APPLICATION NOTE

SGX Sensortech PID Response Factors

PID Response
Photoionisation Detectors (PIDs) respond to a broad range of organic and a few inorganic
gaseous and volatile chemicals (‘volatiles’). In order for PID to respond to a volatile, the
photon energy of the lamp must be greater than its ionisation energy (IE). SGX Sensortech
PIDs are available with lamps emitting light of maximum energy of 10.0 eV, 10.6 eV, and
11.7 eV. This Technical Article lists the response factors (‘RF’s’) for over 900 volatiles with
PID incorporating these lamps. The RF relates the sensitivity of PID to a volatile to the
sensitivity to the standard calibration gas isobutylene. The higher the RF, the lower the
sensitivity.
Isobutylene as Reference Gas
Ideally, the PID response to a chemical volatile would be calibrated by using a low
concentration of the chemical in air. However, this is often not practical. Isobutylene is
then used to calibrate PID, and a Response Factor (RF) used to convert the isobutylene
calibrated measurement to a measurement of the target volatile:

Concentration of target chemical = isobutylene calibrated measurement x RF

For example, the RF of anisole is 0.59 with a 10.6 eV lamp. That means 0.59 ppm anisole
delivers the same PID response as 1 ppm isobutylene. A 10 ppm response to anisole, from
an isobutylene-calibrated unit would indicate:

Concentration of anisole = 10 ppm x 0.59 = 5.9 ppm

Compound Mixtures
The PID will respond to all detectable volatiles present and it is not possible to measure the
concentration of each individual component. When the formulation of a given mixture is
known, the overall response factor for the mixture can be calculated as follows:

RF = 1/[X1/RF1 + X2/RF2 + X3/RF3 ….]

where X1, X2, and X3 are the mole fractions of components 1, 2, and 3, etc. For example, if
a mixture consisted of 20% anisole (RF = 0.59), 30% acetone (RF = 1.17) and 50% ethanol
(RF = 11), the overall RF would be:

RF = 1/[(0.2/0.59) + (0.3/1.17) + (0.5/11)] = 1.56

This factor can then be used to reconstruct the concentration of each component. For example, to measure
worker exposure near a vat generating the above volatile mixture, the PID is calibrated with isobutylene and
the response factor is set to 1.56. If the overall reading is 100 ppm, then the concentration of anisole is 20
ppm, acetone is 30 ppm, and ethanol is 50 ppm.
Often mixes are less well defined. Also, the fraction of each chemical component in a vapour depends
on relative rates of volatilisation, saturated vapour pressure, temperature and so on. For personnel safety
monitoring, it can then be advisable to:

1. convert TWA and STEL ppm levels of each component to an equivalent isobutylene concentration.
We shall call this ppm iBueq:
TWAppm iBueq= TWAppm/RF, STELppm iBueq = STELppm/RF

2. Adopt the lowest STELppm iBueq and TWAppm iBueq for the PID detection of the vapour.

Quality, Safety, Responsibility

Concentration measurements of ppm vs mg/m3

All the RFs in this table apply to calibrated responses in units of ppm or ppb, normalised at 25 oC and 1012
mbar pressure. The following equation allows conversion between ppm and mg/m3:

Concentration (mg/m3) = Concentration (ppm) x molecular weight (g/mole) / 24.5

PID Response Factor Table

Response factors for important chemicals are identified below. Chemicals are listed according to their most
common name, but the CAS number should be used to more precisely identify each chemical.

The RFs of many chemicals have been measured at SGX Sensortech typically with 10 and 50 ppm of the target
volatile, using ten PIDs containing lamps of different photon energy and intensity and of different sensor
designs. Generally, 50 ppm responses have been used. These RFs are indicated in bold in the table below.

All RFs are subject to some variation due to differences in PID electrode stack design, UV light intensity and
operating conditions. For the greatest accuracy, SGX Sensortech recommends calibrating the instrument to
the target gas at the concentration of desired measurement.

Particular care should be taken in measuring the PID response of gases at concentrations exceeding a few
1000 ppm as non-linearity of PID response varies between chemicals.

Caution should also be taken in making measurements at low concentrations of gas following exposure to
concentrations which are 100’s of times higher, due to the time required for sensor clear down. Calibration of
the detector at divergent concentrations of interest is strongly recommended.

Certain groups of volatiles have been identified, or are suspected, of causing temporary contamination of
the PID window. Given the diversity of volatiles detected by PID, the end user should frequently calibrate, or
bump test the PID application in its initial application to the sensing of less common volatiles.

In the table below, RF’s listed as ‘ZR’ indicate zero response. ‘NA’ that the value is not available, because the
PID response is insignificant at toxic concentrations of the volatile, or its RF is difficult to predict or measure.

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 The Notes column below identifies the following:
S: slow. PID requires at least 30 s for stable response.
V: Variable response. The response is susceptible to small changes in ambient conditions, particularly humidity.
X: Temporarily contaminating. PID responsivity may be suppressed for at least 30 min after 100 ppm-min
exposure.
W!: Expected to cause PID lamp window fouling. May require regular bump tests and window cleaning.
Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Acenaphthalene C12H8 208-96-8 8.12 0.7
Acenaphthene C12H10 83-32-9 7.80 0.7
Acetaldehyde C2H4O 75-07-0 10.23 2 6 ZR
Acetamide C2H5NO 60-35-5 9.69 NA 2 NA
Acetic acid C2H4O2 64-19-7 10.66 4 28 ZR
Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 108-24-7 10.14 2 4 NA
Acetoin 3-hydroxybutanone C4H8O2 513-86-0 ~9.8 1.6 1.4 2.0
Acetone 2-propanone C3H6O 67-64-1 9.69 1.7 1.17 1.20
Acetone cyanohydrin C4H7NO 75-86-5 11.09 1 ZR ZR
Acetonitrile CH3CN 75-05-8 12.20 ZR ZR ZR
Acetophenone methyl phenyl ketone C8H8O 98-86-2 9.29 0.8 0.8 0.8
Acetyl bromide C2H3BrO 506-96-7 10.24 1.5 8.0 ZR
Acetylene C2H2 74-86-2 11.40 2 ZR ZR
Acetylglycine, N- C4H7NO3 543-24-8 9.40 NA NA NA SV
Acrolein C3H4O 107-02-8 10.22 1.2 3.2 NA
Acrylic acid C3H4O2 79-10-7 10.60 3 21 ZR
Acrylonitrile C3H3N 107-13-1 10.91 1.6 ZR ZR
Alkanes, n-, C6+ CnH2n+2 N/A ~10 NA 1.2 NA
Allyl acetoacetate C7H10O3 1118-84-9 ~10 NA 1.5 ZR
Allyl alcohol C3H6O 107-18-6 9.63 1.1 2.3 4
Allyl bromide 3-bromopropene C3H5Br 106-95-6 9.96 NA 3 NA
Allyl chloride 3-chloropropene C3H5Cl 107-05-1 10.05 0.9 3.3 16
Allyl glycidyl ether C6H10O2 106-92-3 ~10 NA 0.8 NA
Allyl propyl disulfide C6H12S2 2179-59-1 ~8.5 NA 0.4 NA
Allylamine C3H7N 107-11-9 8.80 NA 0.8 NA SVX
Ammonia R717 NH3 7664-41-7 10.18 5.7 8.5 NA
Amyl acetate C7H14O2 628-63-7 9.90 0.64 1.8 9
Amyl alcohol C5H12O 71-41-0 10.00 0.75 2.6 10
Amyl alcohol, tert- C5H12O 75-85-4 9.80 1.01 1.5 2.8
Amyl salicylate C12H16O3 2050-88-0 ~9 NA 4 NA
Anethole C10H12O 104-46-1 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Aniline C6H7N 62-53-3 7.70 0.7 1.0 0.8 S
Anisole C7H8O 100-66-3 8.21 0.57 0.59 0.59
Anisyl aldehyde C8H8O2 123-11-5 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Argon Ar 7440-37-1 15.76 ZR ZR NA
Aromatic hydrocarbons, C8 H8H10 90989-38-1 ~8.7 0.55 0.5
Asphalt, petroleum fumes 8052-42-4 ~9 NA 1 NA
Benzaldehyde C7H6O 100-52-7 9.49 0.9 0.7 0.9
Benzene C6H6 71-43-2 9.24 0.53 0.50 0.54
Benzenethiol thiophenol C7H7S 100-53-8 8.50 0.6 0.8 0.8
Benzoic acid C7H6O2 65-85-0 9.30 NA 0.7 NA
Benzonitrile cyanobenzene C7H5N 100-47-0 9.62 0.8 0.5 0.7
Benzoquinone, o- C6H4O2 583-63-1 9.30 NA 1 NA
Benzoquinone, p- C6H4O2 106-51-4 10.01 NA 1 NA
Benzoyl bromide C7H5BrO 618-32-6 9.65 NA 2 NA
Benzyl 2-phenylacetate C15H14O2 102-16-9 ~9 NA 0.5 NA
Benzyl acetate C9H10O2 140-11-4 ~9 NA 0.6 NA
Benzyl alcohol C7H8O 100-51-6 8.26 1.3 1.0 1.6
Benzyl chloride C7H7Cl 100-44-7 9.14 0.58 0.7 0.7
Benzyl formate C8H8O2 104-57-4 9.32 0.66 0.8 NA
Benzyl isobutyrate C11H14O2 103-28-6 ~9 NA 0.5 NA
Benzyl nitrile C8H7N 140-29-4 9.39 1.4 1.4 1.5
Benzyl propionate C10H12O2 122-63-4 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Benzylamine C7H9N 100-46-9 7.56 NA 0.6 NA SVX
Biphenyl diphenyl C12H10 92-52-4 8.23 NA 0.4 0.6
Borneol C10H18O 507-70-0 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Boron trifluoride BF3 7637-07-02 15.50 ZR ZR ZR

