ENGLISH  The byline is the easiest part of the entire article as it does not require much creativity.

It
functions to tell the reader who the article is by, what their job role is, and how to find more
[SLUC- Basic Sentence Pattern] of their content.
The byline structure:
NEWSPAPER i. Start your byline by inserting your full name after the word ‘by’.
ii. Add your speciality, so you may be a sports reporter, education reporter, or a food
N-orth
writer, for example.
E-ast iii. Then detail how the reader can find more of your opinions or your work, so add in a
made-up social media name, such as @JoeBloggs.
W-est
EXAMPLES: By Joe Bloggs
S-outh
 It can easily influence people. They are powerful and influential Sports Reporter
1. Newspapers Social Media: @Joe.Bloggs
2. Television
3. Radio
4. Etc,…
 News should be based with FACTS or truth.
c. The Lead
 The lead could be seen as the most essential part of the newspaper structure. It should be one
paragraph long, and by reading it, your audience should be able to understand exactly what
NEWSPAPER
your article is about and what you are reporting on.
 Broad Sheet Key features of the lead paragraph:
A lot more longer pages
 Tabloid  It needs to be short and snappy so that the message is portrayed clearly. You can achieve this
Shorter and some news are sensationalized by communicating your message in as little words as possible- just make sure it makes sense.
 The lead paragraph should explain clearly what has happened, so that if your reader stopped
The newspaper structure can be broken down into four key sections which includes reading after the lead, they would understand the main message of your report.
the headline, byline, the lead, the body, and the tail.  Stick to using the past tense. It should be written in the third person.
a. Headline
 The headline functions to grab the reader’s attention while successfully summarizing the The Five Ws (and H)
main point of the article. Who: which people were mainly affected by the events you are reporting on?
Key features of the headline:
i. It needs to be short and snappy, which can sometimes mean missing out non-essential What: what are the key events that happened?
words such as ‘the’, ‘a’, or ‘to’.
Where: where did those events take place?
ii. Headlines also need to be eye-catching, which can be achieved by using humor,
alliteration, or a pun. Why: is there a specific reason why these events occurred?
iii. Write in the present tense even if the event has already happened. This will help to
simplify your language choices. When: what was the time, day, month, and year (if necessary) that the events happened?
iv. It should be written in the third person.
b. Byline
How: this isn’t strictly a word starting with the letter ‘w’, but it is useful for your lead paragraph.
Explain the manner in which the events occurred, or what made them able to happen.

d. The Body
 This is the main section of your newspaper article, so it will include lots of important
information about what happened, along with more detail about what you said in your lead
section. The body should be around 3-4 paragraphs long, depending on how much your
teacher has instructed you to write.
Key features of the body:
 This is the chance for you to go into as much detail as possible about what happened.
 The most important information about the events should go first.
 Each paragraph should be on a slightly different aspect of what happened.
 It should be written in the third person.
 Explain the background information that is relevant to the story.
 Include evidence, facts, and quotes from people related to the event.
 You could also include a quote from an expert on the topic you are reporting on.
e. The Tail:
 The tail includes the least important information from your report and functions to sum-up
the events.
Key features of the tail:
 Add any extra or surrounding information about the event or related topics.
 Include links for where to find extra information about the topic or other news reports.
 You could also feature a quote from an expert or witness to sum up the story or imply what
may unfold next.
 INFORMATIVE SPEECH 4. Descriptive Speeches – talk about any person
 To inform the audience regarding the topic.
 The topic should relate to the audience.
 Action and showing skills can also be used.
 And it should be accurate, there is clarity, and interesting.
 Informative Speech’s goal is to present reliable information supported by verified data and
statistics.
 Chronological story with the beginning and an end.
HOW TO CREATE INFORMATIVE SPEECH
1. Start with INTRODUCTION
2. (second page) Body > Research > Examples > Conclusion > Answer the rising questions.
5 STEPS FOR WRITING INFORMATIVE SPEECH:
1. Choose a precise Topic
 Choose a timely topic
 Exact topic
2. Draft an Effective Thesis Statement
 Talks about what the topic is
3. Consider your crowd/audience
 Suitable topics to the audience
4. Start your outline
 Sub-topic
 Content of the body
 Give examples
EXAMPLES
PERSUASIVE SPEECH
Reports
 Used to persuade people
Lectures
EXAMPLE
training seminars
Political Speeches
demonstrations

