Mai 3.12-3.13 Equations of Lines

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
Mathematics: applications and interpretation
MAI
EXERCISES [MAI 3.12-3.13]

EQUATIONS OF LINES
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis
A. Paper 1 questions (SHORT)
1. [Maximum mark: 7]
Complete the following table
Passing through Parallel to Equation of line
1   3 1 
A(3,5) b    r       
7  5 7
 2
the origin b   
3
A(3,5) x-axis
A(3,5) y-axis
1  1  1 
     
A(1,3,5) b  7 r   3   7 
 2  5  2
     
1 
 
the origin b   4
3
 
A(1,3,5) x-axis
A(1,3,5) y-axis
A(1,3,5) z-axis
Page 1
[MAI 3.12-3.13] EQUATIONS OF LINES
Complete the following table
Passing through Equation of line
 3 1 
A(3,5) and B(4,12) r       
 5 7
A(1,-4) and B(7,6)
the origin and B(7,6)
1  1 
   
A(1,3,5) and B(2,10,7) r   3   7 
 5  2
   
A(1,3,5) and B(0,5,3)
the origin and B(2,10,7)
Express the following 3D lines in the form r  a  b
(i) x-axis (ii) y-axis (iii) z-axis
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Page 2
 3 1 
Determine whether the line r        passes through

 5 7
(i) A(5,19) (ii) B(5,20) (iii) the origin
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Find a vector equation of the line passing through (–1, 4) and (3, –1). Give your answer
in the form r = p + td, where t  .
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Page 3
The points P(−2, 4), Q (3, 1) and R (1, 6) are shown in the diagram below.
(a) Find the vector PQ . [2]
(b) Find a vector equation for the line through R parallel to the line (PQ). [2]
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The line L passes through the origin and is parallel to the vector 2i + 3j.
(a) Write down a vector equation for L.
(b) Find the Cartesian equation of the line in the form y=mx
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Page 4
The diagram below shows a line passing through the points (1,3) and (6,5).
y
(6,5)
(1,3)
0 x
 x  a c 
Find a vector equation for the line in the form       t   , where t R
 y b  d 
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x 1    2
A vector equation of a line is       t   , t R.
y 2   3 
   
Find the equation of this line in the form ax + by = c, where a, b, and c Z.
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Page 5

 2
A line passes through the point (4,–1). Its direction is perpendicular to the vector   .
3
Find the equation of the line in the form ax + by = p, where a, b and p are integers.
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The line L passes through the points A (3, 2, 1) and B (1, 5, 3).
(a) Find the vector AB . [3]

(b) Write down a vector equation of the line L in the form r = a + tb. [2]
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Page 6

 4  3
A vector equation for the line L is r =   + t   .
 4  1
Which of the following are also vector equations for the same line L?
 4  2  4 6
A. r =   + t   . B. r =   + t   .
4
  1  4   2  
 0  1 7  3
C. r =   + t   . D. r =   + t   .
1
  3  5   1  
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Given the points A(1,1,1) B(2,2,2) C(5,5,5) D(4,5,6)
(a) Find the vectors AB and BC and hence explain why A, B and C are collinear
(b) Find the vector equation of the line AD
(c) Find the cosine of the angle BAD
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Page 7

Calculate the acute angle between the lines with equations
 4  4  2  1
r =   + s   and r =   + t  
 – 1  3  4  – 1
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Two lines L1 and L2 have these vector equations.
L1 : r = 2i + 3j + t(i– 3j) L2 : r = i + 2j + s(i – j)
The angle between L1 and L2 is θ. Find the cosine of the angle θ.
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The lines L1 and L2 have parametric equations
L1 : x  1  2 , y  1  3 , z  1   L2 : x  2   , y  3  4  , z  4  2 
Find the angle between L1 and L2 .
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Page 8

The vector equations of two lines are given below.
 5  3   – 2  4
r1 =   + s   , r2 =   + t  
 1  – 2  2  1
The lines intersect at the point P. Find the position vector of P.
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The lines l1 and l2 have equations
 4  1  2  0 
    and r    1    2 
r1   3     5  2    
0  2  3   3
       
respectively, where λ and μ are parameters.
(a) Show that l1 passes through the point (2, –7 , 4).
(b) Determine whether the lines l1 and l2 intersect.
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Page 9