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Bromine Br2 7726-95-6 10.55 0.74 15 ZR
Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 7789-30-2 13.17 ZR ZR ZR
Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 1- neopentyl bromide C5H11Br 630-17-1 10.04 NA 2 NA
Bromo-2-chloroethane, 1- C2H4BrCl 107-04-0 10.57 0.44 3 ZR
Bromo-2-methylpentane, 1- C6H13Br 25346-33-2 10.09 NA 2 NA
Bromoacetone C3H5BrO 598-31-2 9.73 NA 1.0 NA
Bromoacetylene C2HBr 593-61-3 10.31 NA 4 ZR
Bromobenzene C6H5Br 108-86-1 8.98 0.34 0.32 0.32
Bromobutane, 1- C4H9Br 109-65-9 10.13 0.6 1.6 14
Bromobutane, 2- C4H9Br 78-76-2 10.01 0.62 0.97 1.6
Bromochloromethane CH2ClBr 74-97-5 10.77 1 ZR ZR
Bromocyclohexane C6H11Br 108-85-0 9.87 NA 2 NA
Bromoethane C2H5Br 74-96-4 10.29 0.79 1.6 ZR
Bromoethanol, 2- C2H5BrO 540-51-2 10.00 NA 2 NA
Bromoethyl methyl ether, 2- C3H7OBr 6482-24-2 10.00 2 2.5 NA
Bromofluoromethane CH2FBr 373-52-4 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Bromoform tribromomethane CHBr3 75-25-2 10.48 0.5 2.7 60
Bromopentane, 1- n-pentyl bromide C5H11Br 110-53-2 10.10 0.47 1.1 3.5
Bromopropane, 1- n-propyl bromide C3H7Br 106-94-5 10.18 0.7 1.5 70
Bromopyridine, 3- C5H4BrN 626-55-1 9.75 NA 2 NA
Bromopyridine, 4- C5H4BrN 1120-87-2 9.94 NA 2 NA
Bromotrifluoromethane R13B1 CF3Br 75-63-8 11.78 NA ZR ZR
Bromotrimethylsilane C3H9BrSi 2857-97-8 10.00 1.6 1.9 2.1
But-2-ynal C4H4O 1119-19-3 10.20 NA 3 NA
But-3-ynal C4H4O 52844-23-2 9.85 NA 1.5 NA
Butadiene diepoxide, 1,3- C4H6O2 1464-53-5 10.00 1.2 4 NA
Butadiene, 1,2- C4H6 590-19-2 9.23 1
Butadiene, 1,3- C4H6 106-99-0 9.07 1.1 0.8 0.8
Butane, n- C4H10 106-97-8 10.63 1.5 40 ZR
Butanediol, 2,3- C4H10O2 513-85-9 10.26 5.3 5 15
Butanedione, 2,3- biacetyl, diacetyl C4H6O2 431-03-8 9.56 1.00 0.86 0.87
Butanoic acid C4H8O2 107-92-6 10.17 0.5 4.3 30
Butanol, 1- C4H10O 71-36-3 10.04 1 3.9 25
Butanol, 2- C4H10O 78-92-2 10.10 1.2 3.0 8
Butanone oxime, 2- C4H9NO 96-29-7 ~9 1
Buten-3-ol, 1- C4H8O 598-32-3 9.50 1.3 1.8 3
Butene nitrile, 3- C4H5N 109-75-1 10.20 NA 3.0 NA
Butene, 1- C4H8 106-98-9 9.58 NA 1.5 NA
Butene, 2- C4H8 107-01-7 9.10 NA 1.3 NA
Butene, cis-2- C4H8 590-18-1 9.13 NA 1.3 NA
Butene, trans-2- C4H8 624-64-6 9.13 NA 1.3 NA
Butenoic acid, 3- C4H6O2 107-93-7 9.75 4 2 9
Butoxyethanol, 2- Butyl Cellosolve® C6H14O2 111-76-2 8.68 0.8 1.3 2.3
Butoxyethoxyethanol C8H18O3 112-34-5 ~10 4.8 3 13
Butoxyethyl acetate, 2- C8H16O3 112-07-2 ~9.8 1.3 2 4
Butyl acetate C6H12O2 123-86-4 9.91 0.8 2.5 12
Butyl acetate, sec- C6H12O2 105-46-4 9.91 0.80 1.8 5.5
Butyl acrylate C7H12O2 141-32-2 ~9.6 0.6 1.3 7
Butyl butyrate C8H16O2 109-21-7 ~9.7 0.8 1.53 2.8
Butyl chloroformate C5H9ClO2 592-34-7 ~10.4 NA 3.2 ZR
Butyl cyclohexan-1-ol, 4-tert- 4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)cyclohexanol C10H20O 98-52-2 ~8.8 NA 1.4 NA
Butyl cyclohexyl acetate, 2-tert- 2-t-butylcyclohexylacetate C12H22O2 88-41-5 ~10 NA 0.9 NA
Butyl ether, n- dibutyl ether C8H18O 142-96-1 9.28 0.42 0.82 1.10
Butyl glycidyl ether 2-(Butoxymethyl)oxirane C7H14O2 2426-08-06 ~10 NA 2 NA
Butyl iodide iodobutane C4H9I 542-69-8 9.23 0.3 0.27 0.25
Butyl isocyanate C5H9NO 111-36-4 10.14 NA 2.5 NA
Butyl lactate C7H14O3 138-22-7 9.80 NA 2.5 NA
Butyl mercaptan, n- C4H10S 109-79-5 9.15 0.50 0.8 0.8
Butyl mercaptan, tert- C4H10S 75-66-1 9.03 0.59 0.62 0.62
Butyl methacrylate C8H14O2 97-88-1 ~9.5 0.9 1.2 1.7
Butyl propionate, n- C7H14O2 590-01-2 ~9.7 0.80 1.9 4
Butylamine, n- C4H11N 109-73-9 8.71 2 1 10 SX
Butylamine, sec- C4H11N 513-49-5 8.70 5 0.9 30 SVX
Butylamine, tert- C4H11N 75-64-9 8.64 1.1 1.2 1.5 SX
Butylbenzene C10H14 104-51-8 8.69 0.4 0.6 0.7
Butylbenzene, sec- C10H14 135-98-8 8.68 NA 0.4 0.4
Butylbenzene, tert- C10H14 98-06-6 8.69 NA 0.4 0.4

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Butyldiglycol acetate C10H20O4 124-17-4 ~10 3 1.6 15
Butylene carbonate, 1,2- C5H8O3 4437-85-8 ~10.4 3.8 18 ZR
Butylphenol, o-sec- C10H14O 89-72-5 7.80 NA 0.9 NA
Butyn-1-ol, 2- C4H6O 764-01-2 9.78 0.6 0.6 0.6 V
Butyn-2-one C4H4O 1423-60-5 10.17 NA 3 NA
Butyraldehyde C4H8O 123-72-8 9.86 1.2 1.7 1.9
Butyrolactone, gamma- C4H6O2 96-48-0 10.26 NA 15 NA
Butyryl chloride C4H7ClO 141-75-3 ~10.4 NA 3 ZR
Camphene C10H16 565-00-4 8.86 0.46 0.35 0.6
Camphor C10H16O 76-22-2 8.76 NA 0.4 NA
Carbitol acetate C6H16O4 112-15-12 ~9 1.0 1.6 3
Carbon dioxide CO2 124-38-9 13.77 ZR ZR ZR
Carbon disulfide CS2 75-15-0 10.08 0.3 1.4 1.3
Carbon monoxide CO 630-08-0 14.01 ZR ZR ZR
Carbon suboxide C3O2 504-64-3 10.60 NA 10 ZR
Carbon tetrabromide CBr4 558-13-4 10.31 6 11 ZR
Carbon tetrachloride R10 CCl4 56-23-5 11.47 1.7 ZR ZR
Carbonyl fluoride COF2 353-50-4 13.02 ZR ZR ZR
Carbonyl sulfide COS 463-58-1 11.18 0.4 ZR ZR
Carene C10H16 13466-78-9 8.40 0.3 0.4 0.37
Carvacrol C10H14O 499-75-2 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Carvone, R- C10H14O 6485-40-1 9.77 1.7 1.6 1.5
Caryophyllene C15H24 13877-93-5 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Chloral hydrate C2H3Cl3O2 302-17-0 ~10 2.2 NA ZR V
Chloramine monochloramine ClH2N 10599-90-3 9.85 NA 2 NA
Chlorine Chlorine Cl2 7782-50-5 11.48 1 ZR ZR
Chlorine dioxide ClO2 10049-04-4 10.36 ZR ZR ZR
Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 7790-91-2 12.65 NA ZR ZR
Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 2- R-124 C2HClF4 2837-89-0 ~12 ZR ZR ZR
Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 2- R-133a C2H2ClF3 75-88-7 ~12 ZR ZR ZR
Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1- R-124a C2HClF4 354-25-6 ~12 ZR ZR ZR
Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane, 1- R-133 C2H2ClF3 421-04-5 ~12 ZR ZR ZR
Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1- R-142b C2H3ClF2 75-68-3 11.98 ZR ZR ZR
Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 2- R-142 C2H3ClF2 338-65-8 ~11.9 ZR ZR ZR
Chloro-1,1-difluoroethene, 2- R-1122 C2HClF2 359-10-4 9.80 NA 1.5 NA
Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1- R133 C2H2ClF3 431-07-2 ~12 ZR ZR ZR
Chloro-1-fluoroethane, 1- R-151a C2H4ClF 1615-75-4 ~11.7 1 ZR ZR
Chloro-2-fluoroethane, 1- R-151 C2H4ClF 762-50-5 ~11.7 1 ZR ZR
Chloro-2-propanone, 1- C3H5ClO 78-95-5 9.92 NA 1 NA
Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene, 1- C3H2ClF3 102687-65-0 ~11 1
Chloroacetaldehyde 2-chloroethanal C2H3OCl 107-20-0 10.16 NA 3 NA
Chloroacetyl chloride C2H2Cl2O 79-04-9 10.30 NA 8.0 NA V
Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 108-90-7 9.07 0.47 0.45 0.5
Chlorobutane, 1- butyl chloride C4H9Cl 109-69-3 10.64 0.74 10 ZR
Chlorobutane, 2- C4H9Cl 78-86-4 10.57 1 5.8 ZR
Chlorocyclohexane C6H11Cl 542-18-7 10.10 0.5 2 20
Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2 75-45-6 12.45 ZR ZR ZR
Chloroethane C2H5Cl 75-00-3 10.97 1.1 ZR ZR
Chloroethanol, 2- ethyl chlorohydrin C2H5ClO 107-07-3 10.50 1 10 ZR
Chloroethyl methyl ether, 2- C3H7ClO 627-42-9 10.25 NA 2.6 NA
Chlorofluoromethane R31 CH2ClF 593-70-4 11.71 NA ZR ZR
Chloroform R20 CHCl3 67-66-3 11.42 0.8 ZR ZR
Chloromethane R40 CH3Cl 74-87-3 11.28 0.74 ZR ZR
Chloromethoxyethane chloromethyl ethyl ether C3H7ClO 3188-13-4 10.30 NA 4 ZR
Chloropentafluoroethane C2ClF5 76-15-3 12.96 ZR ZR ZR
Chloroprene 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene C4H5Cl 126-99-8 8.79 NA 1.3 NA
Chloropyridine, 2- C5H4ClN 109-09-1 9.00 NA 1 NA
Chlorostyrene, o- C8H7Cl 2039-87-4 ~8.5 NA 0.4 NA
Chlorothiophene, 3- C4H3ClS 17249-80-8 8.92 0.7 0.7 0.7
Chlorotoluene, m- C7H7Cl 108-41-8 8.70 0.5 0.5 0.46
Chlorotoluene, o- C7H7Cl 95-49-8 8.83 0.6 0.5 NA
Chlorotoluene, p- C7H7Cl 106-43-4 8.69 0.3 0.4 0.3
Chlorotrifluoroethylene R-1113 C2ClF3 79-38-9 9.81 1 1 NA
Chlorotrifluoromethane R13 CClF3 75-72-9 12.60 NA ZR ZR
Cinnamic aldehyde C8H8O 104-55-2 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Cinnamyl acetate C11H12O2 21040-45-9 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Cinnamyl alcohol C9H10O 104-54-1 8.10 NA 0.4 NA

