REPUBLIC OF YEMEN

UNIVERSITY OF ADEN
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

COURSE PROJECT ) II (

Beamforming

NAME: AHMED FADHEL NASSER MOHAMMED

Reg.No: 186048

CLASS: B4EC

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022/2023

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 ABSTRACT

The growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high
speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and
future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand
bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers
certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the
high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter
wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the
problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of
wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and
research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective
of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to
10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial
intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced
coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data
rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the
modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended
user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief
survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid,
switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of
compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in
this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler,
Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required
for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and
±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of
beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band
beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880,
tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here.
Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and
applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of
.the beamforming antenna designers and research community

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 Acknowledgment

I would like to thank my guide and the head of part electronic and communication

Dr. Adnan Abdullah Zain

And I would like to thank

Mr. Almeasry

For helping and giving me some of his knowledge.

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 ‫المحتويات‬
5...............................................................................................What is beamforming?
6....................................................................................How does beamforming work?
8........................................................................................................5G beamforming
8.............................................................................................Benefits of beamforming
9..............................................................................Current limitations of beamforming
9.......................................................................Beamforming costs and considerations
10............................................................................Future of beamforming technology

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Introduction
Beamforming is a powerful technique that has been widely used in
signal processing, radar and sonar, biomedical, and particularly in
communications. In applications of beamforming in communications
systems, the basic idea is to optimally process signals received over
different antennas, or the signals which are to be transmitted over
different paths, by adjusting the signal amplitudes and phases, to form
a strong beam toward the direction of interest, and at the same time, to
avoid receiving or creating interference. Both receive beamforming and
transmit beamforming has been extensively studied in the literature
leading to numerous innovative and interesting beamforming schemes.
In the past decade, with the booming research in cooperative relay
communication, a new type of beamforming, namely network
beamforming or relay beamforming, has appeared in the literature. A
network beamformer is implemented neither at the transmitter nor at
the receiver but the intermediate relays to adaptively process signals
transmitted via different relay paths. In Onen view a network
beamformer performs simultaneously the task of a receive beamformer
and that of a transmit beamformer. Network beamforming is an
integrated combination of receive beamforming applied to the signals
received at different relays from one or more sources and transmit
beamforming applied to the signals sent from different relays to the
corresponding destinations. A prominent distinction of network
beamforming compared to conventional transmit and receive
beamforming is that network beamforming is performed somewhere
between the two ends of a channel which connects a source to a
destination, instead of at either end. Thus, a virtual kind of channel
design of the communication systems is realized via network
beamforming. Successful network beamforming solutions have been
shown to probe vide large data-rates adata ratesove link reliability.
These advantages offered by network beamforming have presented
new challenges to the research community. Research in this area has
led to new analytical and optimization tools, which can be beneficial in
solving

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communication problems in general.

?What is beamforming

Beamforming is a type of radio frequency (RF) management in

which a wireless signal is directed toward a specific receiving
device. Beamforming is applied to numerous technologies, including
wireless communications, acoustics, radar and sonar. , The RF
management technique directs radio and sound waves for signal
transmission or reception.

Rather than sending a signal from a broadcast antenna to be spread

in all directions -- how a signal would traditionally be sent -,-
beamforming uses multiple antennas to send out and direct the
same signal toward a single receiving device, such as a laptop,
smartpho,ne or tablet. The connection results in a faster, more
reliable wireless data transfer.

The concept originates from 1905, but more recently, the technology
has been applied to Wi-Fi and fifth-generation (5G) networks. As an
example, the 802.11 standard gives a specification for routers to
implement Wi-Fi beamforming.

?How does beamforming work

Beamforming works differently, depending on its type or
implementation. However, by having multiple antennanearbyty send
out multiple signals at different times, a beamforming tower
or router can adjust the signals it sends. This adjustment determines
the best path for the signal to take to reach the client device. In a
sense, beamforming shapes the RF beam as it traverses a physical
space.

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The radiating elements -- or parts of the antenna designed to
support RF currents -- in multiple antennas need to transmit a signal
at identical wavelengths and phases.

Other beamforming techniques include the following:

 Analog beamforming use phase shifters send the same signal

from multiple antennas. The signal is set to different phases,
which creates an antenna pattern that pointin s a specific
direction. The signal phases of antenna signals are adjusted in
an RF domain, which improves coverage.

 Digital beamforming has different signals for each antenna in a

digital baseband. Digital receivers are placed at the radiating
elements of each antenna. Different phases are applied to
different frequency bands, enabling digital beamforming to be
more flexible. A digital beamforming processor can then steer
numerous independent beams in any direction. This method is
useful for spatial multiplexing.

 Hybrid beamforming is a combination of analog and digital

beamforming. The hybrid approach uses analog beamforming
along with digital precoding, which is used to support multistream
transmission, to form the patterns transmitted from an antenna
array. The process defines the number of analog beams while
allowing for some frequency variations. 5G base stations can use
hybrid beamforming.

 Massive MIMO, or multiple input and multoutputsutput, is an

antenna technology for wireless networks where multiple
antennas are used at both the transmitter and the receiver ends.
Massive MIMO uses a common frequency that is then steered in
multiple directions. It requires digital signal processors and an
area with a lot of signal interference. The different signal arrival
times form multiple time-division duplexing channels, providing

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 path redundancy. Massive MIMO is used in wireless, Wi,-Fi and
5G technology.

 Beam steering changes the phase of input signals on each

radiating antenna element. This method essentially tracks the
receiving device, steering a signal to it. A common frequency is
steered with a signal beam in the correct direction. Meanwhile,
different signals can be sent to other devices.

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5G beamforming
Beamforming can be used with 5G signals to overcome the
obstacles 5G typically faces, including interference and range
limitations. 5G beamforming enables more focused signals to be
sent to a receiving device like a smartphone or laptop. The process
minimizes interference between individual beams.

Hybrid beamforming and massive MIMO are common candidates for

5G. Massive MIMO, for example, may use multi-antenna arrays and
spatial multiplexing to transmit multiple independent signals.

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This image shows how beamforming routers send signals compared to
traditional routers.

Benefits of beamforming
Advantages of beamforming include the following:

 More power is directed in the beam's specified direction.

 Higher signal quality reaches the receiving device, which

increases the coverage capacity of the cell tower or base station.

 There are faster information transfers and fewer errors.

 Signal interference between devices is avoided since signals are

only broadcast where needed.

 Analog beamforming is relatively simple to implement and has

lower power requirements.
Current limitations of beamforming
Beamforming does have limitations, however:

 It sometimes requires more computing resources and power for

beamforming calculations.

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 Digital and massive MIMO beamforming systems may be more
complex, especially considering more antennas and other
hardware used.

 Its cost tends to be higher than traditional systems.

Beamforming costs and considerations
There are several factors to consider when implementing
beamforming:

 The high frequencies and a large number of antenna elements

can be costly.

 Digital beamforming requires transceivers for each antenna,

adding to the cost with increased power consumption.

 MIMO systems and beamforming algorithms can be complex.

 Antenna performance, beam characteristics, and beam

management algorithms should be carefully considered and
chosen, as they will affect performance.

 Consumer-facing products, such as routers, can be expensive --

with some routers ranging from around $90 to $350.
Future of beamforming technology
Beamforming has the potential to become more common in Wi-Fi
and 5G networks, and it may become a necessary technology to
help communication networks meet future data rates and network
capacities. In addition, as beamforming algorithms improve,
beamforming will be able to select the best data paths.

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