This is not For Sale

Module in Science
8
First Quarter

FORCE, MOTION and ENERGY

Module 1: First and Second

Law of Motion
(Week 1)

DRAFT ONLY

Name:_________________________________
Grade & Section:________________________
Teacher:_______________________________

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 Let’s Learn

“May the force be with you”, as what the famous line in the movie Star Wars says. It
is a strange thing to say it to someone because there is never a moment that forces are not
with us. Forces are the hidden power behind everything that happens in our world—and
beyond. Forces make a ball fly up in the air when it is kicked by someone, that incident is
one of the examples of everyday forces. You may think of anything, absolutely anything
that is going on in the universe right now and you can guarantee that somewhere,
somehow forces are responsible. In this module, you will learn to investigate the
relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to the
amount of change in the object’s motion.
Specifically, after going through this module you are expected to:

1. Define Inertia
2. Relate inertia to mass
3. Explain the Law of Inertia
4. Relate Inertia to stopping forces like friction
5. Cite situations where the law of inertia applies
6. Show the effect of force and mass on acceleration
7. State Newton’s Second Law of Motion- The Law of Acceleration
8. Solve problems involving the Law of Acceleration

Let’s Try

PRETEST

DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

Write the chosen letter on your science activity notebook.

1. What is Inertia?
a. It is the tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion.
b. A nonzero net force which changes an object's motion.
c. Equal forces acting on an object in the opposite direction.
d. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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2. What is another name for Newton’s First Law of Motion?
a. Law of Conservation of Momentum c. Law of Inertia
b. Law of Action-Reaction d. Law of Energy

3. The relationship between mass and inertia are fundamental concepts in Newton’s
first law of motion. Understanding how mass affects inertia also allows us to easily
understand and predict the movement of another object. Hence, what do you think
among the choices below has greater inertia?
a. A bicycle c. An empty grocery cart
b. A ten-wheeler truck d. A skateboard

4. A person walks out of a department store with a pillow at the top of an overflowing
shopping cart. While walking to the parking area, the cart’s wheel hits a large rock,
causing the cart to suddenly stop. The pillow slides forward. Which law explains the
motion of the pillow?
a. Law of Inertia c. Law of Interaction
b. Law of Acceleration d. Law of Force

5. A book will not move by itself because it has ________________.

a. Inertia b. Mass c. Direction d. Volume

6. When you slide a box across the floor, what force will resist the sliding of the box?
a. Support force c. Gravity
b. Friction force d. Air resistance

7. The force present when two objects rubbing each other and produces heat.
a. Friction b. Magnitude c. Push d. Direction

8. A rolling ball across the floor will come to a stop because of the force of ____.
a. Gravitation b. Friction c. Acceleration d. Normal

9. For an object to remain at rest, which of the following must be true?

a. There is no friction c. The forces on it are balanced
b. Gravity does not act on it d. The object has no mass

10. A car will begin to move faster from rest if five men push it from rest rather than
two men. What does this example show?
a. acceleration is directly proportional to the force
b. acceleration is inversely proportional to the force
c. acceleration is directly proportional to the mass
d. acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass

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11. Suppose there are two cabinets with different masses, pushing with the same
amount of force. Which of the following describes the acceleration of the cabinet?
a. The lighter cabinet will accelerate faster.
b. The lighter cabinet will accelerate slower.
c. The heavier cabinet will not accelerate.
d. Neither of the two cabinets will accelerate.

12. According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion…

a. The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the magnitude of
the net force acting on it and directly proportional to its mass.
b. The force and mass of an object is the same at the rate of acceleration.
c. The mass of an object and the net force acting on an object is directly
proportional to the rate of acceleration.
d. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

13. According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, what will happen if you kick a football
and a soccer ball with the same amount of force?
a. Football will accelerate faster than the soccer ball.
b. The soccer ball will accelerate faster than football.
c. The soccer ball and football acceleration are zero.
d. Both the soccer ball and football travel the same acceleration.

14. How much force is needed to accelerate a 5 kg bowling ball at 3 m/s2?

a. 6.6 N c. 15 N
b. 60 N d. 1.5 N

15. A car speeds up from 10 m/s to 35 m/s in only 5 s. What is the acceleration of the
car?
a. 50 m/s2 c. 50 m/s
b. 5 m/s d. 5 m/s

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 Forces and Motion:
Lesson
Law of Inertia and Law of
1.1
Acceleration
Good day! Let us start our day with a simple prayer to guide and give us knowledge
and wisdom in our journey in answering this module.

Let us see what are your reflections on your pre-test? Did you find it easy or
difficult to answer? If you find it easy as a nut, then you will get along easily with our
lesson. However, if you find it difficult don’t worry this module will make you understand
the concepts of forces and motion. Please write your reflections in your Science activity
notebook and mark it as Reflection #1.

Here’s an activity that will refresh your mind on the concepts you have learned in
your grade 7, Answer LET’ RECALL. Enjoy!

Let’s Recall

Time flies swiftly but I hope the memories and the lessons of your grade 7 still
remain in you. I have here a simple and interesting activity that will freshen your mind.
May the words in the activity be familiar to you? Enjoy answering!

WHERE’S THAT WORD?

Directions: Word Hunt. Circle the words listed below in the grid. Words may appear
straight across, back-ward straight across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally.

WEIGHT CCELERATION

GRAVITY SPEED

VELOCITY BALANCED
UNBALANCED MOTION

DIRECTION MASS
MAGNITUDE FORCE

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 D Z T S O M I C J N Z D I M V R Y M K B
Z Z K A C C E L E R A T I O N U B A L I
Q D F U B E W R H I D X C T B I G S G E
F E G R A V O C C V N G W N O F A S R M
O C U R L E L D S B D E B H N F K V A P
R N S G A L N A F I Q B L I O P O Y V U
S A J F N O X Z O U U U B W V M T I I P
M L F Q C C H G J D F Z R R I S Z S T A
L A E B E I N W Y R C H W E X U R U Y M
I B P Y D T Q B I E F W E I G H T Z N S
W N Q G O Y A C N N O G H C Y Q H W J P
O U P U F L T Z J Y R A L O W U Q P A E
F T S Y M I M B A I C T K U M T D D A E
M I F A O I R J D O E I U C E O P X E D
A C M N T L G Y C M N C Y G R N T Z H J
T M I Y O S Q U F G H C L D E D S I M A
Q C E C O M A G N I T U D E T X O N O I
O F Y V B N A S D X Z P P M W L S H Z N
N S E J T M V T S M O S R M Z E G C O R
M L D I R E C T I O N O N J C A L R U I

Let’s Explore

Smile because it will lighten the feeling you have. As we continue our journey in
this module, I know that you are doing great today. Before we proceed to the new activity,
how did you find the word hunt activity? Was it fun? Did the words familiar to you?
Identify at least 3 words that you like most in the word hunt activity and explain. You may
write your answers in your Science activity notebook and mark this reflection as Reflection
#2.

In this next activity, you will know who is the man responsible for many discoveries in
the field of science, mathematics, astronomy. Also, in this activity you will have an

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overview of the laws of motion that is happening in our daily lives. You may write your
answer in your Science activity notebook. Enjoy!
● Who is this?
There are trivia about this genius man in the picture.
Each trivia will have a highlighted letter/s to be use in
revealing the name of this genius man.

Did you know that…

⮚ He is best known for 'discovering' gravity. He is also the

man behind the three laws of motion.
⮚ He became the most influential scientist of the 17th
century.
⮚ He was born very early (premature) and his family
thought he would die, but he actually went on to live to
the age of 85.
⮚ He studied math, physics and astronomy at Cambridge University. He
became Professor of Mathematics and worked at the university for over 30 years.
⮚ One of his biggest inventions was calculus.
⮚ After his work on Motion, measurement for Force is named after him.
⮚ Sometimes his year of birth is reported as 1642 and sometimes as 1643. This is
because according to the old (Julian) form of calendar he was born on the 25th
December 1642, but under the Gregorian calendar that we use today he was born
on the 4th January 1643.
⮚ He dies in 1727 and his body is buried in Westminster Abbey.

The genius man in the picture is Sir _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

● Storyboard. Observe and analyze carefully the pictures. Write on your activity notebook
your observation.

1. 2.

3. 4.

