FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A COUPLED AMPLIFIER

A PROJECT ASSIGNMENT DELIVERED

BY

AGBOOLA OREOFE SAMUEL

(EE20200105218)

COURSE CODE: EEC 234

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRONICS TWO
LEVEL: NDII

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. OMDENI BABATUNDE HAMMED

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS,

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC EDE, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

 DEDICATION
This Assignment Report is dedicated to God Almighty, my colleagues in
the department and to those who are seeking more knowledge on the Broad
subject of this assignment.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A COUPLED
AMPLIFIER....................1

FREQUENCY GAIN CURVE...............................................................2

ADVANTAGE OF AN AMPLIFIER.....................................................3

DISADVANTAGE OF AN AMPLIFIER...............................................4

APPLICATION OF AN AMPLIFIER...................................................5

ANALYSIS OF AMPLIFIER PERFORMANCE....................................6

AMPLIFIER TRANSFER FUNCTION GAIN

CURVE..........................7

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF MOSFET AND BJET

AMPLIFIER......8

LOW FREQUENCY RESPONSE........................................................9

HIGH FREQUENCY RESPONSE......................................................10

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REFERENCE.....................................................................................11

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A COUPLED AMPLIFIER

A Resistance Capacitance (RC) Coupled Amplifier is basically a

multi-stage amplifier circuit extensively used in electronic circuits. Here the
individual stages of the amplifier are connected together using a resistor–
capacitor combination due to which it bears its name as RC Coupled.

Figure 1 shows such a two-stage amplifier whose individual stages are

nothing but the common emitter amplifiers. Hence the design of individual
stages of the RC coupled amplifiers is similar to that in the case of common
emitter amplifiers in which the resistors R1 and R2 form the biasing
network while the emitter resistor RE form the stabilization network.

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Here the CE is also called bypass capacitor which passes only AC while
restricting DC, which causes only DC voltage to drop across RE while the
entire AC voltage will be coupled to the next stage.

Further, the coupling capacitor CC also increases the stability of the

network as it blocks the DC while offers a low resistance path to the AC
signals, thereby preventing the DC bias conditions of one stage affecting
the other. In addition, in this circuit, the voltage drop across the collector-
emitter terminal is chosen to be 50% of the supply voltage VCC inorder to
ensure appropriate biasing point.

In this kind of amplifier, the input signal applied at the base of the transistor
in stage 1 (Q1) is amplified and appears at its collector terminal with a
phase-shift of 180o.

The AC component of this signal is coupled to the second stage of the RC

coupled amplifier through the coupling capacitor CC and thus appears as an
input at the base of the second transistor Q2.

This is further amplified and is passed-on as an output of the second stage

and is available at the collector terminal of Q2 after being shift by 180o in
its phase.

This means that the output of the second stage will be 360o out-of-phase
with respect to the input, which inturn indicates that the phase of the input
signal and the phase of the output signal obtained at stage II will be
identical.

Further it is to be noted that the cascading of individual amplifier stages

increases the gain of the overall circuit as the net gain will be the product of

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the gain offered by the individual stages. However in real scenario, the net
gain will be slightly less than this, due to the loading effect.

In addition, it is important to note that by following the pattern exhibited by

Figure 1, one can cascade any number of common emitter amplifiers but by
keeping in mind that when the number of stages are even, the output will be
in-phase with the input while if the number of stages are odd, then the
output and the input will be out-of-phase.

Figure 2: frequency Gain Curve of a RC amplifier

Figure 2, indicates that the gain of the amplifier is constant over a wide
range of mid-frequencies while it decreases considerably both at low and
high frequencies.

This is because, at low frequencies, the reactance of coupling capacitor CC

is high which causes a small part of the signal to couple from one stage to
the other. Moreover for the same case, even the reactance of the emitter
capacitor CE will be high due to which it fails to shunt the emitter resistor
RE effectively which inturn reduces the voltage gain.

On the other hand, at high frequencies, the reactance of CC will be low

which causes it to behave like a short circuit. This results in an increase in
the loading effect of the next stage and thus reduces the voltage gain. In

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addition to this, for this case, the capacitive reactance of the base-emitter
junction will be low.
This results in a reduced voltage gain as it causes the base current to
increase which inturn decreases the current amplification factor β.
However, in mid-frequency range, as the frequency increases, the reactance
of CC goes on decreasing which would lead to the increase in gain if not
compensated by the fact that the reduction in reactance leads to an increase
in the loading effect. Due to this reason, the gain of the amplifier remains
uniform/constant throughout the mid-frequency band.

ADVANTAGE OF RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

The advantage of RC amplifier include:

1. Cheap, economical and compact as it uses only resistors and
capacitors.
2. Offers a constant gain over a wide frequency band.

