The single bore multiple anchor system

Eur.Ing. A D BARLEY, Director of Engineering, Keller Colcrete, Wetherby, UK

1.0 INTRODUCTION
A typical anchor tendon with a 6m fixed length in soil or weak rock will, at test load, need
to extend some 15 to 20mm at the proximal end of the fixed length before any load will be
transferred to the distal end of the tendon. It is unusual for the elastic behaviour of the
grouted soil around the anchor tendon to be compatible with the elasticity of the tendon and
allow a uniform distribution of load along the fixed length. Thus, it is widely acknowledged
that, in the majority of circumstances, debonding at the tendon/grout or the grout/ground
interface must occur as anchor load increases and prior to any load being transferred to the
distal end of the fixed length. This phenomenon is commonly known as progressive
debonding and is associated with grossly non-uniform distribution of bond stress along the
fixed length at all stages of loading. Information has been published by a multitude of
researchers on this topic.

Progressive debonding generally results in a highly inefficient use of the in situ ground
strength; in the load condition where the ground strength deep in the fixed length is being
utilised, the ground strength above has been exceeded and only a residual strength is
available there at the anchor soil interface (Fig 1). However, a system that can transfer the
load simultaneously to a number of short lengths in the fixed anchor bore without the occur-
rence of progressive debonding, will mobilise the in-situ ground strength efficiently and
result in a considerable increase in anchor capacity (Fig 1). This is the principle of the
single bore multiple anchor (S.B.M.A.).

Tendon

Initial loading Progressive loading Ultir nate loading

Figl
^—
Bond /
stress
a) Progressive debonding
Itriglii^ — along a normal
anchor fixed length
0 Load distribution along fixed anchor Fixed anchor length maximum generally 10m

b) Single Bore Multiple

Anchor ensures
simultaneous loading
Bond
stress
of a number of short
unit fixed lengths in a
0 Load distribution along fixed anchor Fixed anchor length can be increased t o 2 5 m +
single borehole

Ground anchorages and anchored structures. Thomas Telford, London, 1997.

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 66 THEORY AND DESIGN

2.0 THE SINGLE BORE MULTIPLE ANCHOR CONCEPT

The system involves the installation of a multiple of unit anchors into a single borehole.
Each unit anchor has its own individual tendon, its own unit fixed length of borehole, and
is loaded with its own unit stressing jack. The loading of all the unit anchors is carried out
simultaneously by a multiple of hydraulically synchronised jacks which ensures that the load
in all unit anchors is always identical.

In a situation where the load transfer mechanism from tendon to grout eliminates progressive
debonding, or where the unit fixed lengths are short enough to be unaffected by the
progressive debonding, then in a homogenous stratum the maximum ground strength can be
mobilised (by bond) uniformly and simultaneously over the entire fixed length. Furthermore,
with such a system there is no theoretical limit to the total overall fixed length utilised whilst,
in normal anchors, little or no increase in load capacity is expected with fixed lengths greater
than 8 to 10m.

In the case of non-homogenous soil conditions in the fixed length, each unit fixed length can
be designed for the appropriate condition. If the soil is weaker in the upper fixed length,
then the proximal unit anchors will have longer unit fixed lengths than those at greater depth
such, that when equal load is applied to each unit anchor, each one is mobilising the same
percentage of the ultimate grout/ground bond capacity, or such that each failure occurs simul-
taneously. Albeit, if the unit anchors are founded in soil conditions with different creep
characteristics, the unit fixed lengths would be designed such that each unit anchor design
complies with the appropriate creep criterion in its particular working condition.

The SBMA system can also be designed for the encounter of soil with strength reducing with
depth, or with strength varying throughout the fixed length, or even for the encounter of very
weak bands of soil at irregular depths. In the latter case, the number of unit anchors is
designed to allow for a potential failure of one or two unit anchors, whilst the remaining
intact unit anchors will still sustain the total anchor working load with an appropriate factor
of safety.