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 Let’s Elaborate

As Jose Marti said, “The force of passion is balanced by the force of interest.” I hope
that you find this module interesting so that you will be passionate about accomplishing
this module. How did you find the previous activity? Did you find it easy to answer? What
can you say about those pictures? You can write your reflections in you Science activity
notebook and mark it as Reflection #3.

We are nearing half of our journey in this module. I believe you are doing great and
enjoying the activities given to you. In this part of the module, you will learn a lot about
forces and motion and you can relate the lesson in our previous activities. Read and
analyze the lecture in order to answer the following activities. Enjoy reading!

During the 1600s, there is a mathematician and scientist who lived in England. His
name is Sir Isaac Newton; much of what we know about forces and their resulting motions
comes from his ideas. To explore force and motion, we need to understand Newton’s three
laws and be able to identify them in the world around us.

Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will stay at rest or an
object in motion stay in motion and travel in a straight line, as long as no external net
force acts on it.

When objects slow down or stop moving, it’s always due to an external force, like
friction or air resistance. Friction occurs when two objects rub against each other. As a
skateboarder moves over the surface, the contact between the skateboard and the surface
creates rolling friction.

Newton’s First Law of Motion is also called the “Law of Inertia”. Inertia is another
word to describe an object’s tendency to stay in motion or at rest unless an outside force
interferes.

Measure of Inertia

All objects have the tendency to resist changes in their state of motion or keep
doing what they are doing. However, changing a body’s state of motion depends on its
inertia. A massive object which has more inertia is more difficult to move from rest, slow
down, speed up, or change direction.

In the picture,
there are two sumo wrestler one is much heavier
than the other. The heavier has a higher inertia
than the lighter wrestler because it is more
difficult to make the heavier wrestler out in his
position or for him to move. So with that we can
say that greater the mass, the greater its
inertia.
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LAW OF INERTIA

“A body will remain at rest or move at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external
net or unbalanced force”.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• Acceleration of an object depends on the force and mass.

While Newton’s First Law describes how objects behave when forces are balanced,
his second law is about what happens when two forces are unbalanced. Newton’s Second
Law says that once an object is set in motion, its acceleration will depend on two things:
force and mass. In fact, this law of motion is often expressed as an equation: Force equals
mass times acceleration (F = ma).

Force and acceleration are directly proportional to each other if the mass is
constant—the greater the force exerted on an object, the more it will accelerate. For
example, the harder you kick a ball, the faster it will accelerate.
If the force is constant, acceleration and mass are inversely proportional to each
other. For example, if you kick a softball and a soccer ball with the same amount of force,
the soccer ball accelerates slower than the softball.

LAW OF ACCELERATION

“The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net

force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass”. It can be expressed in a
mathematical equation as:
a=F/m

where: a = acceleration (kg. m/s2)

F = net force (Newton) N
m = mass (kilogram) kg.

We can also use the magic triangle in deriving the formula of force and mass.
F = ma
F
m= F
m a a
Note:
The unit of force is expressed in Newton (N),
1 N = kg.m/s2

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Sample Problems:

1. A 58 kg mass huge stone is pushed with 30 N force. What is the acceleration of the
stone?

Given:

Required:

Formula:

Solution:

2. How much force is needed to push a heavy grocery cart with a mass of 70 kg and its
acceleration is 1.5 m/s2?

Given:
Required:
Formula:
Solution:

Let’s Dig In

Every day is a wonderful day; let us give thanks to the Lord for allowing us to see
His lovely creations. How are you doing today? I hope you’re doing great. We are on half of
this module; I believe that this will help you in understanding your everyday actions. Let
me know what you feel about the lesson of this module by answering the following
questions. Is the lesson easy for you to understand? Or do you still need other examples to
understand it well? I am sure there are things running in your mind that are related to our
lesson.

For example, "Why does a rolling ball stops easily on a rough surface than on a
smooth surface?" or “Why we need to buckle seatbelt when we ride in a car?" If you have
these thoughts in your mind, then you are really great! A clap for you! Write your reflection
in your Science activity notebook and mark it as Reflection #4.

Here are more challenging and exciting activities for you. Enjoy!

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Activity 1: Super Stack

Materials: 5-peso coins (5pcs), Ruler

Directions:
1. Stack the 5-pesos on a flat level surface.
2. Quickly hit the coin at the bottom with the edge
of the ruler.
*see illustration for reference

Questions:
1. What happens to the 5 pesos stack coins when you hit the coin at the bottom?
Why is this so?
2. How is this related to inertia?

Activity 2: Tennis

Directions: Analyze and solve the following word problems below. Answer what is asked.
1. Two brothers, Hafiz and Saturn playing tennis. Each of them has a ball with
different mass. Hafiz’s ball has a mass of 1.5 kg while Saturn’s ball has 0.5 kg, if
both of them apply the same amount of force whose ball accelerates faster? Justify
your answer.
2. A tennis racket hit a sand-filled tennis ball with a force of 8 N. While the 0.5 kg ball
is in contact with the racket, what is its acceleration? If the same tennis ball
accelerates 36 m/s2. What will be the force applied to the tennis racket?
Calculate what is being asked by following this format:
▪ Given
▪ Required
▪ Formula
▪ Solution

Let’s Remember

If sometimes you cannot catch up with the lesson you need to learn, keep moving,
and do not stop making progress. I want to hear your thoughts on the previous activities
you did. Did you find the activities exciting? Are those activities easy to answer or difficult?
Are there questions you were not able to answer? You may write your reflection in your
Science activity notebook and mark it as Reflection #5.

We are only a few steps away in finishing this module. This part is what we call the
generalization part. May you enjoy the following activities. Write your answer in your
Science activity notebook. Enjoy!

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 WH
ICH
LA
W?

Look at the concept map above, you should be familiar with the Laws of Motion.
That will help you answer the activities below.
Fill in the missing word/s in each law choose from the options box. Then tell which
law fits each example below.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

An object at ________ stays at ________ or an object that is ________ at a

________________ in a straight ________ keeps moving unless ______________ acts on

OPTIONS:
- constant velocity - rest - external force
- balanced force - line - constant
speed
- moving

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NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

The _______________ of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the

net ___________ acting on it and is __________ proportional to its __________.

OPTIONS:
- motion - acceleration - mass - inversely
WHICH LAW? FIRST OR- SECOND?
- directly force - balanced force

Analyze and identify the law being stated in the situation below.

________1. When you are standing up in a train and the train suddenly stops, your body
continues to go forward.
________2. As a boy pushes his leg muscles harder to run, he begins to move faster.
________3. A pitched baseball goes faster than one that is gently thrown.
________4. As the biker pedals harder, the bicycle moves faster.
________5. The book on the table stays on the table unless someone moves it or gets it.

Let’s Apply

How are you doing today? Are you doing great? I believe that in this journey you
have to learn something new. May I know your thoughts on the previous activities you
have? How did you find the activities? Was it fun? Can you now identify the laws of motion
in every action we do? You can write in your Science activity notebook your reflections and
kindly mark it as Reflection #6.

According to John Dewey, the real process of education should be the process to
think through the application of real problems. We can say that a person truly learns
when he/she can apply his/her learning in solving real-life problems. Thus, the
application of learning is significant. In this part of the module, we can apply your learning
from the previous activities.

I am confident that you can answer it easily. Enjoy!

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

Imagine that you are riding in a car and

the driver suddenly puts on the brakes. The car
stops, but your body seems to keep going! You
slide forward in your seat… until your
seatbelt catches you and holds you back. You
have just experienced Newton’s First Law of
Motion.

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Newton’s First Law of Motion is this:
• An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion, unless acted upon by an outside force.

Fill in the missing words to complete the sentences about Newton’s First Law of
Motion. Then, copy the boxed letters on the lines below to solve the puzzle.
1. One example of an outside force that slows down moving objects is
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.

2. Newton’s law says that an object in motion will stay in ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. Newton said that a moving object will travel at a steady ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. Objects stay at rest or in motion until an outside ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ interferes.
5. When an object is not moving, it is at ___ ___ ___ ___
6. A moving object will go in a ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ line.
7. Isaac Newton described how objects behave with his ___ ___ ___ ___ of motion.
Another name for Newton’s First Law of Motion is:
The law of ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

Have you watched what happens to a pile of leaves on a

windy day? A light breeze might gently scatter the leaves across the
lawn, but a huge gust of wind would send the leaves whirling into the

air. If the wind got stronger, the leaves would soar through the air
even faster—and your bike might even tip over, too!

