INFORMATION SHEET PR-1.1.

2
“Implementing NSTP Rules and Regulations”

Have you experienced working in a community? How did you feel about t Do you know that
students like you are now required to actively participate in community service through R.A.
No. 9163 or simply the NSTP law?

The succeeding details of this lesson are answers to some of the queries in your mind. For more
enlightenment, other related components of program presented.

Republic Act No. 9163 establishes the National Service Training Program or NSTP (for tertiary
level students) amending for the purpose as stated on the Republic Act No. 7077 and PD No.
1706.

The National Service Training Program (NSTP) is defined under Republic Act No. 9163, section 3,
as a program aimed ‘at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth
by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three
program components.

Since NSTP requires training, civic consciousness can be enhanced by doing community
immersion which is an integral part of Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) and Literacy
Training Service (LTS) while defense preparedness is enhanced through the Reserve Officer
Training Corps (ROTC).

Distinctive Features of CWTS, LTS, and ROTC

CWTS and LTS deal with civic enhancement while ROTG Focuses on defense or military
preparedness. To understand further, section 3 of Republic Act No. 9163, the program
components of NSTP are defined as:

1. Reserve Officer Training Corps - refers to the program component institutionalized under
Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, designed to provide military training to tertiary
level students in order to motivate, train, organize, and mobilize them for national defense
preparedness;

2. Literacy Training Service - is the program Component designed to train students to teach
literacy and numeracy skills to school children,

3. Civic Welfare Training Service - pertains to the program 0omponent or activities contributory to the
general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the 0ommunity or the enhancement of
its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, 0ducation, environment, entrepreneurship,
safety, recreation, and moral of the citizenry and other social welfare services. These three components
differ in specialization.

ROTC focuses on the military science training wherein students are trained in preparation for war, while
CWTS and LTS deal with civic enhancement through community immersion programs. The difference
between LTS and CWTS les on the program implementation. Literacy Training Service is designed to train
future teachers of the nation for eradicating illiteracy of children and out of school youths while Civic
Welfare Training Service is designed to promote general welfare to the community.
It is a program that enhances the way of lvin9 of every person in the community. There are other
relevant questions that may arise in the implementation of the program, as follows ;

Is every first year student covered by the NSTP Law?

Every first year student effective School Year 2002-2003 male or female, enrolled in any baccalaureate
degree and in at least two years Technical-Vocational or associate course is required to complete at
least one of the three components of the NSTP as a graduation requirement and as stipulated in
Republic Act No. 9163, Rule 3, section 4a

What if a student is a second degree taker? A graduate of associate course before SY 2003-20047 or, a
transferee who took the NSTP from other University? Based on Republic Act No. 9163, Rule 3. Sections
4a1 4a2 and 4a3, students who finished or graduated before School Year 2003 and 2004 are exempted
to take the NSTP. Also, exempted are those students who completed any of the three components but
considered freshmen to the course where they transferred or shifted; foreign students and students of
Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, Philippine National Police Academy, and Philippine Military
Academy in view of the special character of these institutions.

What is the time duration of the NS TP Program?

Rule 6, sections 6a and 6b of Republic Act No. 9163 clarified the course duration of NSTP wherein every
student shall take NSTP for an academic period of two semesters which consist of 3 units per semester
with a minimum of 54 hours and a maximum o 90 training hours per semester It can also be undertaken
for one summer program in lieu of the wo semesters of the institution allows it.

Do students need to pay NSTP fee?

This question is best answered by referring to Rule 4, section 9 of the NSTP law which states that No
fees shall be collected for any of the NSTP components except basic tuition, which should not be more
than fifty (60%) percent of the charges of the school per academic unit. Even though it is stipulated in
the NSTP law that only basic tuition is allowed to be collected, here are some universities that require
minimal fee for uniform with consent from the concerned authorities. The reason for this is for
identification and safety of the students, since most of the NSTP Programs are done outside the
university.

What will the students receive after completing NSTP Program?

Every student will be given a certificate of completion with corresponding serial number issued by CHED,
TESDA, and DND as reflected in Rule 6, section 12 of Republic Act No. 9163. All graduates of the CWTS
and LTS components of the NSTP shall belong to the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) and could be
tapped by the state for literacy and civic welfare activities especially in times of calamities, while those
graduates of ROTC shall form part of the Citizen Armed Forces pursuant to Republic Act No. 7077 as
stipulated in Rule 5, sections 11a and 11c of the NSTP law.
 SELF-CHECK PR-1.1.5

A. Modified True or False: Write True if the statement is correct. If it is False, write the correct
answer in the given space to make the statement correct. The underlined words serve as clues.

1. NSTP refers to the program component designed to train the students to teach literacy and
numeracy skills to the school children, out of school youth, and other segments of the society in
need of their services.
2. ______________The maximum time in undertaking NSTP is 94 hours.
3. ______________The NSTP Law, Rule 4, offers less 40% in the basic tuition of the subject per
student.
4. ______________NSTP law was first implemented in School Year 2002-2003.
5. ______________LTS refers to the program component or activities contributory to the
general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community.
6. ______________All graduates of ROTC shall form part of the NSRC or National Service
Reserve Corps.
7. ______________Only males are required to take the NSTP
8. ______________ Every student should finish the three components of the NSTP
9. ______________CWTS is a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense
preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism.
10. ______________All graduates of NSTP will be given a Certificate of cognition with the serial
number from DND, DHED, and TESDA.
SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY PR-1.1.6

1. LTS
2. 54 hrs.
3. 50%
4. True
5. CWTS
6. True
7. Male or Female
8. One component
9. True
10. Certificate of completion

INFORMATION SHEET PR-2.1.2

“The Filipino Way: Blood and Heart of Today”

Are you familiar with the game, Try "Fun Ways to think"? Try this one!

By Represented symbols, icons, and texts, guess the right word below.

I am a Filipino
What's the word?
Did you get it right?
If you answer YES, you truly are. If NO, you better know.

"Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that
may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate Communion with
their thoughts, their deeds, and their noble lives"
Claro M. Recto Jr.

Nationalism and Patriotism

Patriotism and nationalism are often marred by lack of clarity due to the failure to distinguish
the two. Many authors use the two terms interchangeably. Among those who do not, quite a few have
made the distinction in ways that are not very helpful.

In the 19 century, Lord Acton contrasted "nationality" and patriotism as affection and instinct vs.
moral relation. Nationality is "our connection with the race" that is "merely natural or physical" while
patriotism is the awareness of our moral duties to the political community (Acton, 1972). In the 20th
century, Elie Kedourie did the opposite, presenting nationalism as a full-fledged philosophical and
political doctrine about nations as basic units of humanity within which the individual can find freedom
and fulfilment, and patriotism as mere sentiment of affection for one's country (Kedourie, 1985).

