UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING (M.I.E)

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT (PT3)

2019/2020
Title: DESIGN OF COCUNUT OIL PRESSING MACHINE
Name of student: Athumani Hamidu
Registration number: 2017-04-08418
Program: Bsc. In mechanical engineering

Name of company: Technology Development and Transfer Center (T.D.T.C)

Industrial train officer: Mr. Wakati

Academic supervisor: Dr. John kafuku

Pt duration: 6 Weeks ( 7/9/2020 – 16/10/2020)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is always pleasure to remind the fine people in the engineering program for their sincere guidance
I received to uphold my practical training.

Firstly, I would like to give greatest thanks to almighty God who made everything went well during
my PT time.

Secondly, I would like to thank University of Dar es salaam for play a big part for providing a
better place for me to learn as a student, also my special thanks goes to Higher Education Students
Loan Board (HESLB) for providing essential needs during PT time.

Thirdly, also I thank Technology development and transfer (T.D.T.C) for accept my practical
training request. Special thanks goes to T.D.T.C workers for their cooperation and contribution to
ensure I get the knowledge what they have.

Besides, I would like to convey my gratefulness to my practical training officer Mr. Wakati for the
excellence, which I have undergone in this company. The skills and knowledge throughout my
practical training, I perceive as very valuable component in future career development.

In addition, I express my immense pleasure and deepest sense of gratitude to my academic practical
supervisor Dr. John kafuku for his guidance and support during PT time.

I would especially like to thank all other workers at T.D.T.C for their generous support during the
PT time for sharing their expertise with me very generously and I have learned a lot from them

Finally, I apologize all other unnamed who helped me in various way to have good training.

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 ABSTRACT
The technology development has been continuing to solve the cost problem, aiming to reduce work
time, to streamline the existing machines to be more efficient and productive, including designing
the devices to replace human labor. In present report, the author has an idea to design press
machine, which will simplify the process of coconut oil extraction. Since people are getting
difficult to extract coconut oil because of using traditional methods. However, this machine will
ensure the product will have high quality and to produce larger quantity compared to that
traditional methods.

In operating principle of the machine, the designed machine uses power screw shaft and
hydraulic jack to compress material during the operation. A designed machine will be hand
operated machine, in which operator rotates the handle connected with a screw shaft (with a plate
at the bottom) to allow up and down movements. When the shaft moves down squeezes coconut
particle in cylinder and oil extracted. To ensure all oil removed from the copra (dried coconut
particles) hydraulic jack inserted at the bottom of the cylinder lift up manually to support
compression and remained oil extracted.

The designing of this machine is in step wise, the following steps followed to accomplish the job

Collection of data and listing of required specifications for our customers or users, I have
used several methods to get information about the kind of swaging machine required by customers.
In this stage also, I have taken in consideration for available materials.

Design concept generation and evaluation, this stage I have suggest two different design
concepts, their deference based on operation mechanisms of the machine, rising and lowering the
shaft etc.

Design analysis, in this I have taken analysis of several important components of the
machine for strength to ensure that, I obtain approximately correct dimensions of each component
so as to achieve the desired performance of the machine.

Up to there, I have the required product, so I can use these product details for manufacturing of a
coconut oil squeezing machine.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. ii
List of figures .............................................................................................................................................. v
List of tables ................................................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ....................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background Information: .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 problem statement. ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the study. .............................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 3
2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 Coconut oil .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Coconut oil characteristics and uses ............................................................................................. 4
2.3 Coconut oil processing technology and equipment ...................................................................... 5
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY ............................................................... 10
3.1 Documentary review ................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Design methodology ................................................................................................................... 10
3.3 design brief.................................................................................................................................. 10
3.3 Market information ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.4 Product design specifications ...................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Conceptual design: ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.6 Concept selection ........................................................................................................................ 17
CHAPTER FOUR: EMBORDIMENT DESIGN ................................................................................. 21
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Design analysis ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Components of the machine ........................................................................................................ 21
4.3 Important components for strength analysis ............................................................................... 23
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................... 28
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 28
5.2 Challenges ................................................................................................................................... 28
5.3 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 28

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REFFENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Appendix I: Engineering drawings ............................................................................................................ 30
Appendix II: Cost estimation .................................................................................................................... 30

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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Figure 1: Coconut ............................................................................................................... 3
2. Figure 2: manual operated ram press. ................................................................................. 7
3. Figure 3: motorized ghani ................................................................................................... 8
4. Figure 4: expeller ................................................................................................................ 9
5. Figure 5: components of coconut oil press. ...................................................................... 23

LIST OF TABLES
1. Table 1: Methodology plan ............................................................................................... 10
2. Table 2: Market information ............................................................................................. 11
3. Table 3: differences of design concepts ............................................................................ 17
4. Table 4: Marks scale for concept criterion ....................................................................... 19
5. Table 5: Concept Evaluation by Numerical Decision Matrix .......................................... 20
6. Table 6: properties of the power screw ............................................................................. 25
7. Table 7: Material Cost estimation ..................................................................................... 30

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

TDTC: Technology Development and Transfer Centre.