3.0 HISTORY
The idea of staggering the location of bonded strand lengths in the fixed length may have
been considered in the early days of anchor development, but research has revealed no data
published confirming the use of the concept. In 1978, the writer carried out investigation
pull-out tests on very short resin encapsulated lengths incorporating the CCL enclosed end
grips and CCL strand vice connectors (Ref 1). This confirmed that load could be fully
transferred from the strand to short encapsulated lengths and then on to the anchor grout.
The incorporation of 3 such units, staggered in a 2m gun barrel, may have marked the first
test of a single bore multiple anchor.

Some ten years later Messrs Greenwood and McNulty (Ref 2) published a report on their
shear tube anchors. This system also involved a lock-off system located on the strand to
ensure full load transfer over a short length. However, these shear tubes were located not
in individual encapsulations, but at staggered depths with a single 6m long pregrouted
encapsulation. The system was first used on a commercial scale with test anchors installed
in silty sand in Shrewsbury, where the multi-strand anchor was loaded with a normal multi-
strand stressing jack. A fifty percent increase in capacity over an adjacent normal 6m
encapsulated anchor was exhibited. The shear tube system, although it has some
commonality with the SBMA, is not in fact a multiple anchor system. The maximum length

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 BARLEY 67

Photo 1 - 1100 Single Bore Multiple anchors installed in very weak chalk and
medium dense sand in Norwich

over which the load can be transferred is limited by the length of the single prefabricated
encapsulation that can be handled without damage. Furthermore, like other multi-strand
anchors, it is stressed by a single multi-strand jack that does not accommodate the uneven
extension exhibited by a multiple of unit anchors.

The writer's research into the use of short load transfer lengths from strand to grout within
short encapsulation continued through the early 1980s. The first full-scale commercial single
bore multiple anchors, in which each unit anchor encapsulation was isolated from others in
the overall anchor fixed length, and each unit individually loaded, was at Southampton in
1988 (Ref 3). A total load of 1337kN was recorded on the annular anchor load cell during
testing of five unit anchors founded in clayey Bracklesham Beds. Development and
refinement of multiple anchor techniques has continued over an eight year period and some
25,000 unit anchors have been successfully installed and tested (Photo 1)

4.0 PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS

4.1 General
Theoretically, the multiple anchor system would work to its maximum efficiency when
utilising a large number of low load capacity unit anchors, each with relatively short unit
fixed lengths over which no progressive debonding exists. However, the following
constraints control the actual number of unit anchors and the unit anchor capacities:
i. The bond length, or bond mechanism, used at the tendon/grout interface of each unit
to allow safe use of the full tendon capacity;
ii. The diameter and type of the corrosion protection of the fixed anchor (encapsulation);
iii. The influence of the passage of the "free" length tendons from the deep unit anchors
(distal) on the bond capacity of the shallower unit anchors (proximal) and the
resulting congestion in the borehole;

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 68 THEORY AND DESIGN

iv. The arrangement at the anchor head of the multiple of individual jacks in the
hydraulically synchronised stressing system. (All unit anchors have different free
lengths and hence require different amounts of extension and ram travel).

4.2 The unit anchor tendon

The difficulties in handling and coupling rigid bars, and the extremely low capacity of a
single wire tendon, immediately exclude both types of tendon from consideration.

Strand is readily available in three sizes, 12mm, 15mm and 18mm, with a type variety in
each group (normal, super stabilised, and dyform or compact). Extensive research
information from strand and encapsulation pull-out tests has allowed a number of options of
bond mechanism to be considered. These range from non-deformed strand to deformed
strand, or deformed tendon, or to mechanical locking devices. For permanent works
requiring the encapsulation of the strand within a double plastic corrugated duct system (de-
veloped to comply with the corrosion protection requirement of BS8081 (Ref 4), the
deformed strand is the preferred system, whilst for temporary works either deformed strand
or a mechanical device for removable anchors is available (Ref 5).