George Orwell contrasted the two in terms of aggressive vs. defensive attitudes. Nationalism is
about power: its adherent wants to acquire as much power and prestige as possible for his nation, in
which he submerges his individuality. While nationalism is accordingly aggressive, patriotism is
defensive: it is a devotion to a particular place and a way of life one thinks best, but has no wish to
impose on others (Orwell, 1968). This way of distinguishing the two attitudes comes close to an
approach popular among politicians and widespread in everyday discourse that indicates a double
standard of the form "us vs. them." Country and nation are first run together, and then patriotism and
nationalism are distinguished in terms of the strength of the love and special concern one feels for it,
the degree of one's identification with it. When these are exhibited in a reasonable degree and without
ill thoughts about others and hostile actions towards them, that is patriotism; when they become
unrestrained and cause one to think ill of others and act badly towards them, that is nationalism.
Conveniently enough, it usually turns out that we are patriots, while they are nationalists (Billig. 1995)

There is yet another way of distinguishing patriotism and nationalism one that is quite simple
and begs no moral questions. We can put aside the political sense of "nation" that makes it identical
with "country," "state," or "polity," and the political or civic type of nationalism related to it. We need
concern ourselves only with the other, ethnic or cultural sense of "nation, and focus on ethnic or cultural
nationalism. In order to do so, we do not have to spell out the relevant understanding of "nation" it is
enough to characterize t in terms of common ancestry, history, and a set of cultural traits. Both
patriotism and nationalism involve love of, identification with, and special concern for a certain entity. In
the case of patriotism, that entity is one's patria, one's country; in the case of nationalism, that entity is
one's nation, one's nation (in the ethnic/cultural sense of the term). Thus patriotism and nationalism are
understood as the same type of set of beliefs and attitudes, and distinguished in terms of their objects,
rather than the strength of those beliefs and attitudes, or as sentiment vs. theory

To be sure, there is much overlap between country and nation, and therefore between
patriotism and nationalism; thus much that applies to one will also apply to the other. But when a
country is not ethnically homogeneous, or when a nation lacks a country of its own, the two may part
ways. To further understand these two concepts, the following are ways presented to show nationalism
and patriotism.

Ways to Express Filipino Nationalism

Nationalism is a devotion of love for one's country. A country's identity is seen through its
culture, traditions, religions, beliefs, and even the unity or togetherness of the people in it. The history
of the Philippines reflects the kind of nationalism the Filipinos have. Their heroes stood and fought to
preserve the Filipino identity and attain freedom and independence.
An online article from "Our Happy School" listed some of the following ways to express Filipino
nationalism:

 Respect the Philippine flag and value the Filipino identity. Being Filipinos, we should respect our
Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the freedom
we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem and
even our different symbols. They provide our identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful
Republic of the Philippines. (Wikipedia.com)

 Be a productive citizen. Be industrious and make ourselves productive, not only for ourselves
but for our country as well. Serve the people, serve our nation. (google.com)

 Be aware of the issues in our country. We must be aware and updated on the significant issues
happening in the country. Extend help to the needy fellowmen, especially the victims of
disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like.

 Stand proud for every Filipinos achievement. Filipinos is globally competitive in many aspects.
They are proud to be a Filipino and for the honors they bring to our country. They unite every
Filipino tor their achievements. We can be proud of Filipinos like Manny, Pacquiao, the Azkals
Football Team, the Gilas Pilipinas Basketball Team, and many more.

 Patronize and support our own product The Philippines has rich resources create quality goods
and products. The manpower Services we provide are also globally competitive. Our economy
will improve more ourselves patronize our own pro-ducts which characterize our creativity,
resourcefulness, and industry.

 Preserve the Filipino culture. Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are
our identity. Be proud and preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to
keep them for the future generation.

 Respect everyone and value our traditional Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. Even in
modern times many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. So we Filipinos
must continue to exercise these good traditions like respecting our elders and others, by using
"po at opo”, being hospitable, and being religious.

 Speak out Our own language. Using our own language is manifesting and preserving national
identity. It is our unique means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our
language is an important further unity and national development.

 Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country. There were many Filipinos
who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Some fought using their pens and
tongues, while some used the power of their arms and weapons. Each had their own way of
showing their love and respect to our country. In today's generation, let us value and treasured
our heroes sacrifices and devotion for our country. (google.com)

 Love our family, our neighbors, and our compatriots. Love and help one another. That way, we
are showing the world that we are proud to be Filipinos. Stand united! Do something to help
each other and for the greater good for mother country. Love everyone and love our country as
we love ourselves. (google.com)
 There are many ways to show our love for our country. In Our generation, there are things that test
our nationalism. What is important though is that we stand united as Filipino people and we love
Philippines as our mother country. Let us manifest the essence of nationalism in every aspect of our life.

Ways to Show Filipino Patriotism

According to Wikipedia, patriotism is "a devotion to one's country for no other reason than
being a citizen of that country." Simply saying how one is proud to be a Filipino but without action
proves to be not enough. The following are simple ways to show the world how devoted we really are to
our country and to our fellow countrymen.

An article from "Athanology Word Press" enumerated some of the following ways to show Filipino
patriotism:
 Know that Lupang Hinirang is the title of our national anthem and not Bayang Magiliw.
 Know our history and our national symbols.
 Do not litter and do not smoke in public places
 Stay alive! Use overpasses, underpasses, footbridges etc.
 Obey road rules so you won't need to bribe MMDA traffic enforcers.
 Guys, before you go out, pee! So you won't need to do it in the streets.
 Buy local products. Look at your shirt's tag, it says 'Made in the Philippines' anyway.
 Support local tourism. Let's go to Palawan guys!
 Mountaineers, when you go up there, bring your garbage down with you.
 Report police officers riding motorcycles with no helmet.
 Be a responsible neighbor. Just because you got the microphone doesn’t mean we want to hear
you belt out your favorite videoke piece, especially when it's already midnight.
 Be a responsible FX passenger. Sit accordingly and share the air-conditioning to everyone.
 Watch at least one or two Filipino movies in a year.
 Do some volunteering works or at least donate.
 Magsalita at mag-blog sa Filipino! D

With all these, we can conclude that nationalism and patriotism really had overlapping principles.
When it comes to Scope, nationalism has a bigger and wider coverage as compared to patriotism.
Meaning, patriotism can be categorized as under the larger umbrella of nationalism.

SELF-CHECK PR-2.1.6 5. ________________ An article

enumerated some of the different ways
A. Identification. Identify what is being asked to show Filipino patriotism.
in each item. Write answer on the space
provided.
SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY PR-2.1.7
1. ________________ He said that
1. Claro M. Recto
nationalism is nourished by a sense of
history. 2. Nationalism
2. ________________ It was viewed by 3. Nationality
George Orwell as aggressive and it’s 4. Nation
about power. 5. Ethnology Word Press
3. ________________ He contrasted Lord
Acton’s view on nationalism and
patriotism.
4. ________________ It is especially
concerned to “country” as certain
entity.
 INFORMATION SHEET PR-3.1.2
“Voters Education: Your Vote, Our Future!”

Objectives:

1. Give light on the importance of one's vote.

2. Develop a sense of mature and discerning electorate through voter's education.
3. Cultivate a deep sense of commitment to building a free, democratic, peaceful, and progressive
nation.

Voters Education: Your Vote, Our Future!

"Stressing that efforts towards voters' education must

come from all stakeholders concerned-political parties,
grassroots-based organizations, civil society, media, the
private sector, citizens, religious groups and the
academe...

-..2003 Voter Education Summit

Declaration

The development of a mature and discerning electorate is a necessary ingredient in the consolidation
and maturation of Philippine democracy. Good governance is also enhanced through the election by
such a responsible electorate of competent, hardworking and dedicated public officials.

To further show and express Filipino ways, Voters education is a part of the electoral reforms which was
proposed by the 2002 National Electoral Reform summit. Its immediate target is to prepare the voters
for the crucial 2004 National and Local Elections while its long-range target is to develop a critical mass
of mature and discerning voters. The new modernized method of voting and counting, as well as the
new absentee voting system and the party-list system, also need to be explained to all voters.