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Citral C10H16O 5392-40-5 ~8.7 1.7 1.7 3.4
Citronellal C10H18O 106-23-0 ~9 NA 0.9 NA
Citronellol C10H20O 26489-01-0 ~8.5 NA 1.0 NA
Citronellol acetate C12H22O2 150-84-5 ~9 NA 1.5 NA
Citronellol formate C11H20O2 105-85-1 ~9 NA 1.5 NA
Citronellyl isobutyrate C14H26O2 97-89-2 ~9 NA 0.9 NA
Clary propyl acetate C11H20O3 131766-73-9 ~9 1.3 1.2 2
Coumarin C9H6O2 91-64-5 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Creosote n/a 8021-39-4 ~9 NA 1 NA
Cresol, m- 3-methylphenol C7H8O 108-39-4 8.36 1.7 1.4 1.5
Cresol, o- 2-methylphenol C7H8O 95-48-7 8.14 1.4 1.4 1.5
Cresol, p- 4-methylphenol C7H8O 106-44-5 8.31 1.5 1.5 1.5
Cresyl acetate, p- C9H10O2 140-39-6 8.60 NA 1.0 NA
Cresyl ethyl ether, p- C9H12O 622-60-6 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Cresyl methyl ether C8H10O 104-93-8 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Crotonaldehyde C4H6O 4170-30-3 9.73 1.0 1.0 1.8
Crotonyl alcohol C4H8O 6117-91-5 9.13 NA 0.8 NA
Cyanogen bromide CNBr 506-68-3 11.84 ZR ZR ZR
Cyanogen chloride CNCl 506-77-4 12.49 ZR ZR ZR
Cycloalkanes N/A N/A ~10 NA 1.5 NA
Cyclobutanone C4H6O 1191-95-3 9.35 1.6 1.12 1.10
Cyclobutene C4H6 822-35-5 9.43 NA 3 NA
Cycloheptane C7H14 291-64-5 9.82 NA 1.1 NA
Cyclohex-2-enedione, 1,4- C6H6O2 4505-38-8 9.77 NA 1.0 NA
Cyclohexane C6H12 110-82-7 9.98 0.64 1.3 3.3
Cyclohexanethiol C6H12S 1569-69-3 ~9 NA 0.5 NA
Cyclohexanol C6H12O 108-93-0 10.00 0.9 1.6 2.7
Cyclohexanone C6H10O 108-94-1 9.16 0.8 1.0 1
Cyclohexene C6H10 110-83-8 8.95 0.56 0.9 1.4
Cyclohexyl acetate C8H14O2 622-45-7 ~9.5 NA 1.2 NA
Cyclohexylamine C6H13N 108-91-8 8.37 6 3 20 SX
Cyclooctadiene C8H12 29965-97-7 ~9.5 0.5 1.0 1.1
Cyclopentadiene C5H6 542-92-7 8.56 NA 0.8 NA
Cyclopentane C5H10 287-92-3 10.52 0.7 10 ZR X
Cyclopentanone C5H8O 120-92-3 9.26 0.8 0.9 1.0
Cyclopentene C5H8 142-29-0 9.01 NA 1.5 140
Cyclopentene-1,3-dione, 4- C5H4O2 930-60-9 9.60 NA 1.0 NA
Cyclopropylamine C3H7N 765-30-0 8.80 1.1 1.5 1.7 SVX
Cymene, p- C10H14 99-87-6 8.29 NA 0.4 NA
Decahydronaphthalene 4-isopropyltoluene C10H18 91-17-8 9.14 NA 0.9 NA
Decanal decalin C10H20O 112-31-2 ~9 1.6 1.2 4.0
Decane C10H22 124-18-5 9.65 0.37 1.2 4.2
Decenal, trans-4- C10H18O 65405-70-01 ~9 1.2 1.4 2.4
Decene C10H22 872-05-9 ~9.5 NA 0.8 NA
Decyne, 1- C10H18 764-93-2 9.91 0.37 0.43 0.83
Desfluorane 2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane C3H2F6O 57041-67-5 ~11 2 ZR ZR
Deuterium oxide D2O 7789-20-0 13.60 ZR ZR ZR
Diacetone alcohol C6H12O2 123-42-2 ~9.6 1.2 0.9 0.84
Diazine, 1,2- 1,2-diazabenzene C4H4N2 289-80-5 9.65 NA 3 NA
Diazine, 1,3- 1,3-diazabenzene C4H4N2 289-95-2 9.33 NA 3 NA
Diborane B2H6 19287-45-7 11.38 NA ZR ZR
Dibromoacetylene C2Br2 624-61-3 9.65 NA 2 NA
Dibromochloromethane CHBr2Cl 124-48-1 10.59 0.7 10 ZR
Dibromocyclohexane, 1,2- C6H10Br2 5401-62-7 10.02 NA 3 NA
Dibromocyclopentane C5H8Br2 33547-17-0 10.06 NA 3 NA
Dibromodichloromethane CBr2Cl2 594-18-3 10.40 NA 4 ZR
Dibromodifluoromethane CF2Br2 75-61-6 11.07 NA 3 ZR
Dibromoethane, 1,2- EDB, ethylene dibromide C2H4Br2 106-93-4 10.35 0.6 2 ZR
Dibromoethene, 1,1- vinylidene bromide C2H2Br2 593-92-0 9.78 NA 1.5 NA
Dibromoethene, 1,2- C2H2Br2 540-49-8 9.63 NA 1.5 NA
Dibromomethane methylene dibromide CH2Br2 74-95-3 10.41 0.70 1.9 ZR
Dibromotetrafluoroethane, 1,2- Dibromoperfluoroethane,1,2- C2F4Br2 124-73-2 11.10 1 ZR ZR
Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 2,2- R-124 C2HCl2F3 306-83-2 11.50 NA ZR ZR
~11.7
Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,2- R-132a C2H2Cl2F2 1649-08-7 ZR ZR ZR
5
Dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,2- R-123a C2HCl2F3 354-23-4 ~11.5 NA ZR ZR
Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane, 1,2- R-132 C2H2Cl2F2 431-06-1 ~11.5 1 ZR ZR
Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene, 1,2- 1,2-dichlorodifluoroethene C2Cl2F2 598-88-9 10.20 NA 2 NA

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Dichloro-1,3-butadiene, 1,4- C4H6Cl2 1587-29-7 ~9 1 0.6 NA
Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1- R-141a C2H3Cl2F 1717-00-6 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,2- R-141 C2H3Cl2F 430-57-9 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Dichloro-1-propene, 2,3- C3H4Cl2 78-88-6 ~10.5 0.7 1.4 ZR
Dichloro-2,2,-difluoroethene, 1,1- R-1112a C2Cl2F2 79-35-6 9.69 1 1 NA
Dichloro-2-butene, 1,4- C4H7Cl 764-41-0 ~9.5 1 2.0 NA
Dichloro-2-butene, trans-1,4- 1,4-dichloro-(E)-2-butene C4H7Cl 110-57-6 ~9.5 1 2.0 NA
Dichloroacetylene C2Cl2 7572-29-4 9.90 NA 5 NA
Dichlorobenzene, m- C6H4Cl2 541-73-1 ~9 0.35 0.5 0.5
Dichlorobenzene, o- C6H4Cl2 95-50-1 9.06 0.48 0.6 0.6
Dichlorobenzene, p- C6H4Cl2 106-46-7 9.06 0.35 0.5 0.5
Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 75-71-8 11.75 ZR ZR ZR
Dichloroethane, 1,1- 1,1-DCA C2H4Cl2 75-34-3 11.06 2 ZR ZR
Dichloroethane, 1,2- EDC or 1,2-DCA C2H4Cl2 107-06-2 11.05 0.6 ZR ZR
Dichloroethene, 1,1- 1,2-dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 75-35-4 10.00 1 1.0 NA
Dichloroethene, 1,2- 1,1-DCE, vinylidene chloride C2H2Cl2 540-59-0 9.65 0.34 0.4 0.29
Dichloroethene, cis-1,2- c-1,2-DCE C2H2Cl2 156-59-2 9.66 1 0.8 NA
Dichloroethene, trans-1,2- t-1,2-DCE C2H2Cl2 156-60-5 9.65 0.34 0.4 NA
Dichlorofluoromethane R21 CHFCl2 75-43-4 12.39 ZR ZR ZR
Dichloromethane methylene chloride CH2Cl2 75-09-2 11.32 1.00 70 ZR
Dichloromethylamine CH3Cl2N 7651-91-4 9.52 NA 2 NA SX
Dichloropropane, 1,2- C3H6Cl2 78-87-5 10.87 0.70 ZR ZR
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 1,1- R114a C2Cl2F4 374-07-2 12.20 ZR ZR ZR
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 1,2- R114 C2Cl2F4 76-14-2 12.20 ZR ZR ZR
Dicyclohexylamine C12H23N 101-83-7 ~8.5 NA 0.9 NA SX
Dicyclopentadiene C10H12 77-73-6 7.74 0.5 0.65 0.67
Diesel fuel 68334-30-5 8.00 0.4 0.8 NA
Diethoxyethane, 1,1- ` C6H14O2 105-57-7 9.78 0.6 1.5 1.0 V
Diethoxymethane C5H12O2 462-95-3 9.70 1
Diethyl carbonate C5H10O3 105-58-8 ~10.3 1.2 7 ZR
Diethyl ether ethyl ether C4H10O 60-29-7 9.53 1.1 1.5 1.4
Diethyl maleate C8H12O4 141-05-9 ~10 NA 2 NA
Diethyl malonate C7H12O4 105-53-3 10.20 NA 4 ZR
Diethyl phosphite C4H11O3P 762-04-9 10.31 NA 2 ZR
Diethyl phthalate C12H14O4 84-66-2 ~9 NA 1 NA
Diethyl sulfate C4H10SO4 64-67-5 ~10.5 4 20 ZR
Diethyl sulfide C4H10S 352-93-2 8.43 0.5 0.8 0.7
Diethyl sulfone C4H10O2S 597-35-3 9.96 NA 2.0 NA
Diethylacetylene C6H10 928-49-4 10.03 NA 2 NA
Diethylamine C4H11N 109-89-7 8.01 NA 3 30 SVX
Diethylaminoethanol, 2- C6H15ON 100-37-8 8.58 NA 2.7 NA SX
Diethylaminopropylamine, 3- C7H18N2 104-78-9 ~9 3 5 3 SX
Diethylchlorophosphite C4H10ClO2P 589-57-1 9.50 1.4 1.0 ZR vx
Diethylene glycol 2,2'-Oxydiethanol C4H10O3 111-46-6 ~10.3 30 15 40
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether DEGEE C6H14O3 111-90-0 ~9 1.2 1.5 3
Diethylenetriamine C4H13N3 111-40-0 ~9 NA 1 NA SX
Diethylhydroxylamine C4H11NO 3710-84-7 ~10 1.2 1.5 1.5 X
Diethylsilane C4H12Si 542-91-6 9.80 NA 2 NA
Difluoroethane, 1,1- R152a C2H4F2 75-37-6 11.87 ZR ZR ZR
Difluoroethane, 1,2- R152 C2H4F2 624-72-6 11.86 ZR ZR ZR
Difluoromethane R32 CH2F2 75-10-5 12.71 ZR ZR ZR
Diglycidyl ether glycidic ether C6H10O3 2238-07-5 ~9.6 NA 3 NA
Dihydroeugenol C10H14O2 2785-87-7 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Dihydrojasmone C11H18O 1128-08-1 ~9 NA 0.6 NA
Dihydromyrcenol C10H20O 18479-58-8 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Dihydroxybenzene, 1,2- catechol, benzene-1,2-diol C6H6O2 120-80-9 8.56 NA 1 NA
Dihydroxybenzene, 1,3- resorcinol C6H6O2 108-46-3 8.63 NA 1 NA
Diiodomethane methylene iodide CH2I2 75-11-6 9.46 NA 1.2 NA
Diisobutyl ketone isovalerone C9H18O 108-83-8 9.04 NA 0.8 0.7
Diisobutylene 2,4,4-trimethylpent-1-ene C8H16 107-39-1 8.91 0.50 0.7 0.9
Diisopropyl ether isopropyl ether C6H14O 108-20-3 9.20 0.62 0.70 0.95
Diisopropylamine C6H15N 108-18-9 7.73 0.53 0.7 0.6 SX
Diisopropylbenzene C12H18 25321-09-9 ~8.8 NA 0.5 NA
Diketene C4H4O2 674-82-8 9.60 1.4 2.2 NA
Dimethoxybenzene, 1,4- C8H10O2 150-78-7 ~9 NA 1.3 NA
Dimethoxyethane, 1,2- ethylene glycol dimethyl ether C4H10O2 110-71-4 9.20 0.6 0.9 1.2
Dimethoxymethane formal C3H8O2 109-87-5 10.00 1.2 2.8 13