4 TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH:

1. Definition Speeches – Define
2. Demonstration Speeches – from the root word “demonstrate”
3. Explanatory Speeches – explain/explanation
 PANEL DISCUSSION  are visual elements that appear on a page that stand out from the main text. They
include titles, bold or italic print, diagrams, maps, tables and charts.
 A group of people are gathered together to discuss an issue or a problem.
PANEL DISCUSSION STYLES
1) Mainstage Style.
 A hard-hitting, short-duration panel discussion with panel members, typically the  Graphic organizers refer to textual aids that are used
keynoter, main stage presenters, or invited panelists. There is no audience question to organize and process information and to see the
and answer session (Q&A). relationships between ideas.
2) Q&A Style.  They can be used to differentiate several things, tell a
 A short introduction of the topic and panelists with moderator-curated questions, story, and draw conclusions, etc. They are likewise
followed by audience Q&A. utilized to better understand, remember, and apply
3) Initial Remarks Style. information. Graphic organizers help you clearly visualize
 A short introduction of the topic with each panelist taking time to introduce how ideas are organized within a text or surrounding
themselves and their perspectives on the topic. Then moderator-curated questions an idea or concept.
followed by audience Q&A.  Graphic organizers also provide you with a construction for
4) Presentation Style. abstract ideas.
 A short introduction of the topic and panelists with each panelist presenting their
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
perspectives on the topic, followed by audience Q&A.
5) Talk Show Formats. 1) Venn Diagram
 The easiest format to mimic is the TV talk show (daytime and late night!). It has a  Venn diagram also called a compare/contrast diagram.
host/moderator and guests/panelists who have interesting conversations! Think 2) T-Chart
Oprah, The View, David Letterman.  its advantages and disadvantages, facts versus opinions, and more.
6) Debate Formats. 3) Discussion Web
 When there are two or more distinct or polarized viewpoints, (political or otherwise),  It is a way to assist you in organizing your thoughts, weighing other points of view, and
consider a classic debate format. Think of the TV show Crossfire and create a panel having wider perspectives from the materials presented.
using the same format.  This special kind of graphic organizer helps learners like you to look at both sides of an
7) Game Show Formats. issue before drawing a conclusion.
 Great for more lighthearted topics. You can also use game show techniques and 4) Lotus Diagram
sprinkle them into the structure of the panel. For example, you can Spin the Wheel to  It is a brainstorming and organizational technique that helps a group in defining key
determine who gets to answer then next question or what IS the next question. ideas or parts of a whole.
 It is based on the perception that the center of the diagram is the main focus, and the
surrounding boxes are representatives of the petals of the lotus flower.
 Each of the surrounding ideas is related to the central topic. You make use of this
tool to brainstorm around a particular topic or issue or break down a bigger idea.
5) Spider Map
 It is sometimes called a semantic map.
 This organizer aims to give no special importance to each element.
 A spider map is best used for brain-storming ideas or presenting about main ideas and
TEXTUAL AIDS details.
6) KWL Chart
  This graphic organizer consists of three columns used during the beginning, middle and  in short story refers to the fictional person or animal in the story.
ending of a lesson. The 'KWL' stands for what you Know, what you Want to learn, and what
you Learned from the lesson. A character may be categorized as:
7) Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart 1. Protagonist- the hero
 A flow diagram or sequence chart shows a series of steps or events in the order in which they
take place. 2. Antagonist- the villain
8) The Fishbone Diagram
3. Round- fully developed, resembling real people, lifelike
 It is also known as an Ishikawa diagram which is used to identify some possible causes and
effects of a problem. 4. Flat- one dimensional
9) Story Map
 A story map is used to help you in presenting the elements of a book, a story, or any narrative 5. Dynamic- goes through change/s and grows during a story
with ease and facility. 6. Static- does not go through changes
 You can show the story characters, setting, plot, theme, etc. and you can read carefully to
learn the important details. C. Plot
10) Concept Map
 refers to the outline of a short story. It refers to how the author arranges
 Branching out the main topics are the sub-topic?
11) Plot Diagram events to develop the basic idea of the story. It has five parts as shown in the
 Series of events
12) Hierarchy Chart following:
 First box to be the important characters 1. Exposition refers to the beginning or background of the story.
13) Vocabulary Graphic Organizer
 Definition 2. Rising action refers to the events that become complicated or
 sentence where the major character begins to face problems called
 synonyms
14) Star Diagram conflict. This also refers to the events between the exposition
