The Real Wor ld is Analog

ADC are necessary to convert the real world signals

(analog) into the digital form for easy processing
ADC
Digital Processing
(Computer, DSP...)
DAC
Real World:
Antenna, microphone,
sensor...
Real World:
Speaker, screen,
motor control...
Dat a Conver t er s
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
The goal of an ADC is to determine the output digital word corresponding to an
analog input signal.
The basic internal structures of ADC rely heavily on DACs structures.
ADCs can be seen as low speed (serial type), medium speed, high-speed and high-
performance.
C
o
d
e
r
Digital Output
+
+
+
_
_
_
Comparator n
Comparator 2
Comparator 1
S/H
Vr1
Vr2
Vrn
A simple ADC parallel topology
VLSI Analog Microelectronics (ESS)
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
Basic Concept s
Fundament als
Traditional Data Converters at Nyquist
Rate (fs>2fm)
A/D Converter Details:
Low Pass
Filter
S&H
Quantizer
Digital
Encoder
x(t)
X(f) X
1
(f)
x
n
x
Q
(t) x
SH
(t) x
1
(t)
fm fs fm 2fs fs fm 2fs
Quant. noise
Binary Number
10001000111...
A/D
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
Nyquist Rate
D/A
(Ideal)
S&H
Fundament als
Tr adit ional Dat a conver t er s at
Nyquist Rat e (f s>2f m)
D/ A Conver t er :
LPF +
Droop correction
y
n
Y
k
(f)
y(t)
y
SH
(t) y
k
(t)
fs fm 2fs
Binary Number
10001000111...
fs fm 2fs fs fm 2fs
Y(f)
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
Droop correction means inverse Sinc
The S/H is a deglitching circuit and
could be eliminated for small glitches
Fundament als
A/ D: Sampled Signal Spect r um:
fs fm 2fs
Quant. noise

e
2
101

e
2
=
2
/12
DR = 1.5 (K-1)
2
= 1. 76 + 6. 02 1. 76 + 6. 02
dB
K: # Quantizer levels
n: Equivalent # Bits
Anti-alias filter
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
n
Sampling
The process of converting to digital can not be instantaneous
The input has to be stabilized while a conversion is performed.
Sampler
Conversion
Delay
The ADC will convert each of
these analog values to the
corresponding digital value one
after the other.
ADC
Analog
Input
Sampled
Analog
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
REAL SAMPLI NG
Input Waveform
Output Spectra Input Spectra Sampling Spectra
Sampled Output Sampling Function
f(t)
t
Fourier Analysis
t
h(t)
t
t
g(t)
F(f) H(f) G(f)
f1
f
s
= 1/T t / 1 2f
s
f
1
f
s
2f
s
f f f
Input signals are not truly
band limited
( )
1
f 2 s f >
/
envelope
sin
x
x
Sampling cannot be done with
impulses so, amplitude of
signal is modulated by
Because of input spectra and
sampling there is aliasing and
distortion
x
x sin
Square Wave
f(t)
A
Period T
2 / 2 / t t +
Envelope has the form