Newton’s Second Law of motion says that an object’s

acceleration depends on two things: force and mass.
Fill in the missing words to complete the sentences. Then, complete the riddle
below by finding the matching number and writing the letter.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ forces cause an object to accelerate.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Acceleration depends on ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___ ___ . As the force
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
increases, the ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ increases, too.
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Why did the artist paint on cement blocks instead of paper?

He wanted to create a “___ ___ ___ ___ “ ___ ___ ___ P ___ ___ ___ ___ .
16 4 18 19 28 23 26 29 9 8 25

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 Let’s Evaluate

Congratulations! You are almost at the end of your journey in this module. I am
proud of you for going this far, so just keep on moving and learning. May I know what your
experiences in answering the previous activities are? Was it fun and exciting? Are you
able to answer it easily or not? Are you able to answer it easily or not? Please write your
reflection in you Science activity notebook and mark it as Reflection #7.
At this part, let us assess your learning. Did you achieve the objective set at the
beginning of your module journey? Please answer the assessment part honestly. Write
your answer in your Science activity notebook. Happy answering! �

POST TEST

DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on your science activity notebook.

1. Inertia defines as …
a. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force.
b. It is the tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion.
c. A nonzero net force, which changes an object's motion.
d. Equal forces acting on an object in the opposite direction.
2. What is another name for Newton’s First Law of Motion?
a. Law of Conservation of Momentum b. Law of Inertia
b. Law of Action-Reaction c. Law of Energy
3. The relationship between mass and inertia are fundamental concepts in Newton’s
first law of motion. Understanding how mass affects inertia also allows us to easily
understand and predict the movement of another object. Hence, what do you think
among the choices below has greater inertia?
a. A disposable paper plate c. An empty can
b. A newly bought 500 ml cologne d. A 500 ml empty plastic bottle
4. A person walks out of a department store with a hat at the top of an overflowing
shopping cart. While walking to the parking area, the cart’s wheel hits a large rock,
causing the cart to suddenly stop. The hat slides forward. What law explains the
motion of the hat?
a. Law of Acceleration c. Law of Interaction
b. Law of Inertia d. Law of Force
5. A book will not move by itself because it has ________________.
a. Inertia b. Mass c. Direction d. Volume
6. The force present when two objects rubbing each other and produces heat.
a. Friction b. Magnitude c. Push d. Direction
7. When you slide a box across the floor, what force will resist the sliding of the box?
a. Support force c. Gravity
b. Friction force d. Air resistance
8. When peddling a bicycle, if you stop pedaling, the bike continues going until friction
or gravity slows it down. What law of motion explains this activity?

17
 a. Law of Inertia c. Law of Balanced Force
b. Law of Acceleration d. Law of Bicycle
9. A car will begin to move faster from rest if five men push it from rest rather than
two men. What does this example show?
a. acceleration is directly proportional to the force
b. acceleration is inversely proportional to the force
c. acceleration is directly proportional to the mass
d. acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass
10. For an object to remain at rest, which of the following must be true?
a. There is no friction c. The forces on it are balanced
b. Gravity does not act on it d. The object has no mass
11. Suppose there are two cabinets with different masses, pushing with the same
amount of force. Which of the following describes the acceleration of the cabinet?
a. The lighter cabinet will accelerate faster.
b. The heavier cabinet will accelerate slower.
c. They heavier cabinet will not accelerate.
d. Neither of the two cabinets will accelerate.
12. According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion…
a. The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the magnitude of
the net force acting on it and directly proportional to its mass.
b. The force and mass of an object is the same at the rate of acceleration.
c. The mass of an object and the net force acting on an object is directly
proportional to the rate of acceleration.
d. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.
13. If you kick a basketball and a ping pong ball with the same amount of force,
according to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, what will happen?
a. The ping pong ball will travel farther than the basketball.
b. The basketball will travel farther than the ping pong ball.
c. The basketball will travel faster, but cover a shorter distance.
d. The balls will travel the same distance.
14. How much force is needed to accelerate a 5 kg bowling ball at 5 m/s2?
a. 10 N b. 2.5 N c. 15 N d. 25 N
15. A car speeds up from 5 m/s to 55 m/s in only 8 s. What is the acceleration of the
car?
a. 6.25 m/s2 b. 62.5 m/s c. 50 m/s d. 5.5 m/s2

Let’s Extend

Congratulations, you are at the last part of your journey of this module. I hope you
gain something and you can apply in real life situations. Let me give you one last activity
that will test not only what you learn in this module but as well as on your writing skills.
Use your Science activity notebook in answering it. Enjoy!

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WRITE AN ARTICLE
Directions: Using the space provided below, write an article about why seat belts are
important using Newton’s laws to justify your opinion.

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________

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 QUARTER 1 – MODULE 2
Third Law of Motion
Week2

Let’s Learn

The principles behind Newton’s law of motion are very significant in understanding
the motion of objects in our universe. Their applications are all around us. Understanding
these laws, therefore, helps us understand why the things around us move or behave the
way they do. In this module, you will learn to infer that when a body exerts a force on
another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on it.

Specifically, after going through this module you are expected to:
a. Explain Newton’s Third Law of motion as law of interaction
b. Explain why action and reaction forces do not cancel each other
c. Apply the law of interaction to falling bodies and to activities like walking and
swimming as well as jet and rockets

Let’s Try

PRETEST

DIRECTIONS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the
best answer. Write the chosen letter on your science activity notebook.

1. Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that …

a. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
b. For any action there is no equal and opposite reaction
c. For every action there is an opposite reaction
d. For every action there is no reaction
2. Which of the following statement is true?
i. Newton’s third law is also called the law of interaction
ii. Newton’s third law acts on two different objects
iii. Newton’s third law depends on mass and inertia
a. only i is true c. only iii is true
b. only ii is true d. both i and ii are true

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3. When an action force occurs, the reaction force is always ______________.
a. in the same direction as the action force
b. equal and opposite to the action force
c. applied to the same object as the action force
d. none of the above
4. Newton's third law states that any action will have a(n) _______ and ______ reaction
a. equal and similar c. equal and opposite
b. equal and different d. greater and opposite
5. Which of the following is NOT true about action-reaction forces?
a. they are equal in magnitude
b. they are oppositely directed
c. they are exerted on the same body
d. the do not cancel out each other
6. Which of the following is true about the law of interaction forces?
i. Forces always come in pairs and they act on different objects that is why
they do not cancel each other
ii. Forces do not come in pairs so they have different objects to act on
iii. Forces always come in pairs but then act on the same object
a. i only c. iii only
b. ii only d. two of the above
7. Action and reaction forces are not balanced because they ___________.
a. are unequal in strength c. act on different objects
b. act in the same direction d. cancel each other out
8. You hit a wall with a stick. The equal but opposite reaction is _____
a. the wall pushes against you c. you push against the stick
b. the stick pushes against you d. the walls pushes against the stick
9. If gravity pulls you down towards the center of Earth with a force of 800N, how
much upward force does the ground exert on you?
a. 0N c. 800N
b. 80N d. none of the above
10. When you stand on the floor, the force of your body pushing down on the floor is
a. matched by the floor pushing up on your body
b. less than the reaction force applied by the floor
c. a reaction to the floor pushing up
d. none of the above
11. When a kangaroo jumps, the kangaroo’s action force acts on the ground and the
reaction force ________________.
a. is exerted by the ground c. is greater than the action force
b. acts on the kangaroo d. all of the above
12. What does the 3rd Law cause guns to do?
a. fire a bullet c. recoil after firing
b. make a sound d. load a magazine
13. In a mixed martial arts fight, player A got kicked in the face by player B. What is
the interaction pair?
a. the foot and the face
b. player A and audience criticism
c. the foot and the air flow
d. player A and the floor

17
 14. Rockets move forward by expelling gas backwards at high velocity. In relation with
the law of interaction, which of the two forces is action and reaction?
a. Action force is the forward motion of the rocket and the reaction force is the
expelling of gas backward.
b. Action force is the expelling of gas backwards and the reaction force is the
forward motion of the rocket.
c. Either of the forces is the forward motion of the rocket.
d. No action and reaction forces are present in the event.