Although research has established that the full capacity of the entire range of strands could
be achieved within encapsulation lengths of 1 to 1.5m, in practice, the unit encapsulation
lengths have been standardised in the 2 to 3m range as a general safeguard.

Further research has determined that encapsulation size, complete with a double plastic layer,
could be as little as 22mm, but the common diameter now in use is 50mm for ease of
fabrication.

Initially unit anchors contained only single strands, but the demand for higher unit tendon
capacity to ensure failure at the ground/grout interface in preliminary trial anchors,
necessitated incorporation of two strands. Subsequent development has confirmed that a mul-
tiple of strands may be incorporated satisfactorily into the double protected encapsulations
of individual unit anchors to allow mobilisation of even higher unit anchor loads.

4.3 Multiple stressing jack and load measurement arrangement

The initial choice of the unit anchor tendon system determined that the range of test loads
required in production unit anchors was between 200 to 300kN (75% characteristic strength
of strands). In order to demonstrate factors of safety in the range of 2 to 3 in the test
loading of preliminary trial anchors, or to achieve failure at the grout/ground interface, unit
anchor test loads up to 600kN have accordingly been required.

In utilising a multiple of hydraulically synchronised jacks, the arrangement which maintains

the unit anchor tendons on the minimum pitch circle diameter has been found to be most
appropriate. This allows use of normal 150mm to 200mm diameter ducts at the head of the
anchor, with only nominal deviation of the strand alignment. Safe loading to test loads of
4200kN can now be carried out utilising a specially designed seven-unit jack arrangement
(Ref 5).

Each of the jacks is coupled via a central manifold to a single hydraulic powerpack. Thus,
during load application, the load in each unit anchor is always the same. The hydraulic
pressure is measured by a pair of matching calibrated gauges and, based on the ram area of
the identical jacks, the applied load is known. Any error in measurement of pressure is
identified immediately by observation of discrepancy between the two gauge readings, and

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 BARLEY 69

by checking the gauge pressure on the powerpack itself. Any friction within the "system"
can be established by carrying out loading and unloading cycles. Owing to continual diffi-
culties over a 15 year period in achieving compatibility between loads established from
pressure gauge readings with those recorded by load cells (strain gauged, vibrating wire or
hydraulic), more emphasis has now been placed on determining loads by accurate reading
of hydraulic pressure gauges alone.

In the case of preliminary trial anchors, each individual jack also has its own pressure gauge
and lock off valve. If, from the load/extension data, the failure or onset of failure of a unit
anchor is suspected then its valve is closed and the load in that unit can be observed
independently while further testing of the other unit anchors is continued.

4.4 Unit anchor fixed lengths

Having established from the multiple jack arrangement the optimum number of unit anchors,
and from the tendon system the range of working and test capacities of unit anchors, then
the design of unit anchor lengths can be made. Fixed lengths of double that of the short
encapsulation may be accommodated and still ensure efficient mobilisation of ground strength
(Ref 6). This subjects the anchor grout to shear and compression above the encapsulation
and shear and tension below the encapsulation. However, it should always be borne in mind
that in the vast majority of conditions shorter unit fixed lengths (2 to 4m) are more efficient
than longer unit fixed lengths (4 to 8m), and thus an appropriate choice of borehole diameter
is also relevant; typically 200mm dia in stiff clays, 140mm dia in stronger glacial clays and
weak rocks, and 140mm dia cased holes in medium dense fine sands.