 Text which are related to one-and-another
and climax.
3. Climax is the highest point of the story. It is where you wonder what will happen next. Will
SHORT STORY the conflict be resolved?
4. Falling Action is the part where resolution begins, where complications fall into place.
 More compact compare to long stories 5. Resolution is the final outcome of events in the story.
ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY D. Theme
1. Setting  is the central message or moral of the story. It is the author’s thought/s about the topic. It is
 is the element that answers the questions, “where and when did the the lesson that you get from the story through the actions of the main character.
story take place?” It is an important element just like the others. That is why even in ANALYTICAL LISTENING
your fairy tales, it is always said that “once upon a time, in a faraway land….” to tell
 it is about the ability and capacity to properly analyze what the speaker said.
you the time and place of that particular tale
5 STAGES OF LISTENING PROCESS
2. Character
 1. THE RECEIVING STAGE AUTHOR’S PURPOSE
It involves hearing and attending.  An author's purpose is his reason for or intent in writing. An author's purpose may be to
amuse the reader, to persuade the reader, to inform the reader, or to satirize a condition.
2. THE UNDERSTAMDIMG STAGE
The listener determines the context and meanings of the words that are heard through a process called
‘decoding’. TYPES OF AUTHOR’S PURPOSE
3. THE EVALUATING STAGE 1. to Persuade
this allows the listener to evaluate the information received, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It  Attempts to influence the reader.
allows the listener to form an opinion of what they heard out.
2. to Inform
4. THE REMEMBERING STAGE
 Often called expository writing.
The listener categorizes and retains the information he or she has gathered from the speaker for future  Expository writing shows or explains facts.
access.
3. to Entertain
5. THE RESPONDING STAGE
 Narratives: stories.
The listening process in which the listener provides verbal and/or nonverbal response or reactions
 Have a beginning, middle, and end
based on short- or long-term memory.
 A story may have a lesson, but the author’s main purpose is to entertain.
STEPS IN SOLVING A PROBLEM
4. to Explain
STEP 1: IDENTIFY AND DEFINE THE PROBLEM Examples of Writing to Entertain  They want to tell you the reason for the occurrence of something or how to
State the problem as clearly as possible. do something or show you how something works.
• Harry Potter books
STEP 2: GENERATE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
• Poems about love
List all the possible solutions. 5. to Describe
• Narrative essay about the big game
STEP 3: EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES Often writers will use words to describe something in details than through a picture alone.
• Script for a TV show
Evaluate the remaining solutions in terms of their advantages and disadvantages.
STEP 4: DECIDE ON A SOLUTION SPOKEN TEXT
Specify how the solution will be implemented.  It is term used to name spoken language in use.
 Sometimes its called an oral language which means language produced in its spontaneous
STEP 5: IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION
form, as opposed to written language.
STEP 6: EVALUATE THE OUTCOME  In this form, meaning is determined by the context while another is not.
 Spoken text includes oral stories, interviews, dialogues, monologues, phone conversations,
discussions, role play, or any other piece of spoken language.
  Check names, places, dates, times and amounts
 Evaluate message appearance
 A text can be any example of written or spoken language, from something as complex as a
book or legal document to something as simple as the body of an email. Tone
 Spoken text is more informal and longer than written text and uses more words and more
sentences,  Is more than an author’s attitude toward his/her audience and characters; it is the stylistic
 Spoken sentences also tend to be shorter than those found in essays. mean by which an author conveys his/her attitude(s) in a work of literature.
PUBLIC SPEAKING

 Also called oratory or oration, traditionally meant the act of speaking face to face to a live
audience.
 Public speaking is used for many different purposes, but usually as some mixture of teaching.
Persuasion or entertaining,
 Each of these calls upon slightly different approaches and techniques.
 The function of public speaking depends entirely on what effect a speaker intends when
addressing a particular audience.
 The same speaker, with the same strategic intention, might deliver a substantially different
speech to two different audiences.
 The point is to change something, in the heart, minds or actions of the audience.

Fluency

 Is defined as the ability to read with speed, accuracy and proper expression.
Cohesion

 Refers to the way we use vocabulary and grammatical structures to make connections
between the ideas within a text.
 Also is a term in linguistics that refers to how the structure and content of a sentence or text is
linked together to create meaning.
 It also includes the use of connectives and conjunctions and more sophisticated texts.
Correctness

 Verify spelling
 Select correct words and phrases
 Insert appropriate punctuation