Year 2003 represents a window of opportunity for voter education. It is a time when people are greatly
concerned about their economic plight due to the ongoing global economic crisis, about the apparent
breakdown of the peace and order situation, and the apparent malaise or drift in the policies and
programs of government. They are greatly concerned about the quality and capabilities of governance.
In short, politics is already high in the people s consciousness.

Voter registration in the Philippines is the process of filing an application to have a voter's record at the
Commission on Election in a specific date and designated places set by the COMELEC.

Any Filipino citizen who is at least 18 years of age, a resident of the Philippines for at least one year, and
in the place where he or she intends to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election
can file application for registration. Computerized Voter's List (CVL) electronic process and the Voters
Registration Record (VRR) manual one.

There are two types of voter registration:

Registration Process
 To become a registered voter, you must
personally submit all the required documents.
You must yield to your election officer a fully
accomplished Registration form (CEF-1A)
which you can get either from the Office of
Election Officer (OEO) or downloaded from the
commission website. Along with your form,
you must also present a photocopy of any
valid ID which is inclusive of your photo,
autograph and home address. None of the
three qualifications must be underprovided.

Wait until all your documents are verified by

the assigned election officer. After all your
documents are authenticated, you can
proceed to the next step, which is the taking
of your biometrics, which includes your
signature, thumb mark and picture. The last
step is for you to get your acknowledgment
receipt which you can present upon getting your Voter's ID.

Registration is open every Monday to Friday (including holidays) from 8am to 5pm.
Valid ID Qualification Deficiency

An ID which is deficient of any of the given qualifications must get either a National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) or Police Clearance from their Local City / Municipal Hall.

If by any chance, none of the potential ID is owned by an individual, he or she can be identified under
oath by any registered voter of the same precinct or by any of his relatives who must also be an
authorized voter.

Double Registration

There are cases when an individual transfer’s residence then fails to file an application for cancellation
or transfer. This is an electoral case called double/multiple registration, which also calls as flying voter.
Whether it is deliberate or not, the individual who is found guilty shall be punishable with imprisonment
of one to six years.

What is the Right to Suffrage?

Suffrage is the human right to vote and, for the

Philippines, is indicated in three documents: the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;
and the 1987 Philippine Constitution. They all call for
universality of the right; equality in access to public
service; and secrecy of votes.

This right is exercised during elections, and as a

citizen- voter, you are entitled to free and informed
choice on whom to vote. Every political choices and decisions you make will determine the kind of
government that will serve the country.
How is Suffrage a Mechanism for Political Participation?

The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government authority comes
from. Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly through suffrage and indirectly through
public officials elected by the people. The will of the people, then, is best expressed in clean, orderly and
honest elections.

Who are qualified to Vote in Philippine Elections?

 Citizens of the Philippines

 18 old years old and above on the day of elections
 A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he or she
proposes to vote for at least six months before the election
 Those not disqualified by law
 Under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law: Filipino citizens abroad and immigrants
 Permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines
 Who are disqualified to Vote in Philippine Elections?
 The following are disqualified (by law) from voting:
 Person sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year
 Person found to have committed rebellion, sedition violation of the ant-subversion and firearms
laws, or any crime against national security or involving disloyalty to the government
 Insane or incompetent persons

For better understanding about voter’s education, let us take a look at the history of elections in our
country.

Elections in the Philippines

Pre-Martial Rule (1960)
The Philippines was under a two-party system, with Nacionalista and Liberal as the two major political
parties.

Martial Law Period (1972)

Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law. The 1935
Constitution was scrapped, an Interim Batasang
Pambansa was created and a new (1973) Constitution
was adopted.

1978
The election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa. Kilusang
Bagong Lipunan (KBL) became the administration party.
The election was claimed to be towards restoration of old
political order but Marcos purpose was to gain legitimacy
for his unpopular administration and to create a rubber
stamp legislature. The exercise defied democratic
procedures, and was characterized by rampant electoral manipulation done by the Marcos government
to ensure victory.

1983
The assassination of Ninoy.
1986
Snap elections characterized by manipulations and irregularities. These and the worsening social and
political order resulted in the EDSA revolution which led to collapse of KBL, ouster of Marcos and
installation of Cory Aquino as President.

1987-1988
Aquino's program of bringing back democracy and
political stability are 3 major electoral exercises:
national plebiscite for the approval of the 1987
Constitution; election of members of Congress: and
local elections in 1988. The 1987 Constitution
provided for a multi-party system.
1992
First presidential elections under the 1987 Constitution.
Main campaign issue was anti-trapo or traditional
politics. Fidel Ramos won as President and Joseph Erap"
Estrada as vice.

1995
Congressional and local elections; Dagdag-bawas
(subtract and add votes from one candidate to another)
as a form of fraud was widely practiced.

1998
Erap, won the presidency with a popular support of 38%. The first
party-list election was held.

2000

An impeachment case against Erap was filed.

2001

EDSA Dos or a repeat of the 1986 People Power ousted Erap, and Gloria Macapagal Aroyo became the
new President until 2004.
2004

Gloria Macapagal Aroyo, become full pledge

President of the Republic of the Philippines

2010

The first automated national election

was held, claiming Benigno “Noynoy”
Aquino ll as the new President of the
Republic.

2016

Rodrigo Roa Duterte is a President of the Philippines and the first

from Mindanao to hold the office.
What are the Powers and Functions of the National and Local Officials Whom We Vote for?

Level Executive Legislative

National Level President 12 Senators

1 District Representative
Or 0.
(Vice-President)
Congressman/woman
(1 Party list group)
Provincial Level Governor Vice-Governor
Sangguniang Panlalawigan Members
Municipal/City Level City/Municipal Vice-Mayor City/Municipal Vice-Mayor
Members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod
(City Councilors)/Sangguniang Bayan
(Municipal Councilors)
Barangay Level Punong Barangay (PB)
PB Members of the Sangguniang Barangay
Kagawad
Sangguniang Kabataan Chair)
Powers and Functions  Control of all executive  Statute making, constitution making.,
departments and all and amending of constitution
implementing agencies of  Appropriations/financial function
the government  Oversight function
 Appointment of high  Informational or the power of conduct
officials in the government inquiries in aid of legislation
(heads of executive
departments/cabin et
members, ambassadors,
public ministers, consuls,
officers of the armed
forces)
 Seeing to the execution and
implementation of laws and
policies

How do the Legislative and Executive Interact in the Law-Making Process?

In the legislative process, the president can either approve or veto a law passed by Congress. It would
require 2/3s vote by the legislative body to finally pass the vetoed version into law.

At the local level, chief executives can also veto any ordinance on the ground that it is prejudicial to the
public. In turn, the Sanggunian or the local legislative body can override the veto, also by 2/3s vote of
the whole Sanggunian.

How do Filipino Voters Vote?

A 2003 update study on voting behavior looks at how Filipino voters choose their candidates:

 Public servant image or the candidate's characteristics Such as madaling lapitan, malinis na
pagkatao, matulungin sa nangangailangan, nagtataguyod ng programang pangkaunlaran.
  Political machinery which includes the political party, being in the opposition, and good
campaign strategies
 Popularity or being a celebrity or endorsed by a celebrity
 Endorsement of network and organizations such as the family, the church, the groups and group
leaders.
What Election Practices and Irregularities Should the Citizens Watch Out for?

