Contemp World Module 6
Contemp World Module 6
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Introduction
To take sustainability seriously requires us to reexamine our ideas about growth, social
equity, consumption, and "standard of living", that putative indicator of social well-being.
Sustainability is constrained at both ends of the economic throughput. At the starting point
it is constrained by the availability of resources, and at the end point by the accumulation of
the products of their use: waste, loss, and pollution. Consumption and systems of material
distribution, the processes that link those two ends, go to the heart of the matter. The scale
of global consumption, both public and private, depends on population size and on the
intensity of resource use.
This module will give information about sustainable development and global food security.
The goal of this module is to address the importance of the topics towards sustainability.
This topic will view the possibilities of the changing world. The scale and complexity of real
societies may help to buffer our individual impact, yet among all the living species, humans
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Paulinian A rmation
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a reliable, productive expert, and implementer,
competently pursuing my mission in life.”
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Learning Outcomes
During the learning engagement, you should be able to
● explain the origins and manifestations of environmental crises,
● differentiate stability and sustainability,
● examine and exhibit understanding on the global sustainable development goals,
and
● articulate models of global sustainable development.
Learning Activities
Processing and Formation
Sustainable Development
If you live in Metropolitan Manila and
travel to school (or to work) every day, the
moment you step out of your home, you
are already exposed to the most serious
problem humanity faces today: the
deteriorating state of the environment. As
you walk out of the gate, the fetid smell of
uncollected garbage hits you and you go
near the trash bins, curious about what is
causing the smell. You see rotting vegetables, a dead rat, and a bunch of whatnot packed in
plastic. These three “wastes” are already indicative of some environmental problems the -
vegetables ought to be added to a compost pile; the rat either buried or burned (also to get
rid of the lice that might jump into the hair of the children playing nearby); and the plastics
washed and recycled because, unlike the other two wastes, it cannot decompose.
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Are you familiar with sights like this?
The World’s Leading Environmental Problems
The Conserve Energy Future website listed the following environmental challenges that the
world faces today:
1. Pollution: Pollution of air, water, and soil requires millions of years to recoup.
Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals,
nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for pollution. While water pollution is
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Thus according to this model:
sustainable development = human well-being + ecosystem well-being
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Criticizing this prism of sustainable development, Kain (2000: 25) argues that ‘the economic
dimension tends to include assets emanating from all four dimensions, thus, adding
confusion to the description and analysis’. Consequently, the same author proposes a ‘MAIN
prism of sustainable development’. In this model, Kain uses the terms of mind, artefact,
institution and nature in order to relieve the prism from the burden of expressions as social
and economic, which are judged to be more confusing than explanatory. The environmental
dimension (nature) comprises all natural capital, which may be subdivided into stocks of
non-renewable and stocks of renewable resources. The economic dimension (artefact)
stands for all man-made material assets such as buildings and roads. The social dimension
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2. How do you define sustainable development?
3. What are the major environmental problems you are exposed to? How are these
problems addressed in achieving sustainable development?
4. Differentiate stability from sustainability.
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Assessments
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The following are parts of the Egg of Sustainability except
a. Human well-being
b. Ecosystem well-being
c. Social well-being
2. Sustainable development does not imply the affirmation of a neo-liberal economic
model; rather, it proposes
a. a world of solidarity that would accompany profound changes in existing
economic arrangements.
b. a reassurance of democratic procedures.
c. both (a) and (b)
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Assignments
Learning Activity: Finding Everyday Pollution
Do the activity following the instructions:
Instructions:
1. Go around your neighborhood and list the different kinds of pollutants that you see.
Widen your observation by looking at the areas surrounding your neighborhood.
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Learning Outcomes
During the learning engagement, you should be able to
● define and explain global food security and insecurity concepts, and
● analyze existing models of global food security through critiquing.
