj Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvß wm×všÍmg~n I KvR‡K
cwiPvwjZ, ms‡kvab I g~j¨vqb K‡i| (w÷‡db †Kv‡iB-1953)
5| ÔÔKg©mnvqK M‡elYv n‡jv cybivq mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ M‡elYv eënv‡ii
Ggb GKwU c×wZ hv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wKQzmsL¨K †jv‡Ki gZvgZ I
†PZbv‡K GK‡Î we‡kølY K‡iÕÕ| (cvjgvi I Rbmb-1971)
6| ÒKg©mnvqK M‡elYvi †gŠwjK Abygvb n‡”Q mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ ixwZ ev Af¨vm
cwieZ©‡bi djvdj A‡bï Øviv wbix¶vi †P‡q ¯^qs Mfxi wbix¶Y Kvh©µgÕÕ|
(KzK- 1949)
317
7| ÒKg©mnvqK M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv ci¯úi cwieZ©bkxj †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g

mgm¨vi cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ ˆbwZK KvVv‡gve× †jvK‡ì mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi Bw¯úZ D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj KivÕÕ| (Aa¨vcK i¨vc‡cvU©-1970)
8| mgm¨v wPwýZKiY Ges mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Y cwiKíbv cÖYqb, cwiKíbv
ev¯Íevq‡b K‡g©v‡`¨vM MÖnY, K‡g©v‡`¨v‡Mi djvdj ch©‡e¶Y Ges cÖwZdjb wg‡jB
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv|
9| †Kv‡bv GKwU mgm¨v wPwýZ nIqvi ci Zv `~ixKi‡Y wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖnY I
ev¯Íevqb Ges †kªwY wk¶Y DbœqbB n‡jv Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi g~jK_v|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq cÖwZdjb c×wZ

cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv e¨w³mË¡vi ¯îƒc hvPvB‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cš’v| GwU gvbwmK wPšÍb
msMV‡bi GKwU Dcvq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| G ai‡bi wPšÍ‡bi mvnv‡h¨ e¨w³
wb‡R‡K g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡K| cÖwZdj‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb wk¶K wb‡Ri Kg©KvÛ
cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g ms‡kvab I cieZ©x Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mwVK c`‡¶c MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU AvZ¥we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †hgb n‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡gI
n‡Z cv‡i| mn‡hvMx wk¶K, mnKg©x‡ì MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv †_‡KI `ye©j I mej
w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bï fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv †`‡LI cÖwZdjb wPšÍb wk¶K‡K
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq avcmg~n

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv KqwU av‡c m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv Kx Kx avivevwnKZv †g‡b Pj‡e
†m m¤ú‡K© wk¶vwe`‡ì gv‡S wewfbœ gZvgZ cwijw¶Z nq| G m¤ú‡K© †h wk¶vwe` cÖ_g
Av‡jvPbv DÌvcb K‡ib, wZwb n‡jb KzU© wjDBb| wjDB‡bi g‡W‡ji Av‡jv‡K Av‡iv
weKwkZfv‡e avivevwnK avcmg~n wPwýZ K‡ib wk¶v weÁvbx †Kwgm| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi
cÖ_g P‡µ †Kwgm avivevwnKfv‡e 7wU av‡ci K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GB 7wU avc n‡jv:
1| mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z mvaviY aviYv wPwýZKiY

2| mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z Z_¨msMÖn I we‡kølYKiY
318
3| mvaviY cwiKíbv MÖnY

4| cÖ_g Kg©c`‡¶c cÖYqb
5| cÖ_g Kg©c`‡¶c ev¯ÍevwqZKiY
6| g~j¨vqb
7| mvaviY cwiKíbv ms‡kvab|
Dch©³
y avivevwnKZv Aej¤^b K‡i cÖ_g P‡µi KvR mgvß nq| Gici wØZxq P‡µi KvR
ïiæ nq Ges wØZxq P‡µi KvR mgvwßi ci Z…Zxq P‡µi KvR P‡j| Gfv‡e mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi ci Avevi bZzb mgm¨v †c‡j Zv mgvavb K‡i Ges AveviI †Kv‡bv byZb mgm¨v
†`Lv w`‡j Zv mgvavb Kiv nq| mgm¨vmg~‡ni c~Y© mgvavb Kiv ch©šÍ PµwU Pj‡Z _v‡K|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jLK Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi avç‡jv‡K Ab¨ avivevwnKZvqI eY©bv