 Bribery, intimidation, and various forms of cheating particularly:

 Registering in several names and/or several precincts:
 Vote-buying/vote-selling/paid not to vote;
 Flying voters;
 Voting in the name of other persons/ dead persons or relatives
 Threat to supporters, voters, and members of election inspectors
 Lanzadera/ballot-switching and ballot box snatching:
 Marking ballots and other election documents to make it invalid
 Dag-bawas during counting and canvassing

Election Process

 Registration Day
 Revision Day
 List of Voters
 Casting of Votes
 Counting of Votes
 Preparation of Election Returns and other Reports
 Distribution of Election Returns
 Board of Canvassers (For President and Vice-President)
Board of Canvassers (For Senators)
Board of Canvassers (Provincial l/City/District Municipality)
 Proclamation of Winning Candidates

What are the Efforts to Modernized Election in Philippines?

Republic Act 8436 or the Election Modernization Act of 1997 calls for the use of automated election
system in the country as early as the May 1998 elections.

This system will make use of appropriate technology for voting and electronic devices to count and
canvass votes.

However, years have passed and the full implementation is yet to be seen. With the collaborative efforts
of the COMELEC, the very first full implementation of the nationwide automated election system was
realized five years ago, last May 2010.

The implementation of RA 8436 through COMELEC Resolution 02-0170 (Phases of Modernization) went
several phases before it has been fully realized.

 Phase 1 (Voter Registration and Validation System)

 Phase 2 (Automated Counting and Canvassing System)
 Phase 3 (Electronic Transmission of Election Results)
Aside From Voting In Elections, How Can I, As A Citizen-Voter, Participate In Political Affairs?

Initiative and Referendum

Through the system of initiative and referendum, the directly propose, enact, and reject laws at the local
people can level. Also through initiative, citizens may directly propose amendments to the Constitution
by a petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, where 3% of registered voters in
each legislative district is represented.

Plebiscite

Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call for a constitutional convention to propose
changes to the Constitution, approve or reject proposed changes in the Constitution and, at the local
level, express their will on certain local issues.

Sectoral Representation

The party-list system of representation gives sectors the chance to be represented In Congress together
with our Congressmen/women. Under this system, voters support a sectoral party or organization or
c0alition and its issues and programs. The Constitution and the 199T Local Government Code (LGC)
allow for representation or sectors in the local legislature or Sanggunian.

Local Special Bodes

Ordinary citizens are called to sit in local special bodies such as the local health boards, school boards,
peace and order councils and development councils for consultation.

A barangay assembly (assembly of all residents, 15 years old and above, of the barangay) meets to
discuss the activities and finances of the Sangguniang Barangay and matters affecting the barangay.

The assembly has the power to hear and judge the report of Sangguniang Barangay's (SB)) performance.
It can also recommend matters for legislation by SB and decide on the adoption of initiative to propose,
enact or reject ordinances.

Absentee Voting System

Republic Act 9189 of The Overseas Absentee Voting Law provides for a system, which allows qualified
Filipinos abroad to vote in national elections in the Philippines.

What Makes a Good Government, Good Leaders and Good Citizen-Voters?

 A good government is one that engages citizen participation and is responsive to the needs of
the people.
 Good leaders are those who uphold accountability to the people and promote transparent and
people oriented programs.
 Good citizen-voters are those who value their right to suffrage as to keep themselves informed,
involved and vigilant.

What are some Action Points for Citizen-Voters in Exercising the Right to Suffrage?

 Before elections
 o Prepare to exercise the right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice.
o Register during the period allotted for voter registration
o Be informed of the issues, platforms and personalities of the political candidates
o Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the candidates' social
affiliations and interests, competence, lifestyle, performance records.
o Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the commitment of
the candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and welfare of the citizens in their
program of government. This process can be used to remind and hold the elected leaders
accountable to the promises made during the campaign.

 During election
o Exercise vigilance and the right to vote
o Vote according to your conscience
o Protect the integrity of your own vote from any undue influence
o Volunteer in organizations that work for clean and peaceful elections
o Watch out for instances of cheating in the elections and inform authorities and the rest of
the electorate of such activities.

 After elections
o Practice continued vigilance and participate in governance
o Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes
o Attend consultations and public hearings, and participate in local special bodies.
o Legislative advocacy- a process where citizens talk with the lawmakers and other
implementers in the government to ensure that the concerns and welfare of the general
public are included in the discussion and making of laws.
o The citizen voter can also engage in the political and electoral process in other ways such as:
making views known to the elected representatives: supporting/campaigning for a political
party, candidate or party-list group; supporting initiatives of civil society organizations to
ensure honest and peaceful elections: and running for office.

SELF-CHECK PR-3.1.15
Modified True or False: Write True if the statement is correct. If it is False, write the correct answer
in the given space to make the statement correct. The underlined words serve as clues.

1. _________ There are two types of voter registration: Computerized Voter's List (CVL) electronic
process and the Voters Registration Report (VRR) manual one.
2. _________ In the registration process, after all your documents are authenticated, you can
proceed to the next step, which is the taking of your biometrics, which includes your signature,
thumb mark and payment.
3. _________ Registration is open every Monday to Friday (including holidays) from 8am to 5pm.
4. _________ A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the City or municipality wherein he
or she proposes to vote for at least three months before the election is qualified to vote in
Philippine elections.
 5. _________ The person sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year is disqualified by
law from voting in the Philippines.
SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY PR-3.1.16

1. True
2. Picture
3. True
4. Six months
5. True
INFORMATION SHEET PR-4.1.2
“Understanding the Filipino Value System”

Objectives:

 Cultivate a deep sense of commitment to building a free, democratic, peaceful, and progressive
nation.
 Demonstrate Filipino value system.

"Many Filipinos are what / call Sunday-religious, that is they go to church every Sunday, take in
confession and communion, but the rest of the week they bribe and do corrupt deeds..."

- Dr. Pura Santillan-Castrence

A thing has value when it is perceived as good and desirable. Food, money, and housing have a value
because they are perceived as good and the desire to acquire those influences attitudes and behavior.
Not only material goods but also ideals and concepts are valuable, such as truth, honesty, and justice.
For instance, if truth is a value for one, it commands in one an inner commitment which in turn
translates itself into one's daily speech and action. Truth is good and desirable; it influences attitudes
and behavior.

Values are the bases of judging what attitudes and behavior are correct and desirable and what are not.
It is therefore of crucial importance that there be an appropriate framework as well as system among
Filipino values. Values have a social function: commonly held values unite families, tribes, societies, and
nations. They are essential to the democratic way, of life, which puts a high premium on freedom and
the rule of law. That is why, shortly after the Revolution of February 1986, the Department of Education,
Culture, and Sports made values education a primary thrust. Similarly, the DECS thrust found strong
support in the Philippine Constitution of 1987 in its vision of "a just and humane society," which calls for
a shared culture and commonly held values such as "truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace."
(Preamble)

Filipino cultural values are widely held beliefs which make some activities, relationships, goals and
feelings important to the Filipino people's identity. When these Filipino values coalesce and mesh in a
mutually supportive system, it is called "Filipino value system. The content of the Filipino values are the
Filipino myths and religion while the structures are the Filipino oral and written traditions, churches,
sacred places, temples and mosques. The Filipinos internalize these values of their culture and thus
create for themselves a "world of meanings."