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Dimethyl carbonate C3H6O3 616-38-6 10.52 1.5 60 ZR
Dimethyl chlorothiophosphate DMPCT C2H6ClO2PS 2524-03-0 ~9 NA 1 NA
Dimethyl disulfide DMDS C2H6S2 624-92-0 8.46 NA 0.2 NA
Dimethyl ether methyl ether C2H6O 115-10-6 10.03 NA 1.3 NA
Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite C2H7O3P 868-85-9 10.53 NA 8 ZR
Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 131-11-3 9.64 NA 1 NA
Dimethyl sulfate C2H6O4S 77-78-1 ~12 2.3 ZR ZR
Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO C2H6OS 67-68-5 9.10 9 20 32 V
Dimethylacetamide N,N- C4H9NO 127-19-5 8.81 0.8 1.3 NA
Dimethylacetylene C4H6 503-17-3 9.58 0.4 0.19 0.16
Dimethylamine C2H7N 124-40-3 8.24 2 1.5 NA SX
Dimethylaminoethane, N,N- UDMH C2H8N2 57-14-7 8.05 0.8 1 NA
Dimethylaminoethanol, 2- dimethylethanolamine C4H11NO 108-01-0 8.80 7 3 50 SVX
Dimethylaniline, NN- C8H11N 121-69-7 7.12 0.9 2 2 SV
Dimethylboron bromide C2H6BBr 5158-50-9 10.25 NA 4 NA
Dimethylbutene, 2,3- C6H12 563-78-0 9.07 0.8
Dimethylbutyl acetate, 1,3- sec-hexyl acetate C8H16O2 108-84-9 ~9.5 2 1.6 NA
Dimethylcycloheptane, 1,2- C9H18 13151-50-3 10.21 NA 1.3 NA
Dimethylcyclohexane,1,2- 1,2-DMCH C8H16 583-57-3 9.41 0.45 0.55 0.9
Dimethylcyclopentane C7H14 1192-18-3 9.92 NA 1.2 NA
Dimethylethylamine, NN- DMEA C4H11N 598-56-1 7.74 1.2 1.6 1.7 S X W!

Dimethylformamide DMF C3H7NO 68-12-2 9.13 1.12 1.3 1.1

Dimethylmethylphosphonate DMMP C3H9O3P 756-79-6 9.94 NA 5 NA
Dimethyloctan-1-ol, 3,7- C10H22O 106-21-8 ~9 NA 1.2 NA
Dimethyloctan-3-ol, 3,7- C10H22O 78-69-3 ~9 NA 1.2 NA
Dimethylpentane, 2,4- C7H16 108-08-7 ~9.8 NA 1 NA
Dimethylsilane C2H8Si 1111-74-6 10.30 NA 2 ZR
Di-n-butylamine C8H19N 111-92-2 7.69 1 6 4 SX
Dioxane, 1,4- p-dioxane C4H8O2 123-91-1 9.13 0.85 1.45 1.7
Dioxolane C3H6O2 646-06-0 9.13 1.47 2.7 4.5
Dipentene limonene C10H16 138-86-3 ~8.6 1 0.9 0.8
Dipentene, (+)- limonene C10H16 5989-27-5 ~8.6 0.45 0.8 0.8
Diphenyl ether phenyl ether C12H10O 101-84-8 8.09 1.4 1.5 1.7
Dipropyl ether propyl ether C6H14O 111-43-3 9.30 NA 1.0 NA
Dipropylamine C6H15N 142-84-7 7.80 0.7 1.5 1.5 SVX
Dipropylene glycol C6H14O3 110-98-5 ~10 NA 4 NA
Disilane Si2H6 1590-87-0 9.74 NA 2 NA
Disulfur decafluoride S2F10 5714-22-7 12.77 NA ZR ZR
Disulfur dibromide S2Br2 13172-31-1 9.23 NA 1.5 NA
Disulfur dichloride S2Cl2 10025-67-9 9.40 NA 3 NA
Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol C15H24O 128-37-0 7.80 NA 0.3 NA
Divinylbenzene, 1,2- C10H10 1321-74-0 ~8.2 NA 0.7 0.6 X
Divinylbenzene, 1,3- C10H10 108-57-6 ~8.3 NA 0.6 0.6
Dodecene C12H24 112-40-3 ~8.8 NA 1.0 NA
Enflurane C4H2F5ClO 13838-16-9 11.70 ZR ZR ZR
Epichlorohydrin 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane C3H5ClO 106-89-8 10.20 0.80 5 30
Epoxypropyl isopropyl ether, 2,3- glycidyl isopropyl ether C6H12O2 4016-14-2 ~10 0.6 1.2 1.1
Estragole C10H12O 140-67-0 ~9 NA 0.7 NA
Ethane C2H6 74-84-0 11.56 3 ZR ZR
Ethanol alcohol, ethyl alcohol C2H6O 64-17-5 10.47 3 11 ZR
Ethanolamine C2H7NO 141-43-5 10.47 NA 3 ZR VX
Ethoxy-2-methylpropane, 1- C6H14O 627-02-1 9.30 NA 1 NA
Ethoxy-2-propanol, 1- C5H12O2 1569-02-4 ~9.6 0.9 1.2 1.9
Ethoxybutane, 2- C6H14O 19316-73-5 9.32 NA 1 NA
Ethoxyethanol, 2- Ethyl Cellosolve ®, EGME C4H10O2 110-80-5 9.60 1.7 2 5
Ethoxynonafluorobutane C6H5OF9 163702-06-5 12.00 ZR ZR
Ethoxypropanol PGEE C5H12O2 52125-53-8 ~9.6 0.9 1.2 1.9
Ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether TFEE C4H7F3O 461-24-5 10.27 NA 5 NA
Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate C7H14O2 7452-79-1 ~9 0.72 1.4 1.8
Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 141-78-6 10.01 1.4 4.5 40
Ethyl acetoacetate C6H10O3 141-97-9 ~9.5 2.2 2.5 3
Ethyl acrylate C5H8O2 140-88-5 10.30 1.0 2.3 15
Ethyl benzoate C9H10O2 93-89-0 8.90 NA 0.9 NA
Ethyl butyrate C6H12O2 105-54-4 ~9.9 1.0 1.4 3.3
Ethyl chloroformate C3H5O2Cl 541-41-3 10.64 2.0 80 ZR
Ethyl cyanoacrylate C6H7O2N 7085-85-0 ~10 NA 1.5 NA
Ethyl decanoate C12H24O2 110-38-3 ~9.6 2 1.4 8

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Ethyl formate C3H6O2 109-94-4 10.61 1.76 35 ZR
Ethyl hexanoate C8H16O2 123-66-0 ~9.75 0.7 1.6 3.3
Ethyl hexanol, 2- C8H18O 104-76-7 ~9.8 1 1.5 NA
Ethyl iodide iodoethane C2H5I 75-03-6 9.34 0.30 0.30 0.30
Ethyl isopropyl ketone 2-methylpentan-3-one C6H12O 565-69-5 9.10 NA 0.8 NA
Ethyl lactate C5H10O3 97-64-3 ~10 1.09 2.1 5
Ethyl mercaptan thioethanol C2H6S 75-08-1 9.29 0.6 0.6 0.6
Ethyl methacrylate C6H10O2 97-63-2 ~9.5 0.86 1.06 1.6
Ethyl methyl carbonate C4H8O3 623-53-0 10.40 1.2 18 ZR
Ethyl octanoate C10H20O2 106-32-1 ~9.7 0.8 2 4
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether C6H5F9O 163702-05-4 ~11 20 ZR ZR
Ethyl phenylacetate C10H12O2 101-97-3 ~9 NA 1.2 NA
Ethyl propanoate C5H10O2 105-37-3 10.01 1.2 2.5 6
Ethyl tert-butyl ether C6H14O 637-92-3 9.39 NA 0.8 NA
Ethyl-2-methylbenzene, 1- 2-ethyltoluene C9H12 611-14-3 ~8.7 NA 0.5 0.5
Ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate C7H14O3 763-69-9 ~9.5 NA 3 NA
Ethylacetylene C4H6 107-00-6 10.18 0.4 0.2 0.2
Ethylamine C2H7N 75-04-7 8.86 1 1 NA SX
Ethylbenzene C8H10 100-41-4 8.76 0.54 0.56 0.6
Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 1678-91-7 9.54 0.48 0.8 1.3
Ethylene ethene C2H4 74-85-1 10.51 3 50 ZR
Ethylene carbonate C3H4O3 96-49-1 10.40 NA ZR ZR
Ethylene cyanohydrin C3H5NO 109-78-4 ~10.8 1 ZR ZR
Ethylene dinitrate C2H4O6N2 628-96-6 ~10.8 NA ZR ZR
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 107-21-1 10.16 4.1 9 9
Ethylene glycol diacetate C6H10O4 111-55-7 ~10 NA 4 NA
Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether 2-propoxyethanol C5H12O2 2807-30-9 ~9 1.7 3 4
Ethylene oxide oxirane C2H4O 75-21-8 10.56 2 9.0 ZR
Ethylenediamine C2H8N2 107-15-3 8.60 8 10 10 SVX
Ethyleneimine C2H5N 151-56-4 9.20 NA 2 NA SX
Ethylhexanal, 2- C8H16O 123-05-7 ~9 NA 1.5 NA
Ethylhexanoic acid, 2- C8H16O2 149-57-5 ~10 2.9 5 16
Ethylhexenal, 2- C8H14O 645-62-5 ~9 NA 1.3 NA
Ethylhexyl acrylate, 2- C11H20O2 103-11-7 ~9 0.5 1 NA
Ethylmorpholine, 4- C6H13NO 100-74-3 ~8 0.9 3 2 SX
Ethyltoluene, 3- C9H12 620-14-4 ~8.5 0.6
Ethyltoluene, 4- C9H12 622-96-8 ~8.5 0.6
Eucalyptol C10H18O 470-82-6 ~9 NA 0.6 NA
Eugenol C10H12O2 97-53-0 ~9 30 10.0 30 S
Eugenol methyl ether C11H14O2 93-15-2 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Fenchol C10H18O 1632-73-1 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Ferrocene C10H10Fe 102-54-5 6.88 NA 0.8 NA
Fluorine F2 7782-41-4 15.70 NA ZR ZR
Fluoro-2-propanone, 1- C3H5FO 430-51-3 9.92 1 ZR NA
Fluorobenzene C6H5F 462-06-6 9.20 0.78 0.74 0.83
Fluorobenzoic acid, 4- C7H5FO2 456-22-4 9.91 NA 2 NA
Fluoroethane R161 C2H5F 353-33-6 11.78 ZR ZR ZR
Fluoromethane R41 CH3F 593-53-3 12.47 ZR ZR ZR
Formaldehyde CH2O 50-00-0 10.87 0.6 ZR ZR
Formamide CH3ON 75-12-7 10.20 NA 2 NA
Formic acid CH2O2 64-18-6 11.05 5 ZR ZR
Furan C4H4O 110-00-9 8.88 NA 0.4 NA
Furfural C5H4O2 98-01-1 9.21 1.1 1.1 1.1
Furfuryl alcohol C5H6O2 98-00-0 ~9.9 NA 2 NA
Furfuryl mercaptan C5H6OS 98-02-2 ~9 0.60 0.8 0.8
Gasoline 8006-61-9 ~9.9 NA 0.9 1
Geranial C10H16O 141-27-5 ~9 NA 0.6 NA
Geraniol C10H18O 106-24-1 ~9 NA 0.7 NA
Geranyl acetate C12H20O2 105-87-3 ~9 NA 1.2 NA
Germane GeH4 7782-65-2 11.34 NA 10 ZR
Glutaraldehyde 1,5-pentanedial C5H8O2 111-30-8 ~9.6 5 5 13
Glycidol 2,3-epoxypropanol C3H6O2 556-52-5 ~10.8 2 ZR ZR
Glycidyl methacrylate C7H10O3 106-91-2 ~10 NA 1.2 ZR
Glycolaldehyde C2H4O2 141-46-8 ~10.4 NA 5 ZR
Glyoxal C2H2O2 107-22-2 10.20 ZR ZR ZR
Guaiacol 2-methoxyphenol C7H8O2 90-05-1 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
fluothane, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-
Halothane CF3CHBrCl 151-67-7 11.00 0.6 ZR ZR
trifluoroethane