CoET: College of engineering and technology.
UDSM: University of Dar es salaam.
DTD: Director of Technology Dissemination
Eng: Engineer
PT: Practical Training.

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information:
Coconut oil is one of the important food commodities used for food preparation and for various
other applications. Coconut oil is a major kernel product next to desiccated coconut (DC). In 2005,
2576 million nuts were harvested, and 2000 million tons of coconut particles were produced
(Anon, 2005).

Coconut oil has been used in ciyumeda for various medicinal oil productions and skin ailments.
Coconut oil contains about 65% of short and medium chain fatty acids, which do not contribute to
the synthesis of cholesterol in metabolism (Peiris, 2005).

Hitton & Ethering, 1997 have introduced a process of direct micro expelling (DME), in which
fresh grated coconut is dried to 10% -12% moisture content, packed into a cylinder and heated in
an oven to 60 - 80"C for about 30 min. The cylinder is then placed in a press and oil is extracted
by applying sufficient pressure for 10 minutes. NERD Centre has developed a similar method of
drying grated coconut in the sun for two hrs. Until oil is visible when the coconut is pressed
between thumb and forefinger, (moisture is 10). Then it is pressed in a specially modified string
hopper mould (Ranatunge, 2000).

The extracted oil is a transparent liquid with high quality, conforming to virgin quality standards.
Since this mould has the holding capacity of a nut, the capacity of the mould was increased to
about 3 - 4 nuts and now it is popular as a cottage industry. The third version of this type has a 10
- 12 nuts holing capacity press in which partially dried coconut is pressed by a hydraulic jack
(Santha, 2001).

Therefore, most commercial grade coconut oils are made from copra (dried kernel of coconut). It
can be produced by smoke drying, sun drying of a combination of both. After being dried, they
compressed to obtain oil. The coconut oil must be further refined where the standard product is
RBD (Refined, Bleached and Deodorized) coconut oil. High heat is used in the deodorization of
the oil and the oil is typically filtered through clays (bleaching) to removes impurities. Sodium
hydroxide is generally used to remove free fatty acids and prolong shelf life of the coconut oil.

1
1.2 problem statement.
Traditional methods of extraction of coconut oil found to be very limited and time consuming.
Since people use their own hand to squeeze copra of coconut (dried coconut particles), in which It
can be produced by smoke drying, sun drying of a combination of both. After being dried, they
compressed to obtain oil so this method consume more time and the oil obtained is for domestic
use because of low quality and quantity. Other people, they use different manual devices to acquire
coconut milk, and then heated in a vessel until coconut oil is obtained, since water evaporate during
the boiling. However, all these method consume more time and the oil extracted is of low quality
and in quantity thus why is made especially for domestic use and not for commercial use.

The focus is to simplify the process of extraction of high quality coconut oil by using a machine.

1.3 Objectives
Main objective
The main objective of this report is to design a machine, which will simplify the process of
extraction of high quality coconut oil for commercial use.
Specific objectives
(i) To identify user requirements, material and equipment to be used
(ii) To generate conceptual design and select the best concept basing on the user and technical
requirement
(iii)To design the machine parts and prepare engineering drawing

1.4 Significance of the study.

(i) To simplify the process of extraction of coconut oil. I.e. to obtain high quantity of oil in
reduced man effort.
(ii) To obtain high quality oil. Which can be accepted and increase competition in the market.
(iii) To improve efficiency.
(iv)
(v) To improve technology

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 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter presents ideas and theory produced by different authors. In this chapter visited
different books, journals, articles website and other work that have done by other researchers. This
chapter is conducting about designing of a machine that can squeeze coconut meat until coconut
oil obtained. The new technologies and designing step can be used to accomplish the task.

2.1 Coconut oil

Coconut oil is extracted from the kernel or flesh of matured coconut harvested from the coconut
palm (Cocosnucifera). Coconut is available in two forms as wet and dry materials generally known
as wet coconut and dry coconut or copra. The oil can be extracted from both of these raw materials

Oil obtained from the fresh, mature kernel (meat) of a coconut by mechanical or natural means,
with or without the use of heat, without undergoing chemical refining or breaching, and which
does not lead to the alteration of the nature of the oil. Coconut oil is very suitable for human
consumption without the need for further processing (fife, 2005)

Coconut oil consists mainly of oxidation resistant medium-chain triglycerides. Coconut oil is
liquid at about 27°C and above. The coconut oil solidifies at about 22°C when it has the constituent
of butter in temperate countries. Copra derived coconut oil has been produced and used
commercially for almost a century (Furman, 2006)

The Philippine national standards for virgin coconut oil (PSS/BAFPS: 22:2004/ICS 67.2000.10)
officially defines virgin coconut oil as the purest form of coconut oil, essentially water clear or
colorless. It consist of natural vitamin E and has not undergone any hydrolytic and atmospheric
oxidation as demonstrated by its very low free fatty acid (FFA) content (even without refining)
and low peroxide value.