,
`

.
|

t p
t p t
f
f sin
T
A
E
t / 1 t / 1
0
T / At
F(f)
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
Since real Data Converters have a number of non-idealities
we need to use a Performance Metrics to evaluate and
compare them. In what follows we will attempt to define it.
The number of bits of the digital code is finite: for n-bit we have 2
n
codes and each code represents a given quantization level.
The error due to the quantization is called quantization error and ranges
between plus or minus half quantization level (LSB). This error is a
consequence ( and a measure) of the finite A/D converter resolution.
Furthermore, the quantization error can be considered as a noise if
all quantization levels are exercised with equal probability, the
quantization steps are uniform; a large number of quantization levels
are used, and thev quantization error is not correlated with the input signal.
Definitions
Differential Nonlinearity:
Deviation in the width of a certain code
from the value of 1LSB.
Integral Non-Linearity:
Deviation in the midpoint of the code
from the best straight line in LSBs.
Conversion Code
Range of
Analog Input
Values
Digital Output
Code
4.5 5.5 101
3.5 4.5 100
2.5 3.5 011
1.5 2.5 010
0.5 1.5 001
0 0.5 000
THE I DEAL TRANSFER FUNCTI ON (ADC)
-1/2 LSB
+1/2 LSB
Elements of Transfer Diagram for an Ideal Linear ADC
Digital Output
Code
Ideal Straight Line
Center
Step Width (1 LSB)
Analog Input Value
0
Quantization
Error
0 1 3 2 4 5
3 4 5 2 1
Analog Input Value
Midstep Value of
011
Inherent Quantization Error (1/2 LSB)
001
011
010
000
100
101
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (ESS)
I deal Tr ansf er Char act er ist ic
Output Code
Best Straight Line
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -8
0000
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0111
1001
1101
1100
1010
1011
1000
1111
1110
Output Code
Best Straight Line
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -8
0 1 -1
0000
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0111
1001
1101
1100
1010
1011
1000
1111
1110
I deal Tr ansf er Char act er ist ic
Output Code
Best Straight Line
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -8
0 1 -1
0000
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0111
1001
1101
1100
1010
1011
1000
1111
1110
I deal Tr ansf er Char act er ist ic
Unipolar Quant izat ion Er r or
Output Code
0000
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0111
1001
1101
1100
1010
1011
1000
1111
1110
Error
1LSB
Input
Input
0
Bipolar Quant izat ion Er r or
Output Code
0000
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0111
1001
1101
1100
1010
1011
1000
1111
1110
Error
1/ 2 LSB
Input
Input
0
-1/ 2 LSB
FSR
1 LSB
Bipolar Error
Offset Error
(Minor
Importance)
Unipolar vs. Bipolar
Quantization Noise
Power:
LSB
2
/3
RMS Value of
Quantization Noise
Power:
LSB/1.73
More Than Half an LSB
error.
Unipolar
Error () [LSB]
0
1/ 2
2 -1 -2 1
Input [LSB]
1
Unipolar vs. Bipolar
Quantization Noise
Power:
LSB
2
/12
RMS Value of
Quantization Noise
Power:
LSB/3.46
Approximately One
Third of an LSB.
Bipolar
Error () [LSB]
0
1/ 2
3/ 2 -1/ 2 -3/ 2 1/ 2
-1/ 2
Input [LSB]
Reference: Spectra of Quantized Signals, W.R.Bennett, BSTJ, July 1948.
Digital
Code
V
l
+ q 1/2
- q 1/2
E
j
+ 1/2
LSB
- 1/2
LSB
Error E
Quantization
Error
( )
l j j
V V E
12
q
dE E
q
1
E
2
q/2
q/2
2
j
1
2
j

12 / q N
2
2

Error at the jth step:

The mean square error over the step is:
Assuming equal steps, the
total error is:
(Mean square quantization noise)
QUANTI ZATI ON EFFECTS
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center, TAMU (ESS)
Considering a sine wave input F(t) of amplitude A so that
which has a mean square value of F
2
(t), where
( ) t sin A t F w
( ) ( )

p
w
p
2
0
2 2 2
dt t sin A
2
1
t F
which is the signal power. Therefore the signal to noise ratio SNR is given by
]
]
]

,
`

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|

,
`

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|

12
q
2
A
10Log SNR(dB)
2 2
but
1 n n
2
A
2
2A
LSB 1 q

Substituting for q gives

,
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|

]
]
]

,
`

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|

,
`

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|

2
2 * 3
Log 10
2 * 3
A
2
A
Log 10 SNR(dB)
2n
2n
2 2
1.76dB 6.02n +
This gives the ideal value for an n bit converter and shows that each extra 1 bit of resolution provide
approximately 6 dB improvement in the SNR.
In practice, integral and differential non-linearity (discussed later in this presentation) introduce errors that
lead to a reduction of this value. The limit of a 1/2 LSB differential linearity error is a missing code condition
which is equivalent to a reduction of 1 bit of resolution and hence a reduction of 6 dB in the SNR. This then
gives a worst case value of SNR for an n-bit converter with 1/2 LSB linearity error
Thus, we can established the boundary conditions for the choice of the resolution of the converter based upon
a desired level of SNR.
4.24dB 6.02n 6 1.76 6.02n case) (worst SNR +
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (ESS)
QUANTI ZATI ON EFFECTS
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
V
in
=A Sin(T) ; A = V
FSR
/ 2
Signal Power:
V
S
2
= (V
FSR
/ 2.8)
2
= V
FSR
2
/8
Noise Power:
V
N
2
= LSB
2
/12
SNR = (1.5)2
2N
1.8 + 6.02 N [dB]
Example: SNR(10bit) = 62dB
Sampling Pulse
-V
o
V
o
Sample
Hold
T
A
E
A
Aperture
Error
Aperture
Uncertainty
in
N
ref
LSB
A
f V f
V
T
p p 2
1
<