K‡i‡Qb| avç‡jv wbgœiƒc:
K. mgm¨v wbY©qKiY
L. wbYx©Z mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Y cwiKíbv cÖYqb
M. M„nxZ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b K‡g©v‡`¨vM MÖnY
N. K‡g©v‡`¨v‡Mi djvdj ch©‡e¶Y
O. cÖwZdjb|
G ai‡bi avivevwnKZv i¶v K‡i cÖ_g P‡µi wewfbœ av‡ci KvR †kl nIqvi ci wØZxq
P‡µi KvR ïiæ nq hv mgm¨vi cwic~Y© mgvavb ch©šÍ Pj‡Z _v‡K|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †Km ÷vwW Kivi c~‡e© D™¢~Z mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶K †R¨ô mnKgx©‡ì
mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb Zv‡ì mv‡_ mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ I Zv mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨
c_ I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvM c×wZ ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡ì
Aby‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AZtci mgm¨v mgvav‡bi mdjZv m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri gZvg‡Zi mv‡_
mnKgx©‡ì gZvg‡Zi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY K‡i D™¢~Z bZzb mgm¨v GKB Pµ Aej¤^b K‡i
mgvav‡b AMÖmi n‡eb| Gfv‡e PµwU Pj‡Z _vK‡e| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi avç‡jvi
319
mvnv‡h¨ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †kªwY Kvh©µg, wk¶v_x©‡ì Ávb, `¶Zv I ˆbcyY¨ AR©‡bi
gva¨‡g wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqv‡K mvdj¨gwÛZ K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi e¨vcK Dc‡hvwMZv i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Y Kg©mnvqK
M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZ h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv m¤¢e| G‡Z wk¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi Ici
mvwe©K cÖwZdj‡bi gva¨‡g djveZ©b cvIqv hvq, mv_©KZv-e¨_©Zv hvPvB K‡i cieZ©x
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i `¶Zv AR©b Kiv hvq| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖnKv‡j cÖ‡kœvËi
ˆZwi, mv¶vrKvi MÖnY, †Km ÷vwW‡Z, mgvRwgwZg~jK c×wZ‡Z, ch©‡e¶‡Y cÖwZdjb
c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølY Ges cÖvß djvd‡ji
wfwË‡Z wk¶K cieZ©x Kvh©µg wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡ib, mgm¨v mgvav‡b c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib, wk¶Y- wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi Dbœq‡b wdWe¨vK †c‡Z cv‡ib| Gi gva¨‡g
cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwk¶Y MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨vcK m‡PZbZv m„wó nq| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv
c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq| Gi gva¨‡g GKRb `¶
wk¶‡Ki fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv wb‡Ri g‡a¨ cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv hvq| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq
mgm¨vewj Aa¨q‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖvß wm×všÍmg~n I KvR‡K cwiPvwjZ, msMVb I g~j¨vqb
Kivi cš’v wn‡m‡eB wPwýZ|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZvmg~n
1| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì wk¶Y Abykxjb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z DrmvwnZ

K‡i|
2| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv abvZ¥K `„wófw½mn MÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
3| cÖwk¶Yv_©x Abykxj‡b abvZ¥K cwieZ©b Avb‡Z m¶g nb|
4| GUv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi ev †kªwY K‡¶i cvV`vb Dbœq‡b mnvqK nq|
5| ev¯Íe wk¶Y †_‡K D™¢~Z mgm¨vewj mgvav‡b cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv mg_© nb|
320
6| G‡Z †kªwY mgm¨v mgvav‡b †UKmB K‡g©v‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq|

