basis A. block diagonal structure Now, we ow Alagoraline the Jrdividual blocks of B. without affecting the, diagemal fos of A. Reasons — Ang vector ustthior the clegenesate, Subspace isaleo om ct'g bm mector. — The bleak of B within & Pm Subspace ts a hevmition matrr. (osseenable)— yo 8 OO L B-/° % 000 Hence diogoralizable 0 0 % 0 0 9 00 X40 00 © 0 (HY came For this peocess, we had 4» make @ specific Choice of orthonormal weckore within the yo and) Ag subtpace-CASE -1 Hf Se elgem wales of B stthdm each Dm Subspace. As non-degenesnte (this doesrot mean all elon nalues& Base distinct as ehown bn above Zrqmple)) 9 thew the dirgonalizption of the bloks of B Leauucly fier the ovthoremal baue within all the Dm subspaces. ‘We Com wrtte * tl Sm 2d as the amnigmne choice of ett wectoss which ave eommow to A and B- NOTE : 2uevy Llemenk of this basis is anlgnue Speerfied by the agen values (read: Gmtamtum. mumbert) af A anh B together! Case 2. ee Tt is possible that B fas Some deegenesnery Hh che bleks - For inetamee, Im the abe gearmogle uf Xz =% - Then fhe choite, of osthonosmal wectors ustfim fhe rz % Subspace will pot be fined undeyvelD> There will be Further degeneracies - Nevertheless, both A and ® can be diogomaliped Stonebtneously 4 ie there exists mon-unigne se of orthonormal bests rvectors ti | p ° S 9 42 1,25..--5 Ana Xp Son % dees Is Lhe egensioey of the Subspace Mhasckerts oss fy he Skmultaneous spectfieakiow of vigem values Yun, Xp pe A ard B wespactive ly. Remarks |IMPORTANT | hyhen we Dave a sthnakton Ake Aase=2, tf may be possible is find anohet abpervoble @ , which Cxmmutes ttt. both Aand @ 06 AC-CA=0, BC- CR =O. aohieh, will have the follotouy steneluce % © 6 tf G=Ny D 0 O the Qe, %,) subspace C= © Yi O is 2 fold degenerate 000%0 > C will hove 22 blek 00 00% as Shown in}| ep? ay bse am a2, (% Yank) may o¢ may mot be distincky Bat Lf we just cto gpmnalize the 1X2 block af C we astll fix the ortho samo basis vedor set- untywtly | Im Phat cose, C will Mave Phe Atasyerall fos These nralues snag, Ov 0 (may mot be Mme — 00 0 an Jt oll ak aflfecr oO Menbowrerness Of the Osthommmoel Latte. Thus, Sn ts (ade il L. % art és Gn vumambsguous (unlgme ovthomenmal basre set ¥ ue Fuery memltr of the set is Mharacee zed bey Qigenvelnes of Coomanutinay observables: Lf Aiagonalizing A,B,C stomubtanesuitly dees mot smake the AUgernectoot Corthegonel Cat/e urigne) Thom we meed amotter obsenalle D Commudtng vsbhe Ay BC )hk wan Combinue Ate untill the tommon set f+ ebtovectors aye a unigue set Thus sfruming o me brfkonowmal basic. Compiete Ser OF Commutint, Opservaees C CscOs) - [ seeonranr] * 7A aménamal sek oF observatles (A,B,C) fowms ¢ a CSCO if @ QM the cbservableg 486--) poisioise Bommute. (2) Spectfying He etgenrolue of all the ebservables tagetier Aetewmames o sumnigne (epte sanltspliution. 7] Aomplex o>) efor vector Common. to all abkerrvables. These Common hye ———ooooo NS rectors nag be mocanolized ec ae Si ed lt fa, and put fogethey to foram u camel Conde) at Cntr wae" ) a Orthod Gasre Na A yotirumal set of Commuting obsesvobles £2 a CSCO of Shere axists a wouyue osthonoumal basis of Aomomon Lgen wector Ne upts a plase * Quiotuan mos of a CSCO detesmume o State anlgeshye.” (more later)(2) FOURIER TRANSFORM. (et bt ($$ SLs Ang Sf ficiently smooth fortion vmey be expressed Qs 5O-k | F@e™ a, =o were, F= y $&) CMa. The, dnrlegeation rentoble can be For eonsistemey we Should ave mn O mcg ~ . co Sat — choesr|? matter. geo = 2 I ax dl | da e™ geo. K This stotement is Soomelfomes sefesed to an Pouvter invesion Ih. This Sheortrr ensures 0. wel defined furier tromiforan