Learning Activities
Processing and Formation
Global Food Security
Food security is defined as the availability of
food and one's access to it. A household is
considered food secure when its occupants do
not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Stages of
food insecurity range from food secure
situations to full-scale famine. The World Food
Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing
"when all people at all times have access to
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Level
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Availability
National Average dietary energy supply adequacy
Average value of food production
Share of dietary energy supply derived from cereals, roots, and
tubers
Average protein supply
Average supply of protein of animal origin
Accessibility
Household Percentage of paved roads over total roads
Road density
Rail-lines density
Domestic Food Price Level Index
Prevalence of undernourishment
Share of food expenditure of the poor
Depth of the food deficit
Prevalence of food inadequacy
Utilization
Access to improved water sources
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Percentage of children under 5 years of age affected by wasting
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are stunted
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are underweight
Percentage of adults who are underweight
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Stability/
Vulnerability Cereal import dependency ratio
Percent of arable land equipped for irrigation
Value of food imports over total merchandise exports
Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism
Domestic food price level index volatility
Per capita food production variability
Per capita food supply variability
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Official Concept of Food Security
This definition is again refined in The State of Food Insecurity 2001:
“Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.”
This new emphasis on consumption, the demand side and the issues of access by
vulnerable people to food, is most closely identified with the seminal study by Amartya Sen.
Eschewing the use of the concept of food security, he focuses on the entitlements of
individuals and households.
The international community has accepted these increasingly broad statements of common
goals and implied responsibilities. But its practical response has been to focus on narrower,
simpler objectives around which to organize international and national public action. The
declared primary objective in international development policy discourse is increasingly the
reduction and elimination of poverty. The 1996 WFS exemplified this direction of policy by
making the primary objective of international action on food security halving the number of
hungry or undernourished people by 2015.
Essentially, food security can be described as a phenomenon relating to individuals. It is the
nutritional status of the individual household member that is the ultimate focus, and the
risk of that adequate status not being achieved or becoming undermined. The latter risk
describes the vulnerability of individuals in this context. As the definitions reviewed above
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Remember
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Household food security is the application of this concept to the family
level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern.
Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical,
social or economic access to food as defined above.
What can you say about the picture?
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Projected Population Growth, in billions (Source: World Resources Institute)
2. Changing Tastes: Not only is the population growing, but its diet is changing too. As
people become more affluent they start eating food that is richer in processed foods,
meat and dairy. But to produce more meat means growing more grain.
Global Consumption of Meat and Milk Products (Source: World Resources Institute)
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Upper-middle income countries, % of undernourished people
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Lower-middle income countries, % of undernourished people
Low income countries, % of undernourished people
Table 1. Hunger incidence by household size and composition
Trends in hunger incidence
Trends in self-rated hunger
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Female 9.0
Looking at provinces, hunger incidence is highest in Tawi-Tawi and Zamboanga del Norte;
most cases are of moderate hunger in the former and severe to chronic in the latter. Figure
4 shows that the other provinces with high hunger incidence are mostly found in Mindanao
(Camiguin, Surigao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao and Misamis Occidental). Davao
del Sur is the only province with less than 12% hunger incidence. Moreover, landlocked
provinces (e.g., CAR provinces) as well as provinces located along the typhoon belt (e.g.,
Bicol and Eastern Visayas provinces) register higher incidence figures. Provinces where
major cities are situated have lower incidence.
In terms of demographic characteristics, as expected, bigger households tend to experience
hunger compared to smaller households. The incidence starts to increase sharply between
four-member households (6.4%) to five-member households (15.3%). When looking at
household composition, incidence more than doubles when comparing households with
three to four young dependents (22.3%) to those with only at most two (9.8%).
In terms of educational attainment, better educated household heads have lower incidence
of hunger amongst them (one out of one hundred households for college graduates). The
difference between households with heads not completing any grade level and households
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2. Do we need to take action of these?
Synthesis
● Food security is referred to as the availability of food and one's access to it. The
World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing "when all people at all
times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active
life."
● Global food security takes a major part in the agricultural sector and the economy.