DISADVANTAGES OF RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

The following are the disadvantage of RC coupled amplifier:

1. Unsuitable for low-frequency amplification.
2. Low voltage and power gain as the effective load resistance (and
hence the gain) is reduced due to the fact that the input of each stage
presents a low resistance to its next stage.
3. Moisture-sensitive, making them noisy as time elapses.
4. Poor impedance matching as it has the output impedance several
times larger than the device at its end-terminal (for example, a speaker
in the case of a public address system).
5. Narrow bandwidth when compared to JFET amplifier.

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 APPLICATION OF RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

The application of RC coupled amplifier include :

1. RF Communications.
2. Optical fiber communications
3. Public address systems as pre-amplifiers
4. Controllers.
5. Radio or TV Receivers as small signal amplifiers.

ANALYSIS OF AMPLIFIER PERFORMANCE

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 AMPLIFIER TRANSFER FUNCTION
GAIN

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF MOSFET AND BJT

AMPLIFIER

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LOW FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Having all of this information in mind, let’s calculate and plot the low
frequency response of the CEA of Figure 2 with the below given
parameters :

RS=500 Ω ; R1=80 kΩ ; R2=30 kΩ ; RC=5 kΩ ; RE=2 kΩ ; RL=6 kΩ ; re=

25
ΩC1=100 nF ; C2=150 μF ; C3=400 nF ; CBC=5 pF ; CBE=30 pF
Gain of the transistor β=100 ; Vsupply=10 V

First of all we consider the input high-pass filter RinC1. As explained in

previous tutorials, Rin is the total input impedance of the amplifier. In our
example, it can be determined by:

Rin=RS+(R1//R2//βRE)=20.2 kΩ.

The low cutoff frequency of the input will therefore be :

fcl,in=1/(2πRinC1)=79 Hz.

The same procedure can be done for the output where the output resistance
is Rout=RC//RL=2.7 kΩ. The low cutoff frequency of the output filter is :
fcl,out=1/(2πRoutC3)=147 Hz.Finally, for the bypass capacitor, the
resistance formula is more complex and given by
Rbypass=RE//((re+(RS//βRE)/β))=30 Ω. The low cutoff frequency of the
bypass structure is thus :fcl,bypass=1/(2πRbypassC2)=35 Hz.One last thing
we need to understand before plotting the Bode graph is about the slope out
of the midrange values. The decrease of AV,mid with the frequency is
called roll-off and its value for each simple RC filter is -20 dB/decade

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(dB/dec). This value means for high-pass filters (resp. low-pass filters) that
each time the frequency is divided by 10 (resp. multiplied by 10), a
decrease of -20 dB is observed for the gain of the amplifier.When multiple
filters are blocking the same range of frequencies, the roll-off is enhanced.
In our example three filters are simultaneously blocking the frequencies
below 35 Hz, the roll-off is therefore 3*(-20 dB/dec)=-60 dB/dec.This
information can be synthesized in a Bode plot showing the low frequency
response of the CEA in asymptotic representation

HIGH FREQUENCY RESPONSE

As stated previously, it is the internal transistor capacitors that will limit the
gain at high frequencies acting as low-pass filters. It can be shown that the
equivalent circuit of Figure 2 at high frequency can be drawn such as
presented in Figure 5 :

fig 5 : Equivalent CEA at high frequency

We can note that the coupling capacitors are not represented since they
behave as short circuits at high frequencies. Moreover, the emitter branch is
shorten to the ground for the same reason applying to the bypass

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capacitor.The internal capacitor CBC is converted via Miller’s theorem into
the equivalent Cin and Cout capacitors. Moreover, this theorem states that :
Cin=CBC(AV,mid+1) and Cout=CBC(AV,mid+1)/AV,mid.
total input capacitance of this circuit is :

CIN=CBE+Cin
total input resistance is :

RIN=RS//R1//R2//βre.

The numerical application to our example gives:

AV,mid=(RC//RL)/re=108, CIN=575 pF and RIN=409 Ω

The high cutoff frequency of the input is therefore:

fhc,in=1/(2πRINCIN)=677 kHz.

the output point of view, the high cutoff frequency is simply given by the
filter :

(RC//RL)Cout with Cout=5.3pF : fhc,out=1/(2π(RC//RL)Cout)=1.1

MHz.

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 REFERENCE
Quantum physics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

Semi-conductors and insulators: https://byjus.com/jee/semiconductors/

Magnetic Quantum: https://byjus.com/physics/magnetic-quantum-number/

Onsager, L., Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes. I. Physical

Review, 1931. 37(4): p. 405- 426

Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics, Eighth edition.

New Jersey: John wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.

Griffiths, Davis. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Second edition.

New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc, 2005

Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering:

Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994,
ISBN: 978-0412985317

Susie Maestre (2020): http://www.com/physic/frequency response of

couple amplifier/

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