Figure 1: Coconut

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2.2 Coconut oil characteristics and uses
The degree of saturation and length of carbon chain of the fatty acid comprising a particular fat or
oil determines its properties, corresponding uses and its effects on human health. The more
saturated the fat and the longer the chain, the harder the fat the higher the melting point (fife, 2001).

Coconut oil is unique amide fats and oil, as it contains the higher percentage of medium chain fatty
acid (MCFA) with carbon chain length of 8-12 carbon atoms. VCO behaves and metabolizes
differently in human body in other saturated and unsaturated fats or oil. MCFA in coconut oil is
about 64% with lactic fatty acid (C12) as the highest ranging from 47% to 53% depending on
coconut variety (Babayan, 1968).

Babayan has reviewed that the most significant physical property of coconut oil is that unlike most
fats, it does not exhibit gradual softening with increasing temperature, but passes rather abruptly
from brittle solid to a liquid within a narrow temperature range.

Uses
 Frying and cooking oil because of its excellent resistance to rancidity development.
 It also used as a substitute for expensive butter fat in filled milk, filled cheese and ice cream
making these products cheaper without changing their palatability.
 When hydrogenated, coconut oil is used as margarine, shortening and baking fat.
 Used as spray oil for crackers, cookies and cereals to enhance flavor, increase self-life and
impart a glossy appearance.
 Used as ingredient in confectionaries such as candy bars, toffee, caramels, etc.

Functions of oil (Enig, 2001)

 It serves as an important source of energy in diet.
 It supply specific nutritional requirements.
 It provides a lubricating action in dressing or leavening effect in baked items.
 It acts as carrier and protective against for fat-soluble vitamins.
 It enhance the flavor of food.

The inedible use of coconut oil is as a raw material in the manufacturing of laundry and bath soaps,
as coconut chemicals for production of biodegrade detergents, shampoo, shower gel and other

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cleaning agents, for cosmetics and toiletries, for foam boasting of non-coconut oil based soap, for
the production of synthetic resins and plasticizers for plastic etc. (Pattra, 2004)

The current emerging major uses of virgin coconut oil (fife, 2004) are as:
 A hair and skin conditioner
 An oil base for various cosmetic and skin care product
 A carrier oil for aromatherapy and massage oil
 Nutraceutical and functional food

2.3 Coconut oil processing technology and equipment

Coconut oil produced directly from fresh comminuted (grated, chopped, granulated) coconut meat,
or from coconut milk residue. The choice of the method to be adopted, depend largely on the scale
of operation, the degree of mechanization desired the amount of investment available and the
demand of prospective buyer. The scale of operation to be implemented is significant depend on
the available coconut supply base (Weiss, 1999).

Oil can be extracted manually by pressing softer oilseeds and nut, such as groundnut and shear
nut, whereas harder, more fibrous material such as copra and sunflower seed can be processed
using Ghanis, pulped or grounded material is loaded into manual or hydraulic press to squeeze out
the oil-water emulsion. This is more efficient in removing oil than traditional hand squeezing,
allowing higher production rates. Fresh coconut meats removed from the shell using manual or
motorized grater (Weiss, 1999).

Oil plate presses are of two types

 Screw press and
 Hydraulic press.
Presses have a number of different designs, commonly based on a bridge press. In all types, batch
of raw material is placed in a heavy-duty perforated metal ‘cage’ and pressed by the movement of
a plunger. The movement of material in a cage varies from 5 – 30 kg with the average of 20 kg.
Layer plate can be used in larger cages to provide constant pressure through bulk material and
speed up removal of oil. The pressure should be increased slowly to allow the time for oil to escape.

5
Screw type presses
 more reliable than hydraulic
 Slower and produces less pressure except where a lorry jack is used.

In screw type press, coconut particles are pressed slowly and with pressure by plunger force down
by screw and into a cylinder with a larger number of small holes. Capacities of screw presses
depend upon the size of the cage. An average being about 1.5 kg per batch (potts, 1993).

Hydraulic type presses

 Hydraulic types are more expensive
 need more maintenance and
 risk contaminating oil with poisons hydraulic fluid (Putts, 1993)

also Potts, 1993 reviewed that in an hydraulic press, pressure is exerted by hydraulic device such
as lorry jack. It require high rigid framed structure. Hydraulic press generate greater pressure than
plate presses. However, the hydraulic fluid should be prevented from coming in contact with the
oilseed.

UNIFEM (1987) classified expression devices in three categories, which are;

 Plate presses or ram press
 Ghanis and
 Expeller

Ram press or plate presses; is a long pivoted lever moves a piston backwards and forwards inside
a cylinder cage constructed from metal bar spaced to allow passage of oil. At one end of piston’s
stroke, it opens an entry port from the input hopper so that material enters the press cage. When
the piston moves forward, the entry port is closed and material compressed inside the cage. As a
result, oil is expelled from coconut particles and emerges through gaps in the cage, the compressed
materials are pushed out through a circular gap at the end of the cage.

