WEB DEVELOPMENT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

By

Pratik Agnihotri
Arpit Chauhan

Nachiket Bhavsar
Vidul Bhosale

Adwait Bapat

Under the Guidance Of

Prof Jisha K.R

Department of Computer Engineering

A. P. SHAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, THANE
(2022-2023)
 A. P. SHAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Book Report entitled “Web Development” is a bonafide
work of, Pratik Agnihotri, Arpit Chauhan, Nachiket Bhavsar, Vidul Bhosale and
Adwait Bapat submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Engineering.

_________
Prof Jisha K.R
Subject Incharge

________
Prof. Sachin Malave
Head of Department
 Declaration
We declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and
where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation
of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke
penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

-----------------------------------------
Pratik Agnihotri

-----------------------------------------
Arpit Chauhan

-----------------------------------------
Nachiket Bhavsar

-----------------------------------------
Vidul Bhosale

-----------------------------------------
Adwait Bapat

Date:
 Acknowledgment
We have great pleasure in presenting the book report on Web Development. We take this
opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our Department of Computer Engineering, APSIT
thane for providing the technical guidelines and suggestions regarding the line of work. We would
like to express our gratitude for his constant encouragement, support, and guidance throughout
the development of the project. We thank Prof. Sachin Malave Head of Department, Computer
Engineering, APSIT for his encouragement during the progress meeting and for providing
guidelines to write this report. We also thank the entire staff of APSIT for their invaluable help
during this work. We wish to express our deep gratitude to all our colleagues at APSIT for their
encouragement.

Student Name 1: Pratik Agnihotri

Moodle ID: 20102198

Student Name 2: Arpit Chauhan

Moodle ID: 20102085

Student Name 3: Nachiket Bhavsar

Moodle ID: 20102091

Student Name 4: Vidul Bhosale

Moodle ID: 20102152

Student Name 5: Adwait Bapat

Moodle ID: 20102158
Table Of Contents:

Sr. Chapter Pg.

no. no.

1 Abstract 1

2 Introduction 2-4

3 FRONT-END DEVELOPMENT 5 -13

4 BACK-END DEVELOPMENT 14-18

5 Programming Languages 19-21

6 Conclusion 22
List of Figures:

Chapter Figure Pg.

no. no.

1 Architecture of Web Development 3

2 Front-End Development Technologies 5

3 Back-End Development Technologies 15

 ABSTRACT

Web development is the work involved in developing a website for the Internet (World Wide
Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web development can range from developing a
simple single static page of plain text to complex web applications, electronic businesses,
and social network services. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which Web development
commonly refers, may include Web engineering, Web design, Web content development,
client liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, Web server and network security
configuration, and e-commerce development. Among Web professionals, "Web
development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building Web sites: writing
markup and coding. Web development may use content management systems (CMS) to
make content changes easier and available with basic technical skills. For larger
organizations and businesses, Web development teams can consist of hundreds of people
(Web developers) and follow standard methods like Agile methodologies while developing
Web sites. Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting
developer, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer or
information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between
departments rather than the domain of a designated department. There are three kinds of
Web developer specialization: front-end developer, back-end developer, and full-stack
developer. Front-end developers are responsible for behaviour and visuals that run in the
user browser, while back-end developers deal with the servers. Since the commercialization
of the Web with Tim Berners-Lee developing the World Wide Web at CERN, the industry
has boomed and has become one of the most used technologies ever. The three different
specializations available to web developers are front-end, back-end, and full-stack. Back-
end developers work with the servers, whereas front-end developers are in charge of the
behaviour and graphics that appear in the user's browser.