4.5 Effect of adjacent tendons on proximal unit fixed anchor lengths

All mechanisms which transfer load from tendon to grout, or encapsulation to grout, subject
the grout to bursting stresses. Owing to the very limited tensile strength of cementitious
grout it is, in the majority of cases, the surrounding soil or rock which effectively confines
the grout and prevents the grout column bursting at low loads. The presence of a number
of strands in close proximity and within a compressible sheath, adjacent to the bond system
of the proximal anchors, provides a considerable weakness in the grout column and reduces
the effective confinement. Research has been carried out to investigate the influence of the
presence of the adjacent strands on the bond capacity of both encapsulations and mechanical
devices (Ref 7). In soil conditions where confining stresses are limited, a system of
surrounding the adjacent strands in non-compressible sleeves, and reinforcing the grout, has
been developed to ensure these problems do not result in low capacity pull-out failure.

From the testing of the numerous anchors, it has been established that friction within the free
length of the strands of distal anchors can, due to their passage of upper encapsulations, be
greater than that in proximal anchors. For this reason, it is recommended that the lower
limit of the apparent tendon free length acceptance criterion is 80% (or strand extensions are
not less than 80% theoretical). This limit is consistent with that specified in the new
European Standard (Ref 8) and nominally less than that adopted by the British Standard,
BS8081 (Ref 9). It should be borne in mind, however, that via the nominal friction the load
is still transferred into the overall fixed anchor length.

4.6 Effect of load change in a production single bore multiple anchor

It has been normal practice in the U.K. for over a twenty year period to apply a preload of
110% of working load to production anchors.

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 70 THEORY AND DESIGN

This generally provides more than a reasonable overload to ensure that, within the life of the
anchor, load loss due to soil creep or tendon relaxation does not cause the load to fall below
the designed working load. This procedure complies with BS8081 and as such is applied to
more than 95 % of installed anchors. However, there are occasions in which the full working
load is not applied to an anchor, and subsequent load change results entirely from the amount
of movement of the anchor head in the axial direction.

When SBM anchors are installed for use in the normal applications, where full working load
is applied, then no special considerations are necessary. However, where the anchors are
intended to be partially or fully loaded by structural movement of the anchor head, then
consideration must be given to the designed variations in the unit anchor free lengths. When
the anchor head moves, the load increase in the proximal unit anchor will be greater than that
in a distal unit anchor due to its shorter elastic length; thus the load locked into each unit
anchor at a datum, or an intermediate level, must be varied such that when the calculated
amount of movement necessary to load the anchor occurs, then after this movement the unit
loads will be equal, and no individual unit anchor overloaded.

5.0 TEST ANCHOR PROGRAMMES

One of the major benefits accruing from the installation and testing of preliminary trial
anchors using the multiple anchor system, is that each unit anchor provides a full and
comprehensive set of data with regard to its own elastic and non-elastic behaviour and bond
capacity; i.e. a six unit anchor provides six times as much data as a normal anchor (Fig 2).
Attempts have not been made to fully isolate the grout column associated with each unit
anchor, and it is accepted that some upward transfer of load may exist between unit anchors
during normal loading. However, in the trials carried out to date, the determination of
failure capacity of some middle or lower unit anchors has not been prevented by this
phenomenon. Furthermore, after reaching a general stage of failure, subsequent tests have
been carried out to substantiate the information from individual unit anchors. The proximal
anchor is loaded to failure first, and the associated grout column pulled away remote from

Load in MN
Fig 2 - A six-unit anchor provides six sets of load extension data and six sets of
information on bond stress. Note 3648kN achieved without failure in
dense sand.

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 BARLEY 71

the one below. This is repeated, working progressively towards the distal anchor. In
addition to the trials carried out to establish ultimate capacities, in the majority of cases, load
holding tests have been carried out at locked off loads of 1.1 x working load, to ensure load
loss does not exceed 1% load per unit time over 8 time periods (5, 15, 50, 150, mins; 8, 24
hours; 3, 10 day) in order to comply with the requirements of BS8081. Apart from one
particular site, where tendon contamination was experienced, no SBM unit anchors tested to
date have failed this criterion, and generally losses have been well within these limits.