The width of this gap, which can be varied using adjustable pressure cone, controls the operating
pressure of the press. The design of the press is such that it can achieve the operating pressure in
excess of those obtained in most manual operated cage presses and as high as those in small
expellers.

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The ram press has low seed throughput but has advantage of continuous operation. The ram press
was developed in Tanzania specifically for the processing a thin shelled high oil content variety
of sunflower seed. The technique can also be used for copra, groundnut and sesame (Weiss, 1999)

Figure 2: manual operated ram press.

Ghanis; are widely used Asia but less so in other areas. A heavy wooden or metal pestle is driven
inside a large metal or wooden mortar (fig. 2.3). the batch of raw material is ground and pressed
the oil drawn out. They have relatively high capital and maintenance costs and need skilled
operators to achieve high oil yield. The ghani (mechanized extraction) consist of large mortar and
pestle, the mortar being fixed in the ground and the pestle being moving within the mortar by
animal traction motor. Oilseed are placed in the mortar and the pestle grinds the material to remove
the oil. The oil runs out of a hole in the bottom of the mortal and the cake is scooped out by hand.
This method is slow and requires two animals, replacing the tired one with another after about 3 –
4 hours of work.

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 Figure 2: manual operated ghani

Motorized ghanis are (fig. 2.4) are faster than manual or animal types but are mor expensive and
their higher capital and operating costs will require large scale of production for profitability
(Ghani, 1993)

Figure 3: motorized ghani

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Expeller; consist of helical threaded (worm assembly) which revolves concentrically within
pertorated cylinder (the cage or barrel). The barrel is ussualy formed series of axially placed lining
bar contained within a robust frame. Heated oilseed enter one end of the barrel through the feed
inlet and are conveyed by the rotating worm assembly to discharge end. With any power driven
equipment, it is important to consider how the equipment will be required as it becomes worn.
Local refurbishment is normally cheaper than importing spare parts (Fellow and Hampton, 2002)

Figure 4: expeller

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 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
3.1 Documentary review
This was involved studying of various literature including different existing design of coconut oil
squeezing machine, material used in the design, advantage and drawback of each design. Literature
review will involve reading and gathering information from books, journals and website. Also
from the literature review, to obtain some design specifications.

3.2 Design methodology

This design stage is the most essential stage in the design and therefore must executed with great
care in order to obtain a proper design to meet the requirement. Through design methodology,
concepts developed based on the design parameters obtained then the best concept will selected.

Table 1: Methodology plan

OBJECTIVE METHODOLOGY MATERIAL
To identify user requirements,
material and equipment to be Literature review Books
used Notebook
Internet
To generate conceptual design
and select the best concept Literature review Internet
basing on the user and technical Notebook
requirements

To design the machine parts and Computer

prepare engineering drawing AutoCAD & solidwork Paper
Pencil
eraser

3.3 design brief

The main activity of this report is to design a coconut oil press. A machine should be;
 Manual operated
 Cheap
 Portable
 To compress up to 5 Kg of copra per once and the oil produced estimated to be one liter
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3.3 Market information
In this section, provides the most required information of a machine to be designed, therefore
different methods can be used to understand the specifications required to be included in a design
so as to take over the market, example asking users to identify challenges in extracting coconut oil
for the user, asking manufactures to identify the weakness of their product (coconut extracting
machines), and also, literature review to identify materials for fabrication which are available in
Tanzania.

Table 2: Market information

S/N Source of Place Expected Methodology Time
information information

1 Self-deep UDSM- library Mechanism of brainstorming 8.0 hrs.

thinking squeezing

-material used. google advance

2 Literature review Internet search
-standards.

-models of the 8.0 hrs.

machine.

-means of power
transmission.

-GOYUM SCREW -properties of Website review

3 Manufacturer PRESS machine
-Interview
-Types of
-Questions
-MCRAYONE 8.0 hrs.
materials used in
-Reports
the design of the
machine
-Manufacturing
cost

-safety guidelines

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3.2.2 Collected information

1) By deep thinking
 Have to use power screw to provide a compression force by rotating the handle
manually.
 Have to insert hydraulic jack at the bottom to increase compression force
 Have to use longer handle to rotate a power screw for simplicity, since it will
provide high torque and the operator can’t get tired
2) From literature review
 Models of the machine – there are several coconut oil pressing machine designed
in different appearances, there are those motorized system and manual operated.

 Materials used – Materials for screw shaft, handle and cylinders is stainless steel
and is cast-iron for housing.