3 1    2 7 
Consider the lines L1: r        and L2: r       

5 7  20    1
(a) Show that the lines are perpendicular. [2]
(b) Find the point of intersection of the two lines. [3]
(c) Find the Cartesian equations of the two lines in the form ax  by  c [4]
(d) Solve the simultaneous equations in (c) [1]
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Page 10
 2 1  2  2
       
Consider the lines L1: r   1     4  and L2: r   9     0 
 3  2  4  3
       
(a) Show that the two lines intersect. [4]
(b) Find the point of intersection. [1]
(c) Find the angle between the two lines. [2]
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Page 11

 2 1  3   1
       
The line L1 is represented by r1 =  5   s  2  and the line L2 by r2 =   3   t  3 .
 3  3  8    4
       
The lines L1 and L2 intersect at point T. Find the coordinates of T.
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The vector equations of the lines L1 and L2 are given by
L1: r = i + j + k + λ(i + 2j + 3k); L2: r = i + 4j + 5k + μ(2i + j + 2k).
The two lines intersect at the point P. Find the position vector of P.
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Page 12

Consider the four points A(1, 4, –1), B(2, 5, –2), C(5, 6, 3) and D(8, 8, 4). Find the point
of intersection of the lines (AB) and (CD).
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Point A(3, 0, –2) lies on the line r = 3i – 2k + λ(2i – 2j + k), where λ is a real parameter.
Find the coordinates of one point which is 6 units from A, and on the line.
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Page 13

The line L passes through A (0, 3) and B (1, 0). The origin is at O. The point R(x, 3−3x)
is on L, and (OR) is perpendicular to L.
(a) Write down the vectors AB and OR . [3]

(b) Use the scalar product to find the coordinates of R. [3]
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Consider the points A (1, 3, –17) and B (6, – 7, 8) which lie on the line l.
(a) Find an equation of line l, giving the answer in parametric form. [4]
(b) The point P is on l such that OP is perpendicular to l. Find the coordinates of P. [3]
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Page 14
 2  2
   
The line L has vector equation r   0     1  .
 3  2
   
The coordinates of a point P on L are of the form P (2+2λ, λ, 3+2λ)
(a) Determine whether the following points lie on L: (i) A (8,3,8) (ii) B (8,3,9). [2]
(b) Find two points on L, 6 units far from B . [4]
(c) Find two points on L, 89 units far from the origin. [4]
(d) Find two points on L, 54 units far from C (1,0,2). [4]
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Page 15
 2  2
   
The line L has vector equation r   0     1  . The point D (0,1,0) does not lie on L.
 3  2
   
The coordinates of a point P on L are of the form P (2+2λ, λ, 3+2λ).
(a) Find the point on L which is closest to the point D . [4]
(b) Find the distance between the line L and the point D . [1]
(c) The point D is the reflection of D in the line L. Find the coordinates of D . [2]
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Page 16
29. [Maximum mark: 6+6]

The line L is given by the parametric equations x = 1 – λ, y = 2 – 3λ, z = 2.
Find the coordinates of the point on L that is nearest to the origin.
Use two different methods.
METHOD A (use the fact that the vector OP is perpendicular to the line). [6]
METHOD B (use the formula of the distance d and then differentiation). [6]
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Page 17

The line L has vector equation

r = 5 i + 9 j + 6 k + t( i + 2 j + 2 k ) where t is a scalar.

(a) Find the coordinates of the point on line L which is nearest to point A(0, 2, 2). [5]
(b) Calculate the shortest distance from the point A(0, 2, 2) to the line. [2]
(c) The point A is reflected in line L. Find the coordinates of the image A΄. [2]
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Page 18

 9    2  1    6
       
Two lines L1 and L2 are given by r1 =  4   s 6  and r2 =  20   t  10  .
  6   10   2    2
       
52
(a) Let θ be the acute angle between L1 and L2. Show that cosθ = . [3]
140
(b) (i) P is the point on L1 when s = 1. Find the position vector of P.
(ii) Show that P is also on L2. [3]
 6 
 
(c) A third line L3 has direction vector  x  . If L1, L3 are parallel, find the value of x. [2]
  30 
 
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Page 19
B. Paper 2 questions (LONG)

The following diagram shows a solid figure ABCDEFGH. Each of the six faces is a
parallelogram.
The coordinates of A and B are A (7, –3, –5), B(17, 2, 5).
(a) Find (i) AB; (ii) AB . [4]
  6   2
   