+ A O 1 n
O
T fV 2
2
2V
p
1 n
O
A A
2
2V
LSB 1/2
dt
dV
T E
+

ft 2 sin V V
O
p
O
max
fV 2
dt
dV
p
ft cos2 fV 2
dt
dV
O
p p
ADC
f
CLK
APERTURE ERROR
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (ESS)
The aperture error comes from the fact that there is a delay
between the clock signal and the effective holding time.
Nyquist Rat e
According to signal processing theory, the sampling process generates
images of the input signal around the sampling frequency
It can be seen that if the input frequency is higher than half the
sampling frequency, there will be corruption of the information by the
image.
4 5 8 10 12 16
Sampling of
interest
Sampling
Frequency
6 14
Images
Input
Frequency
Limit
Frequencies
of interest
Frequency (KHz)
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
Over sampling
As we have seen earlier, the SNR of a typical ADC is:
If the sampling rate is increased, we get the following SNR:
where OSR stands for oversampling ratio.
1 2 10 12 16
Sampling
Frequency
3 14
Images
Input
Frequency
Limit
Frequency (KHz)
Signal of interrest
1.76dB 6.02n +
6.02n+1.76dB+10log(OSR)
Signal t o Noise +
Dist or t ion Rat io (SNDR)
1LSB V
FSR
1.8+6.02N
SNDR [dB]
Input Magnitude
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
Signal t o Noise +
Dist or t ion Rat io (SNDR)
1LSB V
FSR
1.8+6.02N
SNDR [dB]
Input Magnitude
f
THD
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
Performance Evaluation
of ADCs
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU
001
010
011
1 3 2
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t

C
o
d
e
+1/2 LSB
Actual
Diagram
Ideal
Diagram
Analog Output Value
Actual
Offset Point
Offset Error
(+1 1/4 LSB)
Nominal
Offset Point
0
(a) ADC
000
Of f set Er r or s
Actual
Offset Point
Digital Input Code
011 000 001 010
0
1
2
3
A
n
a
l
o
g

O
u
t
p
u
t

V
a
l
u
e

(
L
S
B
)
Actual
Diagram
Ideal
Diagram
Offset Error
(+1 1/4 LSB)
Nominal
Offset Point
(b) DAC
VLSI Analog Microelectronics (ESS)
Input
Ramp
001
010
011
1 3 2
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t

C
o
d
e
Actual
Diagram
Ideal
Diagram
Analog Output Value
0
(a) ADC
000
Digital Input Code
011 000 001 010
0
1
2
3
A
n
a
l
o
g

O
u
t
p
u
t

V
a
l
u
e

(
L
S
B
)
Ideal
Diagram
(b) DAC
VLSI Analog Microelectronics (ESS)
Best Fit
Straight
Line
Measured
Gain
Input
Ramp
Best Fit
Straight
Line
Measured
Gain
Measured
Data
Gain Er r or s
0111
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0000
0110
1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
Total Error
At Step 0101
(-1 1/4 LSB)
Total Error
At Step 0001
(1/2 LSB)
Digital
Output
Error
Analog Input Value (LSB)
(a) ADC
Total Error
At Step 0011
(1 1/4 LSB)
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
Digital Input Code
(b) DAC
0
0101
0101
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Analog Output
Value (LSB)
Absolut e Accur acy (Tot al) Er r or
The absolute accuracy or total error of an ADC as shown in Figure is the maximum value of the difference between an analog value
and the ideal midstep value. It includes offset, gain, and integral linearity errors and also the quantization error in the case of an
ADC.
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU (ESS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
000
001
010
011
100
101
010
111
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t

C
o
d
e
Actual
Transition
Ideal
Transition
At Transition
011/100
(-1/2 LSB)
At Transition
001/010 (-1/4 LSB)
End-Point Lin. Error
Analog Input Value (LSB)
(a) ADC
End-Point Linearity Error of a Linear 3-bit Natural Binary-Coded ADC or DAC
(Offset Error and Gain Error are Adjusted to the Value Zero)
At Step
001 (1/4 LSB)
At Step
011 (1/2 LSB)
End-Point Lin. Error
001 010 011 100 101 010 111 000
Digital Input Code
(b) DAC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
A
n
a
l
o
g

