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com
 CONTENT

1. SALIENT FEATURE OF INDIAN SOCIETY 3

2. ROLE OF WOMEN AND WOMEN’S ORGANIZATION 12

POPULATION AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES 19

POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES 22

URBANIZATION IN INDIA: FACTS AND ISSUES 26

3. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN SOCIETY. 34

4. SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT, COMMUNALISM, REGIONALISM & SECULARISM. 39

COMMUNALISM 62

REGIONALISM IN INDIA 64

SECULARISM 67

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 1. SALIENT FEATURE OF INDIAN SOCIETY
Introduction comfort as more important than spiritual
◼ Indian society is an exemplification of values. Indian society is largely possess
multicultural, multi-ethnic and multi- spiritual orientations. However due to
ideological constructs, which co-exist, at increased Westernization, materialistic
once striving to strike harmony and also tendencies have also become quite visible.
to retain its individuality. ◼ Balance between Individualism and
◼ Based on the generous concept of collectivism- Individualism is a moral,
Vasudhaiva Kutumbkam (the world is political or social outlook that stresses
one family), Indian society possess a human independence, self-reliance and
great cultural heritage. During the course liberty. Whereas collectivism is the practice
of its evolution, it has accommodated and of giving a group priority over each
integrated many communities and their individual in it. There exists a fine balance
ways of life from time to time. between them in Indian society.
◼ Blood and kinship ties- Blood relations
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN SOCIETY
and kinship ties enjoy a stronghold over
◼ Multi-ethnic society- Indian society is other social relationships. They continue to
multi-ethnic in nature due to co-existence of govern the political and economic spheres
wide variety of racial groups in India. India of life.
is home to almost all the racial profiles
prevalent in the world, FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY
◼ Multilingual society- Across the length
and breadth of the country, more than 1600
languages are spoken. Among them the
major languages are Hindi, Telugu, Tamil,
Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali etc.
◼ Multi-class society- Indian society is
segmented into multiple classes. This
division can be on the basis of birth as well
as financial and social achievements during
one's lifetime.
◼ Patriarchal society- Indian society is
largely a patriarchal society where men tend Caste System
to enjoy greater status than women.
However, some tribal societies are ◼ Caste can be defined as hereditary
matrilineal societies where women have the endogamous group, having a common
dominant decision-making power. name, common traditional occupation,
◼ Unity in diversity- This is an inherent common culture, relatively rigid in
feature of Indian society. Diversity in India matters of mobility, distinctiveness of
exists at various levels in different forms. status and forming a single homogenous
However, beneath this diversity, there is community.
fundamental unity in social institutions and ◼ The caste system in India is mainly
practices. associated with Hinduism and has
◼ Co-existence of traditionalism and governed the Hindu society for thousands
modernity- Traditionalism is upholding or of years. Some of the features of caste
maintenance of core values. Whereas system in India include the following:
modernity refers to questioning the tradition • Segmental division of society: It
and moving towards rational thinking, means that social stratification is
social, scientific and technological progress. largely based on caste.
◼ Balance between spiritualism and Membership to a caste group is
materialism- Spiritualism's main focus is acquired by birth, on the basis of
to promote an individual's experience with which people are ranked in
God. Whereas materialism is a tendency to relative to other caste groups. o
consider material possessions and physical Hierarchy: It indicates that