fora Suffictentlg Smite function [ Thés inversion heovem snay be Proved starting from Fourier’s theowem + Any sonoctk. periodle fonctions (ottt, pected T) Can be expressed iin feums of stn amdh cos. and tasesing whe gertod T> 0°]Exampk & Find FT Sor ‘ 0, x iRx fH 2 ax Ae™ &™ ay. AIK —(v+iK)x 20 4 (ee Nox ATIK ° fm (a +1k) Buen yf Junction ds weak Fhe fourter toons foron mo loe, compl. Challenging &: Tf genare familiar with, aooaplex integrals amd “Residue theorem” ty Sending Lorverse. tenrier trmtornn sf. A . A (244K) Grvolidfen Haorea Vs() Drrac- DELTA Funcrion. Definition: The Dyreo- deltn. function S&) is defined by the dnteg ood property fod= {£60 Sede pr ang ss eleant ly Smoot, furchion f&- The ng properties of the debhe, fmetirn pee dovrmedndel wren Hs efanttfon é O [_ farbb-o de = fG). t SC) = $6) (it) 90x) = i A 5) «2 Gy & (FH) ve) 3G), where fe tea smothe fanchism with c single xe at x=A Be Use properties of definite Integrdde Ar prove Shere prpertes Pe: Evaluate oo & J 60 Z[56)] dx Dak: tgs by @y 5” eo I S (stn x) &The delle. function Sas an interesting bntegeok wepresentechion Recall pye FPourtes tnversten Sheosean $09 = do | fae fares > fC) = - fase $0) [352 ax exer | Vo Romnpate his wstth, ZL $6) = Ja Jao 2G) Bath expreseion Dold for axbibowy samooth function $O© Hone we pray Ademkify SCu-x) = x 5 dk oie or simpby . sao AL eM a, tr,ow gan think of a pictorial descsigtion af the is fanchion iw Rye, fillet waa 2 — ®&) APO L La Lo~w Keep atea X=0 undey cusve REO Sixed NM @ A Stree BLIP! ak K=d- \More precisely : s L KK lax} 6G) = EI eT ox / 20 J lis 7 e™ tC =, (Ba i tf 2 (sinQx = Mk 4 asmox ol 2B (% ‘ = ot a Gx \nx 2. co | al es | We) = Sim (22) Dro Kx@) More Linear Araees. We noill mow proceed to discuse imftuite dimnemsroral Jomer produce spaces aphich msvally cour in GM. They ase techwianlly Knowm as HILBERT SPaces. Hirpeet space” Let us fonsider an immer product space where Citys Wy) ds a well defined domploxe moz for aU-kate Wy and {woy- Now, using Khe Lmer prduck we sow define, o Akstance betwee two Keks [BY and I>: 4-8 = ( w>-wy, Woy). This ts Rhe moran Ff the differme vector - A seqmence of vectors IG> , (A= G28 +09) in The vectr space is Saidf to converge ha rector /P> tf Jim | %e—¥ | = n->00A sequence of vectors /tny , Cn 2 b2,.-. 29) 4s staid Lp Bonverge Ln thelf af Jim W%- %, |) =e nym 200 Every Sranasrce axbach Aon verges Ln itself b3 polled a Fundamental seymence- The tmmner product apace is stork lz bo Momplete if every Sertomented saqmemce Lonveges © a vector én tt. A complete ‘nner psrduct’ space ty called a. Hilbest Space A pirtte Aemensernal pyrntr product space fr ne cessaraly Complete > All finite hanenstenos Annex produet Spacec are Hilbert specec The Anmpletemess cotderdon (races eocbinnentsornd ammerpodust spares ts be wll defined: In Physics we bho mast lg vse the tnnerpaodul Structure fF tilbest spaces and mot cart auch alert ftis rigorous Aefrautisr sf eomplefemsssORTHONORMAL Bas/s IN WEINITE DIMENSIONAL HILBERT SPACE - Finite innensivr evthontrmal boasts i Ins} g 221, 2,.--,n—> finite! \p this can now be a Continuous parommeter. ty Ais hion gantah we can demote it by oO, Iefamite Aimemstemal ovthorermal bacis @) {le 5} » Pelee ©) flay, se teed g ecm Now for geaqmple we gov Save observables with Rambimucns xeal 2igin naluee 0 L The Aovtezponiling Orhorormel bas’? pan, be expressed with, the Dats of hese Contmusus efgen volues. them Baste elements are labeled by a Aonbimuens Daramdey the orthomormality condition my wollen oo Kal ae = 4 there he Jontegraber B pesfosomed ovet the eutive Ponge a a. The discrete sum is replocel by Sha. integeal.