Fr. Vitaliano Gorospe in his essay on "Understanding the Filipino Value System" discussed about the
value philosophy; Filipino values, its nature, constellation, and context; and Filipino values, its
ambivalence and split-level Christianity. Let us now try to examine, to explore, and to understand the
Filipino value system.

Value Philosophy

A brief introduction to the philosophy of human values is necessary for an understanding of Filipino
values and values education. A Filipino experiences family closeness and solidarity (pagpapahalaga sa
pamilya), politeness (use of po or ho). Hospitality (tuloy po kayo), gratitude (utang na loob) from
"within". That is, subjectively and emotionally, unlike a non-Filipino observer, social scientist, or
psychologist who studies Filipino values objectively from "without" or "from a distance".

Such Filipino values as social acceptance, (pakikisama, amor propio, economic security, pagmamay-ari),
and trust in God (paniniwala sa Diyos, Bathala or Maykapal) find their philosophical basis in man's
dynamic openness toward nature and the world (like the value of hanap-buhay ng magsasaka), one's
fellowmen (the values of paggalang, hiya, katarungan, pagibig), and God (the values of
pananampalataya, pananalangin, kabanalan).

This dynamic openness of man is openness to the possibilities of the future. That is why values are
something to be realized. Take the value of peace. The Philippine situation is now characterized by
insurgency; conflict between the NPA, the MNLF and the AFP; vigilante groups; hostility and division--in
short, an absence of national peace and order.

Human values are not merely private. All values have a social aspect. The government official who
demands porsiyento, the fireman or policeman who extorts tong or lagay for a service which is his duty,
all contribute to the worsening graft and corruption. We are all responsible for one another (tayong
lahat ay may pananagutan sa isa't-isa)

Values are both subjective and objective. They involve a subject or person who values (like, a young girl)
and an object or value to be realized (like, pagkamahinhin). Justice is objective because it is a value that
should be realized by all. It also becomes subjective if justice becomes a value for me. There is an
objective difference between value and disvalue, pleasure and pain, life and death, poverty and
affluence, heroism and cowardice, truth and error, right and wrong, holiness and sinfulness. The
difference is not only in the mind or a matter of personal taste or preference. Even if I close my eyes to
the ugly poverty around me, the poor will not disappear.

Values are not objective in the sense that they are found in some static heaven: they are relational and
embodied in person value-types (ideal moral persons). For example, to a tipong-mukhang kwarta (an
avaricious look) profit is more important than service; to a tipong-politiko (political type), pera (money)
propaganda, politika (politics) are more valuable than honesty tipong silyentipiko (Scientist type) or
tipong-artista (actor type) personify agham (Science) and sining (art); tipong madasalin (pious type) may
exemplify kabanalan (piety).

Fr. Vitaliano Gorospe cited that the late President Cory Aquino embodied all that a Filipino wanted his or
her President to be--credible, honest, just, with a strong faith in God and in her people. The ideal type or
Filipino model during the "parliament of the streets" was the tipong-maka-Diyos (religions), makatao
people-oriented), makabayan (nationalistic).

The heroes of EDSA placed the good of the Filipino people before the safety and security of their
families. They were willing to risk their lives for God and people. Value-ranking or the priority of values is
not merely arbitrary or subjective. There is an objective ranking of values based on existence or reality
and other objective criteria.
Using the criteria of permanence, ability to be shared, and depth of satisfaction, Max Scheler ranked
human values from the lowest to the highest as follows: sense values like sensual pleasure are
exemplified by the lakwatsero or pabling: utilitarian values like profit and efficiency by the businessman
and technocrat; life values, by the doctor and the hero, like, Dr. Bobby de la Paz and Emilio Jacinto;
cultural values, by the genius and the artist, like, Jose Rizal and Francisco Balagtas religious values, by
the saint, like, Mother Teresa or Lorenzo Ruiz. Moral and religious values are pre-eminent and claim the
highest priority in the objective scale of values because they are absolutely necessary in order to
become fully human (magpakatao).

SELF-CHECK PR-4.1.5

A. Identification. Identify what is being asked in each item. Write answer on the space provided.

1. __________ These are the bases of judging what attitudes and behavior are correct and
desirable and what are not.
2. __________ According to Fr. Gorospe, she embodied all that a Filipino wanted his or her
President to be credible honest, just, with a strong faith in God and in her people.
3. __________Philippine Constitution of 1987 in its vision of "a just and humane society," which
calls for a shared culture and commonly held values such as "truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality and peace."
4. __________Fr. Vitaliano Gorospe in his essay discussed about the value philosophy
5. __________ By the saint, like, Mother Ignacia or Lorenzo Ruiz. Moral and religious values are
pre-eminent and claim the highest priority in the objective scale of values.

SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY PR-4.1.6

1. Values
2. Cory Aquino
3. Preamble
4. Understanding the Filipino Value System
5. Mother Theresa

INFORMATION SHEET PR-5.1.2

“Filipino Value”

Objectives:

 Cultivate a deep sense of commitment to building a free, democratic, peaceful, and progressive
nation.
 Demonstrate Filipino value system.

"Many Filipinos are what / call Sunday-religious, that is they go to church every Sunday, take in
confession and communion, but the rest of the week they bribe and do corrupt deeds..."

- Dr. Pura Santillan-Castrence

Filipino Values: Nature, Constellation and Context

What are Filipino values? What is distinctly Filipino in our value system? The Filipino value system arises
from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in this particular place and time.
We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense.

First, although mankind shares universal human values, it is obvious that certain values take on for us a
distinctively Filipino flavor. The Greek ideal of moderation or meden agan, the Roman in medio stat
virtus, the Confucian and Buddhist "doctrine of the Middle", find their Filipino equivalent in hindi labis,
hindi kulang, katamtaman lamang.

Secondly, when we speak of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino values are
absent in the value systems of other peoples and cultures. All people eat, talk and sing, but they eat
different foods, speak various languages and sing different songs. Thus, we easily recognize Filipino,
American, Chinese, Japanese or any other foreign food, language or music. The difference lies in the way
these elements are ranked, combined or emphasized so that they take on a distinctively Filipino slant or
cast.

For instance, in China, honesty and hard work may rank highest; Chinese and Japanese cultures give
great value to politeness and beauty, American Culture to promptness and efficiency: and Filipino
culture to trust in God and family centeredness. In this sense of value-ranking and priority of values, we
can speak of dominant Filipino values.

Thirdly, universal human values in a Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-economic, political, moral
and religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivations. This is true not only of the
aims and goals, beliefs, convictions, and social principles of the traditional value system of the lowland
rural family but also of what Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J. calls the Filipino "nationalistic" tradition
(pagsasarli, pagkakaisa, pakikisama, pakikipag kapwa-tao, and pagkabayani).
A Filipino value or disvalue does not exist alone, in isolation or in a vacuum. Filipino values like bahala
na, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, pakiusap are clustered around core values like social acceptance,
economic security, social mobility, and are always found in a definite context or set of circumstances.
Both positive values and negative disvalues together form a characteristic constellation in school (aralan
at dasalan [studying and praying], kuwentuhan at laruan [storytelling and game], inggitan at tsismisan
envying and gossipingl), which differs from the configuration found in government offices
(pagkakaisa[unity], pagkabayani [heroism) intriga [intrigue], palakasan [show of power], sipsipan
[bribery, palusot), in business firms (palabra de honor [word of honor), delicadeza [finesse],
"commission", "kickback", padulas grease money], lagay[bribe]), or in the barrio barangays (paggalang
[honoring). pagdadamayan [comforting]., bayanihan [cooperation], bahala na [come what may], utang
na loob gratefulness], hiya [shame] /pakiusap [appear], palakasan show of power]).