6.0 DEVELOPMENTS IN ANCHOR DESIGN

Current recommendations in the British Standard for the design of anchors in rock, in sand
and in clay, all involve a design equation in which the load capacity of the shaft component
of the anchor is directly proportional to the fixed length of the anchor. This consideration
is based on the assumption that "transfer of the load from the fixed anchor to the rock ....
or soil [added] .... occurs by a uniformly distributed stress acting over the whole of the
perimeter of the fixed anchor". It is generally acknowledged that in the majority of rock and
soil conditions this assumption is incorrect. Owing to the incompatible elastic properties of
tendon, the grout and grouted ground, the progressive debonding at either or both of the
tendon/grout or ground/grout interfaces prevents such uniform distribution. The evaluation
of a mathematical expression to correct for this phenomenon is complex, however the
extensive data provided in single bore multiple anchor tests has allowed a relatively simple
but accommodating correction to the current empirical formulae: -

Current expression: Tf a L (1)

Tf = ultimate anchor load

L = fixed anchor length

May be changed to: Tf oc L.fs (2)

where fs is the efficiency factor which relates the efficiency of the anchor in mobilising bond
capacity to the fixed length of the anchor.

The current design rules applied to non-postgrouted shaft anchors in clay generally follow
those developed for bored piles in the equation :-

Tf = T. D. L. a. Cu (3)

Tf = ultimate load in kN
D = bore diameter (m)
L = fixed anchor length (m)
a = adhesion factor
Cu = average undrained shear strength over the fixed anchor length kN/m2

Recommended values of a established from piling are in the 0.2 to 0.5 range whilst a range
of 0.3 to 0.6 has been achieved in normal anchoring. For anchors in London Clay a value
of 0.45 is often considered appropriate. It is accepted in the piling and anchoring industries
that the adhesion factor,a, allows for variation of founding stratum and variation in drilling
and construction techniques. To accommodate another variable within this acknowledged
factor, and for anchors only, would be confusing. Thus it is appropriate to introduce an
"efficiency factor", "fs", in place of V for relating efficiency to length of fixed anchor:

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 72 THEORY AND DESIGN

i.e. Tf = x. D. L. fs. Cu. (4)

Many of the SBM anchors installed and tested have been founded in stiff to very stiff clays.
The unit fixed lengths tested have ranged from 2.5 to 7m, whilst tested fixed length of longer
anchors has ranged from 10m to as much as 23m grouted length in clay. This data has
allowed evaluation of the efficiency factor values for use in equation 4.

Unfortunately, it is not always economic for the site investigation to provide full and
comprehensive data on the clay shear strength over the full depth range. In an increasing
number of situations, particularly in boulder clays and glacial tills, only standard penetration
test data are available. Such data can be used in two ways to design the fixed length of the
anchor:

i) Make use of the relationship and factors recommended by Stroud (Ref 10) to allow clay
shear strength to be estimated:

Cu = fi.N (5)
where fi = factor ranging from 4.4 to 6.0.
N = Standard penetration test value

Thus make use of the derived clay shear strength value in the previous equation (2).

ii) On the basis of failure loads exhibited in the trial anchor, determine a direct
relationship between bond stress and N for anchors in clays and;

rf = fio.N (6)

where rf = ultimate bond stress

where fio is one of a number of proposed new factors relating ultimate bond stress to
standard penetration test values.

Such relationships have previously been proposed by Littlejohn for anchors in chalk (Ref 11),
and Barley for anchors in chalk, mudstone and sandstone (Ref 12).
Consistent with design approach above (equation 4), incorporating the efficiency factor, fs,
relating efficiency to the choice of fixed length, the ultimate anchor load in clay can be
represented by:-

Tf = T. D. L. fs. fio. N (7)

A similar approach introducing efficiency factors into the existing design formulae for
anchors in non-cohesive strata and rocks, is currently being evaluated (Ref 13), whilst the
utilisation of a relationship between bond capacity and standard penetration test values is
ongoing.