©) Linen Argeses tw QM. State Space In QM (4). Te wave function ve) represedts the qwantum strli of a partich. For, prtabrlisti. tnterpretation ge smust pave { 1ya@Pae = 4. =co Ths collection of muck functions which axe sonore integrable dave o HILBERT SPACE Structure and 4s refered! to as L? Every Have function Corxesponds by a Kat. WO) <> |VO (ee below) Physicists ase imterested tn suf tiedent Semoot” Gumchiong whieh a noel defined Subs pace of -. > thie ahleoisa Hilbert Space Plycicists alae Likes to aki to these set of function Some smose functions Jike 06), 2 whic are NOT square tnfeamble 5 but fommsa well defamed basis Sor sqwore tinkeqrable function This extended Space of funchione as somshimes called o “vigged ” stilbert spaceFositiow and Moaneatuan OPERATORS and dheir igen Vectors tn quantuon mechanies the physteal quantities ase “observables”. A Position: X Momentum: $ : The % and BP obsecvables Pave corbinnout 2tgenvalues (in gene) Therr eigen vectors spans Gre state space- dot us demote dhese gigen vectors by thets veal ehgon values: R[x = x|/XS A S Real: / conbinuous Plp> =P lP> These ave osthomovmal basis % xlyy = $G-p | = &(p-# { ko Repsesen 4h Component amemtioned garher. = Fem Nom: <“el[y=t » Jer GLb e = vot * pve> C WYO) = 4 Oudep:

= Sde <«| d> zor” $e: ~ jae Ee aF NV) AP(p) is the Bourtey trasfowm of VO):Commemt on dimemsions and h- ole Yuk the appance $ A im the absve expwssivns ig somftolled soy Aioneension analysis. Ler -t (her w 0) i %G) aye jac e™ Fe th here le necessary for diornansiear Censens - 0 K das dimnensten & imvuerse Aung DKK is dhmensiydess- eo (Wy 20% 4 [FIs MULT a. pe. This is becouse: FWP de Iso probabilily > dimendenbin J (VP de 1S ow pobetility +> dipolar: So, dimnvin & (FJ = LE = Cy}. Wis expline the adldthiont feetor Bi tm the Fourtey Trratstom -Operator Xia gestion bors: x|RIpP = x = x SG-—H> Steralocly 9 axpectahion ef poston mo choy : YW | R|Vy = fae (ay LUD Kl KY Ky|Y> = Saxfay VO x36) VD * "pesto sfosum anckegyol aves 4y = fd HO XVOD eM pmtton op “ett —funchton & [PIP = fae HP 0 t ohPX ony. Soe ina © p¥® 2 Px s [- Loss - and J# = ae | --i6 LO: &| Ploy =-ib dL SINy. Since Bhis &s raid for any \P) andl any praibion x we savy -tikr 4. is position Space veprestntadion o > a A X and P are hevmibian operators (veri fq): Kel R\¥> = S fy S41 LADY = fore (Ay —) x dG-y) Cy) = fdr P@2zvenelk | - (S4 MO gd). = SPX. 2 R Herman Stole yey +02 pmamnunbvon Ko |Pivy = fae @@ Cin) ¥e. G stan this) Kel yr > (2 0 (ib) v0 = Sie Dew] vO. " + [48 @60 vO. : t VG [rd Joo = LEP P\@d. DP Hei bam:Commrdator 0 f xX amd p 2 [R= KP-B8. oat US Aynstder Phe Greate, < |[R BT |¥> = = % - Ghd)

= x(a) 96) — Cind.) «IR WY x XxI> = x V&) —”\ = x (-tk £) yo - fit 4) &¥e) \4 2 tess. = ah $&- One term comcel with first term.Kx| CX, BT = th andl ony Hom Kee = = ep CEP) PoBlusing fev ‘the fact CR, P]-ik amd Rey=x [Dy P [py = PID:The Schrédeuger Eqmation: Tt showld be Prous of as the evalutte. equotion of he ket (saitker tion the gave faction) OQ. How te qnaentuen Chale (react ket) evalves Jn Hone) A. id ay= BHO) where FP ts the Ramil fenton operator - ef: -Conatdey fhe classicel ameryy ten exis ap Araomentuan amd positon. ~ Replace HP votth corresporking Gyrvocinan operators HOP) —> ABP) = Opeater Claest aaf Quantum in Schradngey ey position sepsesentation of Golwidimger aqmottter dxf tbd WO>= = =, HIP (ONG) + VOHOD = £2) GIP lycdy + WOOD ) Z, (a6 2, (th 2) YGst) + VE ¥GO- b> Ft YKA+ VO VGH) IW Bx The Ket evdlubion eqmotton Le comes She Schvédinger Lapstion few the rave famnedten -i. ® wethe davsn X tm fit bases . ie. gvalote