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Helium He 7440-59-7 24.59 NA ZR ZR
Heptan-2-one C7H14O 110-43-0 9.33 0.54 0.85 0.97
Heptan-3-one C7H14O 106-35-4 9.02 0.59 0.73 0.81
Heptan-4-one C7H14O 123-19-3 9.10 0.7 0.9 1.0
Heptane C7H16 142-82-5 9.92 0.5 2.2 11
Heptanol C7H16O 53535-33-4 ~9.8 NA 1.7 NA
Heptene, 1- C7H14 592-76-7 9.34 0.51 0.88 1.1
Heptylcyclopentan-1-one, 2- C12H22O 137-03-1 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Heptyne, 1- C7H12 628-71-7 10.04 NA 2 NA
Hex-1-en-3-ol C6H12O 4798-44-1 ~9 NA 0.9 NA
Hexachlorodisilane Cl6Si2 13465-77-5 10.40 NA 8 ZR
Hexachloroethane R-110 C2Cl6 67-72-1 11.22 1 ZR ZR
Hexafluoro-2-propanol,1,1,1,3,3,3- C3H2F6O 920-66-1 ~12 ZR ZR
Hexafluoroethane R-116 C2F6 76-16-4 13.60 ZR ZR ZR
Hexafluoropropene C3F6 116-15-4 10.62 1 ZR
Hexafluoropropylene R1216 C3F6 116-15-4 10.60 4 ZR ZR
Hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane C6H18O3Si3 541-05-9 ~10 0.3
Hexamethyldisilazane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-. HMDS, hexamethylsilazane C6H18NSi2 999-97-3 8.60 0.53 0.45 0.5
Hexamethyldisiloxane C6H18OSi2 107-46-0 9.60 0.3 0.31 0.37
Hexamethylene diisocyanate 1,6-diisocyanatohexane C8H12N2O2 822-06-0 ~9 NA 1.5 NA
Hexamethyleneimine C6H13N 111-49-9 8.41 NA 1.1 NA SX
Hexan-2-one C6H12O 591-78-6 9.34 NA 0.8 0.7
Hexane C6H14 110-54-3 10.13 0.6 3 13
Hexanoic acid C6H12O2 142-62-1 10.12 NA 4 NA
Hexanol C6H14O 111-27-3 9.89 0.66 2.0 7
Hexenal, cis-3- C6H10O 6728-26-3 ~9 1
Hexene, 1- C6H12 592-41-6 9.44 0.61 0.98 1.1
Hexenyl acetate, cis-3- C8H14O2 3681-71-8 ~9 0.55 1.0 1.2
Hexenyl butyrate, cis-3- C10H18O2 16491-36-4 ~9 NA 1.5 NA
Hexylaldehyde hexanal C6H12O 66-25-1 9.72 0.54 1.2 1.8
Hydrazine H4N2 302-01-2 8.93 2.1 3 NA
Hydrazoic acid HN3 7782-79-8 10.72 NA ZR ZR
Hydrogen H2 1333-74-0 15.43 ZR ZR ZR
Hydrogen bromide HBr 10035-10-6 11.62 NA ZR ZR
Hydrogen chloride HCl 7647-01-0 12.74 NA ZR ZR
Hydrogen cyanide HCN 74-90-8 13.60 ZR ZR ZR
Hydrogen fluoride HF 7664-39-3 15.98 NA ZR ZR
Hydrogen iodide HI 10034-85-2 10.39 NA 5 ZR
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 7722-84-1 ~11.7 ZR ZR ZR
Hydrogen selenide H2Se 7783-07-5 9.88 NA 2 NA
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 7783-06-4 10.46 1.5 4 ZR
Hydrogen telluride H2Te 7783-09-7 9.14 NA 2 NA
Hydroxybutanal, 3- C4H602 107-89-1 ~9 NA 2 NA
Hydroxycitronellal C10H20O2 107-75-5 ~9 NA 1.0 NA
Hydroxyethyl acrylate C5H8O3 818-61-1 ~10 NA 1.2 NA
Hydroxylamine H3NO 7803-49-8 10.00 NA 2 NA
Hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2- C6H10O3 999-61-1 ~9 NA 1.5 NA
Indene C9H8 95-13-6 8.81 0.6 0.6 0.6 X
Indole C8H7N 120-72-9 7.76 NA 0.4 NA
Iodine I2 7553-56-2 9.31 0.1 0.18 0.1
Iodobenzene C6H5I 591-50-4 8.73 0.3 0.20 0.2
Iodoethene vinyl iodide C2H3I 593-66-8 9.30 NA 1.2 NA
Iodoform triiodomethane CHI3 75-47-8 9.25 NA 1.5 NA
Iodomethane methyl iodide CH3I 74-88-4 9.54 0.26 0.4 NA
Isoalkanes, C10-C13 C8H18O 68551-17-7 ~9.6 NA 1 NA
Isoamyl acetate C7H14O2 123-92-2 ~9.7 0.66 1.5 6
Isoamyl salicilate C12H16O3 87-20-7 ~9 NA 1 NA
Isoamylene, beta- C5H10 513-35-9 8.69 0.63 0.82 0.86
Isobornyl acetate C12H20O2 125-12-2 ~9 NA 0.5 NA
Isobutane C4H10 75-28-5 10.57 1.2 8 ZR
Isobutanol C4H10O 78-83-1 10.12 1.1 3 13
Isobutyl acetate C6H12O2 110-19-0 9.90 0.8 2.0 10
Isobutyl acrylate C7H12O2 106-63-8 ~9.5 0.80 1.2 5
Isobutyl chloroformate C5H9ClO2 543-27-1 ~10.4 NA 10 70
Isobutylamine C4H11N 78-81-9 8.70 2 1 3 SVX
Isobutylbenzene C10H14 538-93-2 8.68 NA 0 0.4
Isobutylene C4H8 115-11-7 9.24 1 1 1

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Isobutylene epoxide C4H8O 558-30-5 10.00 NA 3 NA
Isobutyraldehyde C4H8O 78-84-2 9.74 1.5 1.38 1.46
Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 79-31-2 10.24 1.8 4.4 15
Isocyanic acid HNCO 75-13-8 11.60 NA ZR ZR
Isodecanol C10H22O 25339-17-7 ~9.8 1 0.9 NA
Isodihydrolavandulal C10H18O 35158-25-9 ~9 0.7 0.7 0.9
Isoeugenol C10H12O2 97-54-1 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Isoflurane C3H2ClF5O 26675-46-7 ~11 50 ZR ZR V
Isoheptane C7H16 591-76-4 9.84 NA 1.2 NA
Isojasmone C11H18O 95-41-0 ~9 NA 0.7 NA
Isomenthone C10H18O 1196-31-2 9.86 NA 0.6 NA
Isononanal C9H18O 5435-64-3 ~9.6 0.5 0.9 1.4
Isononanol C9H20O 3452-97-9 ~9.8 1 1.5 NA
Isooctane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane C8H18 540-84-1 9.86 0.51 1.1 3.2
Isooctanol C8H18O 26952-21-6 ~9.8 1 1.7 NA
Isopentane C5H12 78-78-4 10.32 0.5 5 30
Isopentanol C5H12O 137-32-6 9.86 0.8 2.0 6
Isopentene C5H10 563-45-1 9.12 NA 0.8 NA
Isophorone C9H14O 78-59-1 9.07 1.1 0.8 1.0
Isophorone diisocyanate C12H18N2O2 4098-71-9 ~9 NA 0.6 NA
Isoprene 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene C5H8 78-79-5 8.85 0.57 0.9 1
Isopropanol IPA, 2-propanol C3H8O 67-63-0 10.17 2 4.0 25
Isopropanolamine C3H9NO 78-96-6 ~ 9.6 NA 1.5 NA SVX
Isopropoxyethanol, 2- ethylene glycol isopropyl ether C5H12O2 109-59-1 ~10.3 0.8 1.2 1.5
Isopropoxyethyl acetate, 2- C7H14O2 19234-20-9 ~9.5 NA 1.2 NA
Isopropyl acetate C5H10O2 108-21-4 9.99 1.1 2.4 8
Isopropyl chloroformate C4H7O2Cl 108-23-6 ~10.2 NA 1.6 NA
Isopropyl mercaptan C3H8S 75-33-2 9.15 NA 0.6 NA
Isopropyl nitrite C3H7NO2 541-42-4 10.23 NA 4.0 NA
Isopropylamine C3H9N 75-31-0 8.72 1 1 1 SVX
Isopropylaminoethanol, 2- C5H13NO 109-56-8 ~9 NA 2 NA
Isopropylcyclohexane C9H18 696-29-7 9.33 0.53 0.7 1.1
Isothiazole C3H3NS 288-16-4 9.55 NA 3 NA
Isovaleraldehyde C5H10O 590-86-3 9.72 0.8 1.3 1.5
Isovaleric Acid C5H10O2 503-74-2 ~10.2 1.6 5.5 25
Isoxazole C3H3NO 288-14-2 9.96 NA NA
Jasmal C11H22O3 1322-17-4 ~9 NA 1.4 NA
Jasmone, cis- C11H16O 488-10-8 ~9 NA 0.5 NA
Jet Fuel Jp-4 Jet B, wide cut aviation fuel ~9 0.42 0.8 0.7
Jet Fuel Jp-5 kerosene aviation fuel ~9 0.46 0.7 0.6
Jet Fuel Jp-8 kerosene aviation fuel ~9 0.32 0.7 0.6
Kerosene C10-C16 8008-20-6 ~8 NA 0.8 0.7
Ketene C2H2O 463-51-4 9.62 NA 3 NA
Krypton Kr 7439-90-9 14.00 ZR ZR ZR
Linalool oxide C10H18O2 14049-11-7 ~9 NA 0.6 NA
Linalyl acetate C12H20O2 115-95-7 ~9 NA 1.1 NA
Liquefied petroleum gas LPG, predominantly propane & butanes 68476-85-7 10.95 1.5 40 ZR
Maleic anhydride furan-2,5-dione C4H2O3 108-31-6 9.90 NA 2 NA
Menthol C10H20O 1490-04-6 ~9 2 0.9 1.8
Menthone C10H18O 89-80-5 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Mercaptoacetic acid C2H4O2S 68-11-1 ~9.8 NA 1 NA
Mercury Hg 7439-97-6 10.44 NV NV ZR
Metaldehyde C8H16O4 108-62-3 ~9.7 7 10 100
Methacrolein C4H6O 78-85-3 9.92 1.5
Methacrylamide C4H7NO 79-39-0 ~10 NA 2 ZR
Methacrylic acid C4H6O2 79-41-4 10.15 NA 2.3 NA
Methacrylonitrile C4H5N 126-98-7 10.34 NA 5 ZR
Methane natural gas CH4 74-82-8 12.51 ZR ZR ZR
Methanol CH4O 67-56-1 10.85 2.9 ZR ZR
Methoxy-1-butanol, 3- C5H12O2 2517-43-3 ~9.56 NA 3 NA
Methoxy-1-propanol, 2- C4H10O2 1589-47-5 9.30 NA 2 NA
Methoxy-2,2-dimethylpropane methyl neopentyl ether C6H14O 1118-00-9 9.30 NA 0.9 NA
Methoxybutyl acetate, 3- C7H14O3 4435-53-4 ~9 NA 2 NA
Methoxyethane methyl ethyl ether C3H8O 540-67-0 9.72 NA 1.0 NA
methyl cellosolve®, ethylene glycol
Methoxyethanol, 2- C3H8O2 109-86-4 9.60 1.2 3 6
monomethyl ether, EGME
Methoxyethene methyl vinyl ether C3H6O 107-25-5 8.95 NA 1.0 NA
Methoxyethoxyethanol, 2- diethylene glycol monomethyl ether C5H12O3 111-77-3 10.00 0.9 1.4 NA