7| h_vh_ K‡g©v‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi ci Gi Kvh©KvwiZv `„pfv‡e cÖZ¨¶ Kiv nq|
8| wk¶‡Yi †¶‡Î M‡el‡Ki n¯Í‡¶c cixw¶Z I mvdj¨gwÛZ n‡j ev¯Íe †¶‡Î Zv
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
9| ev¯Íe‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvMK…Z wk¶Y †_‡K bZzb mgm¨v m„wó n‡j Zv mgvav‡b bZzbfv‡e
K‡g©v‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq|
10| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi wg_w¯Œqvi †¶‡Î
D™¢~Z mgm¨vewj mgvav‡b cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Kiv nq|
11| G‡Z †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡qvMK…Z wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ †_‡K D™¢~Z mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
c`‡¶c M„nxZ nq|
12| G‡Z cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì A_©en †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvwaZ nq|
13| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wk¶KMY cvV`v‡bi Kjv †KŠkj msµvšÍ Ges
wk¶v_©x‡ì AvPiY msµvšÍ aviYv cvb hv Zuv‡ì wk¶Y-wkLb cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Y
ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| cÖwZdjb Abykxjb GK cÖKvi Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv wkLb ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© Ges cÖwZdjb Abykxjb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi mv‡_
mswkøó|
14| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi †¶‡Î cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e M‡elYv m¤úv`b K‡ib|
15| G‡Z mg‡SvZvg~jK `„wófw½ M‡o D‡V|
16| cÖwk¶KMY cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì Kvh©Kifv‡e g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM cvb|

17| G‡Z cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY Ávbv‡š^l‡Y AbycÖvwYZ nb|
18| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì †fZi m„Rbkxj, bZzb `„wófw½ weKvk jvf K‡i|
19| G‡Z KZ…©Z¡ eënv‡ii cwie‡Z© Av‡jvPbv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv nq|

20| Av‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î cÖwk¶vYv_©x‡ì bvbvgyLx g‡bvfve‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv nq|
21| G‡Z wk¶‡Yi ¸YMZgvb DbœZ nq|
321
22| GKRb †kªwY wk¶K M‡elKI DuPz gv‡ci †ckvRxexi gh©v`v AR©b K‡ib|
23| cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY Z_¨ DcvË msMÖn I M‡elYv Kv‡R cvi`k©x n‡q D‡Vb|
24| cÖwk¶vYv_©x‡ì wk¶Y, wkLb I g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î weivRgvb Amš‘wó cÖkwgZ A_ev
`~ixf~Z nq|
25| AwffveKMY wk¶v cÖwZôvb‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb|
26| cÖwk¶vYv_©x‡ì Ávb, `¶Zv I Abykxjb‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqv hvq|
27| Ab¨vb¨ wk¶K‡ìI †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvwaZ nq|
g~j¨vqb:

1. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZi
cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi avç‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkL‡b Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZv eY©bv Kiv|
322
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb : beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g