To change a framework of values, it may be necessary to change the constellation and context of those
negative values that hinder Filipino and Christian development.

Fourthly, we can speak of Filipino values in the sense that the historical consciousness of values has
evolved among our people. The Filipino concept of justice has evolved from inequality to equality, and
to human dignity; from the tribe, to the family, and to the nation. Filipino consciousness of these
different values varies at different periods of our history.

It is only in the last two decades that the Filipino people have become more conscious of overpopulation
and family planning, environmental pollution (Kawasaki sintering plant) and wildlife conservation
(Calauit Island), and the violation of human rights (Martial Law), active non-violence and People Power
(1986 Non-violent Revolution).

Filipino Values: Ambivalence and Split-Level Christianity

Are Filipino values good or bad? The

truth is that Filipino values are
ambivalent in the sense that they
are a potential for good or evil, a
help or hindrance to personal and
national development, depending
on how they are understood,
practiced or lived. They can be used
in a good or evil context, like,
pakikisama sa kabuktutan or sa
kaunlaran. Filipino values have both
positive and negative aspects
depending on the context in which
they are found.

In a social system or atmosphere of extreme insecurity, the positive qualities of the Filipino take on
negative and ugly appearances. For example, utang na loob can lead to pakiusap nepotism and
"cronyism". Pagmamay-ari ng kapangyarihan (the possession of power) and their abuse could lead to
class “Hiya” can distinction or the "malakas-mahina system" become pakitang tao or gaya-gaya;
machismo (tunay na lalake) is partly responsible for the "querida system" and the doble-kara morality.
To show the ambivalence of Filipino values, one example will suffice. Take the well-known but
ambivalent Filipino bahala na mentality. On the one hand, this Filipino attitude could be the root of the
positive value of risk taking, entrepreneurship, and social responsibility. Prof. Jose de Mesa, in a pioneer
book on the Filipino and Christian meaning of bahala na, stresses the positive meaning of this virtue of
risk- taking, enterprise and joint trust in both human effort (bahala tayong lahat) and divine Providence
(bahala ang Maykapal).
A people's will to take chances and risks, no matter what difficulties and problems the future entails, is
necessary for a nation's growth and destiny. Bahala na could be a genuine faith and trust in Divine
ProvIdence that also presupposes a self-reliance (pagsasarili) that took the form of People Power in the
EDSA revolution. Bahala na was a positive and nationalistic virtue for Jose Rizal, who believed that
Filipinos could no longer rely on the Spaniards, but only on themselves and on God.

On the other hand, in the past the negative aspect of bahala na which dominated Filipino life meant a
false sense of resignation (ganyan lang ang buhay), a superstitious belief or blind faith (malas/suwerte,
tadhana, kapalaran), or escape from decision-making and social responsibility. As such it may be the
root cause of national apathy (walang pakialam) and collective paralysis of action (bakit pa kikilos) to
solve both local and national problems. Everything is already predetermined or fated.

Negatively, bahala na could engender a false sense of security with God as insurance or a security
blanket. For example, if God wants Filipino families to have plenty of children (anak ay kayamanan), God
will take care of everything. Bahala na could be the cause of the absence of national initiative and of
that discipline required for national growth.

When negative bahala na prevails, nothing ever gets done. Potholed roads, uncollected garbage,
countless unsolved murders, car napping and smuggling remain year after year. How many have ever
been arrested, convicted or jailed for wanton murder or for notorious graft and corruption? A sense of
national frustration, helplessness, and despair grips the nation and the people no longer care. Nothing is
going to happen--Bahala na, come what may.

From a Filipino perspective, what social reforms are necessary to transform bahala na positively? No
society will long endure unless there is justice; that is, unless a system of reward and punishment exists
and is effective. If in Philippine society lying and stealing people's money are rewarded and truthfulness
and honesty are punished, what else can one expect but a badly broken political will for national
reform?
The present government should therefore prioritize an effective system of universal sanctions for those
who hold power. From a Christian perspective, the Christian doctrines of divine Providence, creation,
stewardship of land and property, and the conservation of our natural resources remain the challenge
and task of parents, educators, and Christian evangelizers.

Split-level Christianity or double-standard morality, the immorality and hypocrisy of many so-called
Filipino Christians, is a scandal to both Christians and non-Christians alike. It is important to distinguish
between pseudo Christianity in all its varied forms and authentic Christianity; between bad and good
Christians. We must also take into account the ambiguity of any religious commitment, which is not
something made once and for all, but a life-long process which demands constant conversion and
renewal. We must also distinguish between Filipino actual and normative behavior (between what is
and what ought to be).
Filipino values are not static, i.e., they are not simply what they are, but dynamic, i.e., they become.
From a historical perspective, the question to ask about Filipino values is: Ganito kami noon: paano kayo
ngayon? How are we to know towards what goal or direction Filipino values ought to move or become?

Now that we have regained our democratic form of government once again and have arrived at a
privileged historical kairos, how do we transform Filipino values to build a more just and humane
society" (Preamble, 1987 Constitution)

According to Fr. Gorospe, we need both external structural and internal cultural change. It is here that
the Christian faith should, in the last analysis, point the way to the kind of values education needed for
national reconstruction.
Philippines Values: Strengths to Filipino Characters

Do you know why Filipino's working

ability? Discipline and patience
outstanding?

Learn how Philippines values and

culture produce amazing
professionals.

Close Family Ties - To a family Filipino, comes first & family is

everything. He lives with it and depends on it. His dreams,
aspirations and life are always centered on his family. This
family solidarity keeps a Filipino to be positive amidst
everything. He works hard to ensure a better life for the family.
Family is evidently highly valued in the Philippines, thus, the
government also strengthens Filipino family and in great
support to ensure work-family balance.

"Utang Na Loob" Or Debt of Gratitude - Filipinos

always recognize one's indebtedness. This means
that he owed to a person who has helped him
through the trials he had undergone. He repays that
person in whatever kind, whatever time and
situation. It is one way of showing deep appreciation
for lending out a hand.

Hiya – It is a Filipino value that is difficult to

translate, literally it has several meanings such as
shy, timid, sensitive rather than ashamed. Filipino
believe they must live up to the accepted standards
of behavior and make it a point no to cause another
person’s embarrassment. Each is anticipated to have
“ hiyain the way they behave to win respect from the
community. This is a value that gives a Filipino a
sense of social decency and politeness.
 Pakikisama – There is no exact English translation
for this word. It means getting along with others
to preserve a harmonious relationship. It invites
the Filipino to do well and to be a nice companion.
The value of pakikisama results in camaraderie
and a feeling of closeness to one another.

Pakikisama is also sharing one’s wealth, talent,

time and self with fellow human beings and
working together for a common good. This value
bridges the gap between cultures.

Respect to Others – Filipinos regards others

with dignity and respect. This is being observed
in a basic sense of justice, fairness and concern
for others fellowmen, nature or animals.
The above values are the root of many other
values Close family ties makes a Filipino a
hardworking and industrious person. A Filipino
will do anything for his family that also makes
him optimistic, flexible, adaptable, and
creative.

