MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Your Partner for Wireless Engineering Solutions

 Global Footprint MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

A Global Player with Global Resources

CANADA
Toronto

KUWAIT

ASIA PACIFIC
OMAN New Delhi , Noida,
NORTH AMERICA Gurgaon
Richardson , TX Muscat
Headquarters

AFRICA
Kenya,
LATIN AMERICA South Africa
Brazil
AUSTRALIA
New South
Wales
 Capabilities MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Broad Skill Sets Across Wireless Industry

VAS

Staffing
Solutions
Transport
Services
Packet Switching In- Building
Services

Software
Development
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Agenda

 Global Scenario
 Convergence
 Evaluation of 3G and Releases
 Technology Concept
 UMTS Fundamental
 WCDMA Principle
 Frequency Band Allocation
 Spreading Principle
 Processing gain
 Comparison UMTS and GSM
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Communication

A Process of Exchanging information through Signal by Establishing

link between two entities:

Generally Transmitter and Receiver

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Telecommunication

Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological

means, particularly through electrical signals or electromagnetic wave

Communication

Telecommunication

Wireline Wireless

Internet AMPS/GSM/
UMTS/LTE
Broadband
Generations
 Mobile Network and Technology MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 1G
 2G/2.5G
 3G/3.5G
 4G TD LTE

FD LTE

4G
Generations MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Multimedia
Today’s Category MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Narrowband Wideband Broadband

4G
3G
2G
Service

1G
Type Voice

~ 384 ~ 21 ~ 100
Kbps Mbps Mbps
 Convergence-ICT MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Fiber Optical Networks Mobile Networks

Circuit Switched Voice Packet Switched Voice
Application Services Mobile Data

Global Networks Mobile TV

TELECOM INDUSTRY
VoIP

Main Frame Computers PC’s FMIC IPTV

Internet

Web-Services The
ERP, CRM, SCM Client-Server Technology ICT WORLD Convergent
Packaged Software Enterprise Integration Industry

IT INDUSTRY Triple/Quadruple Play

Gaming
Radio, TV and Print Electronic Publishing Digital Audio & Video
Digital photography Video On
Optical Storage Demand
( CD/ DVD) Digital Broadcasting

Flat Screen Technology

MEDIA INDUSTRY

1970 1980 1990 2000 2012

Standardization
 Vision MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Universal Global Roaming

 Multimedia (Voice, Data & Video)

 Increased data rates

 Up to 2 Mbps

 Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)

 IP architecture
International Standardization MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

– Radio standards and spectrum
 IMT-2000
– ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for International
Mobile Telecommunications 2000
 National and regional standards bodies are collaborating in 3G
partnership projects
– ARIB (Japan), TIA (North America), TTA (South Korea), TTC
(Japan), CWTS (China). T1 (North America), ETSI (Europe)

 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)

– Focused on evolution of access and core networks
 1850

1800
GSM

PCS
DECT
1900

PHS UMTS (TDD)

PCS
unlicensed
IMT-2000
1950

(FDD)
UMTS

PCS
IMT-2000
Mobile
Mobile Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite Satellite
2000

Satellite
UMTS (TDD)
IMT-2000(TDD) UMTS (TDD)
2050
UMTS Frequency Allocations

ITU

USA
Europe

Japan
2100

(FDD)
UMTS
2150

IMT-2000

IMT-2000

Mobile
Satellite Mobile Mobile Mobile
Satellite Satellite Satellite
2200 MHz
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 3GPP Releases MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Rel.99 to LTE
 3GPP Releases MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

S. 3GPP DL UL DL
No. Releases Feature Throughput Throughput Modulation UL Modulation Remarks
1 Rel 99 UMTS 2 Mbps 384 Kbps QPSK BPSK

Introduction of MSS, MGW

2 Rel 4 UMTS in Core Network

16 QAM,
3 Rel 5 HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 384 Kbps QPSK BPSK Scheduling of Codes
IMS
16 QAM,
4 Rel 6 HSUPA 14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps QPSK Dual BPSK

5 Rel 7 HSP+ 28 Mbps 11 Mbps

6 Rel 8 LTE 100 Mbps 50 Mbps Fourth Generation

Modulation
 Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Modulation is a process in which high frequency carrier signal is varied accordance to the
modulating signal.