7.0 DATA ANALYSIS, EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY

FACTOR AND SBMA DESIGN IN COHESIVE MATERIAL
From the 61 unit anchors tested, 21 unit anchors and 2 normal anchors were failed, which
allowed calculation of failure bond stresses. Of the 21 unit failures, site investigation data
presented clay strength in terms of Cu values (or reasonable interpolation of such) in the
depth range of 11 units. Use of recommended values of fi (4.4 in London Clay) allowed
reasonable estimate of clay shear strength from N values at the depths of 3 other units.

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 BARLEY 73

1b 15
L • ANCHOR FIXED LENGTH (m)

Fig 3 - Efficiency Factor fs, versus length of fixed anchor in very stiff clay

One site for example exhibited ultimate average bond stresses in two normal straight-shafted
anchors with 10m fixed lengths of 112 and 142kN/m2. SBM anchors installed adjacent
exhibited ultimate average bond stresses of 146 to 303kN/m 2 when utilising 2.5 and 4m unit
lengths in the same depth range and anchor loads of more than double those of normal
anchors were achieved. Over the depth range of the anchors Cu ranged from 110 to
400kN/m 2 .

Analysis of all these data allows the presentation of Fig 3, showing the values of efficiency
factor, fs, against fixed length. This indicates that the full clay shear strength can frequently
be mobilised in bond when short length unit anchors (2.5 to 3.5m) are installed (fs = 0.95
to 1.0). However, in the 3.5m to 4.0m range fs can vary from 0.66 to 1.0. With fixed
lengths greater than 4m there is a continual fall-off in efficiency. The use of Equation 4,
along with efficiency factor values presented in Fig 3 allows a more accurate estimate of the
ultimate capacity of straight shaft anchors founded in clay than those obtained from Equation
3 recommended in BS8081. Equation 3 does not accommodate the occurrence of progressive
debonding which is known to restrict the capacity of longer anchors. Use of Equation 4 is
particularly appropriate for the design of SBM anchors, where optimisation of the bore
diameter and the unit fixed length may now be made with due consideration of bond effi-
ciency.

Figure 4 provides a full worked example of such a design, where the relationship between
Cu and depth in London Clay is established from S.I. data. The example is represented
schematically for clarification.

Of the 21 induced failures of unit anchors, 11 took place in founding strata where ground
strength was represented by a range of N values at the relevant depth. Values of fio ranged
from 3.2 to 5.0 in London Clays, and 4.1 to 5.0 in the Boulder Clay. In the Glacial Till in
Newcastle fio ranged from 6 to 8 without anchor failure. A design example for anchors
founded in Glacial Till utilising N values as the design parameter is provided in the paper
describing the Newcastle anchors (Ref 14).

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 74 THEORY AND DESIGN

Unit Anchor Design Criteria

Tf = 2000kN tf = 2000/5 units = 400kN/unit
tf = x.D.L'.fs.Cu
where D = 0.19m fs = efficiency factor, V = unit fixed length
Design requirement: L'.fs.Cu>670 for each unit anchor
[Top of Clay 3 to 5m Below G.L| Tf= 2000kN

Top of Fixed Anchor

Unit 1: Z to mid point ~7.5sin35Os» 4.3m
Cu » 85 + (21 x 4.3) - 175; L - 8.0m fs = 0.48
L.ft.Cu =» 672 ok

1/ Unit 2: Z to mid point - I3.5sin350 =• 7.74m

Cu - 85 + (21 x 7.74) - 247; L =- 4.0m fs - 0.70
L.ft.Cu - 692 ok

I Unit 3: Z to mid point» 17sm35°« 9.75m

C u - 8 5 + (21x9.75-290;
L - 3.0m ft - 0.83JL.6.Cu - 772 qk
f-10 "Unit 3 - 3.0m

Unit 4 » 3.0m
Unit 4: Z to mid point - 20.5sin35o • 11.47m
Cu - 300; L - 3.0m fs - 0.83, Lfc.Cu = 747 ok