O
u
t
p
u
t

V
a
l
u
e

(
L
S
B
)
The integral non-linearity depicts a possible distortion of the input-output
transfer characteristic and leads to harmonic distortion.
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (ESS)
I nt egr al Nonlinear it y (I NL) Er r or
Dif f er ent ial Nonlinear it y (DNL)
Digital
Output
Code
0110
0 1 2 3 4 5
Differential
Linearity Error
(1/2 LSB)
1 LSB
1 LSB
Differential
Linearity Error
(-1/2 LSB)
Analog Input Value (LSB)
(a) ADC
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0000
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0000
1 LSB
Differential
Linearity Error
(-1/4 LSB)
1 LSB
Differential Linearity
Error (+1/4 LSB)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Analog Output
Value (LSB)
Digital Input Code
(b) DAC
Differential Linearity Error of a Linear ADC or DAC
VLSI Analog Microelectronics (ESS)
Solution
A 100-mV
pp
sinusoidal signal is applied to an ideal 12-bit A/D converter for which
V
ref
= 5 V. Find the SNR of the digitized output signal.
First, we use to find the maximum SNR if a full-scale sinusoidal wave-form of 2.5 V
were applied to the input.
t
Idealized SNR versus sinusoidal input signal amplitude for a 10-bit A/D converter. The
0-dB input signal amplitude corresponds to a peak-to-peak voltage equaling V
ref
.
However, since the input is only a 100-mV sinusoidal waveform that is 28 dB below
full scale, the SNR of the digitized output is
t
dB 74 76 . 1 12 02 . 6 dB 76 . 1 N 02 . 6 SNR
max
+ +
dB 46 28 74 SNR
Numer ical Examples [ 1]
Example 1.

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N
LSB
ref
Q
in
2
2
3
log 20
12 / V
) 2 2 /( V
log 20
) rms ( V
) rms ( V
log 20 SNR
SNR
(dB)
60
50
40
30
20
10
-60 -50 -40 -30
-20 -10 0
0
V
in
(dB)
V
pp
=V
ref
Best possible SNR
Best real SNR
Consider a 3-bit D/A converter in which V
ref
= 4 V, with the following measured voltage values:
{ 0.011 : 0.507 : 1.002 : 1.501 : 1.996 : 2.495 : 2.996 : 3.491 }
1. Find the offset and gain errors in units of LSBs.
2. Find the INL (endpoint) and DNL errors (in units of LSBs).
3. Find the effective number of bits of absolute accuracy.
4. Find the effective number of bits of relative accuracy.
We first note that 1 LSB corresponds to V
ref
/2
3
= 0.5 V.
1. Since that offset voltage is 11 mV, and since 0.5 V corresponds to 1 LSB, we see that the offset error is given by
For the gain error, from (11.25) we have
2. For INL and DNL errors, we first need to remove both offset and gain errors in the measured D/A values. The offset error is removed by
subtracting 0.022 LSB off each value, whereas the gain error is eliminated by subtracting off scaled values of the gain error. For example,
the new value for 1.002 (scaled to 1 LSB) is given by
Thus, the offset-free, gain-free, scaled values are given by
{ 0.0 : 0.998 : 1.993 : 2.997 : 3.993 : 4.997 : 6.004 : 7.0 }
Since these results are in units of LSBs, we calculate the INL errors as the difference between these values and the ideal values, giving us
INL errors : { 0 : -0.002 : -0.007 : -0.003 : -0.007 : -0.003 : 0.004 : 0 }
For DNL errors, we find the difference between adjacent offset-free, gain-free, scaled values to give
DNL errors: { -0.002 : -0.005 : 0.004 : -0.004 : 0.004 : 0.007 : -0.004 }
3. For absolute accuracy, we find the largest deviation between the measured values and the ideal values, which, in this case, occurs at 0 V
and is 11 mV. To relate this 11-mV value to effective bits, 11 mV should correspond to 1 LSB when V
ref
= 4 V. In other words, we have
the relationship
which results in an absolute accuracy of N
abs
= 8.5 bits.
4. For relative accuracy, we use the INL errors found in part 2, whose maximum magnitude is 0.007 LSB, or equivalently, 3.5 mV. We relate
this 3.5-mV value to effective bits in the same manner as in part 3, resulting in a relative accuracy of N
rel
= 10.2 nits.
Solution
LSB 022 . 0
5 . 0
011 . 0
0 ... 0 V
V
E
LSB
out
) A / D ( off