Keywords: internet, social network, e-commerce, developer

 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

Website development is a catch-all term for the work that goes into building a website. This
includes everything from markup and coding to scripting, network configuration, and CMS
development. While web development typically refers to web markup and coding, website
development includes all related development tasks, such as client-side scripting, server-side
scripting, server and network security configuration, eCommerce development, and content
management system (CMS) development. Websites on the internet the process of creating a
website for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet is known as web development (a
private network). Web development can include everything from creating a single static page
of plain text to creating complex web applications, electronic businesses, and social network
services. Web engineering, Web design, Web content development, client liaison, client-
side/server-side scripting, Web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce
development are some of the more comprehensive tasks to which Web development commonly
refers. "Web development" is a term used by Web professionals to describe the non-design
aspects of creating Web sites, such as writing markup and coding. CMS (content management
systems) can be used in web development to make content changes more convenient and
efficient. Web development teams for larger organisations and businesses can number in the
hundreds (Web developers) and create Web sites using standard methods such as Agile
methodologies. Smaller businesses may only require a single permanent or contract developer,
as well as secondary assignments to related jobs such as graphic designer or information
systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative departmental effort rather than
the responsibility of a single department. Front-end developer, back-end developer, and full-
stack developer are the three types of web developer specialisations.

Why Do We Need Websites.

Websites primarily act as a bridge between one who wants to share information and those
who want to consume it. If you are running a business, then it is almost imperative for you
to have a website to broadcast your offerings and reach out to potential clients at a global stage.
The following points explain why it is important to have a website:
• A website is an online brochure where you can advertise your business offers.
• It gives you a platform to reach out to a far-and-wide global customer base.
• If you are a blogger, you have the possibility to influence your readers.
• You can show all your ideas and publish them on a website.
 Fig 1. Architecture of Web Development
Front-end web development is the development of the graphical user interface of a website,
through the use of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, so that users can view and interact with that
website.
Hypertext Markup Language
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the backbone of any website development process,
without which a web page does not exist. Hypertext means that text has links, termed hyperlinks,
embedded in it. When a user clicks on a word or a phrase that has a hyperlink, it will bring another
web-page. A markup language indicates text can be turned into images, tables, links, and other
representations. It is the HTML code that provides an overall framework of how the site will look.
HTML was developed by Tim Berners-Lee. The latest version of HTML is called HTML5 and
was published on October 28, 2014 by the W3C recommendation. This version contains new and
efficient ways of handling elements such as video and audio files.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) controls the presentation aspect of the site and allows your site to
have its own unique look. It does this by maintaining style sheets that sit on top of other style
rules and are triggered based on other inputs, such as device screen size and resolution. The CSS
can be added externally, internally, or embedded in the HTML tags.
JavaScript
JavaScript is an event-based imperative programming language (as opposed to HTML's
declarative language model) that is used to transform a static HTML page into a dynamic
interface. JavaScript code can use the Document Object Model (DOM), provided by the HTML
standard, to manipulate a web page in response to events, like user input.Using a technique called
AJAX, JavaScript code can also actively retrieve content from the web (independent of the
original HTML page retrieval), and also react to server-side events as well, adding a truly dynamic
nature to the web page experience.

Web Assembly
Web Assembly, supported by all the major browsers (i.e. from the major vendors Google, Apple,
Mozilla and Microsoft), is the only alternative to JavaScript for running code in web browsers
(without the help of plug-ins, such as Flash, Java or Silverlight; all being discontinued, as
browsers are dropping plug-in support). Prior to its adoption, there was asm.js (a subset of
JavaScript; and thus strictly works in all browsers), that's also used as a compiler target with
efficient support in browsers such as Internet Explorer 11; and for such browsers that do not
support Web Assembly directly, it can be compiled to asm.js and those browsers supported that
way. Generally speaking programmers do not program in Web Assembly (or asm.js) directly, but
use languages such as Rust, C or C++ or in theory any language, that compile to it..
React.Js
React.js came and it revolutionized the way web applications are developed. However, React isn’t
an MVC framework as Angular is. It is only library. That is, React.js doesn’t include state
managers, routers, and API managers in the core library. It may look like a limitation but for
React developers, but this is only the best in making website as code is very
 CHAPTER 2
FRONT-END DEVELOPMENT

