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    Test For Functional Groups (2022)

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    Tanya Kumari
    The document describes tests to identify the functional groups present in organic compounds. It outlines experiments involving reactions with reagents and observations that allow inference of whether samples contain unsaturated, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid or amine functional groups. The purpose is to determine the functional group(s) present in a given unknown compound through a series of confirmatory chemical tests.

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    Test For Functional Groups (2022)

    Uploaded by

    Tanya Kumari
    168 views7 pages
    The document describes tests to identify the functional groups present in organic compounds. It outlines experiments involving reactions with reagents and observations that allow inference of whether samples contain unsaturated, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid or amine functional groups. The purpose is to determine the functional group(s) present in a given unknown compound through a series of confirmatory chemical tests.

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    The document describes tests to identify the functional groups present in organic compounds. It outlines experiments involving reactions with reagents and observations that allow inference of whether samples contain unsaturated, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid or amine functional groups. The purpose is to determine the functional group(s) present in a given unknown compound through a series of confirmatory chemical tests.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    168 views7 pages

    Test For Functional Groups (2022)

    Uploaded by

    Tanya Kumari
    The document describes tests to identify the functional groups present in organic compounds. It outlines experiments involving reactions with reagents and observations that allow inference of whether samples contain unsaturated, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid or amine functional groups. The purpose is to determine the functional group(s) present in a given unknown compound through a series of confirmatory chemical tests.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

    I. TESTS FOR UNSATURATION:

    EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE


    1.BROMINE WATER TEST:
    To the given substance add a Disappearance of brown Presence of unsaturation.
    drop of bromine water and colour of bromine.
    shake.

    2.ALKALINE POTASSIUM
    PERMANGANATE TEST: Pink colour decolourises Presence of unsaturation.
    Add alkaline potassium with or without the
    permanganate (Baeyer’s formation of brown
    reagent) to the given substance. coloured precipitate of
    manganese dioxide.

    Presence of unsaturation.
    3. SOOTY FLAME TEST: Substance burns with a
    Take a small amount of the yellow flame with lots of
    given substance in a nickel black smoke.
    spatula and heat.

    RESULT: The given compound is an unsaturated compound.


    II TESTS FOR ALCOHOLS:

    EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE


    1. SODIUM METAL TEST:
    To a little of the given substance Brisk effervescence due Presence of alcoholic group.
    in a dry test tube add about 1gm to liberation of hydrogen 2ROH + 2Na 2RONa + H2↑
    of anhydrous CaSO4 & shake well gas is seen.
    to remove water. Filter & add a
    small piece of dry sodium metal.

    2. ESTERIFICATION TEST:
    To 1ml of given substance in A fruity smell is Presence of alcoholic group.
    a dry test tube, add 1ml of glacial occurred due to the
    acetic acid & 2-3 drops of formation of an ester. CH3COOH + ROH 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4→ CH3COOR
    concentrated sulphuric acid. + H2O
    Warm the solution mixture on a
    water bath for about 10min. Pour
    it into to a beaker containing
    water and smell.

    3. CERIC AMMONIUM
    NITRATE TEST:
    To the little of the given Appearance of red or Presence of alcoholic group.
    substance, add a few drops of pink colouration. 2ROH + (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
    (ROH)2Ce(NO3)4 + 2NH4NO3
    ceric ammonium nitrate reagent
    and shake well. Pink or red

    4. Lucas Reagent test:

    To 1ml of the given substance in a No turbidity Presence of primary alcohol


    dry test tube add 8-10 drops of
    Lucas reagent.

    RESULT:
    The given compound is a saturated primary alcohol.
    III. TESTS FOR PHENOL:

    EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE


    1. LITMUS
    TEST: Blue litmus turns red. Phenol may be present.
    Introduce moist
    blue litmus paper
    into the given
    substance taken
    in a test tube.

    2. NEUTRAL
    FERRIC Violet colour is produced on Presence of phenol.
    CHLORIDE dilution. FeCl3 + 6C6H5OH →[Fe (OC6H5)6]3- + 3HCI
    Violet complex
    TEST:
    Add few drops
    of neutral ferric
    chloride to the
    given substance.

    3.
    LIBERMANN’
    S TEST:
    a) To the given Deep blue or deep green colour Presence of phenol.
    substance add appears.
    2-3 crystals of On dilution red colour appears.
    Sodium Nitrite.
    Heat gently and
    allow it to cool.
    Then add few
    drops of conc.
    H2SO4 & shake
    the test tube to
    mix the contents.

    b) To the
    above Blue or green colour appears.
    Presence of phenol.
    obtained
    contents add
    an excess of
    sodium
    hydroxide
    solution.

    RESULT: The given compound is a saturated phenol.


    IV. TESTS FOR ALDEHYDE:

    EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE


    1. 2,4-DNP TEST:
    Dissolve the given Orange precipitate Presence of aldehyde or ketone.
    substance with alcohol obtained
    in a dry test tube.
    Then add few drops of
    2,4-DNP solution.
    Cork the test tube,
    shake the mixture and
    allow it to stand for 5
    min.