 Raising and lowering a shaft – done by screw threads of different shape such as V-
threads, etc.
 Installation requirement – Area for installation should be on flat surface like bench
or ground. Machine can be mounted on worktable by using clamp or bolts
 Buying price – a buying price of a swaging machine should range between
150,000/= Tsh. to 200,000/= Tsh

3) From manufacturer
 GOYUM SCREW PRESS
- mode of operation (manual operated and automatic by using motor)
- extraction mechanism (compression of materials by power screw)
- squeezing stage (multi stage, cylinders divided into number of portions)
 MCRAYONE
- Instillation (machine can be installed on short table or on the flat ground)
- Manufacturing cost
- Source of power (it can use electricity to run motor that connected to power
screw by using belt)
- Power consumption 8hp
 OCEAN
- Safety (machine covered with housing to prevent dust into the oil produced)
- Quality (machine painted to attract customer, do not require refining of oil
produced)
- Capacity (1 tone squeezed in a day to produce 6000 liters of oil)

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3.4 Product design specifications
a) Performance:-
 Manual operated by the help of power screw and hydraulic jack
 Ability to compress copra (dried coconut particles) up to 5 Kg
 Compression force provided by a power screw by an operator and a jack finalizing
squeezing.

b) Instillation:-
 the product should be fixed/mountable on a worktable since it comprise of 4 holes
bolted so as to ensure its stability during operation with consideration of easy
removal from site when needed

c) testing:-
 The manufactured product must be tested within the company/ or with a designer
itself to verify its functionality; also the product might be tested for its performance
by the customer, i.e. outside the company

d) Manufacturing facility:-
 It should be possible to manufacture the swaging machine in local workshops with
traditional machine tools and welding facilities.
 Standard parts should be purchased from local suppliers

e) Company constraints:-
 Design using AutoCAD

f) Market constraints:-
 Machine should be easy to operate via hands.
 Machine parts should be available, with a low price (i.e. not exceed 25,000Tsh.)

g) Standard:-
 The standards used are within the company/designer/manufacture

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h) Target product cost:-
 Product cost should be minimum, it will range between 250,000 to 300,000
Tanzanian shillings

i) Maintenance:-
 Should be able to be relatively easy to disassembled and assembled in order to do
maintenance
 Inspection and maintenance guideline manual will provided.

j) Documentation:-
 General layout of the equipment shall be submitted along with machine

k) Documentation manufacturing facility:-

 A product will comes with user manual with safety guidelines and installation
guidelines

l) Aesthetics:-
 A machine will painted to appear neat.
 Machine parts will have good surface finish and appear shiny.

m) Ergonomics:-
 The product completely is handmade and the heights reached easily, since the
manufacture of the product involves process and operation of machine that can easy
human controlled such as welding when permanent joints needed, bolts and nuts
when temporary joints needed.

n) safety
 Sharp edges and corner points will be chamfered and filleted to ensure the smooth
surfaces
 Regular inspections and maintenance should be performed once per week
 Machine have to be clean every day after using.

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o) disposal
 The product consists of steel material which are non-toxic materials and does not
need special disposal methods because it easy to re-use/recycle steel products to a
new one

p) weight
 coconut squeezing machine should be of lightweight (at most 50kg ) and non-bulky
in order to be carried and transferred from place to place

q) shipping
 The machine will be very portable; it can transported by bicycle, motorcycle or
small tracks by using loads within Tanzania and by using plane or ships for larger
distances outside the country.

r) size
 Shaft length 500mm
 The diameter of screw shaft is about 20 – 35 mm.
 The handle should be convenient with human hand and its height should result to
high torque.

s) scale
 The time for manufacturing and fabrication of a coconut pressing machine is about 3
months

t) quality reliability
 Quality assurance plan proposed shall be followed

u) quantity
 Machine will produced after getting orders from customers.

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 a) packaging
 Have to protect a machine by packaging containers such as wooden boxes, crates and
millboard structures. Due to extreme variations in temperature, which may occur in
transport and bring about sweating in the package. The metal surface should be isolated
from moisture by using temporary corrosion protective methods such as dipping waxes or
using corrosion protective oils.

a) competition
 Advanced technology and simple mechanisms should be used, so as to increase
competition in the market

3.5 Conceptual design:

Two different concept of the design created and then evaluations of those concepts take place by
rating and weight matrix method and then one of the concepts selected.
Concept generation
This involves drawing of simply sketches of different ideas of the machine with the same final
aim. The followings are the methods help in generation of concepts
 Deep thinking
 Literature review

Comparison of those two design concepts

Similarity:-

 Both are manual operated and the compression force is provided by torque from the
operator to the material by means of power screw
 Both concepts use stainless steel as the major material for almost all of its parts

Difference: -
 The difference of two design concepts are as shown on a table 3.

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Table 3: differences of design concepts
DESCRIPTION CONCEPT 1 CONCEPT 2
1. Compression force
 A squeezing force is provided  Only power screw is providing
by torque from power screw a compression force
during the operation

&

 The upward axial force from

the hydraulic jack for
increasing the compression
since it applied when power
screw contributed all of its
force due to its height.
2. Position of the  Power screw is oriented
power screw.  Power screw is oriented horizontally
vertically
3. Housing of the
machine  The outer cylinder, which  Casted compression chamber
collect oil extracted, used as used as machine housing
the housing.

3.6 Concept selection

This involves selection of the best concept for fabrication and manufacturing. Selection of the
concept based on selection criteria.

