Module 1 Introduction To Statistical Concepts
Module 1 Introduction To Statistical Concepts
Module 1 Introduction To Statistical Concepts
DATA
ANALYSIS
SECTION:CEA_CE_2R
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Presenting, organizing, and
STATISTICS summarizing data
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Drawing conclusions about a
population based on data
observed in a sample CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS 6
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS are methods used to
summarize the key characteristics of known
population data (Triola, 1998).
It is concerned with the presentation of information in a
convenient, usable and understandable form (Runyon & Haber,
1986)
The use of statistics in the social, biological, and physical sciences is essential because
all these sciences make use of observations of natural phenomena, through sample
surveys or experimentation, to develop and test new theories.
Statistical methods are employed in business when sample data are used
to forecast sales and profit.
They are used in engineering and manufacturing to monitor product
quality.
The sampling of accounts is a useful tool to assist accountants in
conducting audits.
CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS 10
Why Study Statistics?
Thus, statistics plays an important role in almost all areas of science, business,
and industry; persons employed in these areas need to know the basic concepts,
strengths, and limitations of statistics.
EXAMPLE:
The Philippine Mental Health Associations contacts 1,028 teenagers who are 13 to 17
years of age and live in Antipolo City and asked whether or not they had been
prescribed medications for any mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety.
Some data sets consists of number (such as heights, scores in the test,
etc.) and others are non-numerical (such as gender). The terms
quantitative and qualitative data are often used to distinguish between
these two types.
Qualitative data
- measures of 'types' and may be represented by a name, symbol,
or a number code.
- data about categorical variables (e.g. what type).
Note: Data collected about a numeric variable will always be quantitative and data
collected about a categorical variable will always be qualitative.
Therefore, you can identify the type of data, prior to collection, based on
whether the variable is numeric or categorical.
CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS 20
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
Data can be described by distinguishing between the discrete and
continuous types.
A variable is a quantity whose value changes.
➢ A discrete variable is a variable whose value is obtained by counting.
Examples: number of students present; students’ grade level
NOTE:
When data represent counts, they are discrete.
When they represents measurements, they are continuous.
CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS 21
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS VARIABLES