 During signal modulation, a high-frequency sine signal is often used as the carrier signal.
One sine signal involves three parameters: amplitude, frequency and phase. Modulation
of each of these three parameters is respectively called amplitude modulation, frequency
modulation, and phase modulation.

 In the WCDMA system, the modulation is Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). If High
Speed Downlink Package Access (HSDPA) is used, the downlink modulation mode can also
be 16QAM.

bit Symbol
Modulation
 Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Signals are of low amplitude strength with low frequency (20 Hz to 20 KHz).

 To send the signal up to longer distance Modulation is required.

Depend on the Modulation:

Three types of Modulation schemes are introduced.

 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

• GMSK is used for GSM for Modulation

• QPSK is used for WCDMA for Modulation
Modulation Techniques MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Baseband 0 1 0
Signal

Frequency
Modulation

Amplitude
Modulation
Modulation Techniques MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Baseband
0 1 1 0
Signal

Phase
Modulation
 Modulation Method in WCDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channels

• QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
• 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
 16QAM Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• 16QAM allows for twice the peak data rate compared to QPSK

• Constellation diagram for 16QAM:

1 Modulation Symbol represents 4 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 4 bits/symbol

 64QAM Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• 64QAM peak data rate is 50% higher in comparison to 16QAM

• Constellation diagram for 64QAM:

Q

1 Modulation Symbol represents 6 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 6 bits/symbol

Multiple Access
 Multiple Access Techniques MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Multiple Access – Achieved by dividing the available radio

frequency spectrum, so that multiple users can be given access at
the same time.

 FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

– ( eg: GSM each Frequency channel is 200KHz)
 TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
– ( eg: GSM each frequency channel is divided into 8 timeslots)
 CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
– (eg: IS95- Each User data is coded with a unique code)
Radio Access Technology MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
FDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
TDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
CDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UMTS Fundamental
 Agenda MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 UMTS Cocktail Party

 Technology
 Spreading Factor
 Processing Gain
 Codes
 Comparison UMTS and GSM
 Rake Receiver
WCDMA Cocktail Party MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

What do YOU hear...

If you only speak Japanese?
If you only speak English?
If you only speak Italian?
If you only speak Japanese, but the Japanese-speaking
person is all the way across the room?
If you only speak Russian, but the Spanish-speaking
person is talking very loudly?
 UMTS Air Interface Technologies MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions

• WCDMA – FDD
• WCDMA – TDD

WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number of
networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same
frequency
 UMTS Air Interface technologies MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Frequency Division Duplex ( FDD ) Time Division Duplex ( TDD )

power time power time

Uplink Downlink

Downlink

Uplink
f1 f2 frequency f1 frequency

f3
duplex distance

Symmetric Services Asymmetric Services

 UMTS Air Interface Technologies MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

 Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency

WCDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

 Uplink and Downlink are separated in time
 Flexible time duration for UL and DL for Asymmetrical traffic
WCDMA Technology MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

WCDMA Carrier Users share same time and

Frequency
3.84 MHz
frequency

5 MHz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers
 UMTS – FDD Frequency Band MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Release 99
I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe,
Japan, India
 II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900

New in Release 5
 III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800

New in Release 6
 IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
 V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850
 VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan

New in Release 7
 VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
 VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900
 IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
 Calculation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1920 MHz 1980 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

UMTS-2100 Uplink Downlink

Duplex Frequency :2110-1920 = 190 MHz

Bandwidth :1980-1920 = 60 MHz
Carriers :60 / 5 = 12

UL : 1959 MHz – 1979 MHz

DL : 2149 MHz – 2169 MHz
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Channel Numbering

UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)

UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):

UARFCN = 5 x fCenter [MHz]

Uplink/Downlink
Uplink/Downlink

UARFCN is integer:
0 <= UARFCN <= 16383
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Calculations

 E.g. Frequency to UARFCN

Uplink (1920Mhz-1980MHz)
1922.4MHz <= fcenter <= 1977.6MHz
9612 <= UARFCN Uplink <= 9888
Downlink (2110Mhz-2170MHz)
2112.4MHz <= fcenter <= 2167.6MHz
10562 <= UARFCN Downlink <= 10838
UMTS & GSM Network Planning MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
 Differences in WCDMA & GSM MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Services with
Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
Different scheduling scheduling with GPRS
quality
requirement

Efficient
packet data
Layered Network MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1 - 10 km