Selection criteria
Criteria for selecting best design concept are as follows: -
a) Material availability
b) Design simplicity
c) Maintenance
d) Assembling
e) Rising and lowering the upper shaft
f) Production cost
g) Safety
h) Performance
i) Environmental friend
j) Weight

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 Material availability; is the access of getting required materials at a right time for fabrication
and manufacturing of a machine. A design concept that seem with high materials availability
have to be selected.
 Design simplicity; is the state of producing simple, uncomplicated or uncompounded product.
A designer should select a design concept which take into account a design simplicity.
 Maintenance; involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary
devices, equipment and machinery. I consider such design concept which all works of machine
maintenance can be done easily i.e. easily maintenance.
 Assembling; the process of fitting together separate components of the machine. The process
should be done easily as possible. We have to consider such a design concept which is easier
in assembly process.
 Rising and lowering upper shaft; is the mechanism which used to clamp the work for
swaging during lowering and unclamp the work for removing during raising. A designer should
select that concept which is simple, not complicated and not time wasting.
 Production cost; the costs that are incurred to create a product that is intended to customers.
A production cost depend in complexity of a design. A design with approximation with low
production cost should give priority.
 Safety; the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk or injury. A
designer should consider or select a design concept which is care for machine operator i.e. safe
to operator.
 Performance; the number of unit produced per hour with ideal production rate. Performance
of machine determines the efficiency. A designer should select a design concept which can
perform better.
 Environmental friend; are the environmental conditions which supports life span of the
machine.
 Weight; the quantity of heaviness of a machine or mass of the machine. The concept to be
selected should be of low weight.

18
The matrix method of concept evaluation used is Numerical Decision Matrix in Table 1. The
following procedure was followed in the evaluation

a. All criteria where given weights according to their importance, where importance was
determined just by judgments. All weights should always add up to 1.00 or to 100% in
other words.
b. Next, all concepts were given marks to reflect how they fulfilled a given criterion. Marks
were assigned by judgment under the following scale.

Table 4: Marks scale for concept criterion

Marks Meaning
0 Useless (concept is useless based on the criterion)

1 Close to useless

2 Very poor

3 Poor

4 Satisfactory

5 Average

6 Good

7 Very good

8 Excellent

9 Close to perfect

10 Perfect

Weight factor is assigned to each criterion. Weight converted to relative weights (Peter 1997)
Priority factor number 𝑾
Relative Weight = = 𝑹=
total number of factors 𝑵

19
Table 5: Concept Evaluation by Numerical Decision Matrix
S/N CRITERION WEIGHT RELATIVE CONCEPT 2 CONCEPT 1
. WEIGHT
(𝑾) MARKS POINTS MARKS POINTS
(𝑴) (𝑷 = 𝑾𝑿𝑴) (𝑴)
𝑾 (𝑷 = 𝑾𝑿𝑴)
𝑹=
𝑵

1. Performance 5 0.21 7 1.47 6 1.08

2. Safety to 4 0.17 5 0.85 8 1.28

operator

3. Availability 3 0.13 8 1.04 8 1.04

of Materials

4. Rising and 3 0.13 7 0.91 9 1.17

lowering the
upper shaft

5. Low 2 0.08 8 0.64 7 0.56

production
cost

6. Ergonomics 2 0.08 6 0.48 7 0.56

requirements

7. Simplicity of 2 0.08 9 0.72 6 0.48

design

8. Life span 1 0.04 7 0.28 8 0.32

9. Light weight 1 0.04 6 0.24 7 0.28

design

10. Environment 1 0.04 5 0.20 6 0.24

al friend

TOTAL 𝑵 = 24 1 6.83 7.01

From the table 3, concept 1 has the highest score. Therefore, this concept was selected for further

20
 CHAPTER FOUR: EMBORDIMENT DESIGN
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter design analysis are to be performed to a selected design concept in order to make
easy selection of correct sizes of machine parts according to preferred specifications.

4.2 Design analysis

This involves important calculations to find approximately correct dimensions of different
machine parts and suggestion of suitable materials to ensure a machine to have enough strength
for the applied load. Design analysis, is done by the help of design data books and approved design
assumptions. A design analysis based on strength of important machine parts

4.3 Components of the machine

 Machine stand
 Columns
 Jack
 Oil collector
 Compression chamber
 Ram disc
 Power screw
 Handle
A. Machine stand: This is the support of the other machine parts, which designed in box shape
to ensure various user positions. A designed stand is with a fixed height of 150mm and should
have holes at the bottom for installation. We have to use angle iron (mild steel) since they
are available and have enough strength to withstand the whole weight of the machine.

B. Columns: This is the one, which provides stability of the machine. In this design,
selected material of the columns are iron angle, which is made by mild steel (30x30x450).
And the handle support is fixed on the top of the machine column.

C. Jack: This provides extra compression force to the compression chamber by lifting up a
jack center rod. This is done after an operator spent its energy by rotating the handle
manually. A small jack used (2 tones), since material compressed is very weak.