Hiya, pakikisama, utang na loob & respect to

others make a Filipino an individual with unique
moral obligation to treat one another resulting
to community ties. These values make Filipinos
friendly, hospitable, polite & loyal.

In brief, the Filipino core values influence how they behave The Philippines is recognized in having in any
situation "collectivist" culture indicated by close family ties and community ties in society. Filipino values
are centered at preserving social harmony, motivated main by the desire to be accepted within a group.
This makes a Filipino a reliable person that can easily integrate and work with anyone, anytime, anyhow
& anywhere.

Be proud, you're a FILIPINO!

After the discussion, try to look back the first activity in this lesson. If you guessed it right,
CONGRATULATIONS! INDEED,
YOU'RE A FILIPINOI

SELF-CHECK PR-5.1.9

B. Modified True or False: Write True if the statement is correct. If it is False, write the correct answer
in the given space to make the statement correct. The underlined words serve as clues.

1. _______________ She called many Filipinos , that is they go to church every Sunday, take in
confession and communion, but the rest of the week they bribe and do corrupt deeds..."
 2. _______________ Confucian and Buddhist, find their Filipino equivalent in hindi labis, hindi
kulang, katamtaman lamang.
3. _______________ He calls the Filipino "nationalistic" tradition (pagsasarli, pagkakaisa,
pakikisama, pakikipag kapwa-tao, and pagkabayani).
4. _______________ To a family Filipino, comes first & family is everything. He lives with it and
depends on it. His dreams, aspirations and life are always centered on his family.
5. _______________ Filipinos always recognize one's indebtedness. This means that he owed to a
person who has helped him through the trials he had undergone
6. _______________ It is a Filipino value that is difficult to translate, literally it has several
meanings such as shy, timid, sensitive rather than ashamed.
7. _______________ There is no exact English translation for this word. It means getting along
with others to preserve a harmonious relationship.
8. _______________ Filipinos regard others with dignity and respect. This is being observed in a
basic sense of justice, fairness and concern for others fellowmen, nature or animals.

SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY PR-5.1.10

1. Sunday-religious
2. Confucian and Buddhist
3. Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J.
4. Close Family Ties
5. "Utang Na Loob" Or Debt of Gratitude
6. Hiya
7. Pakikisama
8. Respect to Others

INFORMATION SHEET MT-6.1.2

“Leadership Basics”
Leadership Basics

What is Leadership?
Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and
work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the ability of
a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.

Leadership is the potential to influence behavior of others. It is also defined as the capacity to influence
a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required to develop future visions, and to
motivate the organizational members to want to achieve the visions.

According to Keith Davis, “Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives
enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.”

Characteristics of Leadership

It is a inter-personal process in which a manager is into influencing and guiding workers towards
attainment of goals.

It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person who includes intelligence, maturity and personality.
It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other.

A leader is involved in shaping and molding the behavior of the group towards accomplishment of
organizational goals.

Leadership is situation bound. There is no best style of leadership. It all depends upon tackling with the
situations

A leadership style is a leader's style of providing direction, implementing plans,

and motivating people. There are many different leadership styles proposed by various authors,
that can be exhibited by leaders in the political, business or other fields

12 Different Types of Leadership Styles

Some leaders cannot work comfortably with a high degree of followers’ participation in
decision making. Some employers lack the ability or the desire to assume responsibility.
Furthermore, the specific situation helps determine the most effective style of interactions.
Sometimes leaders must handle problems that require immediate solutions without consulting
followers.

What are Different Leadership Styles?

We have covered 12 different types of ways people tend to lead organizations or other people.
Not all of these styles would deem fit for all kind of situations, you can read them through to
see which one fits right to your company or situation.

1. Autocratic Leadership

Autocratic leadership style is centered on the boss. In this leadership the leader holds all
authority and responsibility. In this leadership, leaders make decisions on their own without
consulting subordinates. They reach decisions, communicate them to subordinates and expect
prompt implementation. Autocratic work environment does normally have little or no
flexibility.

In this kind of leadership, guidelines, procedures and policies are all natural additions of an
autocratic leader. Statistically, there are very few situations that can actually support autocratic
leadership.

2. Democratic Leadership

In this leadership style, subordinates are involved in making decisions. Unlike autocratic, this
headship is centered on subordinates’ contributions. The democratic leader holds final
responsibility, but he or she is known to delegate authority to other people, who determine
work projects.
The most unique feature of this leadership is that communication is active upward and
downward. With respect to statistics, democratic leadership is one of the most preferred
leadership, and it entails the following: fairness, competence, creativity, courage, intelligence
and honesty.

3. Strategic Leadership Style

Strategic leadership is one that involves a leader who is essentially the head of an organization.
The strategic leader is not limited to those at the top of the organization. It is geared to a wider
audience at all levels who want to create a high performance life, team or organization.

The strategic leader fills the gap between the need for new possibility and the need for
practicality by providing a prescriptive set of habits. An effective strategic leadership delivers
the goods in terms of what an organization naturally expects from its leadership in times of
change. 55% of this leadership normally involves strategic thinking.

4. Transformational Leadership

Unlike other leadership styles, transformational leadership is all about initiating change in
organizations, groups, oneself and others.

Transformational leaders motivate others to do more than they originally intended and often
even more than they thought possible. They set more challenging expectations and typically
achieve higher performance.

Statistically, transformational leadership tends to have more committed and satisfied followers.
This is mainly so because transformational leaders empower followers.

5. Team Leadership

Team leadership involves the creation of a vivid picture of its future, where it is heading and
what it will stand for. The vision inspires and provides a strong sense of purpose and direction.

Team leadership is about working with the hearts and minds of all those involved. It also
recognizes that teamwork may not always involve trusting cooperative relationships. The most
challenging aspect of this leadership is whether or not it will succeed. According to Harvard
Business Review, team leadership may fail because of poor leadership qualities.

6. Cross-Cultural Leadership

This form of leadership normally exists where there are various cultures in the society. This
leadership has also industrialized as a way to recognize front runners who work in the
contemporary globalized market.
Organizations, particularly international ones require leaders who can effectively adjust their
leadership to work in different environs. Most of the leaderships observed in the United States
are cross-cultural because of the different cultures that live and work there.

7. Facilitative Leadership

Facilitative leadership is too dependent on measurements and outcomes – not a skill, although
it takes much skill to master. The effectiveness of a group is directly related to the efficacy of its
process. If the group is high functioning, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the process.

On the other hand, if the group is low functioning, the facilitative leader will be more directives
in helping the group run its process. An effective facilitative leadership involves monitoring of
group dynamics, offering process suggestions and interventions to help the group stay on track.

8. Laissez-faire Leadership

Laissez-faire leadership gives authority to employees. According to a central, departments or

subordinates are allowed to work as they choose with minimal or no interference. According to
research, this kind of leadership has been consistently found to be the least satisfying and least
effective management style.

9. Transactional Leadership

This is a leadership that maintains or continues the status quo. It is also the leadership that
involves an exchange process, whereby followers get immediate, tangible rewards for carrying
out the leader’s orders. Transactional leadership can sound rather basic, with its focus on
exchange.

Being clear, focusing on expectations, giving feedback are all important leadership
skills. Transactional leadership behaviors can include: clarifying what is expected of followers’
performance; explaining how to meet such expectations; and allocating rewards that are
contingent on meeting objectives.