Front-end web development is the development of the graphical user interface of a website,
through the use of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, so that users can view and interact with that
website

Fig 2. Front-End Development Technologies

Front-end web development, also known as client-side development is the practice of producing
HTML, CSS and JavaScript for a website or Web Application so that a user can see and interact
with them directly. The challenge associated with front end development is that the tools and
techniques used to create the front end of a website change constantly and so the developer needs
to constantly be aware of how the field is developing.
The objective of designing a site is to ensure that when the users open up the site they see the
information in a format that is easy to read and relevant. This is further complicated by the fact
that users now use a large variety of devices with varying screen sizes and resolutions thus forcing
the designer to take into consideration these aspects when designing the site

1) HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):

The Hypertext Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed
to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a
web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML
describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance
of the document. HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs,
images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML
provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as
headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags,
written using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> directly introduce content into the
page. Other tags such as <p> surround and provide information about document text and may include
other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags but use them to interpret the
content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript,
which affects the behaviour and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout
of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current
maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML
since 1997. A form of HTML, known as HTML5, is used to display video and audio, primarily using
the <canvas> element, in collaboration with JavaScript.

Features of HTML
• It is easy to learn and easy to use.
• It is platform-independent.
• Images, videos, and audio can be added to a web page.
• Hypertext can be added to the text.
• It is a markup language.

2) CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a
document written in a markup language such as HTML or XML (including XML dialects such as
SVG, MathML or XHTML). CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside
HTML and JavaScript. CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content,
including layout, colours, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility; provide
more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics; enable multiple web
pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .CSS file, which reduces
complexity and repetition in the structural content; and enable the .CSS file to be cached to improve
the page load speed between the pages that share the file and its formatting. Separation of
formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles
 for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or
screen reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if
the content is accessed on a mobile device. The name cascading comes from the specified priority
scheme to determine which style rule applies if more than one rule matches a particular element.
This cascading priority scheme is predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with
CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS
documents.

In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the use of CSS including XHTML, plain
XML, SVG, and XUL.

Features of CSS:
• Web designers needs to use few lines of programming for every page improving site
speed.
• Cascading sheet not only simplifies website development, but also simplifies the
maintenance as a change of one line of code affects the whole web site and maintenance
time.
• It is less complex therefore the effort are significantly reduced.
• It helps to form spontaneous and consistent changes.
• CSS changes are device friendly. With people employing a batch of various range of
smart devices to access websites over the web, there’s a requirement for responsive web
design.
• It has the power for re-positioning. It helps us to determine the changes within the
position of web elements who are there on the page.
• These bandwidth savings are substantial figures of insignificant tags that are indistinct
from a mess of pages.
• Easy for the user to customize the online page
• It reduces the file transfer size.

3) JavaScript:
often abbreviated to JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the
World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of websites use JavaScript on the
client side for webpage behavior, often incorporating third-party libraries. All major web browsers
have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute the code on users' devices JavaScript is a high-level,
often just-in-time compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic
typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. It is multi-paradigm,
supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application
programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data
structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM).
The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage,
or graphics facilities. In practice, the web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript
APIs for I/O.JavaScript engines were originally used only in web browsers, but are now core
components of some servers and a variety of applications. The most popular runtime system for
this usage is Node.js. Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name, syntax, and respective
standard libraries, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.

Features of JavaScript:
• Light Weight Scripting language
• Dynamic Typing
• Object-oriented programming support
• Functional Style
• Platform Independent
• Prototype-based
• Interpreted Language
• Async Processing
• Client-Side Validation
• More control in the browser

4) React:
React (also known as React.js or ReactJS) is a free and open-source front-end JavaScript
library for building user interfaces based on UI components. It is maintained by Meta
(formerly Facebook) and a community of individual developers and companies. React can be
used as a base in the development of single-page, mobile, or server-rendered applications
with frameworks like Next.js. However, React is only concerned with state management and
rendering that state to the DOM, so creating React applications usually requires the use of
additional libraries for routing, as well as certain client-side functionality. React is a
JavaScript Library created by Facebook for creating dynamic and interactive applications and
building better UI/UX design for web and mobile applications. React is an open-source and
component-based front-end library. React is responsible for the UI design. React makes code
easier to debug by dividing them into components.