21
D. Oil collector: This is the part with a cylindrical shape, which collect all oil extracted
during the process. Materials for this part might be stainless steel or aluminum since they are
not reactive to extracted product (oil)

E. Compression chamber: This is the machine part into which the coconut copra is
placed and the compression takes place. This part is like open ended cylinder with small
holes to allow oil to penetrate into the oil collector during the operation. The material for this
part have to be very hard and strong to avoid abrupt failure.

F. Ram disc: Is the disc of desired size of its thickness, which inserted to the power screw
for compression of coconut copra during the operation.

G. Power screw: This is machine part that transform the rotary motion of a handle into axial
motion of a power screw shaft and producing compression force during the operation. A
power screw is required to be strong and tough enough to withstand compression force
produced from a handle and hydraulic jack, so a selected material for power screw is stainless
steel since have enough strength and are non-reactive to coconut oil.

H. Handle: this is the top attachment of the machine, which have to rotate by an operator to
produce axial force for compression. In this design handle is to be made of mild steel and
then covered by plastics for protections.

22
 Figure 5: components of coconut oil press.

4.3 Important components for strength analysis

 Power screw.
 Compression chamber (cylinder)
 Ram disc.

POWER SCREW SHAFT: designing of a power screw shaft, we have to calculate the allowable
diameter of a screw shaft, which will sustain applied torsional load. The diameter of a screw shaft
calculated in two approaches, which are;

(i) By considering strength criteria

(ii) By considering torsional deflection.

23
In addition, a screw shaft also may undergo buckling when a hydraulic jack is pumping up for
increasing the compression.

Assumption
 The grown up man of average power of 0.05kw can conveniently apply a hand force of
210N at a speed of 60rpm for a time to the handle of 200mm from the axis of rotation
depending on the materials being compressed (sanders and McCocmick, 1987)

Firstly, we have to calculate applied torque as follows:-

From, 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 Where, T = torque

T = 210Nx 0.2m r = radius of rotation

T = 42Nm.

Case A: By considering strength criteria.

The required diameter for the solid shaft having a torsional load only is obtained from ASME code
equation (hall,et al,1980) as follows:-
16𝑇
𝐷3 =
𝛿
1⁄
16𝑇 3
Now, 𝐷=⌊ ⌋ where, 𝛿 = allowable stress (55Mpa)
𝛿
1⁄
16𝑥42 3
𝐷=⌊ ⌋
55𝑥106
𝐷 = 0.023𝑚 ~ 23.0𝑚𝑚. We have to choose 25.0 mm (standard)

Case B: By considering torsional deflection.

The design of shaft for torsional rigidity based on the permissible angle of twist. The permissible
angle of twist for steel is 3 degree (surrender, 1979)
𝑇𝐿
𝜃= Where; T = torque 42
𝐺𝐽

L = length of shaft = 0.6m

𝜋𝐷 4
J = polar moment of inertia for a shaft 𝐽 = 32

G = modulus of rigidity of shaft = 80Gpa

24
 𝑇𝐿 42𝑥400𝑥10−3
𝐽= =
𝐺𝜃 80𝑥109 𝑥(3⁄180)

𝐽 = 1.26𝑥10−8
Also,
1⁄
𝜋𝐷4 32 𝐽 32𝑥1.26𝑥10−8 4
𝐽= , 𝐷4 = 𝐷=⌊ ⌋
32 𝜋 𝜋

𝐷 = 0. .212𝑚 ≈ 21𝑚𝑚
Therefore diameter of screw shaft is 21mm, we have to select 25mm (standard size)
SCREW SHAFT UNDER BUCKLING EFFECT: here we have to identify if a selected diameter
of a power screw (400mm length) can withstand a compression force applied from a jack. Since
hydraulic jack can lift up to a weight of about 2 tones (20,000N), so a shaft may fail under buckling

Table 6: properties of the power screw

Material Stainless steel
Youngs modulus 190Mpa
Effective length 400mm
Diameter 25mm
From equation of buckling,
𝑃𝐿𝑒 2
𝐸= Where, E = modulus of elasticity.
𝜋2 𝐼
P = applied compressive load.
𝐿𝑒 = effective length.
I = Moment of inertia.
Where,
𝜋𝑑4 3.14𝑥254
𝐼= 𝐼= = 19174.8𝑚𝑚4
64 64

𝑃𝐿𝑒 2 20,000𝑥4002
Now, 𝐸= = = 16,909.1𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜋2 𝐼 3.14 2 𝑥19,174.8

𝐸 = 17𝑀𝑝𝑎
Young’s modulus should be 𝐸 ≤ 190𝑀𝑝𝑎, Therefore our shaft will not fail
under buckling.

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COMPRESSION CHAMBER: designing of a compression chamber based on finding a
thickness of a compression chamber, which is in cylindrical shape. The chamber is to be designed
based on the internal pressure only.

Assumption:

 the housing is treated as a thin walled cylinder, then using the standard stress (stiffness)
analysis applied to thin walled pressure vessels (surrender, 1979), the maximum stress
 A compression force provided by the pressure from hydraulic jack (2 tons), which will
produce 7Mpa (7x106 pa) and a little force due to torsion during screwing (neglected when
compared with that of jack).