15. The Law of Interaction always come in pairs and they do not cancel one another
because they act on different objects therefore, what would be the reaction force if a
boy is rowing a boat forward?
a. The boat will stay at its position.
b. The boat will move in circular motion.
c. The boat will move forward.
d. The boat will move backwards.

Lesson
Forces and Motion:
1.2 Law of Interaction
Good day! Rise and shine for this day because it is a blessing from the Almighty
God. Do not forget to offer a simple prayer before starting your module journey so that you
will be equipped with knowledge and wisdom.
I believe that some of the questions you just encountered in the pre-test are new to
you. Let us see what your reflections on your pre-test are. How did you find the pre-test?
Did you find it easy or difficult to answer? Please write your reflections in your Science
activity notebook and mark it as Reflection #1.
Here’s an activity that will refresh your mind on your lessons on the previous years,
Answer LET’S RECALL. Enjoy!

Let’s Recall

You have just done with your module 1 journey, and I believe that you did a great
job! I have here a simple and interesting activity that will freshen your mind on the terms
from the previous lesson. May the words in this activity be familiar to you. Enjoy
answering!

18
FILL ME!

Directions: Fill the missing letters to complete the given word/s. definition is given for
your reference. Write your answer in you Science activity notebook.

1. F__CE - a push or a pull of an object

2. B__A_CED _ORCE - two forces are equal in size
3. I_A_C N_W__N - He discovered the Gravity
4. _NE_T__ - other name for Newton’s First Law
5. A _C E _ _ R _ T _ O N - in the formula

Let’s Explore

This will be an amazing day because you are alive and ready to face the challenges
ahead of you. Smile because it will lighten everything you feel. I know that you are doing
great today as we continue our journey in this module. But before we proceed to the new
activity, let us know your reflections on FILL ME activity? How did you find the activity?
Was it fun? Did the words familiar to you? You may write your answers in your Science
activity notebook and mark this reflection as Reflection #2.

In this activity, I have a quotation for you. Read and analyze the quotation below.
Write the words you think that is related to our lesson. Write on your Science activity
notebook your answer and your thoughts about it or how you understand the quotation.

LAW OF KARMA

Every action generates a force of energy that returns to us in

like kind. What we sow is what we reap. And when we choose
actions that bring happiness and success to others, the fruit of
our karma is happiness and success…

19
 Let’s Elaborate

You are nearing half of your journey in this module. I believe you are doing great
and enjoying the activities I have for you. I hope that you find this module interesting so
that you will be eager in accomplishing this module. � Let me hear how did you find the
previous activity? Is there a word in the quotation you found out that is related to our
topic? Is the quotation new to you? Or did you read or hear a quotation like that before?
You can write your reflections in you Science activity notebook and mark it as Reflection
#3.

In this part of the module you will learn a lot more about the Newton’s Third Law of
Motion and you can relate the lecture in your daily activities. Read and analyze the lecture
for you to be able to answer the following activities. Enjoy reading!

NEWTON THIRD LAW OF MOTION: LAW ON INTERACTION

A force is a push or a pull that acts upon an object as a result of its interaction
with another object. Forces result from interactions! According to Newton, whenever
objects A and B interact with each other, they exert forces upon each other. When you sit
in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair exerts an
upward force on your body. There are two forces resulting from this interaction - a force on
the chair and a force on your body. These two forces are called action and reaction forces
and are the subject of Newton's third law of motion. Formally stated, Newton's third law is:

“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”.

The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on
the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the
force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the
direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and
opposite action-reaction force pairs. You might think that actions and reactions would
cancel each other out like balanced forces do. Balanced forces, which are also equal and
opposite, cancel out because they act on the same object. Action and reaction forces, in
contrast, act on different objects, so they don’t cancel out. In fact, they often result in
motion.

Examples of Interaction Force Pairs

20
 A variety of action-reaction force pairs are evident to our daily lives or activities.

1. Swimming

● Consider the propulsion of a

swimmer through the water. The
action force causes the water to
move in the direction of the
action force. In this case the
swimmer is pushing against the
water in backwards direction.

● However, the water also exerts its

equal and opposite reaction force
on the swimmer. The reaction
force acts on the swimmer and
pushes the swimmer forward
through the water.

2. Rocket Propulsion

● The rocket exerts a downward force on the

exhaust gases. The downward force is the
action force.

● The gases exert an equal but opposite

upward force on the rocket. The
upward force is the reaction force on the
rocket.

21
LET US CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

1. While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and makes a
quite obvious mess in front of the face of the driver. This is a clear case of Newton's
third law of motion. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the firefly. Which of the
two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the force on the bus?

ANSWER:

Each force is the same size. For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. The fact that the firefly splatters only means that with its smaller mass, it is less
able to withstand the larger acceleration resulting from the interaction. Besides, fireflies
have guts and bug guts tend to be splatterable. Windshields don't have guts.

Let’s Dig In

How are you doing today? I hope you’re doing great. We are on half of this module; I
believe that somehow your lesson will help you understand and explain the reason behind
some of your daily activities such as walking, jumping or even putting a glass of water on
the table.

Let me know what you feel about the lesson of this module by answering the
following questions. Is the lesson easy for you to understand? Or do you still need other
examples to understand it well? Write your reflection in your Science activity notebook and
mark it as Reflection #4.

Here are more challenging and exciting activities for you. Enjoy!

22
Activity1: Balloon Rocket

MATERIALS NEEDED:
● 1 balloon (round ones will work, but the longer “airship” balloons work best)
● 1 long piece of string/yarn (about 3- 5 meter long)
● 1 plastic straw,
● tape

WHAT TO DO:
1. Tie one end of the string to a chair, door
knob, or other support (You can ask your
family member to hold both ends of the
string)

2. Put the other end of the string through the

straw.
3. Pull the string tight and tie it to other
support in the room.

4. Blow up the balloon - but don’t tie it. Pinch

the end of the balloon and tape the balloon
to the straw. You are ready for launch.

5. Let go and watch the rocket fly. (You can video

your work so you can watch it again)

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
3. Illustrate the direction of the forces in the balloon.
4. What could have caused the motion of the balloon?
5. Why does the force do not cancel each other though they act in opposite
direction?

Activity 2: Action or Reaction Force

Directions:

Write the ACTION Force and

REACTION Force in each situation.
Fill out the table below. The first
situation is done for you that will
serve as an example. Use your
Science activity notebook
in answering the activity.

23
walking lady
man drilling the
wall

a typist
a sailboat

SITUATION ACTION FORCE REACTION FORCE

Force exerted of the feet on Force exerted of the ground

1
the ground on the feet

24
 Let’s Remember

If sometimes you are feeling down and confuse because there are things bothering
you please, do not stop just keep on going, do not stop making progress because in time
you will succeed. I want to hear your thoughts on the previous activities you did. Did you
find the activities exciting? Are those activities easy to answer or difficult? Are there
questions you were not able to answer? You may write your reflection in your Science
activity notebook and mark it as Reflection #5.

We are only a few steps away in finishing this module. This part is what we call the
generalization part. May you enjoy the following activities. Write your answer in your
Science activity notebook. Enjoy!

DIRECTIONS: Study carefully the given picture below. Explain how Newton’s Third Law of
Motion works in skateboarding.

Let’s Apply

How are you doing today? Are you doing great? I believe that in this journey you
have to learn something new. May I know your thoughts on the previous activities you
have? How did you find the activities? Was it fun? Can you now identify the forces present
in every action we are doing? You can write in your Science activity notebook your
reflections and kindly mark it as Reflection #6.

In this part of the module, you can apply your learning from the previous activities.
I am confident that you can answer it easily. Enjoy!

25
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

Newton’s Third Law helps us understand what happens when two objects come in
contact, or interact with each other. If you throw a rock down into the water, what
happens? There’s a reaction—a splash of water goes up. As Newton explained, every action
has an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton tells us that the size of the action and reaction are the same, but the
directions of these two forces are not the same! In fact, the reaction is always in the
opposite direction. That’s why the rock falling downward sends a splash going upward!

Solve the crossword puzzle by completing the sentences with the correct word.