Features of React.js:
• JSX (JavaScript Syntax Extension)
• Virtual DOM
• One-way data binding
• Performance
• Extensions
• Conditional statements
• Components
• Simplicity
• The browser showed all animated GIFs frames instead of just the first one only.
• Extremely competent.
• Excellent cross-platform support.
• Handles dependencies.
• Template designing made easy.
• Provides amazing developer tools.
• UI focused designs.
• Easy to adopt.

5) Flutter:
Flutter is an open-source UI software development kit created by Google. It is used to develop
cross platform applications for Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows, Google Fuchsia, and the
web from a single codebase Flutter's engine, written primarily in C++, provides low-level
rendering support using Google's Skia graphics library. Additionally, it interfaces with platform-
specific SDKs such as those provided by Android and iOS.[17] The Flutter Engine is a portable
runtime for hosting Flutter applications. It implements Flutter's core libraries, including animation
and graphics, file and network I/O, accessibility support, plugin architecture, and a Dart runtime
and compile toolchain. Most developers interact with Flutter via the Flutter Framework, which
provides a reactive framework and a set of platform, layout, and foundation widgets .Flutter as a
modern mobile app framework has a set of libraries which can simplify and speed development
up. Libraries in Flutter are named as packages. Mostly common packages making work with such
APIs of platform as connectivity and permissions easier for developer.

JavaScript engines were originally used only in web browsers, but are now core components of
some servers and a variety of applications. The most popular runtime system for this usage is
Node.js.

Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the
two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design..

Features of Flutter:
• Same UI and Business Logic in All Platforms. .
• Reduced Code Development Time. .
• Increased Time-to-Market Speed. .
 • Similar to Native App Performance. .
• Custom, Animated UI of Any Complexity Available. .
• Own Rendering Engine. .
• Simple Platform-Specific Logic Implementation. .
• The Potential Ability to Go Beyond Mobile.

Tailwind: Tailwind CSS is an open source CSS framework. The main feature of this library
is that, unlike other CSS frameworks like Bootstrap, it does not provide a series of predefined
classes for elements such as buttons or tables. Instead, it creates a list of "utility" CSS classes that
can be used to style each element by mixing and matching. Tailwind offers the possibility to apply
a utility class only in some situations through media queries, which is called a variant. The main
use of variants is to design a responsive interface for various screen sizes. There are also variants
for the different states an element can have, such as hover : for when hovered, focus: when
keyboard selected or active: when in use, or when the browser or operating system has dark mode
enabled. Variants have two parts: the condition to be met and the class that is applied if the
condition is met. For example, the variant md:bg-yellow-400 will apply the class bg-yellow-400
if the screen size is greater than the value defined for md. Tailwind CSS is developed using
JavaScript, runs via Node.js, and installs with environment package managers like npm or yarn

Features of Tailwind:
• Play CDN.
• Fancy underline styles.
• Coloured box shadows.
• Every colour out of the box.
• Arbitrary Properties.
• Multi-column layout.
• Print modifier.
• Modern aspect ratio API.
• Simplified, more intuitive copy/paste interface.
• Control Over Styling. .
• Faster CSS Styling Process. .
• Responsiveness and Security. .
• Additional Features. .
• Styling and HTML are Mixed. .
• It Takes Time to Learn. .
• Lack of Important Components. .
• Documentation.
• lightning-fast build times
• stackable variants
• arbitrary value support,

