Designation: D7755 – 11

Standard Practice for

Determining the Wear Volume on Standard Test Pieces Used
by High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7755; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope erties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency,

1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
wear volume WV of wear scars and tracks on test pieces D6425 Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Prop-
tribologically stresses under high-frequency, linear-oscillation erties of Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils Using
motion using a SRV test machine by means of stylus tip SRV Test Machine
profilometry. 2.2 DIN Standards:4
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the DIN 51631:1999-04 Special-boiling-point spirit — Re-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information quirements and testing
only. DIN 51834-3:2008-12 Testing of lubricants – Tribological
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the test in translatory oscillation apparatus – Part 3: Determi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the nation of tribological behaviour of materials in co-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- operation with lubricants
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 Geometrical Product Specifica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. tions (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method; Surfaces
having stratified functional properties – Part 2: Height
2. Referenced Documents characterization using linear material ratio curve (replaces
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 of DIN 4776:1990: Measurement of surface roughness;
D2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the parameters RK, RPK, RVK, Mr1, Mr2 for the description of
Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine the material portion)
D2782 Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure
3. Terminology
Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Timken Method)
D3702 Test Method for Wear Rate and Coefficient of 3.1 Definitions:
Friction of Materials in Self-Lubricated Rubbing Contact 3.1.1 Hertzian contact area, n—the apparent area of contact
Using a Thrust Washer Testing Machine between two non-conforming solid bodies pressed against each
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum other.
Products, and Lubricants 3.1.2 Hertzian contact pressure, n—magnitude of the pres-
D5620 Test Method for Evaluating Thin Film Fluid Lubri- sure at any specified location in a Hertzian contact area, as
cants in a Drain and Dry Mode Using a Pin and Vee Block calculated from Hertz’s equations of elastic deformation. The
Test Machine3 Hertzian contact pressure can also be calculated and reported
D5706 Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure as maximum value Pmax in the centre of the contact or as
Properties of Lubricating Greases Using a High- Paverage as average over the total contact area. D4175
Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine 3.1.3 seizure, n—localized fusion of metal between the
D5707 Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Prop- rubbing surfaces of the test pieces. D5706
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Seizure is usually indicated by a sharp
increase in coefficient of friction, wear, or unusual noise and
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum vibration. In this test method, increase in coefficient of friction
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.L0 on
Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids Solids (Formerly D02.1100).
is displayed on the chart recorder as permanent rise in the
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. DOI: coefficient of friction from a steady value.
10.1520/D7755–11. 3.1.4 wear, n—damage to a solid surface, generally involv-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or ing progressive loss of material, due to the relative motion
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Available from Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V.(DIN), Beuth Verlag
on www.astm.org. GmbH, Burggrafenstraße 6, D-10787 Berlin 30, Germany, http://www.din.de.