F3
F2
F2 F1
200 - 500 m
F3
50 - 100 m Macro BTS
Micro BTS

F3
Pico BTSs
Quality Of Service
 3G Applications MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

3G Services Required Data Rates

Video Conferences

Video-telephony UMTS offers flexible and

Services

dynamic data rates:

Tele-shopping
8 – 2000 kbps
Electronic Newspaper, Image/Sound Files

Tele-banking Financial Services

Database Access Information Service

Email

Voice

10 100 1000 10000

 UMTS QoS Classes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

3GPP define two major classes (according to delay sensitivity)

 Real time
• Conversational class
• Streaming class
 Non-real time
• Interactive class
• Background class
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Quality of Service

 QoS defines preferential delivery service for the applications by

ensuring sufficient bandwidth, controlling latency and jitter, and
reducing data loss.
 The following table describes these network characteristics

Network Characteristics Description

Bandwidth The rate at which traffic is carried by
the network.
Latency The delay in data transmission from
source to destination.
Jitter The variation in latency.

Reliability The percentage of packets discarded by

a router.
 QoS Class MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Call

CS Call PS Call

Interactive Class Background Class

CS Data Call CS Voice Call PS Data Call PS Data Call

NRT Data Call

Conversational Streaming Class

Class PS Data Call
CS Data Call

RT Data Call
 Streaming MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Highly asymmetric

 Real time, relatively low delay required

 Typically between server and client

Example Applications

 Web broadcast

 Video on demand

 Miscellaneous streaming multimedia

 Interactive MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Request response pattern

 Preserve data integrity

 Relatively delay sensitive but not real time

 Treated as non-real time packet based service

Example applications:

 Web browsing

 Location based services

 Database retrieval
QoS For Different Services MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Quality Of Service Classes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Conversational Interactive
Traffic class Streaming class Background
class class

Preserve time
relation between Destination is
information Preserve time Request response not expecting
entities of the relation between pattern the data within
Fundamental stream a certain time
information
characteristics
entities of the Preserve data
Conversational stream integrity Preserve data
pattern (stringent integrity
and low delay)

Voice, Web browsing, Background

Example of the Streaming
videotelephony, download of
application multimedia network games
video games emails
Bearer Attributes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 UMTS Bearer Attributes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Delivery Order

• Whether the SDU (Service Data Unit) should be delivered in order

 Maximum SDU size

• The maximum allowable size of SDUs

 SDU Format Information

• The possible actual sizes of SDUs, which might be useful for RLC operation in UTRAN

 SDU Error Ratio

• The fraction of lost or detected erroneous SDUs

 Residual Bit Error Ratio (BER)

• The undetected bit error ratio of a delivered SDU

 Delivery of Erroneous SDUs

• Whether the detected erroneous SDU should be transmitted

 UMTS Bearer Attributes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Transfer Delay
• The maximum delay of 95th percentile of the delay distribution of all delivered
SDUs
 Traffic Handling Priority
• The priority for SDUs
 Allocation/ Retention Priority
• The priority for allocation and retention of the UMTS bearer
 Source Statistics Descriptor
• Shows the traffic characteristics of SDUs
• Studies have shown that speech holds a discontinuous behavior, in which there are
talking and silent periods
• By specifying the source characteristics, it helps the system in making a decision for
admission control to achieve statistical multiplex gain
Features
 WCDMA Features MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Separate users through different codes

 Large bandwidth

 Continuous transmission and reception CDMA

code
 Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1

 No frequency planning

 Scrambling code planning

 5 MHz carrier separation frequency

 Fast Power Control

 Soft/Softer Handover
http://www.3gpp.org
 Admission Control

 Load Control
3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project
WCDMA Data processing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Common Terms MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Bit, Symbol, Chip:

 A bit is the input data which contain information

 A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block interleaving

 A chip is the output of spreading

 Processing Gain:
 Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.

 Closely related to spreading factor, SF.

 Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to mobile station

 Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to base station
 WCDMA Source Coding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding

– Multi-rate:

• 8 kinds of coding rates

• Benefit multi-mode terminal design

– Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease speech rate of part of
subscribers automatically so as to support more subscribers.
 WCDMA Channel Coding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Purpose:
– Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs.