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Methoxyethyl acetate, 2- C5H10O3 110-49-6 ~9.6 2 5 8
Methoxyethyl ether, 2- diglyme, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether C6H14O3 111-96-6 9.80 NA 1.0 NA
Methoxymethylethoxy-2-propanol DPGME C7H16O3 34590-94-8 9.30 NA 1.3 NA
Methoxypropan-2-ol, 1- 1M2P, PGME, propylene glycol methyl ether C4H10O2 107-98-2 ~9.6 0.95 1.6 2.7
Methoxypropane, 2- C4H10O 598-53-8 9.45 NA 1.2 NA
Methoxypropyl acetate PGMEA C6H12O3 108-65-6 ~9 0.74 1.6 2.1
Methyl 2-methylpropanoate methyl isobutanoate C5H10O2 547-63-7 9.86 NA 2 NA
Methyl acetate C3H6O2 79-20-9 10.27 1.8 7 ZR
Methyl acetoacetate C5H8O3 105-45-3 9.81 NA 3 NA
Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 96-33-3 10.25 1.1 3.6 80
Methyl anthranilate C8H9NO2 134-20-3 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 93-58-3 9.32 NA 1.2 NA
Methyl bromide bromomethane CH3Br 74-83-9 10.54 1.3 1.9 ZR
Methyl chloroformate C2H3O2Cl 79-22-1 11.36 1 ZR ZR
Methyl cyanoacrylate C5H5O2N 137-05-3 10.98 2 ZR ZR
Methyl dimethylacrylate C6H10O2 924-50-5 ~9.6 NA 2.5 NA
Methyl ethyl ketone MEK, Butan-2-one C4H8O 78-93-3 9.51 1.2 0.96 2
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxides MEKP C8H18O6 1338-23-4 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Methyl formate C2H4O2 107-31-3 10.82 3.5 ZR ZR
Methyl heptyne carbonate C9H14O2 111-12-6 ~9 NA 1.3 NA
Methyl ionone C14H22O 1335-46-2 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Methyl isobutyl ketone MIBK, 4-methylpentan-2-one C6H12O 108-10-1 9.30 0.7 0.9 1.01
Methyl isocyanate C2H3NO 624-83-9 10.67 1.5 5 ZR
Methyl isopropyl ketone MIPK, 2-methylbutan-3-one C5H10O 563-80-4 9.31 0.92 0.99 0.96
Methyl isothiocyanate C2H3NS 556-61-6 9.25 0.4 0.6 NA
Methyl mercaptan CH4S 74-93-1 9.44 1 0.7 0.6
Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 80-62-6 9.70 0.92 1.31 2.1
Methyl perfluorobutyl ether C5H3F9O 163702-07-6 ~11 ZR ZR ZR
Methyl phenylacetate C9H10O2 101-41-7 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Methyl propargyl ether C4H6O 627-41-8 9.78 NA 2 NA
Methyl propionate C4H8O2 554-12-1 10.15 1.46 3.8 36
Methyl propynoate C4H4O2 922-67-8 10.30 0.90 10 ZR
Methyl salicylate C8H8O3 119-36-8 7.65 NA 0.8 NA
Methyl sulfide DMS, dimethyl sulfide C2H6S 75-18-3 8.69 0.6 0.8 0.7
Methyl tert-butyl ether MTBE C5H12O 1634-04-4 9.24 0.8 1.0 1.02
Methyl thiocyanate C2H3NS 556-64-9 9.96 1.5 2.2 3.2
Methyl thioglycolate C3H6O2S 2365-48-2 ~10 1 2 4 S
Methyl vinyl ketone C4H6O 78-94-4 9.65 NA 0.6 NA
Methyl-1-butene, 2- C5H10 563-46-2 9.12 0.8
Methyl-1-butene, 3- C5H10 563-45-1 9.51 NA 0.8 NA
Methyl-2-butanol, 3- C5H12O 598-75-4 9.88 NA 3.3 NA
Methyl-2-butenal, 3- C5H8O 107-86-8 ~9 1.0 1.00 NA
Methyl-2-hexenoic acid, trans-3- TMHA C7H12O2 027960-21-0 ~10 4 1.5 10
Methyl-2-propen-1-ol, 2- C4H8O 513-42-8 9.24 1.2 1.3 1.6
Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N- NMP, N-methylpyrrolidone C5H9NO 872-50-4 9.17 0.9 0.9 NA
Methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 6- 6-Me-5-hepten-2-one C8H14O 110-93-0 ~9.4 0.89 0.63 0.76
Methylamine CH5N 74-89-5 8.97 1 1.5 NA SX
Methylbutan-1-ol, 3- C5H12O 123-51-3 9.80 0.8 2.3 10
Methylbutanal, 2- C5H10O 96-17-3 9.59 0.8 1.2 1.3
Methylbutyric acid, 2- C5H10O2 116-53-0 ~10.2 1.6 6 20
Methylcyclohexane C7H14 108-87-2 9.85 0.53 1.1 1
Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 25639-42-3 9.80 NA 2.4 NA
Methylcyclohexanol, 4- C7H14O 589-91-3 9.80 NA 2.4 NA
Methylcyclohexanone, 2- C7H12O 583-60-8 9.05 NA 1.0 NA
Methylcyclopentane C6H12 96-37-7 9.85 0.4 2.5 6
Methylcyclopentene, 1- C6H10 693-89-0 8.55 1.5
Methylenepentane, 3- C6H12 760-21-4 9.06 NA 0.9 NA
Methylheptan-3-one, 5- Amyl ethyl ketone C8H16O 541-85-5 ~9.1 0.56 0.77 0.88
Methylhexan-2-one, 5- MIAK, methyl isoamyl ketone C7H14O 110-12-3 9.28 0.58 0.7 0.91
Methylhydrazine CH6N2 60-34-4 8.00 1.3 1.3 NA
Methylmorpholine, N- C5H11NO 109-02-4 ~9.5 1.2 1.2 1.2
Methylolacrylamide, N- C4H7NO2 924-42-5 ~10.3 NA 2 ZR
Methylpent-3-en-2-one, 4- C6H10O 141-79-7 9.10 1.1 0.6 0.66
Methylpentan-2-ol, 4- MIBC, methyl isobutylcarbinol C6H14O 108-11-2 ~9.8 0.68 1.4 3
Methylpentane, 2- C6H14 107-83-5 10.12 0.58 3.0 34
Methylpentane, 3- C6H14 96-14-0 10.08 0.64 2.5 24
Methylpentane-2,4-diol, 2- hexylene glycol C6H14O2 107-41-5 ~9.6 NA 4 NA