26
 Let’s Evaluate

Congratulations! You are almost at the end of your journey in this module. I am
proud of you for going this far, so just keep on moving and learning. May I know what your
experiences in answering the previous activities are? Was it fun and exciting? Are you able
to answer it easily or not? Please write your reflection in you Science activity notebook and
mark it as Reflection #7.

At this part, let us assess your learning. Did you achieve the objective set at the
beginning of your module journey? Please answer the assessment part honestly. Write
your answer in your Science activity notebook. Happy answering!

POST TEST

DIRECTIONS.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on your science activity notebook.

1. Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that …

a. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
b. For any action there is no equal and opposite reaction
c. For every action there is an opposite reaction
d. For every action there is no reaction
2. Which of the following statement is true?
i. Newton’s third law is also called the law of interaction
ii. Newton’s third law acts the same objects
iii. Newton’s third law depends on mass and inertia
a. only i is true
b. only ii is true
c. only iii is true
d. all statements are not true
3. When an action force occurs, the reaction force is always
a. in the same direction as the action force.
b. equal and opposite to the action force.
c. applied to the same object as the action force.
d. two of the above
4. When an action force occurs, the reaction force is always
a. in the same direction as the action force.
b. equal and opposite to the action force.
c. applied to the same object as the action force.
d. two of the above
5. Newton's third law states that any action will have a(n) _______ and ______ reaction
a. equal and similar c. equal and opposite
b. equal and different d. greater and opposite

27
6. Which of the following is true about the law of interaction forces?
i. Forces always come in pairs and they act on different objects that is why
they do not cancel each other
ii. Forces do not come in pairs so they have different objects to act on
iii. Forces always come in pairs but then act on the same object
a. i only c. iii only
b. ii only d. two of the above
7. Action and reaction forces are not balanced because they ___________.
a. are unequal in strength c. act on the different objects
b. act in the same direction d. cancel each other out
8. You are drilling a wall. The equal but opposite reaction is _____
a. the wall pushes against you
b. the drill pushes against you
c. you push against the wall
d. the wall pushes against the drill
9. If gravity pulls you down towards the center of Earth with a force of 785 N, how
much upward force does the ground exert on you?
a. 0 N c. 785 N
b. 78 N d. none of the above
10. When you sitting on a bench, the force of your body pushing down on the bench is
a. matched by the bench pushing up on your body.
b. less than the reaction force applied by the bench.
c. a reaction to the bench pushing up.
d. none of the above
11. When a boy jumps, the boy’s action force acts on the ground and the reaction force
______.
a. is exerted by the ground
b. acts on the boy
c. is greater than the action force
d. none of the above
12. What does the 3rd Law of Motion cause guns to do?
a. make a sound
b. load a magazine
c. fire a bullet
d. recoil after firing
13. In a mixed martial arts fight, player A got kicked in the face by player B. What is
the interaction pair?
a. the foot and the face
b. player A and audience criticism
c. the foot and the air flow
d. player A and the floor
14. The Law of Interaction always come in pairs and they do not cancel one another
because they act on different objects therefore, what would be the reaction force if a
boy is rowing a boat forward?
a. The boat will stay at its position.
b. The boat will move in circular motion.
c. The boat will move forward.
d. The boat will move backwards.

28
 15. Rockets move forward by expelling gas backwards at high velocity. In relation with
the law of interaction, which of the two forces is action and reaction?
a. Action force is the forward motion of the rocket and the reaction force is the
expelling of gas backward.
b. Action force is the expelling of gas backwards and the reaction force is the
forward motion of the rocket.
c. Either of the forces is the forward motion of the rocket.
d. No action and reaction forces are present in the event

Let’s Extend

Congratulations, you are at the last part of your journey of this module. I hope you
gain something and you can apply in real life situations. Let me give you one last activity
that will test not only what you learn in this module. Use your Science activity notebook in
answering it. Enjoy!

DIRECTIONS: Complete the concept map by answering the question each box. Write your
answer in your Science activity notebook.

Identify the three State the three Laws of

Laws of Motion Motions. Give one example for
each law and explain how it is
related with the law you
stated.

NEWTON’S
LAW OF
MOTION

29
 QUARTER 1 – MODULE 3
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Week3

Let’s Learn

Most of us think of energy as the power our bodies have to move or do work. We
have a lot of energy when we are rested or excited, and less energy when we are tired or
bored. But that is only one kind of energy. In this module, you will learn to identify and
explain the factors that affect potential and kinetic energy.

Specifically, after going through this module you are expected to:
d. Define gravitational potential energy
e. Determine the factors that affect the gravitational potential energy gained by an
object
f. Calculate the potential energy of an object
g. Define kinetic energy
h. Determine the factors that affect the kinetic energy of an object
i. Calculate the kinetic energy of an object
j. Differentiate gravitational potential energy from kinetic energy

Let’s Try

PRETEST

DIRECTIONS. Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The potential energy that is stored in an object based on its mass and how far away it
is from an object exerting a gravitational force is called:
a. Standard gravity c. Gravity
b. Gravitational potential energy d. Gravity of energy
2. A heavy container has been raised up above ground level. Due to its height, it has
stored energy. What kind of stored energy has the container?
a. Elastic potential energy c. Gravitational potential energy
b. Standard gravity Energy d. Standard elastic energy

30
3. Gravity causes all objects to accelerate towards Earth _______________.
a. slowly
b. at the same speed
c. at different speeds depending on their mass
d. quickly
4. The greater an object’s mass is _______________.
a. the more gravity it has
b. the less gravity it has
c. the faster it falls to Earth
d. the more slowly it falls to Earth
5. Two books are placed at a different location; one book is at the top of a 5 feet cabinet
while the other one book is placed at a side table with 1.5 feet high. The book at the
top of the 5-feet cabinet has a lot more gravitational potential energy than the book on
the side table, it means that _________________________
a. The gravitational potential energy depends on what kind of an object is.
b. The higher the object is, the greater its gravitational potential energy.
c. The higher the object is, the lesser its gravitational potential energy.
d. The gravitational potential energy is the same for all objects.
6. If you lift 25 N box of toys to the top shelf of a closet that is 3 m high, how much
gravitational potential energy will the box have?
a. 75 J c. 8.3 J
b. 75 N d. 8.3 N
7. How much G.P.E. does a 5 kg rock that is 8 m above the ground has?
a. 392 N c. 39.2 J
b. 39.2 N d. 392 J
8. Kinetic energy is the energy of _______________.
a. Potential
b. Objects at rest
c. Objects in motion
d. Accelerating objects
9. Kinetic energy of an object is directly proportional to the square of its speed therefore,
________________.
a. If the KE will increase, then the speed will decrease.
b. Increases with speed, the KE will increase also but only half.
c. KE and speed are the same always.
d. If the speed is doubled, then KE will be quadrupled.
10. An object’s kinetic energy remains constant as long as _______________.
a. an object remains the same size and continues to move at the same speed
b. an object remains the same size
c. an object continues to move at the same speed
d. an object doesn’t move
11. What happens to the kinetic energy of a moving object as the mass remains the same,
but the velocity increases?
a. Kinetic energy increases
b. Kinetic energy decreases
c. Kinetic energy stays the same
d. Potential energy increases

29
12. A car is travelling with a velocity of 50 m/s and has a mass of 1240 kg. What is the
kinetic energy of the car?
a. 124,000 Joules
b. 898,000 Joules
c. 1,550,000 Joules
d. 31,000 Joules
13. A moving object has a velocity of 23 m/s and its mass is 1858 kg. The kinetic energy of
the moving object is
a. 49,441 J
b. 491,441 J
c. 49,441 N
d. 491,441 N
14. Kinetic Energy can be easily transferred from one body to another while Potential
energy _______________.
a. can transferred from any body
b. is not transferrable
c. transfer for one body only
d. stay always
15. Potential energy is not relative to the environment of an object while Kinetic energy
of an object is relative to other moving and stationary objects in its immediate
environment. Which of the two types of energy can be transfer from one moving object
to another?
a. Kinetic energy
b. Potential energy
c. Gravitational potential energy
d. None of them

Lesson Forces and Motion:

2 Potential Energy and

Kinetic Energy
Good day! Today is a great day. Do not forget to offer a simple prayer before starting
your module journey so that you will be equipped with knowledge and wisdom you need.
I believe that some of the questions you just encountered in the pre-test are new to
you. Let us see what are your reflections on your pre-test? How did you find the pre-test?
Did you find it easy or difficult to answer? Please write your reflections in your Science
activity notebook and mark it as Reflection #1.
Here’s an activity that will refresh your mind on your lessons on the previous years,
Answer LET’S RECALL. Enjoy!