6) Graph QL:
Graph QL is an open-source data query and manipulation language for APIs, and a runtime
for fulfilling queries with existing data. Graph QL was developed internally by Facebook
in 2012 before being publicly released in 2015. On 7 November 2018, the Graph QL project
was moved from Facebook to the newly established Graph QL Foundation, hosted by the
non-profit Linux Foundation. Since 2012, Graph QL's rise has closely followed the
adoption timeline as set out by Lee Byron, Graph QL's creator. Byron's goal is to make
Graph QL omnipresent across web platforms.
Graph QL consists of a type system, query language and execution semantics, static
validation, and type introspection. It supports reading, writing (mutating), and subscribing
to changes to data (realtime updates – most commonly implemented using Websockets).
Graph ql servers are available for multiple languages, including Haskell, JavaScript,
Perl,Python, Ruby, Java, C++,C#, Scala, Go, Rust, Elixir, Erlang, PHP, R, Dand Clojure.
The result of a single query is returned in JSON forma
Graph ql provides an approach to developing web APIs and has been compared and
contrasted with REST and other web service architectures. It allows clients to define the
structure of the data required, and the same structure of the data is returned from the server.
This prevents excessively large amounts of data from being returned, but can impede web
caching of query results. The flexibility and richness of the query language also adds
complexity that may not be worthwhile for simple APIs. Despite the name, Graph ql does
not provide the richness of graph operations that one might find in a full-fledged graph
database such as Neo4j, or even in dialects of SQL that support transitive closure. For
example, a Graph ql interface that reports the parents of an individual cannot return, in a
single query, the set of all their ancestors.

Features of Graph QL:

• Good fit for complex systems and microservices.
• Fetching data with a single API call.
• No over- and under-fetching problems.
• Tailoring requests to your needs.
• Validation and type checking out-of-the-box.
• Autogenerating API documentation.
• API evolution without versioning.
• Code-sharing.
• Best for complex systems and microservices.
 • No over-fetching and under-fetching problems.
• Hierarchical Structure.
• Defines a data shape.
• Code-sharing.
• Strongly typed.
• Protocol, not a storage.

7) Bootstrap:
Bootstrap is an HTML, CSS & JS Library that focuses on simplifying the development of
informative web pages (as opposed to web apps). The primary purpose of adding it to a web
project is to apply Bootstrap's choices of color, size, font and layout to that project. As such,
the primary factor is whether the developers in charge find those choices to their liking.
Once added to a project, Bootstrap provides basic style definitions for all HTML elements.
The result is a uniform appearance for prose, tables and form elements across web browsers.
In addition, developers can take advantage of CSS classes defined in Bootstrap to further
customize the appearance of their contents. For example, Bootstrap has provisioned for
light- and dark-coloured tables, page headings, more prominent pull quotes, and text with a
highlight.

Bootstrap also comes with several JavaScript components which do not require other
libraries like jQuery. They provide additional user interface elements such as dialog boxes,
tooltips, progress bars, navigation drop-downs, and carousels. Each Bootstrap component
consists of an HTML structure, CSS declarations, and in some cases accompanying
JavaScript code. They also extend the functionality of some existing interface elements,
including for example an auto-complete function for input fields.

The most prominent components of Bootstrap are its layout components, as they affect an
entire web page. The basic layout component is called "Container", as every other element
in the page is placed in it. Developers can choose between a fixed-width container and a
fluid-width container.

Features of Bootstrap:
• Easy to Begin With New
• LESS as Well as CSS Files
• Easily Customizable
• Responsive Utility Classes
• Drop-Down Component Menu
• Bootstrap Templates
• Cross-browser compatibility
• Ample documentation
• Far-reaching popularity

8) NPM (Node Package Manager):