LSB 04 . 0 ) 1 2 (
5 . 0
011 . 0 491 . 3
) 1 2 (
0 ... 0 V
V
1 ... 1 V
V
E
3 N
LSB
out
LSB
out
) A / D ( gain

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`

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|

,
`

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|

993 . 1 ) 04 . 0 (
7
2
022 . 0
5 . 0
002 . 1

,
`

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|
+
mV 11
2
V 4
eff
N

Example 2.
N N
ref
LSB
2
1
LSB 1 ,
2
V
V
D/A
V
in
V
ref
V
out
A full-scale sinusoidal waveform is applied to a 12-bit A/D converter, and the
output is digitally analyzed. If the fundamental has a normalized power of 1 W
while the remaining power is 0.5 W, what is the effective number of bits for
the converter?
Using the expression for the SNR, we have
In this case, the signal-to-noise ration is found to be
Substituting this SNR value into the SNR expression yields
76 . 1 N 02 . 6 SNR
eff
+
dB 63
10 5 . 0
1
log 10
P
P
log 10 SNR
6
rema
. fund

,
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,
`

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|

bits effective 2 . 10
02 . 6
76 . 1 63
N
eff

Solution
Example 3 [ J ohns & Mar t in]
Measur e St at ic Per f or mance
The first step is to find each transition point;
The real transition is not instantaneous. The transition point
is half way between 2 consecutive codes
Once all the transition points are recorded, the static
parameters can be computed by a set of equations
three different static performance measurement methods are
described
Met hod 1:manual measur ement
Increase the analog input to the ADC slowly until we can make the digital output 1
LSB more,from 11010 to 11011
write down the correspond analog input value V1
decrease the analog input to the ADC slowly until we can make the digital output
return to the 11010
write down the correspond analog input value V2
The transition point between 11010 and 11011 is 0.5(V1+V2)
Code 11011
Code 11010
Transition point
Ideal Curve
Measured Curve
Met hod 2:The Ser vo Met hod
The Servo method is an automated technique to easily find the transition
points
for example,we need the transition point between 11010 and 11011.We should
set search value register as 11010
close the loop;when the circuit is stable,use a DC voltmeter to measure the
analog value at the output of the integrator.It is the transition point between
11010 and 11011
ADC
Under
Test
Digital
Comparator
Search Value
Register
one-bit
DAC
Analog
Integrator
VOH->Rampup
VOL -> Ramp down
Met hod 3:The Linear Ramp Hist ogr am
The histogram is best suited for automated testing
of ADCs in the industry
A linear ramp is sent to the ADC under test and
the output codes are sampled and recorded
The input ramp must be very slow, such that we
get at least 16 samples per output code
This allows a precise evaluation of the static
performances.
Met hod 3:The linear Ramp Hist ogr am
(cont inued)
input analog voltage
digital output code
ADC samples
missing code
transition point
Record the samples per
digital code
use the recorded values
to compute the
transition point one by
one
Calculat e st at ic par amet er s f r om
t r ansit ion point s
Use TP as the symbol of the transition point,and assume TP[i] is the transition point
between code i-1 and code I
Offset = TP[1]-0.5 FSR is the full scale input range; N is ADC resolution
Gain Error=
Differential Non-linearity

DNL[i]= -1
Integral Non-linearity
INL[i]=

,
`

.
|
N
FSR
2
100 1
^ 2
2 ^ 2
] 1 [ ] 1 ^ 2 [

]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
]
]
]