10. Coaching Leadership

Coaching leadership involves teaching and supervising followers. A coaching leader is highly
operational in setting where results/ performance require improvement. Basically, in this kind
of leadership, followers are helped to improve their skills. Coaching leadership does the
following: motivates followers, inspires followers and encourages followers.
11. Charismatic Leadership

In this leadership, the charismatic leader manifests his or her revolutionary power. Charisma
does not mean sheer behavioral change. It actually involves a transformation of followers’
values and beliefs.

Therefore, this distinguishes a charismatic leader from a simply populist leader who may affect
attitudes towards specific objects, but who is not prepared as the charismatic leader is, to
transform the underlying normative orientation that structures specific attitudes.

12. Visionary Leadership

This form of leadership involves leaders who recognize that the methods, steps and processes
of leadership are all obtained with and through people. Most great and successful leaders have
the aspects of vision in them.

However, those who are highly visionary are the ones considered to be exhibiting visionary
leadership. Outstanding leaders will always transform their visions into realities.

Importance of Leadership

Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to achieve
organizational goals. The following points justify the importance of leadership in a concern.

Initiates action - Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the policies and plans to the
subordinates from where the work actually starts.

Motivation - A leader proves to be playing an incentive role in the concern’s working. He motivates the
employees with economic and non-economic rewards and thereby gets the work from the subordinates.
Providing guidance - A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for the subordinates.
Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have to perform their work effectively
and efficiently.

Creating confidence - Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through expressing the
work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them guidelines to
achieve the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the employees with regards to their complaints
and problems.

Building morale - Morale denotes willing co-operation of the employees towards their work and getting
them into confidence and winning their trust. A leader can be a morale booster by achieving full co-
operation so that they perform with best of their abilities as they work to achieve goals.
Builds work environment- Management is getting things done from people. An efficient work
environment helps in sound and stable growth. Therefore, human relations should be kept into mind by
a leader. He should have personal contacts with employees and should listen to their problems and
solve them. He should treat employees on humanitarian terms.
Co-ordination - Co-ordination can be achieved through reconciling personal interests with
organizational goals. This synchronization can be achieved through proper and effective co-ordination
which should be primary motive of a leader.

Role of a Leader

Following are the main roles of a leader in an organization:

Required at all levels - Leadership is a function which is important at all levels of management. In the
top level, it is important for getting co-operation in formulation of plans and policies. In the middle and
lower level, it is required for interpretation and execution of plans and programs framed by the top
management. Leadership can be exercised through guidance and counseling of the subordinates at the
time of execution of plans.

Representative of the organization - A leader, i.e., a manager is said to be the representative of the
enterprise. He has to represent the concern at seminars, conferences, general meetings, etc. His role is
to communicate the rationale of the enterprise to outside public. He is also representative of the own
department which he leads.

Integrates and reconciles the personal goals with organizational goals - A leader through leadership
traits helps in reconciling/ integrating the personal goals of the employees with the organizational goals.
He is trying to co-ordinate the efforts of people towards a common purpose and thereby achieves
objectives. This can be done only if he can influence and get willing co-operation and urge to accomplish
the objectives.

He solicits support - A leader is a manager and besides that he is a person who entertains and invites
support and co-operation of subordinates. This he can do by his personality, intelligence, maturity and
experience which can provide him positive result. In this regard, a leader has to invite suggestions and if
possible implement them into plans and programs of enterprise. This way, he can solicit full support of
employees which results in willingness to work and thereby effectiveness in running of a concern.

As a friend, philosopher and guide - A leader must possess the three dimensional traits in him. He can
be a friend by sharing the feelings, opinions and desires with the employees. He can be a philosopher by
utilizing his intelligence and experience and thereby guiding the employees as and when time requires.
He can be a guide by supervising and communicating the employees the plans and policies of top
management and secure their co-operation to achieve the goals of a concern. At times he can also play
the role of a counselor by counseling and a problem-solving approach. He can listen to the problems of
the employees and try to solve them.

Qualities of a Leader

A leader has got multidimensional traits in him who makes him appealing and effective in behavior. The
following are the requisites to be present in a good leader:

Physical appearance - A leader must have a pleasing appearance. Physique and health are very
important for a good leader.

Vision and foresight - A leader cannot maintain influence unless he exhibits that he is forward looking.
He has to visualize situations and thereby has to frame logical programs.

Intelligence - A leader should be intelligent enough to examine problems and difficult situations. He
should be analytical who weighs pros and cons and then summarizes the situation. Therefore, a positive
bent of mind and mature outlook is very important.
Communicative skills - A leader must be able to communicate the policies and procedures clearly,
precisely and effectively. This can be helpful in persuasion and stimulation.

Objective - A leader has to be having a fair outlook which is free from bias and which does not reflects
his willingness towards a particular individual. He should develop his own opinion and should base his
judgment on facts and logic.

Knowledge of work - A leader should be very precisely knowing the nature of work of his subordinates
because it is then he can win the trust and confidence of his subordinates.

Sense of responsibility - Responsibility and accountability towards an individual’s work is very important
to bring a sense of influence. A leader must have a sense of responsibility towards organizational goals
because only then he can get maximum of capabilities exploited in a real sense. For this, he has to
motivate himself and arouse and urge to give best of his abilities. Only then he can motivate the
subordinates to the best.

Self-confidence and will-power - Confidence in him is important to earn the confidence of the
subordinates. He should be trustworthy and should handle the situations with full will power. (You can
read more about Self-Confidence at: Self Confidence - Tips to be Confident and Eliminate Your
Apprehensions).

Humanist - This trait to be present in a leader is essential because he deals with human beings and is in
personal contact with them. He has to handle the personal problems of his subordinates with great care
and attention. Therefore, treating the human beings on humanitarian grounds is essential for building a
congenial environment.

Empathy - It is an old adage “Stepping into the shoes of others”. This is very important because fair
judgment and objectivity comes only then. A leader should understand the problems and complaints of
employees and should also have a complete view of the needs and aspirations of the employees. This
helps in improving human relations and personal contacts with the employees.

From the above qualities present in a leader, one can understand the scope of leadership and it’s
importance for scope of business. A leader cannot have all traits at one time. But a few of them helps in
achieving effective results.

SELF-CHECK PR-6.1.6

C. Identification: Identify the following qualities of a good leader. Write your answer in the space
provided.

1. ____________ A leader must have a pleasing appearance. Physique and health are very
important for a good leader.
2. ____________ A leader cannot maintain influence unless he exhibits that he is forward looking.
He has to visualize situations and thereby has to frame logical programs.
3. ____________ A leader should be intelligent enough to examine problems and difficult
situations. He should be analytical who weighs pros and cons and then summarizes the
situation. Therefore, a positive bent of mind and mature outlook is very important.
4. ____________ A leader must be able to communicate the policies and procedures clearly,
precisely and effectively. This can be helpful in persuasion and stimulation.
5. ____________ A leader has to be having a fair outlook which is free from bias and which does
not reflects his willingness towards a particular individual. He should develop his own opinion
and should base his judgment on facts and logic.
 6. ____________ A leader should be very precisely knowing the nature of work of his subordinates
because it is then he can win the trust and confidence of his subordinates.
7. ____________ A leader must have a sense of responsibility towards organizational goals
because only then he can get maximum of capabilities exploited in a real sense.
SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY MT-6.1.7

1. Physical appearance
2. Vision and foresight
3. Intelligence
4. Communicative skills
5. Objective
6. Knowledge of work
7. Sense of responsibility