The following information is given. AD =  6  , AD = 9, AE =   4  , | AE | = 6
 3   4 
   
(b) (i) Calculate (a) AD • AE (b) AB • AD (c) AB • AE

(ii) Hence, write down the size of the angle between any two intersecting edges [5]
(c) Calculate the volume of the solid ABCDEFGH. [2]

(d) The coordinates of G are (9, 14, 12). Find the coordinates of H. [3]
(e) The lines (AG), (HB) intersect at point P. Find the acute angle at P. [4]
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Page 20
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Page 21

The diagram below shows a cuboid (rectangular solid) OJKLMNPQ.
The vertex O is (0, 0, 0), J is (6, 0, 0), K is (6, 0, 10), M is (0, 7, 0) and Q is (0, 7, 10).
(a) Find in the form r = a + tb the equations of lines: (i) (JQ) (ii) (MK) [6]
(b) Find the acute angle between (JQ) and (MK). [2]
(c) The lines (JQ) and (MK) intersect at D. Find the position vector of D. [5]
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Page 22

Points A, B, and C have position vectors 4i + 2j, i – 3j and – 5i – 5j. Let D be a point on
the x-axis such that ABCD forms a parallelogram.
(a) (i) Find BC . (ii) Find the position vector of D. [4]
(b) Find the angle between BD and AC . [4]
The line L1 passes through A and is parallel to i + 4j.
The line L2 passes through B and is parallel to 2i + 7j.
A vector equation of L1 is r = (4i + 2j) + s(i + 4j).
(c) Write down a vector equation of L2 in the form r = b + tq. [1]

(d) The lines L1 and L2 intersect at the point P. Find the position vector of P. [4]
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Page 23

The point O has coordinates (0, 0, 0), point A has coordinates (1, –2, 3) and point B has
coordinates (–3, 4, 2).
(a) (i) Find AB (ii) Find BÂO . [5]

 x    3   4 
     
(b) The line L1 has equation  y    4   s  6  .
 z   2   1
     
Write down the coordinates of two points on L1. [2]
(c) The line L2 passes through A and is parallel to OB .

(i) Find a vector equation for L2, giving your answer in the form r = a + tb.
(ii) Point C (k, –k, 5) is on L2. Find the coordinates of C. [5]
 x  3   1 
     
(d) The line L3 has equation  y     8   p   2  , and passes through the point C.
z  0   1
     
Find the value of p at C. [2]
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Page 24

Three of the coordinates of the parallelogram STUV are S(–2, –2), T(7, 7), U(5, 15).
(a) Find the vector ST and hence the coordinates of V. [4]

(b) Find a vector equation of the line (UV) in the form r = p + td where t  . [2]
1
(c) Show that the point E with position vector   is on the line (UV), and find the
11
value of t for this point. [2]
a
The point W has position vector   , a  .
17 
(d) (i) If EW = 2 13 , show that one value of a is –3 and find the other possible
value of a.
(ii) For a = –3, calculate the angle between EW and ET . [7]
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Page 25

Points P and Q have position vectors −5i +11j −8k and −4i + 9 j − 5k respectively, and
both lie on a line L1.
(a) (i) Find PQ .

(ii) Hence show that the equation of L1 can be written as
r = (−5 + s) i + (11− 2s) j + (−8 + 3s) k. [4]
The point R (2, y1, z1) also lies on L1.
(b) Find the value of y1 and of z1. [3]
The line L2 has equation r = 2i + 9 j +13k + t (i + 2 j + 3k).

(c) The lines L1 and L2 intersect at a point T. Find the position vector of T. [5]
(d) Calculate the angle between the lines L1 and L2. [4]
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Page 26

The position vector of point A is 2i+3j+k and the position vector of point B is 4i−5j +21k
(a) (i) Show that AB = 2i −8 j + 20k.
(ii) Find the unit vector u in the direction of AB .
(iii) Show that u is perpendicular to OA . [6]
Let S be the midpoint of [AB]. The line L1 passes through S and is parallel to OA .
(b) (i) Find the position vector of S.
(ii) Write down the equation of L1. [4]
The line L2 has equation r = (5i +10 j +10k) + s (−2i + 5 j − 3k).
(c) Explain why L1 and L2 are not parallel. [2]
(d) The lines L1 and L2 intersect at the point P. Find the position vector of P. [7]
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Page 27