• Types
– Speech service: Convolutional code（1/2、1/3）
– Data service: Turbo code (1/3)
 DS-CDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)

Separates users through different codes

Codes are used for two purposes:

 Differentiate channels/users
 Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

t MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3

f
5 MHz
 Spreading Principle MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Spreading consists of 2 steps：

• Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus increasing the
bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading
Factor (SF).The operation is done through multiplication with OVSF code.
• Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.

Data bit Chips after

spreading

OVSF Scrambling
code code
 Spreading Principle MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them
with a spreading code

The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz

The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the
symbol rate

Information signal

Spreading signal

Transmission signal
 Spreading Using Direct Sequence CDMA
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Multiplication of the data with a specific code (chips)

• Every single bit will be masked by a number of chips.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Spreading / De-spreading

Symbol Symbol
Spectrum
+1
Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Code
(pseudo
-1
noise)
+1
Data x
Code
-1

Despreading
+1
Code
-1
+1
Data
-1
 Spreading Example MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Data stream x Spreading factor = 3.84 Mcps

 Possible SF:
 FDD UL: 4 – 8 – 16 – 32 – 64 - 128 – 256
 FDD DL: 4 – 8 – 16 – 32 – 64 - 128 – 256 – 512

Data rate
SF Chip rate FDD Example:
(After channel coding)
960 kbit/s 4 3,84 Mcps A Call requires a 12.2 kbit/s voice
channel. With special channel coding
480 kbit/s 8 3,84 Mcps
it will increase up to 30 kbit/s.
240 kbit/s 16 3,84 Mcps
Looking into the table will indicate
120 kbit/s 32 3,84 Mcps to use SF=128 (C128).
60 kbit/s 64 3,84 Mcps
30 kbit/s 128 3,84 Mcps
15 kbit/s 256 3,84 Mcps
7,5 kbit/s 512 3,84 Mcps
 Correlation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.

EXAMPLE:

+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1 (a)
-1 1 -1 1
+1 1 1 1 1
0
1 correlation
-1
Identical signals

+1
0 -1 1 -1 1 (b)
-1 11 11
-1 1 -1 1
+1 Zero correlation
0 Orthogonal signals
-1
 Spreading and De-spreading MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Spreading

• Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called CHIPS.

• This 'x' determines the SPREADING FACTOR!!!!

• The resulting spread data is at a rate of 'x' times R

De-spreading

• The spread user data/chip sequence with the same 'x' code chips to recover the
original data.
 Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

P(f) Spreading code

P(f)

f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal

f
Noise

Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)

f Spreading code f
Codes in WCDMA
 Code Understanding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

• Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)

 Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
 Separates different cells (in downlink)

• Channelization codes
 Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same
scrambling code
 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
 Period depends on data rate
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Orthogonality Principle
Case 1
+1
0
Spreading -1

11 001100
+1
0 1 0
+1 User -1
0 data
-1 +1
0

Despreading
-1
11 001100
+1 Spreading
0 code Case 2
-1
+1
0
-1
+1 Chip
0 sequence 101 01010
-1 +1
0
-1

+1
0
-1
 Property MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Orthogonality
• Two codes are said to be orthogonal when their inner product is
zero.

Let: let S1 be one SF code & S2 another

– Then : S1* S2 = 0
Eg: (1, 1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, -1, -1) are orthogonal:
(1 * 1) + (1 * 1) + (1 * -1) + (1 * -1) = 0
 DL & UL Channelization Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Walsh-Hadamard Codes:
Orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
 SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,
512}
 SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}

Good Orthogonality Properties:

cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
 Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation
(where synchronization between various channels is guaranteed)
 Channelization Codes: Code Tree MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 ... SF=256 SF=512

C8(0)=[11111111] C16(0)=[............]
C16(1)=[............]
C4(0)=[1111]
C16(2)=[............]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[............]

C16(4)=[............]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C16(5)=[............]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C16(6)=[............]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C16(7)=[............]
C0(0)=[1]
C16(8)=[............]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C16(9)=[............]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C16(10)=[...........]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[...........]