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Methylpropanoyl chloride, 2- C4H7ClO 79-30-1 ~9 1.8 8 40
Methylpyrrole, N- C5H7N 96-54-8 7.95 0.56 0.9 0.8
Methylstyrene C9H10 25013-15-4 8.30 0.5 0.57 0.59
Methylthiopropional, 3- C4H8OS 3268-49-3 ~9.5 NA 2 NA
Methylundecanal, 2- C12H24O 110-41-8 ~9 1.7 1.0 NA
Mineral oil 8042-47-5 ~9 NA 0.8 0.7
Mineral spirits Stoddard solvent, Varsol, Viscor 64475-85-0 ~9 0.4 0.6 0.9
Monoisobutanolamine C4H11NO 124-68-5 ~9 NA 1.6 NA
Morpholine C4H9NO 110-91-8 8.88 1 4 2 SVX
Myrcene 7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene C10H16 123-35-3 ~8.2 0.4 0.49 0.5
Naphtha, heavy aromatic 64742-94-5 ~9 NA 0.4 NA
Naphtha, hydrotrated heavy CnH(2n+2) 64742-48-9 ~10 NA 1 NA
Naphtha, light aromatic 64742-95-6 ~9 NA 0.5 NA
Naphtha, medium aliphatic 64742-88-7 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Naphthalene C10H8 91-20-3 8.14 0.8 0.63 0.67
Naphthol methyl ether, 2- C11H10O 93-04-9 ~9 NA 0.5 NA
Neon Ne 09-01-7440 21.56 ZR ZR ZR
Neopentane C5H12 463-82-1 10.21 NA 3 NA
Neopentyl alcohol C5H12O 75-84-3 9.72 NA 2 NA
Nitric oxide NO 10102-43-9 9.27 2.8 8 NA
Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 98-95-3 9.92 1.6 1.7 NA
Nitroethane C2H5NO2 79-24-3 10.88 2.4 ZR ZR
Nitrogen N2 7727-37-9 15.58 ZR ZR ZR
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 10102-44-0 9.58 4.5 13 14
Nitrogen trifluoride NF3 7783-54-2 12.97 NA ZR ZR
Nitromethane CH3NO2 75-52-5 11.08 3 ZR ZR
Nitropropane, 1- C3H7NO2 108-03-2 10.81 NA ZR ZR
Nitropropane, 2- C3H7NO2 79-46-9 10.71 2 ZR ZR
Nitrous oxide N2O 10024-97-2 12.89 NA ZR ZR
Nonanal C9H18O 124-19-6 ~9 1.3 1.3 NA
Nonane C9H20 111-84-2 9.72 0.4 1.4 4.7
Nonanol (mixed isomers) C9H20O 143-08-8 ~9.8 NA 1.2 NA
Nonene (mixed isomers) C9H18 27215-95-8 ~9.3 NA 0.6 NA
Nonene, 1- C9H18 124-11-8 ~9.4 NA 0.6 NA
Norbornadiene, 2,5- C7H8 121-46-0 8.38 0.52 0.6 0.70
Octalactone, gamma- C8H14O 104-50-7 ~9 4 3 NA
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane C6H12O4Si4 556-67-2 ~10 NA 0.3 NA
Octamethyltrisiloxane C8H24O2Si3 107-51-7 10.04 0.24 0.26 0.31
Octanal C8H16O 124-13-0 ~9.6 1.1
Octane C8H18 111-65-9 9.80 0.44 1.6 7
Octanol capryl alcohol, octyl alcohol C8H18O 111-87-5 ~9.8 1 1.6 6
Octene (mixed isomers) C8H16 25377-83-7 ~9.4 NA 0.7 NA
Octene, 1- C8H16 111-66-0 9.43 0.43 0.7 1.1
Oxalonitrile C2N2 460-19-5 13.57 NA ZR ZR
Oxalyl bromide C2Br2O2 15219-34-8 10.49 NA 5 ZR
Oxygen O2 7782-44-7 12.07 NA ZR ZR
Ozone O3 10028-15-6 12.52 NA ZR ZR
Paraffin wax, fume 8002-74-2 ~10 NA 1 NA
Paraffins, normal 64771-72-8 ~9.5 1 1 NA
Paraldehyde C6H12O3 123-63-7 ~9.7 0.75 2.2 4.8
Pentacarbonyl iron FeC5O5 13463-40-6 ~8 NA 1 NA
Pentachloroethane R120 C2HCl5 76-01-7 11.28 1 ZR ZR
Pentachlorofluoroethane R111 C2Cl5F 354-56-3 ~11.8 NA ZR ZR
Pentafluoroethane R125 C2HF5 354-33-6 ~12.5 NA ZR ZR
Pentan-2-one MPK, methyl propyl ketone C5H10O 107-87-9 9.38 0.9 0.99 1.03
Pentan-3-one diethyl ketone C5H10O 96-22-0 9.31 1 0.77 0.75
Pentanal pentyl aldehyde C5H10O 110-62-3 9.74 0.7 1.5 1.75
Pentandione, 2,4- acetyl acetone C5H8O2 123-54-6 8.85 0.72 1.2 0.85
Pentane C5H12 109-66-0 10.35 0.70 7 ZR
Pentanoic acid C5H10O2 109-52-4 10.53 1.6 8.0 52
Pentanol, 2- C5H12O 6032-29-7 9.78 1 2.0 16
Pentanol, 3- C5H12O 584-02-1 9.76 0.9 1.7 3.5
Pentene, 1- C5H10 109-67-1 9.49 0.63 0.92 1.00
Pentene, cis-2- C5H10 627-20-3 ~9 0.9
Pentene, trans-2- C5H10 646-04-8 ~9 0.9
Pentylcyclopentan-1-one, 2- C10H18O 4819-67-4 ~9 NA 1.0 NA
Pentylcyclopentane C10H20 3741-00-2 9.91 NA 1.1 NA

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Pentyne, 1- C5H8 627-19-0 10.10 NA 3 NA
Peracetic acid C2H4O3 79-21-0 ~11 NA ZR ZR
Perchloryl fluoride chlorine oxyfluoride Cl03F 7616-94-6 13.60 NA ZR ZR
Perfluorobutadiene 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluorobuta-1,3-diene C4F6 685-63-2 9.50 NA 3 NA
Perfluorocyclobutane C4F8 115-25-3 13.50 ZR ZR ZR
Perfluoropropane R218 C3F8 76-19-7 13.38 NA ZR ZR
Perfluoro-tert-butylamine C4H2F9N 2809-92-9 10.40 NA 5 ZR
Petroleum ether Ligroin, VM&P naphtha, benzine 8032-32-4 ~10 1 0.9 NA
Phellandrene C10H16 99-83-2 ~8.2 NA 0.8 NA
Phenethyl methyl ether, 2- C9H12O 3558-60-9 ~9 NA 0.6 NA
Phenol hydroxybenzene C6H6O 108-95-2 8.51 0.9 0.9 1.1
Phenoxyethanol, 2- C8H10O2 122-99-6 ~8.5 6 4.5 10 S
Phenoxyethyl acrylate, 2- C11H12O3 48145-04-6 0.00 1.5
Phenyl chloroformate C7H5ClO2 1885-14-9 ~9 NA 1.1 NA
Phenyl propene, 2- C9H10 98-83-9 8.35 NA 0.4 0.4
Phenyl-2,3-epoxypropyl ether PGE C9H10O2 122-60-1 ~8.6 NA 0.8 NA
Phenylacetaldehyde C8H8O 122-78-1 8.80 NA 0.7 NA
Phenylacetic acid C8H8O2 103-82-2 8.26 NA 1 NA
Phenylcyclohexane C12H16 827-52-1 8.10 NA 0.4 NA
Phenylethanol, 2- C8H10O 60-12-8 ~10 NA 1.2 NA
Phenylethyl acetate, 1- C10H12O2 93-92-5 ~9 NA 0.7 NA
Phenylethyl isobutyrate, 2- C12H16O2 103-48-0 ~9 NA 1.5 NA
Phosgene COCl2 75-44-5 11.55 2.1 ZR ZR
Phosphine PH3 7803-51-2 9.96 1.4 2 NA
Phthalonitrile C8H5N2 91-15-6 9.90 ZR ZR ZR
Picoline, 3- 3-methylpyridine C6H7N 108-99-6 9.04 0.73 0.7 0.8
Pine oil N/A 8002-09-3 ~9.5 NA 1.0 NA
Pinene C10H16 80-56-8 8.07 0.4 0.4 0.4
Pinene, α- C10H16 2437-95-8 8.07 0.43 0.34 0.48
Pinene, β- C10H16 127-91-3 8.10 0.46 0.5 0.59
Piperazine 1,4-diazacyclohexane C4H10N2 110-85-0 8.72 NA 0.8 NA
Piperidine azacyclohexane C5H11N 110-89-4 8.03 NA 1 0.8 SX
Piperylene 1,3-pentadiene C5H8 504-60-9 8.60 0.8 0.9 1.0
Prop-2-yn-1-ol propargyl alcohol C3H4O 107-19-7 10.50 0.93 3.7 ZR
Propadiene allene C3H4 463-49-0 9.83 NA 1.0 NA
Propan-1-ol C3H8O 71-23-8 10.20 1.60 5.4 40
Propanamide C3H7NO 79-05-0 ~9.5 NA 2 NA
Propane C3H8 74-98-6 11.07 1.8 ZR ZR
Propane-1,2-diol propylene glycol C3H8O2 57-55-6 10.00 5 3 16
Propanolamine C3H9NO 156-87-6 ~9.5 NA 1.5 NA SVX
Propargyl chloride 3-chloro-1-propyne C3H3Cl 624-65-7 9.82 0.64 8.4 ZR
Propen-1-imine, 2- C3H5N 73311-40-7 9.65 NA 2 NA SVX
Propene propylene C3H6 115-07-1 9.73 1 1.4 2
Propiolic acid 2-propynoic acid C3H2O2 471-25-0 10.45 NA 8 ZR
Propionaldehyde propanal, propional C3H6O 123-38-6 9.95 3 3 15
Propionic acid C3H6O2 79-09-4 10.44 4 10 ZR
Propionitrile C3H5NO 107-12-0 11.50 5 ZR ZR
Propoxy-2-propanol, 1- C6H14O2 1569-01-3 ~9.5 0.7 1.2 1.6
Propyl acetate, n- C5H10O2 109-60-4 10.04 1 3.0 17
Propyl butanoate C7H14O2 105-66-8 ~9.6 0.76 1.3 2.7
Propyl formate C4H8O2 110-74-7 10.54 1.4 19 ZR
Propyl iodide Iodopropane C3H7I 107-08-4 9.26 NA 1.0 NA
Propyl mercaptan C3H8S 107-03-9 9.15 0.8 1.0 0.9
Propyl nitrate C3H7NO3 627-13-4 11.07 2 ZR ZR
Propylamine, n- C3H9N 107-10-8 8.50 NA 1.1 NA SX
Propylbenzene includes cumene C9H12 103-65-1 8.72 0.47 0.5 0.55
Propylbenzene (all isomers) C9H12 74296-31-4 8.70 NA 0.5 NA
Propylbenzene, 2- C9H12 98-82-8 8.71 0.54 0.6 0.7
Propylene carbonate C4H6O3 108-32-7 ~10.5 2.6 15 ZR
Propylene dinitrate C3H6N2O6 6423-43-4 ~11 NA ZR ZR
Propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate PGEEA C7H14O3 98516-30-4 ~9.6 NA 1.2 NA
Propylene oxide C3H6O 75-56-9 10.22 1.6 6 ZR
Propyleneimine 2-methylaziridine C3H7N 75-55-8 9.00 1 1.4 NA SX
Propyne methylacetylene C3H4 74-99-7 10.36 NA 4 ZR
Pyrazine C4H4N2 290-37-9 9.29 NA 3 NA
Pyridine C5H5N 110-86-1 9.25 0.9 0.7 0.87
Pyridinol, 4- C5H5NO 626-64-2 9.75 NA 3 NA