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 2. ROLE OF WOMEN AND WOMEN’s ORGANIZATION
Introduction changes in the institutional arrangements,
◼ Original sin in the Garden of Eden was values, customs and beliefs in the society
women. She tasted the forbidden fruit, that have subjugated women over the years.
tempted Adam and has been paying for it ◼ Origin: British rule led to spread of English
ever since. In Genesis, the Lord said, “I will education and western liberal ideology
greatly multiply the sorrow and the resulted in a number of movements for
conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth social change & religious reform in 19th C.
children; and thy desire shall be to thy Women’s movement is linked to both social
husband, and he shall rule over thee’ ------- reform movements & the nationalist
--------------------------------The Holy Bible movement.
◼ Society, which is largely male dominated,
would regard the above quotation as a
mythological justification for the position
of women in society. Not only men, even
most women internalize their position in
society as a fair description of their status
through the ages. These generalizations
apply to some degree to practically every
known society in the world.
◼ Women play various roles in their lifetime
ranging from a mother to that of a
breadwinner but are almost always
subordinated to male authority; largely SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS:
excluded from high status occupation and
decision making both at work and at home. i. Brahmo Samaj: It was founded by
◼ Paradoxically, even in our Indian society Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1825 &
where women goddesses are worshipped, attempted to abolish restrictions and
women are denied an independent identity prejudices against women, which
and status. included child marriage,
◼ In recent years, particularly with the rise of polygamyLimited rights to inherit
Women’s Liberation Movement, this property. Education was seen as the
discrimination against women has been major factor to improve the position of
widely debated. Two main positions have women.
emerged from this debate. One maintains a. Civil Marriage Act, 1872 was
that this inequality between the sexes is passed, which permitted inter-caste
based upon the biologically or genetically marriage, legalized divorce and
based differences between men and women. fixed 14 and 18 as the minimum age
This view is opposed by the argument that of marriage for girls and boys
gender roles are culturally determined and respectively
inequality between the sexes is a result of a b. Raja Ram Mohan Roy played an
long drawn process of socialization. important role in getting Sati
abolished
Background: Women’s Liberation Movement
(ii) Prarthana Samaj: It was founded by
◼ Social movement: It is defined as an
MG Ranade & RG Bhandarker in 1867.
organized effort by a group of people, either
Its objectives were more or less similar to
to bring or resist change, in the society.
that of Brahmo samaj but remained
◼ Objective: Women’s movement is a variant
confined to western India. Justice Ranade
of social movement & it aims to bring

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 3. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN SOCIETY
• Globalization refers to the economic, social, on AEs due to globalization have been described
and political integration of nations. It below:
entails the spread of products, technology, ◼ Labour Market Loss: The major
information, and jobs across national hurdle faced by the AEs is the death of
borders and cultures. relatively low skilled sectors like
• In economic terms, it describes an textile and the support economies that
interdependence of nations around the grew around it. There are varying
globe, fostered through free trade. estimates of the job losses caused by
cheaper imports from China and other
DE-GLOBALIZATION emerging economies.
◼ It is the process of diminishing ◼ Technology: Advanced Economies
interdependence and integration between have largely depended on
the nations. It is characterised by the technological change for per capita
decline in economic trade and investment income growth and productivity
between countries. enhancement.
◼ It highlights the trend of several countries ◼ Growing Inequality: The slow pace
wanting to go back to economic and trade of technological change in AEs had
policies that put their national interests resulted in the stagnation of blue collar
first. incomes which seems to be the major
◼ These policies often take the form of cause of rising inequality in the AEs.
tariffs or quantitative barriers that impede ◼ Consumer Credit: As a bid to keep
the free movement of people, products spending alive, AEs focused on the
and services among countries. consumer credit in the early 2000s.
◼ The idea behind de-globalisation is to This precipitated into the Great
shield local manufacturing by making Financial Crisis of 2008.
imports costlier. ◼ Social Cost of Globalization: The
Indicators of De-globalization intensity of America’s opioid addiction
There is some evidence of deglobalization in the crisis maps directly into regions and
aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. The demographic groups that have borne of
economic data are mixed and indicate a stall, but the contraction of economic
not a collapse of globalization. opportunities that globalization has
◼ Trade Protectionism: The recent trade brought.
war between the US and China indicates
a change in attitude of AEs in protecting Impact on Emerging Markets
their interests at the cost of developing Emerging Markets have been the greatest
countries. beneficiaries of globalisation in the past few
◼ Immigration Control: Instances of decades. The recent trends of de-globalisation will
immigration control by US, UK and have profound impact on EMs, which are
other European countries have been highlighted below:
dominant in past one decade. ◼ Trade: The increase in tariff barriers by
◼ Brexit Movement: Brexit and ‘Make the AEs have led to the shrinking of
America Great Again’ are symptoms of exports in EMs which is silently
underlying processes of de-globalization destroying their job intensive
that have already generated significant manufacturing sector.
trade and investment uncertainty. ◼ Migration: AEs are the hot destination
◼ Flow of Capital: Cross-border financial of high skilled labour from EMs. The
flows have been reduced due to increased protective measure by AEs
uncertainty in the global policy making for free movement of high skilled
and increased protectionism by AEs. labour is threatening their productive
growth and job opportunities.
Impact on Advanced Economies ◼ Protectionist moves change the
According to think tank Capital Economist, fundamental premise on the basis of
roughly a third of global per capita income growth which international organisations such
since 1990 has accrued to the emerging markets as the WTO regulates global trade.
(EMs) and not to the AEs. Various impacts visible