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Assessments
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is food security?
a. The state of not being able to access a reliable source of nutritious, healthy
and affordable food
b. The state of being able to access a reliable source of nutritious, healthy and
affordable food
c. The same as food insecurity
d. All of the above
2. What causes global food security?
a. water scarcity and climate change
b. human
c. the weather
d. introduced species
3. The risk of Global Food Security exclude
a. malnutrition
b. hunger
c. conflict
d. climate change
4. Which level of household income experiences the highest percentage of food
insecurity?
a. Low
b. Middle
c. Upper-middle
d. Highest
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Assignments
Do the following items:
1. Do advance reading and research on the following topics on Global Citizenships:
a. Contemporary problems associated with globalization
b. Ethical obligations of global citizenship
c. Ideas and perspective on globalization
2. Answer the following questions:
a. In your own opinion, what is the most pressing problem related to
globalization? How can it be resolved?
b. Why do Third World countries typically lag behind First World nations with
regard to technology? How can such gaps be bridged?
c. For countries like the Philippines, how can agricultural modernization and
industrialization lead to development and prosperity?
d. How can progressive taxation help governments achieve development for
their people?
e. Why do some international groups campaign for debt reduction and/ or
condo nations?
f. How can a grassroots approach to globalization be implemented in the
Philippine context?
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Learning Outcomes
During the learning engagement, you should be able to
● define global citizenship,
● synthesize ideas and perspective on globalization, and
● propose solutions to contemporary problems associated with the existence of
globalization and with global citizenship through research topic and content
proposal:
a. What globalization issue or concept has the most significant impact for you
and in your locality?
b. How do you describe these issues and impacts and how does your
community respond or react to it?
c. Do your proposed solutions on these problems address or respond to the
needs of your locality?
Learning Activities
Processing and Formation
Introduction
In a world that is full of dangerous and serious global issues, preserving human rights and
keeping peace and stabilization seem to be very difficult. EFL (i.e., English as foreign
language) teachers should be wary of the global issues in addition to the suspicious events,
such as violence, inequality, injustice, disrespect and other negative aspects, which happen
outside their classrooms.
The globalized world that is characterized by inequality, injustice and all forms of violence
and intimidation is a need of some standards, which may reduce the social and political
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Assessments
I. Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world—and their place in
it.
a. Global citizen c. Politicians
b. Global citizenship d. None of the above
2. It is being embraced by educators, scholars, politicians and even business people.
a. Global citizen c. Politicians
b. Global citizenship d. None of the above
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Assignments
Do the following items:
1. Research using reliable sources on the following topics:
a. Politics and governance
b. Peace and order
c. Economics and poverty
d. Culture and language disintegration
e. Religious amalgamation and extremism
f. Food security and production
g. Women and children’s rights
h. Human rights
i. Racial tension
j. Climate change and sustainability
k. Health and aging
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Re ection Guide
1. What have I LEARNED this day that has helped me do all aspects of this better?
2. What have I DONE this week that has made me better at doing all aspects of this?
3. How can I IMPROVE at doing all aspects of this?
Expanded Opportunities
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References
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Young, M. and Commins, E. (2002) “Global Citizenship: The Handbook for Primary
Teaching.” Retrieved from
https://books.google.dz/books?id=e56g8WJ9y1IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=global+
citizenship&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirh_PG0sPUAhXHthQKHX9oDKsQ6AEIXjAI#v
=onepage&q=global%20citizenship&f=false (accessed 10 August 2020)
Photo Credits
● https://i.pinimg.com/736x/3b/eb/26/3beb2637c4b2841a9cd0bf70e1858bb3--globa
l-food-food-security.jpg
● https://weforum-assets-production.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/editor/large_V8
CwSCbRpLBG53ldxptZMOZC-4J7HA4Lho0z4A1NhIU.jpg
● https://weforum-assets-production.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/editor/large_YL
zA9YEcVKVQGf90_DX1Jchj1NdB9con1jmotWZqmyE.jpg
(All the above websites were last accessed on 10 August 2020.)
Tables
Napoli, Marion. “Towards a Food Insecurity Multidimensional Index (FIMI).” Universita
Degli Studi, 2011. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ERP/uni/FIMI.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0SvPVWuBnt
ePWobSsjzwt6564s5P3d-MfVanMYQVy7P507jGvruuN5yCM (accessed 10 August
2020)
FAO. “Right to Food Assessment Philippines.” Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/3/ap596e/ap596e.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3VG7Bg43js9nYtHxYsuWePhi
9zWdA4TpyS2KewPy5ljE_vK2jmPQf1Wo4 (accessed 10 August 2020)
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