Npm stands for Node Package Manager. It is a default package manager for NodeJS. It is
one of the largest software registries in the world. It is a powerful front-end technology in
which the developers share their code and reuse the code of other developers. It is a
command-line tool used for installation, updating, and uninstalling Node.js packages in the
applications. It is also an online repository for different open-source Node.js packages.
Npm, as the package manager for the Node.js platform, puts the modules in their respective
place for nodes to find and manage dependency conflicts, with ease. It is highly configurable
and supports a wide range of conditions. Basically, it is ideal for publishing, discovering,
installing, and developing Node programs. Npm is included as a recommended feature in
the Node.js installer.npm consists of a command line client that interacts with a remote
registry. It allows users to consume and distribute JavaScript modules that are available in
the registry. Packages in the registry are in Common JS format and include a metadata file
in JSON format.Over 1.3 million packages are available in the main npm registry.[26] The
registry does not have any vetting process for submission, which means that packages found
there can potentially be low quality, insecure, or malicious. Instead, npm relies on user
reports to take down packages if they violate policies by being low quality, insecure, or
malicious.npm exposes statistics including number of downloads and number of depending
packages to assist developers in judging the quality of packages.

Features of NPM:
• Online repositories for Node.js modules and packages
• Command-line utility for installing Node.js package
• Version management
• Dependency management of packages
• Easy sharing of code
• Discover and develop Node.js applications
• Keeps track of software installations
 CHAPTER 3
BACK-END DEVELOPMENT
Back-end development means working on server-side software, which focuses on everything you
can’t see on a website. Back-end developers ensure the website performs correctly, focusing on
databases, back-end logic, application programming interface (APIs), architecture, and servers.
They use code that helps browsers communicate with databases, and store, understand, and delete
data. On a team, back-end developers collaborate with front-end developers, product managers,
principal architects, and website testers to build the structure of a website or mobile app. Back-end
developers must be familiar with many kinds of tools and frameworks, including languages such as
Python, Java, and Ruby. They make sure the back-end performs quickly and responsively to front-
end user requests. Back-end developers are required to have technical expertise, analytical thinking,
and excellent collaboration skills. As a back-end web developer, you should be able to work
independently to design the web infrastructure.

Back-end developers do on a day-to-day basis:

• Build and maintain websites: A back-end developer’s main responsibility is to use various tools,
frameworks, and languages to determine how best to develop intuitive, user-friendly prototypes
and turn them into websites. This requires an understanding of cross-platform functionality and
compatibility.
• Write high-quality code: To produce sustainable web applications, developers must write clean
and easily maintainable code.
• Perform quality assurance (QA) testing: Create and oversee testing schedules to optimize user
interface and experience, ensuring optimal display on various browsers and devices.
• Assess efficiency and speed: Once a website is up and running, and during updates and edits,
developers need to assess its performance and scalability, adjusting code as necessary.
• Troubleshoot and debug: Be able to troubleshoot issues and resolve them, while communicating
them to project managers, stakeholders, and QA teams.
• Train and support: Maintain workflows with client teams to ensure ongoing support, along with
leading training and mentorship for junior developers.
Following are some of the frameworks used in Back-End Development
 Fig 3 Back-End Development Technologies

1) Laravel (PHP): -
Laravel is a free and open-source PHP web framework, created by Taylor Ot well, and intended
for the development of web applications following the model–view–controller (MVC)
architectural pattern and based on Symfony. Some of the features of Laravel are a modular
packaging system with a dedicated dependency manager, different ways for accessing relational
databases, utilities that aid in application deployment and maintenance, and its orientation toward
syntactic sugar

Features of Laravel:
• The Innovative Template Engine
• It is platform-independent.
• MVC Architecture Support through Built-In Functions
• Authorization Technique for Coding
• Enable Libraries and Modular Functionalities
• Competitive and Effortless Unit Testing
• Useful Tutorials
2) Django (Python):-
Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean,
pragmatic design. Built by experienced developers, it takes care of much of the hassle of web
development, so you can focus on writing your app without needing to reinvent the wheel. It’s free
and open source. Django was designed to help developers take applications from concept to
completion as quickly as possible. Django takes security seriously and helps developers avoid
many common security mistakes. Some of the busiest sites on the web leverage Django’s ability
to quickly and flexibly scale.