29
 Let’s Recall

You have just done with your 2 modules, and I believe that you did a great job! I
have here a simple and interesting activity that will freshen your mind on the terms from
the grade 7 lesson. May the words in this activity be familiar to you. Enjoy answering!

JUMBLED LETTERS

Directions: Re-arrange the jumbled letters corresponding to the word/s being

described. For further hint refer to given choices found inside the box. Write your answer
on a separate paper.

*ENERGY *JOULES
*KINETIC ENERGY *POTENTIAL ENERGY
*VELOCITY *GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
*JAMES PRESCOTT JOULES * GRAVITY

1. E-I-V-O-Y-L-C-T - speed of an object, but in specific direction

2. J-S-E-M-O-A-S-S-R-P-E-O-T-T-S-L-E-J - an English Physicist named after the unit for
energy
3. Y-E-E-N-R-G – the capacity to do work
4. G-E-N-E-T-O-T-I-P-A-L-E-N-Y-R – energy on object at rest
5. L-E-J-S-U-O – Unit for energy
6. V-A-G-I-Y-R-T – force that pulls object towards the center of the earth
7. L-G-A-I-A-A-V-N-T-T-O-L-R-I-O-N-E-T-T-I-P-A-Y-E-E-N-R-G – energy stored in an
object due to its location/position within some gravitational field.
8. T-E-C-I-I-E-G-Y-N-N-E-K-R – energy of a moving object

Let’s Explore

This will be an amazing day. Smile because it will lighten everything you feel. I
know that you are doing great today as we continue our journey in this module. But before
we proceed to the new activity, let us know your reflections on JUMBLED LETTERS
activity? How did you find the activity? Was it fun? Did the words familiar to you? You
may write your answers in your Science activity notebook and mark this reflection as
Reflection #2.

30
 I have some pictures for you that is related to our lesson. Please analyze them
carefully. Enjoy!

● PICTURE TIME. Analyze carefully the picture. Encircle the picture that shows
KINETIC ENERGY and put a horizontal line on the picture that shows POTENTIAL
ENERGY.

● What can you say about the pictures given?

Let’s Elaborate

Read and analyze the lecture for you to be able to answer the following activities.
Enjoy reading!

Kinetic Energy
The energy of a moving object is called energy of motion or kinetic energy (KE). The
word kinetic comes from the Greek word kinetikos which means moving. Kinetic energy
quantifies the amount of work the object can do because of its motion.

31
The plastic or rubber ball you pushed to hit an empty plastic bottle has kinetic energy. The
force applied caused the ball to accelerate from rest to a certain velocity.

32
We can write the formula for finding the kinetic energy is:
where: m = mass ( kg )
v = velocity ( )

From the equation, you can see that the kinetic energy of an object depends on its
mass and velocity.
Using the formula of the kinetic energy, we can derive the following equations:
m=

v=√

What will happen to the KE of an object if its mass is doubled but the velocity
remains the same? The KE will be doubled. How about if the velocity is doubled but the
mass remains the same? The KE of an object is directly proportional to the square of
its velocity. The unit for kinetic energy is Newton, meter(Nm) or Joule(J).
● Let us try solving this:
A 1000 kg car has a velocity of 17 m/s. What is the car’s kinetic energy?

o Given :
m = 1000 kg
v = 17
o Required: KE = ?

o Formula:

o Solution:

Potential Energy

The energy an object has because of its

condition or position. For example, the higher an
object is, the more potential energy it has. So ball
A has more potential energy than ball B,
because it can fall farther.

35
Potential energy also appears in several forms;

▪ Gravitational Potential Energy(GPE) comes from the potential power

gravity can have on the objectdue to its position. This energy depends on the
mass and height of the object.

1. the mass of the object

✔ the more mass an object has, the more gravitational
potential energy it will have
2. the height of the object from the ground
✔ the higher the object from the ground, the more
gravitational potential energy it will have

▪ Elastic potential energy is energy stored as a result of applying a force to

deform an elastic object.

Potential energy (PE) can compute by the formula:

PE = mgh where : m = mass ( kg )

a g = acceleration due to gravity

= constant value ( 9.8 )

h = height ( m )
if m = ? ; m =

if h = ? ; h =

Let us try solving this:

A man is lifted the 1.0kg box to a 0.5 m table. What is the potential energy of
the box?

o Given: m = 1.0 kg, h = 0.5 m,

ag = 9.8 (constant value)
o Required: PE = ?
o Formula: PE = mgh
o Solution: PE = (1.0kg)( 9.8 )(0.5m)

= 4.9
= 4.9 Nm
PE = 4.9 J

36
 Let’s Dig In

How are you feeling? Hope you’re feeling great. Is the lecture understandable? or
you still need other examples for you to fully get it? I’m sure there are things running in
your mind that is related to our lesson.

Let us challenge our mind more with the following activities. Enjoy!

Activity 1: Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy

A. Diagram Analysis. Using the diagram below, answer the following questions on the
space provided.

Graph shows a rolling ball from A to G

37
 1. Which letter shows the ball when it has the maximum kinetic energy? ______

2. Which letter shows the ball when it has the maximum potential energy? _____

3. Which letter shows the ball when it has the least potential energy? ______

4. Which letter shows the ball when it has the least kinetic energy? ______

5. Which letter shows the ball when it has just a little less potential energy than letter
C? ______

B. Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

6. Which sequence correctly shows a resulting increase in potential energy?

a. C, D, E, F c. D, E, B, F
b. B, F, E, C d. A, G, F, C
7. Which sequence correctly shows a resulting increase in kinetic energy?
a. E, F, B, G c. D, E, B, F
b. B, F, E, C d. A, B, C,
8. Which sequence correctly shows a resulting decrease in kinetic energy?
a. E, F, B, G c. D, E, F, G
b. B, F, E, C d. A, G, F, C

Activity 2: ARE YOU KINETIC OR POTENTIAL?

Directions: Determine whether the objects in the problems have kinetic or potential
energy.

1. You serve a volleyball with a mass of 2.1 kg. The ball leaves your hand with a speed of
30 m/s. The ball has __________________ energy.

2. A baby carriage is sitting at the top of a hill that is 21 m high. The carriage with the
baby weighs 12 N. The carriage has _________________ energy.

3. A car is traveling with a velocity of 40 m/s and has a mass of 1120 kg. The car has
_______________ energy.

4. A cinder block is sitting on a platform 20 m high. It weighs 79 N. The block has

_________________ energy.

5. There is a bell at the top of a tower that is 45 m high. The bell weighs 190 N. The bell
has _________________ energy.

6. A roller coaster is at the top of a 72 m hill and weighs 966 N. The coaster (at this
moment) has _________________ energy.

38
 Let’s Remember

PLACE ME AT THE RIGHT BOX.

DIRECTIONS. Cut out the boxes on the side. Glue them on the correct column.

A softball thrown
by a pitcher

A rock sitting at
the edge of a cliff

Monkey high up in
a tree

A downhill skier
traveling down a
hill

A large stick of
dynamite

An asteroid falling
to earth

A stretched spring
in a pinball
machine
Asset of double “A”
batteries in a
remote control

A car traveling
down the road

A ladybug flying
through the air

POTENTIAL KINETIC
ENERGY ENERGY

39
40
 Let’s Apply

MY PERSONAL JOURNAL

Write your activities for the day from waking up in the morning until going to sleep
at night. Upon listing it, identify if your activities have potential energy or kinetic energy
on it. Mark star on the activities that you think its kinetic and mark heart on activities
that you think its potential.

*after you accomplished your personal journal, what can you say about your daily activities
and energy?

DATE:

TIME ACTIVITIES

41
 Let’s Evaluate

POST TEST
Directions: Classify the following as a type of potential energy or kinetic energy (use the
letters K or P).