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 Conclusion launched by a historic drop in
◼ The biggest losers from de- trade costs.
globalisation would be the EMs who
have benefited the most from Globalization 2.0
globalisation. Therefore, the agenda of ◼ It is the post-World War II
building a more balanced industrial phase where trade in goods was
economy incorporating the needs of combined with complimentary
both AEs and EMs needs a domestic policies.
concentrated effort to make a global ◼ The market was in charge of
economy more inclusive. efficiency while the
government was in charge of
GLOBALIZATION 4.0 justice.
Globalization 3.0
◼ Globalization 4.0 was the theme for ◼ It created a new world of
World Economic Forum Annual manufacturing in which high-
Meeting 2019 held in Davos, tech was combined with low
Switzerland in January 2019. wages.
◼ Under the rubric of Globalization 4.0, a ◼ This was achieved through
series of "Global Dialogues" in Davos establishment of global supply
focused on the interrelated areas chains as factories crossed
namely geopolitics, future of global international borders.
economy, global dialogue on industry ◼ It was variously called New
systems etc. Globalization, Hyper
globalization, Global value
chain evolution.
Characteristics of 4.0
◼ Major turbulence for Service Sector:
While Globalization 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 were
mainly a concern of people who
made/manufactured products for a living
(since globalization focused on things that
we made), Globalization 4.0 is going to
hit people in the service sector.
◼ Closely integrated with Industry 4.0:
Ever-faster data connection speeds and
new artificial intelligence tools like
machine translation, big data are opening
Globalization 4.0 (Upscsummarynotes) up services jobs in rich countries like
◼ Globalization is a phenomenon driven architecture, accounting, and web design
by technology and the movement of to competition from practitioners in
ideas, people, and goods. emerging economies.
◼ Globalization 4.0 is latest stage of ◼ Newer modes of Migration: Due to faster
globalization which involves cutting- data connection as well as nature of work
edge new technologies like artificial which may involve no physical presence
intelligence that powers forward with there may be a global tele-migration in
the explosion of information which the skilled migrants never have to
technology. leave home.
◼ These technologies shrink distances,
open up borders and minds and bring Industry 4.0
people all across the globe closer ◼ Building on the foundation given by the
together. Third Industrial Revolution, Fourth
Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) is
Timeline: Earlier Waves of Globalization moving from an electronic based industry
Globalization 1.0 to a process which is the combination of
◼ It was pre-World War I human beings and electronics.
globalization, which was

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 4. SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT, COMMUNALISM, REGIONALISM & SECULARISM.
Why and What is Power? of participation in society that they
The concept meaning of power is to have control themselves require.
over certain activities and individuals. There are • As women and men achieve a more
four kind of powers described by nature. These are: meaningful form of participation in some of
1. Power over: It is a power, which is the decisions affecting them.
acquired by negative means; Levels of Participation: Four major levels of
2. Power to: It is a power to create, participation are:
power to nurture, to share, to change a 1. Information Sharing
world; 2. Consultation
3. Power-with: Involve a sense of the 3. Decision Making.
whole being. 4. Initiating Action
4. Power-within: The spiritual strength
Elements of Social Empowerment
acquired in each individual.
◼ There are thousands of examples of
What is Empowerment?
Empowerment Strategies that have been
The term Empowerment refers to gaining initiated by poor people themselves and by
autonomy and control over one's own life. governments, civil society, and the private
Empowerment also implies the building or sector.
acquiring the capacity to accomplish certain tasks ◼ Successful efforts to empower poor people,
and attain specific goals. Examples of increasing their freedom of choice and
empowerment are given below: action in different contexts, often share four
• A woman gaining the confidence to elements:
seek legal protection from her violent o Access to Information
husband; landless farmers organizing o Inclusion and Involvement
to occupy idle land; urban slum- o Accountability
dwellers compelling the local o Local Organizational Capacity
authorities to provide essential Framework factors influencing social
services, secure water and electricity; empowerment
• Refugees demanding the right to return There is no single framework for empowerment
to their homes; and no blueprint for the reforms required .what is
• factory-workers lobbying for the right possible and appropriate will vary according to the
to unionize; Nevertheless, it is possible to identify major
• Families forming a committee to influencing conditions:
campaign for the release of political
1. The nature of public action
prisoners.
2. Patterns of exclusion and conflict
Why is empowerment important? Empowerment 3. The extent of decentralization
is the key for: 4. The strength of local-level institutions
• Quality of life and human dignity and civil society, and
• Good Governance 5. The extent of political freedom
• Pro-poor Growth
• Project effectiveness and Improved
Service Delivery.
What is Participation?
• The capacity of people to demand social
and economic justice, therefore, in this
process, women and men needs to be
capable to determine the nature and extent

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