Operating Principle of Diesel and Petrol Engines

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF DIESEL AND PETROL ENGINES
Engine is a machine for converting any form of energy into mechanical force and motion. There
are two types of engines and these are external and internal combustion engines, however, I will
mainly focus on later type engine
THE DIESEL ENGINE
.
Diesel engine are designed to ignite fuel without any igniting apparatus such as spark plug,
which is well known on the gasoline engines .it uses highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel
rather than using a spark plug. The mixture of air and fuel is done in the combustion chamber
and not inlet manifold. The working principle of the diesel engine are so interesting that only air
is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed at a ratio between
15:1 and 23:1 depending on the type of diesel engine and application. The high compressed
causes the temperature of the air to rise. At this point, fuel is injected on the hot air when the
compression stroke is about to reach the top.
All these take place in the combustion chamber on top of the piston. The fuel injector helps in
injecting fuel into the combustion chamber in small droplets and distributed evenly. The
compressed air creates extreme heat causing the fuel to vaporize from the surface of the droplets.
The vapor is then ignited using the same heat in the combustion chamber. The vaporization of
the droplets continued until they are completely burnt. The combustion occurs at a substantially
constant pressure during the initial part of the power stroke. When combustion is complete the
combustion gases expand as the piston descends further; the high pressure in the cylinder drives
the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft. The adjustment of the engine speed is
solely by the mixture quality. That is, the amount of torque produced is set solely by the mass of
injected fuel, always mixed with as much air as possible. This result in the crankshaft rotational
speed difference.
The high compression ratio of the diesel engine has enabled its working efficiency high. The lack
of throttle valve allows the charge-exchange to losses low amount, resulting in low consumption
of the fuel. These make the diesel engine more economical.
ADVANATAGE OF DIESEL ENGINES
The diesel engine has several advantages over the engine with other working principles. The
followings stated below are application of diesel engine.
• It has the highest effective efficiency of all combustion engine

• The diesel engine can combust a huge variety of fuel
• Low fuel costs. That is, it is economical
• Good lubrication properties
• Low risk of catching fire as flammable vapor is not produce
• Injection of fuel directly into the combustion chamber, have no intake of air restriction
apart from the air filter
• Diesel engines have very good exhaust –emission behavior
DISADVANTAE OF DIESEL ENGINES
Despite the great advantages of diesel engines, it still has some limitation. The following are
disadvantage of the diesel engine
• Car with diesel engine usually cost more than a standard vehicle
• The cost of the diesel fuel is pricey in the most geographic regions.
• Maintenance of diesel engine and repair cost more
• You may not have as much access to the fuel that you need with diesel
• The new diesel fuel does not have the same lubricating qualities
• It is difficult to start a diesel engine in cold weather
• Diesel engines much noise than gasoline counterparts
PETROL ENGINE
The components and parts of the petrol engine

A petrol engine is, again, an internal combustion (IC) engine in which air -fuel mixture
ignites due to the spark provided by a spark plug.
In the spark plug of the spark-ignition (SI) engine, a high voltage current utilizes to produce a
spark. This spark plug installs on the combustion chambers top for a quick ignition of the air-
fuel mixture.
The ignition process of the fuel produce heat, which is transformed into mechanical work in
the power stroke of the piston. As long as in the petrol engine, the glow is accountable for the
detonation of the oil.
In the old version of SI or petrol engines, air and fuel are mixed before sending them into the
combustion chamber for compression and ignition. While the latest SI engine uses a fuel
injector that injects fuel directly into the combustion chamber, the mixing process occurs
there. The mixture is regulated electrically by a fuel injector.
The petrol engines have high auto-ignition temperatures. Therefore, a petrol engine has a low
compression ratio than a diesel engine the compression ratio of the petrol engine is 6:10. The
burning of the fuel always take place after spark entry inside the combustion chamber. Petrol
engine works according to the basic principle of the Otto cycle. A petrol engine works in the
following way:
• Suction stage
• Compression stage
• Power stage
• Exhaust stage
1. Intake or suction stroke

For the intake stroke, the piston moves downward. As it moves down a vacuum creates
inside the combustion chamber; due to that air-fuel mixture starts coming from outside into
the combustion chamber
In the stroke, the suction valve opens and the exhaust valve remains closed
2. Compression stroke
When the suction process of that air-fuel mixture completes according to the requirement
pistol travel upwards for the air-fuel mixture compression
As the piston moves up, it pressurizes the mixture into the combustion chamber.
During this stroke, the intake valve and exhaust valve are closed.
Due to the compression process, the temperature and pressure of the air –fuel mixture
become very high
At the end of the compression process, a spark plug fires a spark and ignite the air-fuel
mixture occur inside the combustion chamber. Due to this combustion, the piston further
moves up, which further increases the temperature and pressure of the mixture. During this
process, heat is produced
3. Expansion stroke
The expansion stroke is also known as a power stroke
In this stage, the generated heat in the previous stroke (compression process) forces the
piston to move downward (TDC to BCD) and turns the crankshaft.
Due to pistons downward motion, the air-fuel mixture expands, and the pressure of the
mixture decrease
4. Exhaust stroke
In this stroke, the piston moves upward, opens the exhaust valve and releases the useless
gases from the combustion chamber
After completing the exhaust stroke, the piston again moves downward, and all four strokes
repeats
Advantages of the petrol engine

• It has high auto-ignition temperature as compared to diesel engine
• Petrol engine is a light engine than a diesel engine
• SI engine produces low noise as compared to the compression engine
• It requires less maintenance
• The spark –ignition engine has a low cost as to a compression ignition engine
• It is easy to start than a compression engine
• Petrol fuel is less expensive than diesel fuel
•
Disadvantage of the petrol engines
• Low pressure generates after combustion
• Petrol engine has a high consumption of fuel than a diesel engine
• The engines require a spark for a start; otherwise, they cannot start
• It has low efficiency as compared to the diesel engine
• A spark plug is compulsory for ignition process
• The petrol engine has knocking problems
•
SAFETY MEASURES
• Always remove wire from spark plug before working on the engine or equipment
• Do not tamper with springs link or any other parts that may increase the governed engine
speed
• Never siphon fuel, coolant cooling agents’ solvents or liquids by mouth or allow
prolonged contact with skin
• Stop the engine if leaving unattended
• Diesel is flammable. take care not to cause a fire or explosion
REFERENCES
Heywood, J.B., 1988. “Internal combustion Engine Fundamentals”, McGraw –Hill, New
York
Purday, H.F.P., 1919 “Diesel Engine Design “, D. Van Nostrand Company

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OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF DIESEL AND PETROL ENGINES

THE DIESEL ENGINE

ADVANATAGE OF DIESEL ENGINES

• It has the highest effective efficiency of all combustion engine

DISADVANTAE OF DIESEL ENGINES

The components and parts of the petrol engine

1. Intake or suction stroke

Advantages of the petrol engine

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