1. A bicyclist pedaling up a hill _____

2. An archer with his bow drawn _____
3. A volleyball player spiking a ball _____
4. A baseball thrown to second base _____
5. The chemical bonds in sugar _____
6. The wind blowing through your hair _____
7. Walking down the street _____
8. Sitting in the top of a tree _____
9. A bowling ball rolling down the alley _____
10. A bowling ball sitting on the rack _____

42
What examples can you find in your home that are examples of kinetic and potential
energy? (name two for each type of energy)

11. Kinetic: __________________________________________________________

12. Potential: ________________________________________________________

Solve the following word problems using the kinetic and potential energy formulas (Be sure
to show your work!)
Formulas: PE= mgh

v = velocity ( ) m = mass (kg)

g = 9.8 ( 9.8 ) h = height (m)

13. You serve a volleyball with a mass of 2.1 kg. The ball leaves your hand with a speed of
30 m/s. The ball has __________________ energy. Calculate it.

14. A baby carriage is sitting at the top of a hill that is 21 m high. The carriage with the
baby has a mass of 1.5 kg. The carriage has _________________ energy. Calculate it.

15. A car is traveling with a velocity of 40 m/s and has a mass of 1120 kg. The car has
_____________ energy. Calculate it.

Let’s Extend

Congratulations, you are at the last part of your journey of this module. I hope you
gain something and can apply in real life situations. Let me give you an activity that will
test not just what you learn in this module as well as on how you can make an
illustration. Enjoy!

ILLUSTRATE ME.

DIRECTIONS:

Use the illustration to explain the difference between potential energy and
kinetic energy.

1. An airplane on the runway ready to take off.

An airplane flying up towards the clouds.

2. Balancing a basketball.
Dribbling a basketball.

43
 QUARTER 1 – MODULE 4
Sound
Week4

Let’s Learn

The Science of Sound has gone all the way from a mere transfer of energy to the
creation of tunes and music for entertainment. Most of our gadgets are sound embedded
to amuse us. In the field of geology and oceanography, sound is used to determine depths.
The health sciences are also using sound for medical purposes. Some animals are
dependent on sound for movement. The newest focus of sound science is on ecology where
ecological patterns and phenomena are predicted based on sounds released by the
different components of the ecosystem. This module will help you to investigate the
effects of temperature to the speed of sound.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine the effect of temperature on the speed of sound

2. compute the speed of sound in air at different temperature

Let’s Try

Hello Kiddos!!! I am Mr. Speedow and I am your official chaperon for our SOUND
terrific trip to find the mystery behind the science concept of TEMPERATURE and SPEED
of SOUND. Are you ready dear??? But before that, let me challenge first your prior
knowledge about this topic. Good luck and have a safe trip!!!

PRETEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the relationship of temperature of a certain medium to the speed of sound?
a. The lower the temperature, the increase of sound travels.
b. The higher the temperature, the quicker of sound travels.
c. The higher the temperature, the faster the sound travels.

44
d. The lower the temperature, the faster the sound travels.

45
 2. The hotter the medium, _______________________
a. The slower the sound travel
b. The increase of temperature
c. The faster the sound travels
d. The cooler the temperatures
3. The speed of sound is ________ affected by the temperature of the medium
a. Indirectly
b. Directly
c. Proportional
d. Opposite
4. In which of the following quantities tells how hot or cold an object is with respect to
some standard?
a. Density
b. Pressure
c. Mass
d. Temperature
5. Higher temperatures, particles have ______ energy (kinetic) and thus, vibrate faster.
a. More
b. Lesser
c. Increasing
d. Decreasing
6. As the temperature affects the speed of sound, sound travels faster during this time
a. Winter
b. Rainy day
c. Day time
d. Night time
7. Sound travel faster in air if the air is ____________
a. Warm
b. Cold
c. Neither warm nor cold
d. Either warm or cold
8. When is sound transmitted faster?
a. During winter
b. During summer
c. There is no relation between season and sound transmission
d. There is not enough information to say
9. How is the speed of sound in air affected by the temperature of air?
a. No effect
b. Data insufficient
c. Increases with the increases in temperature
d. Decreases with the increase in temperature
10. In which material sound will travel slowest?
a. Water
b. Steam
c. Foam board
d. Wooden block

46
 11. Sound cannot travel in ______________
a. Liquid
b. Aluminum
c. Helium Gas
d. Vacuum
12. What happens to the speed of sound as the temperature increases?
a. Speed becomes constant
b. The speed increases
c. The speed decreases
d. The speed remains the same
13. What is the formula to get the speed of sound in air?
a. v=

b.
c.

d.

14. What is the speed of sound in air of 25 0C temperature?

a. 346 m/s
b. 346 m/s
c. 347 m/s
d. 349 m/s
15. In which of the following will the movement of particles be the fastest?
a. 30 0C of water
b. 50 0C of water
c. 70 0C of water
d. 90 0C of water

47
Lesson
Temperature and the
1 Speed of Sound

KUDOS!!! You have passed the first test of your journey and you are now familiar
with the words related to TEMPERATURE and SPEED OF SOUND. Don’t worry, I have
prepared many more activities so that you can better understand the temperature and
speed of sound concept. So get ready and enjoy kiddos!!!

Let’s Recall

Can sound waves also travel in other media like solids and liquids?

Activity 1

⮚ Place your ear against one end of the tabletop. Ask your brother to gently tap the
other end of the table with pencil or ruler.

⮚ Then ask your brother to gently tap the other end of the table but this time make
sure that your ear is above the other end of the table.

Guide Question 1. Describe what happens to the two scenarios. Do they have
difference? Or none?

Guide Question 2. On which situation did you encounter the sound earlier, louder
and more pronounced sound?

48
 Read This…..
Slight tapping on the table can produce sound that can be heard clearly on
the other end of the table. This shows that sound waves can also travel through
wood or solid. Sound is more pronounced in solids than in the air.

Liquid on the other hand, are best conductors of sound than in gases.
Between in liquids and solids, the particles of solids are even closer together
than the liquid molecules. Therefore, sound travel even faster in solids than in
liquids. Since different media transmit sound differently, sound travels at
different speed in different material. Since solid is the best transmitter of sound,
sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases.

Sound cannot travel in a vacuum. Remember that sound is a mechanical

wave which need a medium in order to propagate. If there is no matter, there is
no sound.

Let’s Explore

HEYYY!!! How do you feel after answering “Let’s Try? Congrats!!! Because you
have succeeded in answering the questions. Mabuhay!!! You can now go to the third
challenge of your journey!!! God bless dear!!!

DIRECTIONS: The following data show the speed of sound in air at various temperatures.
Plot the data on the graph provided. Then, answer the questions that follow.

SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR

Temperature (0C) Speed (m/s)

-10 325

0 331

10 337

20 343

49
 y-axis (m/s)

x-axis (0C)

Analysis:

1. What is the independent variable? On which axis of the graph does it appear?
____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the dependent variable? On which axis does it appear?
____________________________________________________________________
3. In general, how does temperature affect the speed of sound in air?
____________________________________________________________________
4. From your graph, find the speed of sound in 15 0C.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Extend the line of your graph to find the speed of sound at 25 0C.
_____________________________________________________________________

6. Use your graph to determine how much the speed of sound changes for every 1st
change in temperature.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Suppose that your brother exploring Baguio shout to his friend several hundred
meters away. At the same time, your sister went to Ilocos province shout to his best
of friend the same distance away. Will your brother in Baguio or your sister in
Ilocos province hear the shout first? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Do you think there is a temperature at which sound cannot be heard? Explain your
answer. _____________________________________________________________________

50
 Let’s Elaborate

SAWADIKA!!! How was your journey in the world of TEMPERATURE AND SPEED
OF SOUND? My dear traveller it feels good to shout out our success when it is struggling
hard and we give our best SOUND in life. A friendly reminders from your chaperon.

Figure 1 shows how sound waves varies during the day and during the night.

At daytime, the air near the earth surface is hotter so sound travel faster, while in the
night time, the air near the surface is cooler so the movement of air is slower.
The sound that we hear are actually pressure waves travelling through the air. The
speed of sound depends on the temperature of the substance it’s travelling through. In air
at 20 0C, sound travels at 343 m/s, but that changes by about 0.6 m/s 0C for every degree
centigrade; in 10 0C in air, sound travels only 337m/s.

The speed of sound depends on the temperature of the medium. The hotter the
medium is, the faster its particles to move and therefore the quicker the sound will travel
through the medium. Sound can therefore be transmitted more easily and quickly in
hotter substances. When we heat the substance, the particles in that substance have more
kinetic energy and vibrate or move faster.