f~wgKv
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKRb wk¶K wbqwgZfv‡e Zuvi †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b m‡Pó nb| wZwb
avivevwnKfv‡e †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ ch©vq AwZµg K‡ib| mvgvwRK weÁvb welqwU
BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj, A_©bxwZ, †cŠibxwZ cÖf„wZ A‡bK¸‡jv wel‡qi mgš^‡q MwVZ| mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi AšÍM©Z cÖwZwU wel‡qi e¨vcK Dbœqb NU‡Q eZ©gvb mg‡q| A‡bK bZzb welqe¯‘
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘i AšÍfy©³ n‡”Q| Avevi mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v‡bi †¶‡ÎI
e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| GKmgq mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î g~jZ e³…Zv
c×wZ eëüZ n‡Zv| GwU wQj wk¶K †Kw›`ªK wk¶v`vb c×wZ| wKš‘ eZ©gvb mg‡q
wk¶K‡ì †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi beZi wk¶Y-wkLb †KŠkj eëüZ
n‡”Q| G mKj wk¶Y-wkLb †KŠkj n‡jv g~jZ wk¶v_x© †Kw›`ªK| G‡Z wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶
mnvqZvKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Ges wk¶v_x©MY mwµq _v‡Kb, ¯^vaxbfv‡e wPšÍv K‡ib,
A‡bï gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡ib, MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv MÖn‡Y m‡Pó nb cÖf„wZ|
wk¶Y-wkL‡bi GB beZi aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY wb‡R‡ì †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b
Ges wb‡R‡ì‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivL‡Z mg_© nb| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K
hy‡Mvc‡hvMxKi‡Yi m¶gZv AR©b m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖnY Ges wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv eY©bv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 beZi wk¶Y aviYvq AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ I †KŠkjmg~n kbv³ Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
323
 mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx (Up-to-date) ivLvi Dcvqmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖnY I wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvwelq `ywUi
eY©bvKiY
cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶K‡ì avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖnY GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
e¨vcvi| mg‡qi weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍM©Z welqe¯‘‡Z e¨vcK
cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡”Q| bZzb bZzb welq mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘‡Z AšÍf©y³ n‡PQ|
GmKj welqe¯‘ wk¶‡Yi †¶‡ÎI beZi wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ I †KŠkj ms‡hvwRZ n‡”Q|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKRb wk¶K GmKj beZi wk¶Y aviYv Rvbv Ges cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivL‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©e„›`, Avcbviv †f‡e †`Lyb ÒbeZi wk¶Y
aviYv MÖnYÕÕ Ges ÔÔwb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvÕÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? AZtci Avcbv‡ì
wPšÍvcÖm~Z welqe¯‘ wb‡gœi Q‡K wjLyb|
ÒbeZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖnYÕÕ I ÔÔwb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvÕÕ -i aviYv eY©bv
324
ce©- L: beZi wk¶Y aviYvq AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ I †KŠkjmg~n

 kbv³KiY
cÖwk¶Yv_x©e„›`, Avcbviv beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖnY I wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kxfv‡e ivLv hvq
†m m¤ú‡K© †f‡e‡Qb wbðqB| beZi wk¶Y aviYvq wk¶v_x©‡ì AskMÖnYg~jK A‡bK¸‡jv
wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ I †KŠkj i‡q‡Q| Avcbviv GmKj AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ
I †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© wKQz¶‡Yi g‡a¨ †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ I †KŠkj
325
ce©- M: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b weivRgvb cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv

 wPwýZKiY
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶K‡ì †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b bvbv ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q| wk¶v_x©
eÜziv, Avcbviv GmKj cÖwZeÜKZv m¤ú‡K© GKUz gv_v LvwU‡q wbb Ges AZtci wb‡gœi
Q‡K wjLyb|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b weivRgvb cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n

1. wek¦we`¨vjq/K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ïaygvÎ GKwU ev `ywU wel‡q
cÖwk¶Yv_x©MY wk¶v jvf K‡ib| d‡j Zuv‡ì Áv‡bi mxgve×Zv †_‡K hvq|
2.
3.
4.
5.
ce©- N: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv


MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx (Up-to-date) ivLvi Dcvqmg~n
wbY©qKiY
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKRb wk¶K †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv wewfbœ Drm
†_‡K Ges wewfbœ Dcv‡q MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_x© eÜziv - mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv †Kvb †Kvb Dcv‡q MÖnY Kiv hvq Avcbviv
†m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© GKUz †f‡e wbb Ges wb‡Pi Q‡K wjLyb|
326
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv MÖn‡Yi Dcvqmg~n
1. AwaK cwigv‡Y welqMZ I †ckvMZ Ávb AvniY
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
327
g~j wkLbxq welq

avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb: beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖnY
 weeZ©‡bi avivq AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ-‡KŠkj, ZË¡-Z_¨, M‡elYvjä gZvgZ
BZ¨vwì mgv‡ek‡K beZi wk¶Y-aviYv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb wk¶vi j¶¨ I
D‡Ïk¨mg~n my¯úó I Db¥y³| wk¶vi mKj ¯Í‡i D”PZi cÖhyw³ I cÖwµqvi Abykxjb Kiv
nq| cvV`vb I cvV MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Avg~j cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| hy‡Mvc‡hvMx GKRb wk¶K
Aek¨B beZi wk¶Y aviYv¸‡jv‡K BwZevPK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges
m„wókxjfv‡e wk¶Y-wkLb Kv‡R eënvi Ki‡eb|
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLv
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx welqwU e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK| GKRb †kªwY wk¶K Zuvi †ckvMZ Rxe‡b wk¶Y-wkLb
Kv‡R h_v_©fv‡e hw` cÖ‡qvRbxq ZË¡ I Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b K‡i _v‡Kb Ges Zv hw`
Zuvi †ckvMZ Kv‡R eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb Zvn‡j wZwb wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i‡Qb ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡iI Zuv‡K
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| A_©vr wb‡Ri †ckvi mKj ¯Í‡i bZzb c×wZ, Af¨vm, wbqg, cÖ_v,
cš’v MÖnY K‡i wZwb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb|
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvi we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv n‡jv-

 welq m¤ú‡K© beZi ZË¡, Z_¨ I Ávb AR©b
 welqMZ Áv‡bi MfxiZv e„w×
 bZzb c×wZ I †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©b I †ckvMZ Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM
 beZi wk¶v‡cvKi‡Yi eënvi
 †Km ÷vwW K‡i mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv
328
 AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi †Póv Kiv

 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv
 wkLb I cVb `¶Zv e„w× Kiv
 ¯^-wkL‡b AMÖmi nIqv
 me©vaywbK g~j¨vqb †KŠkj eënvi Kiv
 wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍb I ZrciZvq AwaKZi ¯^vaxbZv †`qv cÖf„wZ|
beZi wk¶Y aviYvq AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ I †KŠkj
 `jxq KvR (Group Work)

 †Rvovq KvR (Pair Work)
 †Mvôxe×fv‡e wk¶Y (Peer Teaching)
 hyMjfv‡e wPšÍv Kiv I wewbgq Kiv (Think Pair and Share)
 f~wgKvq AeZxY© nIqv (Role-Play)
 †gŠwLK cÖkœKiY (Oral Questioning)
 gb/¯§„wZ gvbwPÎ (Mind Mapping)
 †`qv‡ji cvk w`‡q nuvUv (Wall Walking)
 gv_v LvUv‡bv (Brain Storming)
 WvK ev· (Post Box)
 cÖZ¨¶xKiY (Visualization)
 Zzlvi ej (Snow Ball)
 ch©‡e¶Y (Observation)
 we‡klÁ KZ©b (Expert Jigsaw)
 aviYv gvbwPÎ (Concept Mapping)
 AbymÜvbg~jK KvR (Investigations)
 cÖKí KvR (Project Works)
 mv¶vrKvi (Interviewing)
329
 ZvwjKvKiY (Listing)
 A¼b (Drawing)
 †Pv‡L †`Lv‡bv (Demonstrating)
 †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b (Poster Presentation)
 AYywk¶Y (Micro Teaching)
 Kv‡jv †evW© mvivsk (Blackboard & Summary)
 fyj wPwýZKiY (Spotting Mistakes)
 GKgZ †cvlY Kiv/GKgZ †cvlY bv Kiv (Agreeing/Disagreeing)
 weZK© (Debate)
 †Km ÷vwW (Case Study)
 µg Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv (Sequencing)
 †kªwYweb¨¯ÍKiY (Ranking)
 myweavmg~n/Amyweavmg~n (Advantages & Disadvantages)
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b weivRgvb cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n
1| wek¦we`¨vjq/K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ïaygvÎ GKwU ev `ywU wel‡q

cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY wk¶v jvf K‡ib| d‡j Zuv‡ì Áv‡bi mxgve×Zv †_‡K hvq|
2| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì cÖwk¶Y K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb welqK ch©vß ÁvbvR©‡bi
my‡hv‡Mi Abycw¯’wZ|
3| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì mvgvwRK weÁvb welqK Áv‡bi `ye©j wfwË|
4| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì cÖwk¶YKvjxb wk¶vi mv‡_ we`¨vj‡qi ev¯Íe cwi‡e‡k mvgvwRK

weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘i cv_©K¨|
5| Ach©vß wk¶Y weÁvb msµvšÍ Ávb|
6| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶v`v‡bi bZzb c×wZ I †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Áv‡bi Afve|
7| wk¶vµg cÖYq‡b AvaywbK `„wófw½i Afve|
330
8| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ msMV‡b hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wPšÍvi Abycw¯’wZ|
9| cÖwk¶Y K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Ach©vßZv|
10| cÖwk¶Y K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z cÖwk¶K Ges cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨ Rvb©vj, eB-
cy¯ÍK, ey‡jwUb †evW©, mnvqK cy¯Í‡Ki Ach©vßZv|
11| cÖwk¶K I cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì Rb¨ `xN©‡gqv`x, ¯^í‡gqv`x, mÄxebx I †cŠbtcywbK

cÖwk¶‡Yi ¯^íZv|
12| †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg I IqvK©kc Av‡qvR‡b mxgve×Zv|
13| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î m„ó cÖwZeÜKZv wPwýZKi‡Y
Ach©vß M‡elYv|
14| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖwk¶K-cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì Rb¨ Ach©vß wk¶vg~jK mdi|
15| Av‡Z¥vbœq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖwk¶K‡ì B”Qv I Kg©¯ú„nvi Afve|
16| AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB cÖwk¶KMY AvZ¥g~j¨vqb m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv †PK wj÷ eënvi
K‡ib bv|
17| mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖwk¶KMY mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM i¶vq ¯^ígvÎvq Zrci|
18| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cÖwk¶K‡ì bvbvwea miKvwi I ivR‰bwZK ZrciZvq m¤ú„³

Kiv‡bv|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx (Up-to-date) ivLvi Dcvqmg~n mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b
cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv MÖn‡Yi Dcvqmg~n-
1| AwaK cwigv‡Y welqMZ I †ckvMZ Ávb AvniY
2| B-jvwb©s
3| wWm‡UÝ jvwb©s
4| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq m¤ú„³ nIqv
331
5| wk¶v welqK M‡elYv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
6| Kw¤úDUvi †eBmW jvwb©s
7| MYgva¨g †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
8| wk¶v welqK Rvb©vj, g¨vMvwRb, eB, cwÎKv cov
9| msM„nxZ ZË¡ I Z_¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
10| †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg I IqvK©k‡c AskMÖnY
11| D¾xweZKiY welqK cÖwk¶‡Y AskMÖnY
12| wk¶Y msµvšÍ bZzb aviYv MÖn‡Y Drmvnx nIqv
13| beZi aviYv iß Kiv, Abykxjb I ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv
14| AvBwU IqvK©k‡c AskMÖnY Kiv
15| wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Kiv
16| wk¶vg~jK md‡i hvIqv
17| mvsMVwbK I eë¯’vcbvMZ `¶Zv AR©b Kiv
18| wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb
19| B-†gBwjs, eªvDwRs Kiv
20| wdWe¨vK †bqv I cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kiv
21| wk¶v_©x‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ I Aby‡cÖiYvg~jK c×wZ AbymiY Kiv
22| Kzms¯‹vi I cðv`c`Zv `~i Kiv
23| hy‡Mi Pvwn`vi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Lvc LvIqv‡bv
332
g~j¨vqb:

1| beZi wk¶Y aviYv MÖnY I wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq- e¨vLv
Kiæb|
2| beZi wk¶Y aviYvq AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ I †KŠkjmg~‡ni bvg wjLyb
Ges †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwUi e¨vL¨v w`b|
3| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b weivRgvb cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
4| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq beZi aviYv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvi Dcvqmg~n wee„Z Kiæb|
333
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ:
1| †gv: jyrdi ingvb I Avãyj gv‡jK (2000), mgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y, wk¶v
gš¿bvjq|
2| gv‡jK, Avãyj I Ab¨vb¨ (2007), wk¶v weÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wk¶v, evsjv‡`k

wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb|
3| Av³vi, †mwjbv I Ab¨vb¨ (2005), wØZxq cÖ_wgK wk¶v Dbœqb cÖKí, cÖ_wgK
wk¶v Awa`ßi|
4| †gv: jyrdi ingvb I Avãyj gv‡jK (2000), mgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y, wk¶v
gš¿bvjq|
5| gv‡jK, Avãyj I Ab¨vb¨ (2007), wk¶v weÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wk¶v, evsjv‡`k

wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb|
6| Avjg, kwdDj I Ab¨vb¨ m¤úv: (2003), wk¶v‡Kvl, K‡¤úwÛqvg Ae GWy‡Kkb|
7| beg-`kg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK|
8| 2004 I 2005 mv‡ji XvKv †ev‡W©i mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi cÖkœcÎ|
9| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y - gva¨wgK wk¶v Dbœqb cÖKí, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, XvKv|
10| wk¶v g~j¨vqb : bxwZ I eënvwiK w`K- W. kvnRvnvb Zcb I Ab¨vb¨, evDwe|
11| Teaching of Social studies- J. C. Aggarwal, Vikas Publishing House

Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1982.
12| Teaching of Social Studies- A S Kohli, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi, India, 1996.
13| beg-`kg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wP|
14| iIkb Aviv †eMg I Ab¨vb¨- mvgvwRK weÁvb, beg-`kg †kªYx, RvZxq wk¶vµg
I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
15| mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y- gva¨wgK wk¶v Dbœqb cÖKí, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, XvKv|
16| W. kvnRvnvb Zcb I Ab¨vb¨- wk¶v g~j¨vqb: bxwZ I eënvwiK w`K-evDwe,

MvRxcyi-1705|
334
17| Teaching of Social studies- J. C. Aggarwal, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1982.
18| Teaching of Social Studies- A S Kohli, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, India, 1996.
19| beg-`kg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK|
20| Action Research - TQI-SEP, Module-1, B. Ed. Trainers Manual.

21| Action Research For Educational Change - John Elliott – 1991.
22| Understanding Educational Research, Edited by David Scott and
Robin Usher, 1996.
23| A Teacher’s Guide to Classroom Research, David Hopkins, 1998.

24| †kL gywReyi ingvb, Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx w` BDwbf©vwmwU †cÖm wjwg‡UW, XvKv cÖ_g
cÖKvk 2012
335

Soe Edbn 2531 Social Scie 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Soe Edbn 2531 Social Scie 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Soe Edbn 2531 Social Scie 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y- 2

†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 2531

e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb (weGW) †cÖvMÖvg

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖKí cwiPvjK Wxb

 Avewk¨K cvV  c‡e©i KvR

 cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœgvjv m¤¢ve¨ DËi

 cvV mnvqK Avi Kx Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q we GW †cÖvMÖv‡g?