Features of Django (Python): -

• Rapid Development
• Enhance Security
• Versatile
• Open Source
• High Scalability
• Thoroughly Tested

3) Spring (Java):-
Spring Framework is a Java platform that provides comprehensive infrastructure support for
developing Java applications. Spring handles the infrastructure so you can focus on your
application. Spring enables you to build applications from “plain old Java objects” (POJOs)
and to apply enterprise services non-invasively to POJOs. This capability applies to the Java
SE programming model and full and partial Java EE.

Features of Spring:
• Light Weight Scripting language
• Dynamic Typing
• Object-oriented programming support
• Functional Style
• Platform Independent
• Prototype-based
• Interpreted Language
• Async Processing
• Client-Side Validation
• More control in the browser
4) Ruby on Rails(Ruby):- :
Ruby on Rails or also known as rails is a server-side web application development framework
that is written in the Ruby programming language, and it is developed by David Heinemeier
Hansson under the MIT License. It supports MVC(model-view-controller) architecture that
provides a default structure for databases, web pages, and web services, it also uses web
standards like JSON or XML for transferring data and HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the
user interface..

Features of Ruby on Rails:

• JSX (JavaScript Syntax Extension)
• Virtual DOM
• One-way data binding
• Performance
• Extensions
• Conditional statements
• Components
• Simplicity
• The browser showed all animated GIFs frames instead of just the first one only.
• Extremely competent.
• Excellent cross-platform support.
• Handles dependencies.
• Template designing made easy.
• Provides amazing developer tools.
• UI focused designs.
• Easy to adop

5) Meteor (JavaScript):-:
Meteor is a full-stack JavaScript platform for developing modern web and mobile applications.
Meteor includes a key set of technologies for building connected-client reactive applications, a
build tool, and a curated set of packages from the Node.js and general JavaScript community.
Meteor allows you to develop in one language, JavaScript, in all environments: application server,
web browser, and mobile device. Meteor uses data on the wire, meaning the server sends data, not
HTML, and the client renders it. Meteor embraces the ecosystem, bringing the best parts of the
extremely active JavaScript community to you in a careful and considerate way. Meteor provides
full stack reactivity, allowing your UI to seamlessly reflect the true state of the world with the
minimal development effort.
Features of Meteor:
• Same UI and Business Logic in All Platforms. .
• Reduced Code Development Time. .
• Increased Time-to-Market Speed. .
• Similar to Native App Performance. .
• Custom, Animated UI of Any Complexity Available. .
• Own Rendering Engine. .
• Simple Platform-Specific Logic Implementation. .
• The Potential Ability to Go Beyond Mobile.

6) Node.js (JavaScript):-:
Node.js is an open-source and cross-platform runtime environment for executing JavaScript
code outside a browser. You need to remember that NodeJS is not a framework and it’s not a
programming language. Most people are confused and understand it’s a framework or a
programming language. We often use Node.js for building back-end services like APIs like
Web App or Mobile App. It’s used in production by large companies such as Paypal, Uber,
Netflix, Walmart, and so on

Features of Node.js:
• Good fit for complex systems and microservices.
• Fetching data with a single API call.
• No over- and under-fetching problems.
• Tailoring requests to your needs.
• Validation and type checking out-of-the-box.
• Autogenerating API documentation.
• API evolution without versioning.
• Code-sharing.
• Best for complex systems and microservices.
• No over-fetching and under-fetching problems.
• Hierarchical Structure.
 CHAPTER 4
Programming Languages
A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Most
programming languages are text-based formal languages, but they may be also be graphical. They
are a kind of computer language. The description of a programming language is usually split into
the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning), which are usually defined by a
formal language. Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C
programming language is specified by an ISO Standard) while other languages (such as Perl) have
a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. Some languages have both, with the basic
language defined by a standard and extensions taken from the dominant implementation being
common. Programming language theory is a subfield of computer science that deals with the
design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages.
A programming language is any set of rules that converts strings, or graphical program elements
in the case of visual programming languages, to various kinds of machine code output.
Programming languages are one kind of computer language, and are used in computer
programming to implement algorithms.