    Presence of aldehyde or ketone.


    2. SODIUM White crystalline
    BISULPHITE TEST: precipitate is
    A little of the obtained.
    substance is added to
    2ml of saturated
    solution of sodium White crystalline ppt
    bisulphite. Cork the
    test tube, shake and
    leave it for 15-20
    minutes.

    3. TOLLEN’S Presence of aldehyde


    REAGENT TEST: A shiny silver
    Add little of the mirror on the walls RCHO + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- RCOO- + 2Ag +
    substance into 1ml of the test tube is 4NH3 + 2H2O Silver mirror
    Tollen’s reagent taken obtained
    in a test tube and
    warm the test tube on
    a water bath for about
    5 min.

    4. FEHLING TEST:
    Take 1ml each of Appearance of red Presence of aldehyde.
    Fehling’s solution A precipitate. RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- RCOO- + Cu2O
    and B in a test tube
    + 3H2O Red ppt
    and add 1ml of the
    given substance.
    Warm the test tube in
    hot water bath for 4-5
    minutes.
    5. SCHIFF’S TEST: Appearance of
    To 1ml of the given pink or red colour Presence of aldehyde
    substance add alcohol solution.
    and then add 1ml of
    Schiff’s reagent.

    RESULT:

    The given compound is saturated Aldehyde.

    V. TESTS FOR KETONES

    EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE


    1. 2,4-DNP TEST:
    Dissolve the given Orange precipitate Presence of aldehyde or ketone.
    substance with alcohol in a obtained
    dry test tube. Then add few
    drops of 2,4-DNP solution.
    Cork the test tube, shake
    the mixture and allow it to
    stand for 5 min.

    2. SODIUM
    BISULPHITE TEST: Presence of aldehyde or ketone.
    A little of the substance is White crystalline
    added to 2ml of saturated precipitate is
    solution of sodium obtained.
    bisulphite. Cork the test
    White crystalline ppt
    tube, shake and leave it for
    15-20 minutes.

    3. SODIUM Presence of ketone.


    NITROPRUSSIDE TEST: CH3COCH3 + OH- CH3 COCH2- + H2O
    To 1ml of sodium Red coloured
    nitroprusside solution, add solution is obtained [Fe (CN)5NO]2- + CH3COCH2-
    few drops of the given
    Nitroprusside ion [Fe (CN)5NO.CH3COCH2]3-
    substance. Shake and add
    sodium hydroxide solution Red colouration
    drop wise.

    RESULT: The given compound is a saturated Ketone.


    VI. TESTS FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID:

    EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE


    1. LITMUS TEST:
    Introduce moist blue litmus Blue litmus turns red. Carboxylic acid may be
    paper into the given substance present.
    taken in a test tube.

    2.SODIUM BICARBONATE
    TEST:
    To the given substance add a Brisk effervescence is seen. Presence of carboxylic acid.
    pinch of sodium bicarbonate RCOOH + NaHCO3
    solution. RCOONa + H2O + CO2

    RCOONa + H2O + CO2


    3.ESTERIFICATION TEST:
    To 1ml of given substance in a Fruity smell is observed. Presence of carboxylic acid.
    dry test tube, add 1ml of CH3COOH + ROH 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4→
    ethanol & 2-3 drops of CH3COOR + H2O
    concentrated sulphuric acid.
    Warm the solution mixture on
    a water bath for about 10min.
    Pour it into to a beaker
    containing water and smell.

    RESULT:

    The given compound is a saturated carboxylic acid.


    VII. TESTS FOR AMINES:

    EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE


    1.SOLUBILITY:
    To the given substance add 2-3 The compound dissolves. Presence of amino group.
    ml of dilute hydrochloric acid
    and shake.

    2. LITMUS TEST:
    Place a drop of the given liquid Red litmus turns blue. Presence of amino group.
    on the moist red litmus paper
    and note the change in colour.

    3.CARBYLAMINE TEST:
    Take a small amount of solid Unpleasant odour is Presence of primary amino group.
    potassium hydroxide and add 2 obtained RNH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH (alcoholic) →
    ml of ethyl alcohol. Warm the RNC (isocyanide, unpleasant odour) + 3KCl +
    3H2O
    test tube until KOH dissolves.
    Then add a few ml of
    chloroform to it and warm
    gently.

    4. AZO DYE TEST:


    To the given substance in a test Formation of orange-red Presence of primary aromatic amino
    tube add 2ml of dilute dye. group.
    hydrochloric acid, cool it in ice
    bath. Take aqueous solution of
    sodium nitrite in second test
    tube and keep it in ice bath. In
    the third test tube take β-
    naphthol and dissolve in sodium
    hydroxide and keep it ice bath
    for some time. Add the content
    of test tube 2 to test tube 1 and
    the resulting solution is added to
    the test tube 3.

    RESULT:

    The given compound is a primary aromatic amine.

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