N
N
FSR
TP N TP
LSB
i TP i TP ] [ ] 1 [ +
LSB
TP i LSB i TP ]) 1 [ ) 1 ( ( ] [ +
Dynamic Per f or mance Measur ement
The most typical dynamic performance measurement consists of
looking for distortion in the frequency domain
This is done by sending a pure sinusoidal input and looking at the
output
Conceptual Dynamic Test Setup
ADC
Under Test
Perfect
DAC
f
dB
f
dB
Distortion
or noise
Real Measur ement of
Dynamic Per f or mance
There is no such thing as a perfect DAC
To improve the precision and simplify the post-processing,
all the spectrum analysis is done in digital form and in
software.
ADC
Under Test
f
dB
Computer
Acquisition Board (Like
National Instruments)
Ot her Dynamic Measur ement s
All the timing and control signals (i.e. Convert,
Data_Ready, Read, Data, ) must be tested at full speed
to ensure their functionality,
input analog voltage
digital output code
transition point
Sparkling
The output from a sinewave
input can also be observed in
time-domain to make sure
there is no sparkling (sudden
out-of-range samples).
A/ D Conver sion : Pr act ical Techniques
Serial Conversion:
Dual Slope
Successive
Approximation
Parallel Conversion:
Flash
Quantized Feedforward:
Pipelined
Quantized Feedback:
Delta-Sigma
An illustrative example/comparison:
Speed vs. Resolut ion
Conversions/ sec
Resolution[bits]
6
1E9
>20
1E2
Thr oughput Rat e Compar ison of ADCs
Resolution[bits]
Clock Cycles/ Output
100
14
12
10
8
6
4
1000
2
10 1 10000
Flash, 2 Step Flash, Pipelined
2
nd
Order
Serial (Dual Slope)
SAR
An A/ D Conver sion Classif icat ion
Multiplexing
Time Interweave
Pipeline
Parallel
Flash
Stacking
Flash
Neural
Network
Series-
Parallel
Subranging
Subranging with
Folding Amps
Ripple
Serial Coarse-
Fine
Counting
Coarse-Fine Non-Algorithmic
Successive
Approximation
Charge
Redistribution
Variable Ref.
Serial Ripple
Pulse Width
Ramp
Comparison
Dual Slopes
Constant
Slope
Algorithmic Iterative
Cyclic
Sample/Hold
Pulse Rate
Ramp Comparison
Quantized Feedback
Algorithmic Replicative
Straight Binary
Gray
Tracking Feedback
Servo
Delta Modulation
Note: The procedure and architecture
are shown as
Procedure
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Analog and mixed Signal Center, TAMU (ESS)
Coar se List of A/ D
Conver t er Ar chit ect ur es
Low-to-Medium Speed
High-Accuracy
Medium Speed
Medium Accuracy
High-Speed
Low-to-Medium Accuracy
Integrating
Oversampling
Successive Approximation
Algorithmic
Flash
Two-Step
Interpolating
Folding
Pipelined
Time-Interleaved
VLSI Analog Microelectronics (ESS)
VLSI Analog Microelectronics (ESS)
Ref er ences
[1] D.A. Johns and K. Martin, Analog Integrated Circuit Design, Chapters 11 and 12, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1997,.
[2] A.B. Grebene. Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York 1984.
[3] B. Razavi, Principles of Data Conversion System Design, The IEEE Press, New York
1995.
[4] A.M.J. Daanen, Classification of DA and AD Conversion Techniques, Report of the
Graduation Work, Technical University, Eindhoven, Dec. 1986.
[5] P.E. Allen and E. Snchez-Sinencio, Switched Capacitor Circuits, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York 1984.
[6] J.A.Shoeff, An Inherently Monotonic 12 Bit DAC, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.
SC-14, pp 904-911, Dec. 1979.
[7] R.H. Charles and D.A. Hodges, Charge Circuits for Analog Circuits for Analog LSI,
IEEE Trans. Circuit and Systems, vol. CAS-25, No. 7, pp 490-497, July 1978.
[8] J. Doernberg, H.S. Lee and D. Hodges, Full Speed Testing of A/D Converters, IEEE
J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-19, No. 6, pp 820-827, Dec. 1984.
Analog and Mixed Signal Center, TAMU (ESS)
[8] Texas Instruments Application Report, Understanding Data Converters, SLAA013,
July 1995.
[9] J.C. Candy, and G. C. Temes, Editors. Oversampling Delta-Sigma Data Converters: Theory,
Design and Simulation IEEE Press, New York 1992.
[10] J. E. Franca and Y. Tsividis, Editors, Design of Analog-Digital VLSI Circuits for
Telecommunications and Signal Processing, Chapters 9 and 10,Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs,1994
[11] S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, McGraw-
Hill, Boston, 1998.
[12] M. Burns and G. Roberts, Introduction to Mixed-Signal Test and Measurement, to be
published.
[13] G.J. Gomez, Introduction to the Design of Sigma-Delta Modulators, Seminar document.