1) Java:
Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have
as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language
intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code
can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile. Java applications are
typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the
underlying computer architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has fewer low-
level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as
reflection and runtime code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled
languages. As of 2019, Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according
to GitHub, particularly for client–server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.
Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It was released in May
1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The original and reference
implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by
Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java
Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GPL-2.0-only
license. Oracle offers its own Hotspot Java Virtual Machine; however, the official reference
implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-source software and used by most
developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux distributions.
2) Python:
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes
code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-
collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly
procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries
included" language due to its comprehensive standard library. Guido van Rossum began working
on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC programming language and first released it
in 1991 as Python 0.9.0. Python 2.0 was released in 2000 and introduced new features such as list
comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support.
Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision that is not completely backward-compatible
with earlier versions. Python 2 was discontinued with version 2.7.18 in 2020.

3) C :
C (pronounced like the letter c) is a general-purpose computer programming language. It was
created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential. By design,
C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in
operating systems, device drivers, protocol stacks, though decreasingly for application software.
C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the
smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems. A successor to the programming language B, C
was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities
running on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system.
During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used
programming languages with C compilers available for almost [citation needed] all modern
computer architectures and operating systems. C has been standardized by ANSI since 1989 (ANSI
C) and by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).C is an imperative procedural
language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static
type system. It was designed to be compiled to provide low-level access to memory and language
constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, all with minimal runtime support. Despite
its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming.
A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide
variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code

4) C#:
This language was developed by Microsoft in the year 2002 to be used with its .NET framework.
C# is quite similar to Java and also it is and ideal language for Android App Development. It also
has features such as garbage collection so there are fewer changes of memory leaks just like Java.
Also, it has a lot cleaner and simpler syntax that Java which makes coding applications
comparatively easy. This language can make cross platform with the help of Xamarin. Examples
of apps developed in C# are Slack, Insightly, Tableau, Cinemark etc. C# (pronounced see sharp)
is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language. C# encompasses static typing,
strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-
based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. The C# programming language was
designed by Anders Hejlsberg from Microsoft in 2000 and was later approved as an international
standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) in 2002 and ISO/IEC (ISO/IEC 23270) in 2003. Microsoft
introduced C# along with .NET Framework and Visual Studio, both of which were closed-source.
At the time, Microsoft had no open-source products. Four years later, in 2004, a free and open-
source project called Mono began, providing a cross-platform compiler and runtime environment
for the C# programming language. A decade later, Microsoft released Visual Studio Code (code
editor), Roslyn (compiler), and the unified .NET platform (software framework), all of which
support C# and are free, open-source, and cross-platform. Mono also joined Microsoft but was not
merged into .NET.
Conclusion:
Web design has changed drastically during its brief existence. The changes in the medium year
after year is actually quite amazing. The industry looks vastly different than it did in 2005, and
we’ve changed with it. Change is inevitable, and it is the reason you visit websites like this one:
to stay current. That hunger is the key to ensuring the survival of our industry. The process of
creating a website for the Internet (also known as the "World Wide Web") or an internet (a private
network) is called web development. Web development can involve creating anything from a
simple static page of plain text to complex web applications, electronic businesses, and social
network services. Web engineering, Web design, Web content development, client liaison, client-
side/server-side scripting, Web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce
development may all be included in a more extensive list of duties that are often referred to as
Web development. Writing markup and coding are the two primary non-design components of
creating a Web site. Web development may use content management systems (CMS) to make
content modifications simpler and accessible to those with rudimentary technical knowledge.
Teams of web developers for larger enterprises and organizations may number in the hundreds
and create websites using standardized techniques like Agile processes. Smaller businesses could
simply need a single permanent or contract developer, or they might assign additional personnel
to similar roles like graphic designer or information systems technician. Instead, then being the
purview of a single department, web development may involve departmental collaboration. The
three different specializations available to web developers are front-end, back-end, and full-stack.
Back-end developers work with the servers, whereas front-end developers are in charge of the
behavior and graphics that appear in the user's browser.