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Pyridylamine, 2- C5H6N2 504-29-0 8.10 NA 0.8 NA
Pyrrole C4H5N 109-97-7 8.02 0.98 1.4 1.1
SVX
Pyrrolidine C4H9N 123-75-1 8.77 1.3 4 20
W!
Pyruvaldehyde C3H4O2 78-98-8 9.60 NA 0.7 NA
Rose oxide, cis- C10H18O 16409-43-1 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Sec-amyl acetate C7H14O2 626-38-0 ~9.9 NA 5 NA
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-
Sevoflurane C3H3F7O 28523-86-6 11.00 2 ZR ZR
(fluoromethoxy)propane
Silane SiH4 7803-62-5 11.00 NA ZR ZR
Stibine SbH3 7803-52-3 9.89 NA 1.5 NA
Styrene C8H8 100-42-5 8.40 0.50 0.45 0.52
Sulfur dichloride Cl2S 10545-99-0 9.47 NA 2 NA
Sulfur dioxide SO2 7446-09-5 12.30 ZR ZR ZR
Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 2551-62-4 19.30 NA ZR ZR
Sulfur tetrafluoride SF4 7783-60-0 12.63 NA ZR ZR
Sulfuryl fluoride SO2F2 2699-79-8 13.04 NA ZR ZR
TAC Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons ~9 NA NA 0.5
Terpineol, α- C10H18O 98-55-5 ~9 3 1.0 2
Terpinolene C10H16 586-62-9 8.10 0.70 0.6 0.9
Terpinyl acetate, α- C12H20O2 80-26-2 ~9 NA 1.2 NA
Terpinyl methyl ether, alpha- C11H20O 14576-08-0 ~9 0.8 0.7 1.4
Tert-amyl methyl ether C6H14O 994-05-8 ~9 NA 0.8 NA
Tert-butanol t-butyl alcohol C4H10O 75-65-0 10.25 1.01 1.6 2.8
Tert-butyl acetate C6H12O2 540-88-5 ~9.7 0.83 1.05 1.65
Tert-butyl bromide C4H9Br 507-19-7 9.92 0.64 0.99 1.6
Tert-butyl formate 2-methyl-2-bromopropane C5H10O2 762-75-4 10.52 NA 8 ZR
Tetrabromoethane, 1,1,2,2- C2H2Br4 79-27-6 ~10 NA 2 NA
Tetracarbonylnickel nickel tetracarbonyl NiC4O4 13463-39-3 8.28 NA 1 NA
Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,2,2- R112 C2Cl4F2 76-12-0 11.30 1 ZR ZR
Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1,2,2- R121 C2HCl4F 354-14-3 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2- R112a C2Cl4F2 76-11-9 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane, 1,1,1,2- R121a C2HCl4F 354-11-0 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2- C2H2Cl4 630-20-6 11.10 0.6 ZR ZR
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2- R-130 C2H2Cl4 79-34-5 11.10 0.2 ZR ZR
Tetrachloroethylene PCE, perchloroethylene C2Cl4 127-18-4 9.33 0.4 0.6 0.7
Tetrachloropyridine, 2,3,5,6- C5HNCl4 2402-79-1 ~9 NA 1 NA
Tetraethyl orthosilicate TEOS, ethyl orthosilicate, ethyl silicate C8H20O4Si 78-10-4 9.77 1.0 3 3 W!
Tetraethyllead TEL C8H20Pb 78-00-2 11.10 0.2 ZR ZR
Tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2- R134a C2H2F4 811-97-2 ~12.2 ZR ZR ZR
Tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2- R134 C2H2F4 359-35-3 ~12.2 ZR ZR ZR
Tetrafluoroethylene R-1114 C2F4 116-14-3 10.12 1 15 NA
Tetrafluoromethane Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 75-73-0 15.30 ZR ZR ZR
Tetrahydrofuran THF C4H8O 109-99-9 9.41 1.4 2.3 2.8
Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetralin C10H12 119-64-2 8.46 NA 0.4 NA
Tetrahydropyran C5H10O 142-68-7 9.25 0.9 1.5 1.5
Tetrahydrothiophene Thiolane C4H8S 110-01-0 8.38 0.46 0.7 0.5
Tetramethyl orthosilicate TMOS, methyl orthosilicate, methyl silicate C4H12O4Si 681-84-5 ~10 NA 2 NA W!
Tetramethyl succinonitrile TMSN C8H12N2 3333-52-6 ~11 NA NA NA
Tetramethylbenzene (all isomers) Tetramethylbenzene C10H14 95-93-2 8.06 NA 0.3 NA
Tetramethylbutane, 2,2,3,3- C8H18 594-82-1 9.80 NA 1 NA
Tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,1,3,3- dimethylsilylether C4H14OSi2 3277-26-7 ~10 0.5 1 1.1
Tetramethylgermane C4H12Ge 865-52-1 9.34 NA 2 NA
Tetramethylguanidine, N,N,N',N' 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine C5H13N3 80-70-6 8.43 0.8 0.6 NA
Tetramethylsilane TMS C4H12Si 75-76-3 9.80 NA 2 NA
Thioacetic acid C2H4OS 507-09-5 10.00 1.1 1.4 2.9
Thioanisole C7H8S 100-68-5 7.94 0.5 0.6 0.7
Thiocarbonyl fluoride CSF2 420-32-6 10.45 NA 6 ZR
Thiocyanogen C2S2N2 505-14-6 10.50 NA 8 ZR
Thioformaldehyde trimer C3H6S3 291-21-4 9.35 NA 1.5 NA
Thionyl chloride SOCl2 7719-09-7 10.96 NA ZR ZR
Thiophene C4H4S 110-02-1 8.86 0.53 0.46 0.4
Thiophosgene CSCl2 463-71-8 9.61 NA 1 NA
Thymol C10H14O 89-83-8 ~9 NA 0.7 NA
Titanium-n-propoxide C12H28O4Ti 3087-37-4 ~9 NA 3 NA
Toluene C7H8 108-88-3 8.82 0.55 0.56 0.60
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate TDI C9H6N2O2 584-84-9 8.82 2 1.6 NA
Toluenesulfonyl chloride, p- tosyl chloride C7H7SO2Cl 98-59-9 ~9 NA 3 NA

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Toluidine, o- 2-aminotoluene C7H9N 95-53-4 7.40 1 0.5 NA
Tolylaldehyde, p- C8H8O 104-87-0 9.33 NA 0.8 NA
Triazine, 1,3,5- C3H3N3 290-87-9 10.01 NA 6 NA
Tributyl phosphate C12H27O4P 126-73-8 8.91 NA 5 NA
Tributylamine C12H27N 102-82-9 7.40 0.6 1 ZR SX
Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,2,2- R122 C2HCl3F2 354-21-2 11.00 1 ZR ZR
Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,2- R122a C2HCl3F2 354-15-4 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,1- R122b C2HCl3F2 354-12-1 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Trichloro-2-fluoroethane, 1,1,2- R 131 C2H2Cl3F 359-28-4 ~11 1 ZR ZR
Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4- C6H3Cl3 120-82-1 9.04 NA 0.6 0.5
Trichloroethane, 1,1,1- 1,1,1-TCA, R-140 C2H3Cl3 71-55-6 11.00 1 ZR ZR
Trichloroethane, 1,1,2- 1,1,2-TCA, R-140a C2H3Cl3 79-00-5 11.00 0.8 ZR ZR
Trichloroethylene TCE, R-1120 C2HCl3 79-01-6 9.45 0.5 0.6 0.8
Trichlorofluoromethane R11 CCl3F 75-69-4 11.77 NA ZR ZR
Trichloronitromethane CCl3NO2 76-06-2 ~13 NA ZR ZR
Trichloropropane, 1,2,3- C3H5Cl3 96-18-4 ~11 0.64 ZR ZR
Trichlorotrifluoroethane, 1,1,1- R-113a C2Cl3F3 354-58-5 11.50 2 ZR ZR
Trichlorotrifluoroethane, 1,1,2- R-113 C2Cl3F3 76-13-1 11.99 2 ZR ZR
Triethyl borate C6H15O3B 150-46-9 10.13 1.2 5 ZR
Triethyl phosphate C6H15P04 78-40-0 9.79 3.3 1.2 20
Triethyl phosphite C6H15O3P 122-52-1 8.30 NA 1.5 NA
Triethylaluminum C6H15Al 97-93-8 ~10 NA 1 NA
Triethylamine TEA C6H15N 121-44-8 7.50 0.7 1.3 1.1 SV
Triethylbenzene C12H18 25340-18-5 ~8.3 NA 0.4 NA
Triethylsilane C6H16Si 617-86-7 9.50 NA 2 NA
Trifluoroacetic acid TFAA C2HO2F3 76-05-1 11.46 ZR ZR ZR
Trifluoroethane, 1,1,2- R-143 C2H3F3 430-66-0 12.90 34 ZR ZR
Trifluoroethanol, 2,2,2- TFEA C2H3F3O 75-89-8 ~12 9.6 ZR ZR
Trifluoroethene Trifluoroethylene C2HF3 359-11-5 10.14 NA 5 NA
Trifluoroethyl methyl ether, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl methyl ether C3H5F3O 460-43-5 10.53 NA 10 ZR
Trifluoroiodomethane CF3I 2314-97-8 10.28 NA 2 NA
Trifluoromethane Fluoroform CHF3 75-46-7 13.86 NA ZR ZR
Trimethoxymethane C4H10O3 149-73-5 9.50 0.71 4 10 V
Trimethoxyvinylsilane C5H12O3Si 2768-02-7 ~9.5 0.53 2.0 ZR
Trimethyl borate C3H9BO3 121-43-7 10.00 1 NA NA
Trimethyl phosphate C3H9O4P 512-56-1 10.00 3 4 50 SVX
Trimethyl phosphite C3H9O3P 121-45-9 ~9 2
Trimethylamine C3H9N 75-50-3 7.82 0.3 0.5 0.5 SVX
Trimethylbenzene mixtures Mesitylene C9H12 25551-13-7 8.41 0.3 0.3 0.3
Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4- C9H12 95-63-6 0.00 0.5 0.6 0.6
Trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5- C9H12 108-67-8 8.39 0.4 0.4 0.5
Trimethylcyclohexane, 1,2,4- C9H18 2234-75-5 9.35 NA 1.0 NA
Trimethylene oxide C3H6O 503-30-0 9.65 NA 1.5 NA
Trimethylsilane C3H10Si 993-07-7 9.90 NA 1 NA
Trioxane formaldehyde trimer C3H6O3 110-88-3 10.30 1.6 13 ZR
Tropathiane C8H16OS 67715-80-4 ~9 0.3 0 NA
Tungsten hexafluoride WF6 7783-82-6 15.53 ZR ZR ZR
Turpentine C10H16 9005-90-7 ~8.5 NA 0.6 NA
Turpentine oil Pinenes C10H16 8006-64-2 ~8 1 0.6 0.5
TVOC Total Volatile Organic Compounds ~10 1 1 1
Undecane C11H24 1120-21-4 9.56 0.4 1.1 3.1
Vanillin C8H8O3 121-33-5 ~9 NA 1 NA
Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 108-05-4 9.19 1.0 1.5 1.77
Vinyl bromide Bromoethene C2H3Br 593-60-2 9.80 NA 1.5 0.9
Vinyl chloride Chloroethene C2H3Cl 75-01-4 9.99 0.6 2.1 1.9
Vinyl ethyl ether C4H8O 109-92-2 8.98 0.8 1.0 0.95
Vinyl fluoride Fluoroethene C2H3F 75-02-5 10.37 NA 2 ZR
Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1- NVP C6H9NO 88-12-0 9.00 2.7 4.5 3.3
Vinylcyclohexene butadiene dimer C8H12 100-40-3 8.93 0.44 0.47 0.7
Vinylene carbonate C3H2O3 872-36-6 10.08 1.7 3.5 5
Vinylidene difluoride vinylidene fluoride C2H2F2 75-38-7 10.29 NA 5 NA
Vinylsilane C2H6Si 7291-09-0 10.10 NA 1.5 NA
Water dihydrogen monoxide H2O 7732-18-5 12.61 ZR ZR ZR
Xenon Xe 7440-63-3 12.13 ZR ZR ZR
Xylene mixed isomers dimethylbenzenes C8H10 1330-20-7 8.56 0.49 0.54 0.59
Xylene, m- C8H10 108-38-3 8.56 0.46 0.5 0.53
Xylene, o- C8H10 95-47-6 8.56 0.52 0.5 0.6

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)

 Lamp Type (RF)
Chemical name Alternative name Formula CAS no. IE, eV notes
11.7 eV 10.6 eV 10 eV
Xylene, p- C8H10 106-42-3 8.44 0.51 0.55 0.59
Xylidine, all C8H11N 1300-73-8 7.50 NA 0.7 0.6

* Ionisa�on energies were primarily sourced from P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard, Eds., NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69, Na�onal Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 20899, h�p://webbook.nist.gov,
(retrieved and updated from June 10, 2021).

i Aplication note of Photoionisation Detectors(PID)