6 cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ávb †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g 54

8 wkLb m¶gZvi wfbœZvi wfwË‡Z `jMZ KvR, mZx_© wk¶Y 71

14 wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK 116

28 mvgvwRK weÁvb cVb `¶Zv: fv‡jv cVb I wkLb 285

Awa‡ekb- 1 : mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY

mvgvwRK weÁv‡b wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY

GB cvV †k‡l wk¶v_x©iv-

†h me miÄvg, hš¿cvwZ ev wRwbmcÎ e¨envi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i Kíbvkw³ RvwM‡q †Zvjv

ce©- L: mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶vq e¨eüZ DcKi‡Yi †kªwYwefvM

gvbwPÎ RZxq cZvKv †cv÷vi †iwWI

`k©bg~jK kªeYg~jK kªeY- `k©b g~jK

ce©- M: wk¶v DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

g~j wkLbxq welq

mvgvwRK weÁvb wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

1| `„wó wbf©i DcKiY

1| `„wó wbf©i DcKiY

ev¯Íe e¯‘ DcKiY

2. kÖæwZ wbf©i DcKiY

3| kªeY-`k©b wbf©i DcKiY

wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

 ¯^í‡gav, cðvrc`, ¯’yjeyw×, cv‡V axiMwZ wk¶v_x©‡`i ïay cvV¨cy¯ÍK I e³…Zvi

wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qi Kv‡QB mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY ev

1| †cÖlYv m„wó: AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZ eûjvs‡k g‡bv‰eÁvwbK ZË¡‡Kw›`ªK| Gi

3| g‡bv‡hvM m„wó: wk¶v_x©‡`i †kªwY‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wk¶v`vb Kvh©µg

we kvcjv †jey c„w_ex GKZviv wmivR Puv` Bwjk knx`-

`yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi e¨e¯’vcbv I i¶Yv‡e¶Y

`yj©f DcKiY myjf DcKiY AcÖZzj DcKiY

ce©- L: Kw¤úDUvi I Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZi e¨envi

ce©- M: wk¶v DcKiY e¨e¯’vcbv I msi¶Y

DcKiY e¨env‡ii ci wba©vwiZ K‡¶ wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b DcKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx,

AZ¨vaywbK g~j¨evb wk¶v DcKiYmg~n msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wbivcËvi welqwU

†Kv_vq Ki‡eb? †K Ki‡eb? KLb Ki‡eb? Kxfv‡e Ki‡eb?

`yj©f mvgMÖx Ges AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi e¨e¯’vcbv I i¶Yv‡e¶Y

`yj©f hš¿cvwZ AcÖZzj DcKiY

2. j¨vcUc ev Kw¤úDUvi 2. †Møve

3. gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i 3. esk ZvwjKv

4. IGBPwc 4. mgq ZvwjKv

5. GwcWvqv‡¯‹vc 5. HwZnvwmK wb`k©b

6. Wªwqs hš¿cvwZ 6. g‡Wj

hš¿cvwZmn `yj©f I AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi msi¶Y I e¨e¯’vcbv:

1| †kªwYK‡¶ `yj©f hš¿cvwZ I AcÖZzj DcKi‡Yi djcÖm~ e¨env‡ii ci wba©vwiZ

4| AZ¨vaywbK g~j¨evb wk¶v DcKiYmg~n msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wbivcËvi

5| wk¶v DcKiY msi¶YvMv‡i wba©vwiZ e¨w³e‡M©i hvZvqvZ mywbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

6| wk¶v DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ msi¶Y K‡¶ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K

7| mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi f½yi I cPbkxj wk¶v DcKiY Avjv`vfv‡e ivL‡Z

8| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi cPbkxj wk¶v DcKiY cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY cvwb I digvwjb

9| msi¶Y K‡¶ DcKiYmg~n‡K K¨vUvjM wfwËK Avjv`v fv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z

¯^íg~‡j¨i Ges webvg~‡j¨i wk¶Y-wkLb DcKiY

 ¯^í g~‡j¨i Ges webvg~‡j¨i wk¶Y-wkLb DcKi‡Yi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯^í g~‡j¨vi DcKiY webvg~‡j¨i DcKiY

ce©- L: ¯^íg~j¨ I webvg~‡j¨i DcKiY ˆZwi|

mnRjf¨ ¯’vbxq m¤ú` DcKi‡Yi weeiY