C16(12)=[...........]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C16(13=[...........]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C16(14)=[...........]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(15)=[...........]
 DL & UL Channelization Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate

 In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data

(and control) channels coming from the same NodeB

CC3, CC4
CC1, CC2

CC5, CC6, CC7

 In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels from the same UE

CC1, CC2
CC1 , CC2, CC3

CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

 Spreading Factor Calculation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user

factor symbol bit rate channel bit data rate with
rate (kbps) rate range ½-rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps

W
RSymbol  Rb _ phy  2  RSymbol
SF
(QPSK modulation)
Gain
 Processing Gain MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

User bit
rate
R
Power density (Watts/Hz)

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

W  const  3.84 Mchip

sec

G p dB 
W
Processing Gain:
R
 Processing Gain MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98 dB

Spreading
sequences have a
different length
Frequency (Hz) Processing gain
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s) depends on the user
R data rate
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Power density (W/Hz)

Frequency (Hz)
 Combination MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Separates users through different codes

Codes are used for two purposes:
 Differentiate channels/users
 Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

Spreading consists of 2 steps：

 Channelization operation
 Scrambling operation

Data bit Chips after

spreading

OVSF code Scrambling code

 Scrambling Property MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special

code to distinguish between different transmitters.

 Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be synchronized

 The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code length – longer

codes, better separation (but not 100%)

 Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

 Scrambling Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

DL Scrambling Codes
 Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
 Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
 Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
 Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips

512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes

16.8 million UL Scrambling Codes
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Scrambling Distribution

SC 48
SC 0 SC 64
SC 16 SC 40 SC 56 SC 49
SC 8 SC 24 SC 1 SC 65
SC 32 SC 17 SC 41 SC 57
SC 9 SC 25
SC 33
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Scrambling Codes

 In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell
(assigned by operator – SC planning)
 In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned
by network)

Cell “1” transmits using SC1

SC1 SC1

SC3 SC4

Cell “2” transmits using SC2

SC2 SC2

SC5 SC6
 Channelization & Scrambling Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Pilot, Broadcast
SC1 + CCP + CCB
2 data channels
1 data channels
Voice (voice, control)
(control)
Conversation SC1 + CC1 + CC2
SC1 + CC3 Uplink
Packet Data
2 data channels 2 data channels
(voice, control) (14 kbps data, control)
SC3 + CC1 + CC2 SC4 + CC1 + CC2

Pilot, Broadcast
SC2 + CCP + CCB Video
3 data channels 4 data channels
Video (voice, video, control) conference
(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7 with Data
conference

3 data channels
4 data channels
(voice, video, control)
(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC5 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3
SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4
 DL Spreading and Multiplexing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Radio frame = 15 time slots

CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1 Pilot

P-CPICH BCCH

Pilot X User 1
CODE 2 User 2

P-CCPCH User 3
BCCH X
SUM
CODE 3

DPCH1 Time
User 1 X
CODE 4
+
3.84 MHz
DPCH2 SCRAMBLING RF carrier
User 2 X CODE
CODE 5

X RF
DPCH3
User 3 X

3.84 MHz bandwidth

 Codes Multiplexing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1 - Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code

Channelization code 1 Node B

User 1 signal

Channelization code 2

User 2 signal

Channelization code 3

User 3 signal
 Codes Multiplexing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

2 - Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1

Channelization code

User 1 signal

Scrambling code 2

Channelization code

User 2 signal NodeB

Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
 Channelization & Scrambling Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Channelisation code Scrambling code

Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data Uplink: Separation of mobile
(DPDCH) and control channels Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Length 4–256 chips (1.0–66.7 s) Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
Downlink also 512 chips 66.7 s = 256 chips

Different bit rates by changing the length Option (2) can be used with advanced
of the code base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling Uplink: 16.8 million
code = spreading factor Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth
Correlation
Transmission Power MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Power density
High bit rate user
Frequency

5MHz

Low bit rate user

Time

Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power

 Multipath Propagation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between

different replica of the desired signal
Multipath Propagation
Transmitted
signal
t2

t0 t3
t1

Received
signal

Time
RAKE Receiver MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Principle of RAKE Receiver MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Correlator 1

The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3

Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance
of the system
 RAKE Receiver MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Each multi-path component is called a “finger”

• Estimation of radio channel properties for each finger:

 Delay
 Amplitude
 Phase

• The Rake receiver combines multi-path components by coherent combining of

multi-path components belonging to the respective user.
 Summary MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Global Scenario
 Convergence
 Evaluation of 3G and Releases
 Technology Concept
 UMTS Fundamental
 WCDMA Principle
 Frequency Band Allocation
 Spreading Principle
 Processing gain
 Comparison UMTS and GSM
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

“HAPPY LEARNING”

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

www.mcpsinc.com
www.mmentor.com