Unit 5: Z to mid point - 23"sin35° - 13.9m

Cu = 300; L - 3.0m ft - 0.83; L.fc.Cu - 747 ok
-15
200 400
Cu - kN/m 2
Fig 4 - Worked example of design of Single Bore Multiple anchor in clay, based
on known shear strength values

8.0 SUMMARY

The introduction of the patented single bore multiple anchor system has allowed considerably
more efficient use of soil strength, with or without soil strength enhancement, than previously
achieved.

In the S.B.M.A. design it acknowledges the existence of ground strength variability and
increase in efficiency with reduction in unit fixed length. The system allows full use of
overall fixed lengths of up to 30m, and can be designed to accommodate differing founding
materials within a single anchor bore.

The preliminary testing of multiple anchors has provided extensive information on ground
to grout bond. The analysis of these data has allowed considerable advancement in the
simple design approach to anchors, by the application of an efficiency factor which quantifies
load reduction with increase in fixed length.

Anchor working loads in the lOOOkN to 2000kN range are now available in the majority of
soil conditions. Multiple anchors can be utilised for permanent usage, complete with double
plastic corrosion protection or, for temporary usage, supplemented by total removal of the
multiple of strand tendons after use.

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 BARLEY 75

REFERENCES

Ref 1 Barley, A.D., 1978. "Pull-out tests on fixed end encapsulations. Universal
Anchor Company Report (unpublished)
Ref 2 Greenwood, D.A., McNulty, T.A., 1987. "Ground anchorages: shear tube
anchors". Proc Inst Civ Eng, June, 591-599.
Ref 3 Barley, A.D., 1991. "Slope stabilization by new ground anchorage systems
in rocks and soils". Proc. of Conf. on Slope Stability Engineers, Isle of
Wight, UK, April.
Ref 4 Barley, A.D., 1997. "The research, development and design of the ground
anchor tendon protected against corrosion and damage by a double plastic
layer". Conf. on Ground Anchorages and Anchored Structures, ICE, London,
March.
Ref 5 Barley, A.D., McBarron, P., 1997. "Field trials on four high capacity
removable multiple anchors founded in marine sand fill and in completely
decomposed granite". Conf. on Ground Anchorages and Anchored Structures,
ICE, London, March. 1997.
Ref 6 Ludwig, H.P., Weatherby, D.E., 1989. "Behaviour of a tieback in cohesive
soil". 12th International Conf on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,
Rio De Janeiro, Vol 2, pages 1023-1026.
Ref 7 Barley, A.D., 1991. "Effect of adjacent strands on encapsulation pull-out
capacity". Confidential KC Report (unpublished).
Ref 8 EN 1537: "Execution of special geotechnical work - Ground Anchors" -
European Standard.
Ref 9 BS8081: 1989. "Code of Practice for ground anchorages." BSI, London.
Ref 10 Stroud, M.A., 1974. "The standard penetration test in insensitive clays and
soft rocks". Proc European Seminar on Penetration Testing, Stockholm.
Ref 11 Littlejohn, G.S., 1970. "Soil anchors". ICE Conf. on Ground Engineering,
London.
Ref 12 Barley, A.D., 1988. "Ten thousand anchorages in rock". Ground
Engineering, Sept, Oct, Nov 1988.
Ref 13 Woods, R.I., Barkhordari, K., Barley, A.D., 1997. "The influence of bond
stress distribution on ground anchor design". Conf. on Ground Anchorages
and Anchored Structures, ICE, London, March.
Ref 14 Woodland A, Lomax C, Barley A.D., 1997. "The design, construction and
performance of an anchored retaining wall, Newcastle Quayside". Conf on
Ground Anchorages and Anchored Structures, ICE London, March.

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