The lines l1 and l2 have vector equations
1  2  4 1
       
r1   4     1  and r2   4     2 
 3  2  5  2
       
respectively, where λ and μ are parameters.
(a) Find the acute angle between l1 and l2. [2]
(b) Find the acute angle between l1 and z-axis. [2]
(c) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of l1 and l2. [4]
(d) Find the reflection of point A(1,4,3) in line l2 . [5]
(e) Find the reflection of line l1 in line l2. [2]
Let d 1 and d 2 be the direction vectors of the two lines.
(f) (i) Dhow that d 1 = d 2 .
(ii) Write down the vectors d 1 + d 2 and d 1 – d 2 .
(i) Hence find the equations of the two bisector lines between l1 and l2. [7]
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Page 29

The triangle ABC has vertices at the points A(–1, 2, 3), B(–l, 3, 5) and C(0, –1, 1).
(a) Find the size of the angle θ between the vectors AB and AC . [4]
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the area of triangle ABC. [2]
Let l1 be the line parallel to AB which passes through D(2, –1, 0) and l2 be the line
parallel to AC which passes through E(–1, 1, 1).
(c) (i) Find the equations of the lines l1 and l2 .

(ii) Hence show that l1 and l2 do not intersect. [5]
(d) Find the shortest distance between l1 and l2. [6]
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Page 31

Consider the points A(1, −1, 4), B(2, − 2, 5) and O(0, 0, 0).
(a) Calculate the cosine of the angle between OA and AB. [5]
(b) Find a vector equation of the line L1 which passes through A and B. [2]
The line L2 has equation r = 2i + 4j + 7k + t(2i + j + 3k), where t .

(c) Show that the lines L1 and L2 intersect and find the coordinates of their point of
intersection. [7]
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Page 32

Mai 3.12-3.13 Equations of Lines

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: applications and interpretation

EXERCISES [MAI 3.12-3.13]

Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

A. Paper 1 questions (SHORT)

Passing through Equation of line

A(1,-4) and B(7,6)

the origin and B(7,6)

A(1,3,5) and B(0,5,3)

the origin and B(2,10,7)

(a) Find the vector PQ . [2]

10. [Maximum mark: 4]

11. [Maximum mark: 5]

(a) Find the vector AB . [3]

12. [Maximum mark: 4]

13. [Maximum mark: 1]

14. [Maximum mark: 5]

15. [Maximum mark: 5]

The angle between L1 and L2 is θ. Find the cosine of the angle θ.

16. [Maximum mark: 6]

Find the angle between L1 and L2 .

17. [Maximum mark: 6]

18. [Maximum mark: 6]

19. [Maximum mark: 10]

20. [Maximum mark: 7]

21. [Maximum mark: 6]

22. [Maximum mark: 6]

23. [Maximum mark: 6]

24. [Maximum mark: 5]

25. [Maximum mark: 6]

(a) Write down the vectors AB and OR . [3]

26. [Maximum mark: 7]

27. [Maximum mark: 14]

(d) Find two points on L, 54 units far from C (1,0,2). [4]

28. [Maximum mark: 7]

29. [Maximum mark: 6+6]

30. [Maximum mark: 9]

31. [Maximum mark: 8]

B. Paper 2 questions (LONG)

32. [Maximum mark: 18]

The coordinates of A and B are A (7, –3, –5), B(17, 2, 5).

(a) Find (i) AB; (ii) AB . [4]

(b) (i) Calculate (a) AD • AE (b) AB • AD (c) AB • AE

(c) Calculate the volume of the solid ABCDEFGH. [2]

33. [Maximum mark: 13]

34. [Maximum mark: 13]

(a) (i) Find BC . (ii) Find the position vector of D. [4]

(b) Find the angle between BD and AC . [4]

The line L1 passes through A and is parallel to i + 4j.

The line L2 passes through B and is parallel to 2i + 7j.

A vector equation of L1 is r = (4i + 2j) + s(i + 4j).

(c) Write down a vector equation of L2 in the form r = b + tq. [1]

35. [Maximum mark: 14]

(a) (i) Find AB (ii) Find BÂO . [5]

(c) The line L2 passes through A and is parallel to OB .

(ii) Point C (k, –k, 5) is on L2. Find the coordinates of C. [5]

36. [Maximum mark: 15]

(a) Find the vector ST and hence the coordinates of V. [4]

37. [Maximum mark: 16]