Temperature is a condition that really affects the speed of sound. The speed of sound
is directly affected by the temperature of the medium. The hotter the medium the faster
the sound travels. At higher temperatures, particles have more energy (kinetic) and thus,
vibrate faster. And when particles vibrate faster, there will be more collisions per unit time.
With more collisions per unit time, energy is transferred more efficiently resulting in sound
traveling quickly. Sound travels at about 331 m/s in dry air at 0 0C. The speed of sound
depends on temperature of the medium where an increase is observed with an increase in
temperature. This means that at temperatures greater than 00 C speed of sound is greater
than 331m/s. by an amount 0.6 of the temperature of the medium. In equation.

51
 Where T is the temperature of air in 0C and is a constant factor of
temperature. One thing to keep in mind is that this formula finds the average speed of
sound for any given temperature. The speed of sound is also affected by other factors such
as humidity and air pressure.

Speed of sound in different materials

Materials Speed of sound V (m/s)

Air (00C) 331

He(00C) 965

H(200C) 1300

Water 1440

Seawater 1560

Iron and steel 5000

Aluminum 5100

Hard wood 4000

52
Let’s try it out at a room temperature of 25 0C

Sample problem

Problem: What is the speed of sound in air temperature 250C

Solution:
Given: T = 250C
Required: v =?
Formula:

The speed of sound is 346

Let’s Dig In

YOI TSUTACHI!!! Or in English Good Day!!! How was your trip in “let’s elaborate?”
have you learned many lessons about TEMPERATURE and SOUND? To further increase
your knowledge and understanding, here are another activities for you. Enjoy and happy
learning my dear traveller!!!

Activity 1.

Directions: Analyze the sentence, Write TRUELALU if the statement is correct and
KEMERU if not. Underline the word that makes incorrect.

1. The speed of sound is depends on the temperature of the medium._____________

2. Sound can travel in a vacuum._____________

3. The hotter the medium is, the slower its particles to move. _____________

4. For every degree of rise in air temperature above 0 0C, the speed of sound of air
increases by 0.6 m/s.____________________

5. Sound travels at about 335 m/s in dry air at 0 0C. __________________

53
Activity 2.

Directions: WORDHUNT. Find the words that are related to our topic for today and use
the given hint as your guiding star.

A S S D T A E T R Y Q

D P D R Y U A I R I R

M E H O T T U E Y D S

D E E T Y O Y R Y N O

A D F A C O L D D T U

D G W E N E T F A T N

A H A T E R V O L E D

H C C E L S I U S V N

I S T A U I D N G E K

T E M P E R A T U R E

54
Hint:

1. Having a relatively high temperature.

2. A degree of hotness and coldness measured on a definite scale.
3. Having a relatively low temperature.
4. A rate of motion of sound wave.
5. Mechanical radiant energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves in a
material medium and is the objective cause of hearing.
6. Also known as centigrade scale and it is used to measure temperature.
Activity 3.

Directions: Calculate the speed of sound as it travels through different substances.

Substances Distance (m) Time (s) Speed of sound

(m/s)

1. Iron 1000 0.17

2. Sea water 1000 0.65
3. Wood 1000 0.26
4. Water 1000 0.67
5. Glass 1000 0.18
6. Air at 0 0C 1000 2.92

1. Rank the substances according to the speed that sound travels through them.

Fastest Slowest
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Underline the solids in red, liquids in blue and gases in green.

3. Does sound travel fastest through solids, liquids or gases?

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Why does sound travel faster through liquids than gases?

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Sound travels through cork at a speed of 500 m/s. Cork is a solid. Why does sound
travel very slowly through cork compared to iron?
_____________________________________________________________________

6. Sound travels at a speed of 342 m/s in air at a temperature of 20 0C. Explain why
sound travels faster through warm air than cold air?

_____________________________________________________________________

55
 Let’s Remember

BON JOUR!!! How was your journey in the world of temperature and speed of
sound? You seems that you enjoy so much the challenges that you have experienced along
with your travel. Now let us check what you have learned while traveling on this module
by answering this activity to complete the concept map

Temperature and
Speed of Sound

It is a condition that
affects the speed of sound.

Sound travels Sound travels

slower faster

Formula to get the

value of speed of
sound

56
 Let’s Apply

ALOHA!!! How’s your trip in “Let’s Remember?” Did you enjoy it? Don’t worry if you
get hang up on it. I have another activity that requires sharpness of mind for you to
overcome it. So enjoy and have a safe trip my dear!

Directions: Answer the following questions based on the given in data table.
Data Table 1: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED OF SOUND AND TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE (in 0 Celsius) SPEED (in meters per second)

-50 301

-40 307

-30 313

-20 319

-10 325

0 331

10 337

20 343

30 349

40 355

50 361

ANALYSIS:
1. What relationship illustrated by the slope of the graph?
__________________________________________________________________
2. From your graph, determine the speed of sound in air at 18 and 25 0C. By how
much does the speed of sound change for every degree of change in temperature?
__________________________________________________________________

3. How fast does sound travel at 80 0C than at -20 0C?

__________________________________________________________________

57
 4. Sound travel faster in liquids than in gases and faster in solid than in liquids.
Explain why a worker who puts one ear against a long metal pipe would hear two
sounds if another worker struck the pipe only once at some distance away?
___________________________________________________________________

Let’s Evaluate

HEP HEP HOORAYYY!!! You are about to finish your journey. I’m pretty sure you
learned a lot from the concept of temperature and speed of sound so here is your last but
not the least activity to further hone your knowledge about it. Enjoy kiddos and happy
learning!!!

POST TEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following has the most effect on the speed of sound in air?
a. Amplitude c. Wavelength
b. Temperature d. Frequency
2. What is the relationship of temperature of a certain medium to the speed of
sound?
a. The lower the temperature, the increase of sound travels.
b. The higher the temperature, the quicker of sound travels.
c. The higher the temperature, the faster the sound travels.
d. The lower the temperature, the faster the sound travels.
3. As the temperature affects the speed of sound, sound travels faster during this
time.
a. Winter c. Day time
b. Rainy day d. Night time
4. How is the speed of sound in air affected by the temperature of air?
a. No effect
b. Decreases with the increase in temperature.
c. Increases with the increase in temperature.
d. Data insufficient
5. In which material sound will travel fastest?
a. Water c. Foam board
b. Steam d. Wooden block
6. Sound does not travel in space because __________________
a. Space is too far away c. Space is the final frontier
b. There is no matter in space d. Space has planets

58
 7. Sound travels FASTEST through which of these materials?
a. Air b. Metal
b. Empty space d. Water
8. The warmer an object is, the ______________ sound will travel through it.
a. Faster c. Not so faster
b. Slower d. Stay as the same
9. What happens to the speed of sound in air on a humid day?
a. It increases slightly on a humid day
b. It decreases considerably on a humid day
c. Sound cannot travel when the air is extremely humid
d. Sound stay only even humid day.
10. What happens to the speed of sound as the temperature increases?
a. Speed becomes constant c. The speed decreases
b. The speed increases d. The speed remains the same
11. What is the formula to get the speed of sound in air?
a. v= c.

b. d.
12. Among the given temperatures, where will sound travel the fastest?

a. 10 0C c. 30 0C
b. 20 0C d. 40 0C
13. What is the speed of sound in air of 25 0C temperature?

a. 355 m/s c. 336 m/s

b. 325 m/s d. 346 m/s
14. In which of the following will the movement of particles be the slowest?

a. 85 0C c. 20 0C
b. 50 C
0 d. 100 0C
15. The speed of sound in air at 0 0C is 331 m/s. what is the speed of sound in air
at a temperature of -30 0C?

a. 308 m/s c. 312 m/s

b. 310 m/s d. 314 m/s

Let’s Extend

TEMPERATURE AND THE SPEED OF SOUND

Directions: After reading this section you will be able to do the following:

Observe the demonstrations below and explain the differences in the speed of sound when
the temperature is changed.

59
 Speed of sound

358.0 m/s

343.6 m/s

330.4 m/s

Figure 2

Questions

1. What happens to the speed of sound when the temperature changes?

2. Does sound travel faster or slower as temperature increases?

Activity 2.

Directions: Analyze the picture below and make a simple discussion about it. It should be
3 to 4 sentences.

Figure 3

60