Since a compression chamber considered as thin walled cylinder then, the formula below will
apply;
𝑃𝑟
𝜎= where, 𝜎 = allowable stress of cylinder
4𝑡

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥
, 𝜎= 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 140𝑀𝑝𝑎 (for steel) and safety factor s.f = 2
𝑠.𝑓

𝜎 = 70𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑟 = 100𝑚𝑚 And 𝑝 = 7𝑥106 are Thickness, radius and Internal pressure

𝑃𝑟 7𝑥106 𝑥0.1
Now, 𝑡= =
4𝜎 4𝑥70𝑥106

𝑡 = 0.025𝑚, Required thickness of the compression chamber (cylinder) is 2.5mm.

RAM DISC: this is a disc working like a piston head in the cylinder and expected to compress
materials in a compression chamber as results of internal pressure from the hydraulic jack. It should
have adequate strength to withstand the straining action due to pressure of explosion
inside the engine cylinder. Design of a ram disc based on finding the approximate correct
dimension of its thickness.

Assumption
 Ram disc considered as piston head in a cylinder, then we apply Grashoff’s
formular of finding a thickness of piston head (R.S Khurmi and J.K Gupta, 2005
page 1155)

26
Grashoff’s formula;

3𝑃𝐷 2
𝑡 = √ 16𝜎 Where; t = thickness of ram disc
𝑡

P = internal pressure due to hydraulic jack (7Mpa)

D = diameter of the ram disc (200mm)
𝜎𝑡 = Tensile stress of disc (900Mpa – stainless steel)

3𝑃𝐷2 3𝑥7𝑥2002
𝑡= √ = 𝑡= √ = 7.6𝑚𝑚
16𝜎𝑡 16𝑥900

Now, thickness of ram disc is 7.6mm (we can use disc of 5mm because of material compressed).

27
 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
Coconut oil pressing machine aimed to fulfil the process of extraction of coconut oil as simple as
possible. The designed machine ensure the extracted oil is of high quality and meet the consumer’s
requirement. The designed machine is very conducive to mid age operator and does not require
high force in its operation.
5.2 Challenges
One of the challenges in designing of this machine is difficult in selection of materials of the
machine parts, since some of it required to be very strong enough to withstand the applied force
and selected material should be affordable and available for the manufacturer to fabricate.
The other challenge is choosing assumption to be considered or applied to achieve approximately
correct dimension of machine parts during the stage of design analysis.
5.3 Recommendations
Other designers should conduct research for the improvement of the machine so that it can use
motor for automatic operation and reducing man effort for its operation, and have to enlarge the
scale for mass production.
In addition, other designer should be carefully in selection of materials of the machine parts when
they want to design a larger automated machine for mass production.

28
REFFENCES
Fife, Bruce. Coconut cures, Piccadilly Books, Ltd. 2005 pp. 184- 185. ISBN 978-0-941599 60-3.
Furman, R.H., Howard R.P., Brusco O.J., Alaupoic P., “Effects of Medium chain length
triglyceride on serum lipids in medium chain triglyceride”. U Penn Press Pennsylvania, 2006, pp
51-61.
Banzon, J.A., Gonzales de Leon O.N., Sanchez, S.Y. and Sanchez, P.C. “Coconut as food” 1990.
PCRDF. Quezon City. Philippines.
Pattra, Maneesin, Anchalee Kamolratanakul, “Development of Retail Packaging for Soap Bars
from Coconut Oil”, 2004, TISTR, Thailand.

29
APPENDIX I: Engineering drawings
1. Design concepts
 Concept 1
 Concept 2
2. Hand draft
3. Deign draft
4. Detail drawings
 Stand
 Columns
 Oil collector
 Compression cylinder
 Power screw
 Ram disc
 Handle
5. Assembly design

APPENDIX II: Cost estimation

Table 7: Material Cost estimation

MATERIAL REQUIRED
S/N ITEM SPECIFICATIONS QTY UNIT PRICE TOTAL
(TSH)
1 ANGLE IRON 30X 30X1000 1 10,000/= 10,000/=

2 FLAT BAR 400X40X5 1 5,000/= 5,000/=

3 STAINLESS STEEL CYLINDER Ø200x1000x5 1 150,000/= 150,000/=

4 STAINLESS STEEL SHAFT Ø30x500 1 50,000/= 50,000/=

5 MILD STEEL PLATE 5OOx500x5 1 35,000/= 35,000/=

6 BOLT AND NUT M12x20 (Kgs) 1 200/= 2,000/=

M8x20 (Kgs) 1 2,000/= 2,000/=

CONSUMABLE MATERIALS

7 CUTTING DISC PICS 1 7,500/= 7,500/=

8 GRINDING DISC PICS 1 7,500/= 7,500/=

9 ELECTRODES Ø3.2 (Kgs) 1 3,000/= 3,000/=

GRAND TOTAL (TSH) 272,000/=

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31