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 D7755 – 11

NOTE—R is smaller than R . The wear volumes are marked in blue. FIG. 2 Schematic Illustration of the Segmentation of the Wear
Track
FIG. 1 Ball–Comparison of Iso-wear Scar Diameters with Wear
Volume in Relation to the Initial Radius R and the Radius in the
Scar R at Test End
4.3.1 The worn or displaced volume (Wv,ball; Wv,flat) can be
calculated by numerical methods5, 6, 7 from the stylus tip profile
between that surface and a contacting substance or substances. data and assuming an ideal shape of the test specimen.
D2714, D2782, D5620 NOTE 2—In general, the wear volume is calculated by integrating a
3.1.5 wear rate, n—the rate of material removal or dimen- multitude of cross section area taken at different lengths of the wear track.
sional change due to wear per unit of exposure parameter; for The wear volume in this practice is based only on one cross section area
example, quantity of material removed (mass, volume, thick- (planimetric wear) in the centre of the wear track.
ness) in unit distance of sliding or unit time. 4.4 The planimetric wear Wq,flat of the disk is derived from
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Another term sometimes used synony- a 2D-profilogram by using a stylus tip profilometer.
mously is wear factor. D3702
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5. Significance and Use
3.2.1 planimetric wear, Wq, n—seen in the center of the
5.1 The determination of the wear volume becomes in
wear track of the disk perpendicular to the sliding direction at
tribological testing a key element, as it is more discriminative
test end and can be understood as cross section area of wear.
than the wear scar diameter, because an optically visible wear
3.2.2 wear volume, Wv, n—the irreversible loss of volume
scar diameter may or may not indicate wear on the surface of
to the ball or the disk (flat) at end of test. D5707, D6425
the ball and the wear track as an irreversible loss of material.
3.3 Abbreviations:
Users of this test method should determine whether results
3.3.1 SRV, n—Schwingung, Reibung, Verschleiß, (Ger- correlate with field performance or other applications.
man); oscillating, friction, wear (English translation).
NOTE 3—It is believed, that tactile stylus tip profilometer determines
4. Summary of Practice the most realistic figure and are more frequent in use, than it can be
achieved by optical profilometers operating in a non-contacting mode.
4.1 This practice applies to test pieces tribologically
stressed on a SRV test machine typically used in different 6. Apparatus
ASTM (and DIN) test methods and are a test ball oscillating 6.1 Microscope, equipped with a filar eyepiece graduated in
against a flat test disk. 0.005-mm division or equipped with a micrometer stage
4.2 As illustrated in Fig. 1, the same wear scar diameter on readable to 0.005-mm. Magnification should be sufficient to
the ball not consequently indicates materials loss, the amount allow for ease of measurement. One to 10 times magnification
of material loss and different volumetric material losses can be has been found acceptable.
related to exact one wear scar diameter. 6.2 Stylus Tip Profilometer:
NOTE 1—An extreme and ideal, but frequent case, is the case of a 6.2.1 The stationary working place of the stylus tip profi-
lubricant, which fully protects against wear, but a wear scar diameter is lometer should be composed of a stone (granite) base plate, the
marked only visibly by tribo-chemistry and the wear scar diameter column, a transverse unit, a skidless tracing arm (skidless
corresponds to the initial Hertzian contact diameter describing the elastic pick-up) and have the necessary software.
deformation. By using the ball diameter of diameter Ø = 10 mm, the 6.2.2 The stylus tip has a tip radius of 2 µm and a tip angle
elastic constants for AISI 52100 (100Cr6H) and FN= 200 N, the initial of 60° with a tip orientation (stylus position) of 90°. The
Hertzian contact diameter calculates to 0.374 mm and for FN= 300 N is
0.428 mm. When now unloading the ball after test, the elastic deformation
resolution of the transverse unit is 0.1 µm or better.
is released and the initial shape recovers, showing, for example, no wear,
but a marked wear scar, which is reported as wear scar diameter, even no,
less or minor wear can be detected by means of stylus tip profilometry. 5
Ruff, A. W., “Wear Measurement,” ASM Handbook, Vol 18, 1992, pp.
4.3 The wear scar diameter on the test ball is measured and 362-369.
6
Klaffke, D., “Fretting Wear of Ceramics,” Tribology International, Vol 22,
the shape of the wear track on the disk is determined by means No. 2, 1989, pp. 89-101.
of a stylus tip profilometer in the centre of the track length (see 7
Kalin, M., and Vižintin, J., “Use of Equations for Wear Volume Determination
Fig. 2) and this perpendicular to the sliding direction. in Fretting Experiments,” WEAR, 237, 2000, pp. 39-48.

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 D7755 – 11

FIG. 4 Scheme of Variables Used to Calculated the Wear Volume

of Ball and Disk

d32
R 5 12 W (2)
q, flat

FIG. 3 Scheme of Wear Scar (Ball) and Track (Disk, Flat) on the
where:
Test Specimen R = resulting radius of the shape of the wear scar
after the test in mm;
R = initial radius of the ball in mm;
7. Reagents and Materials d1 = the wear scar diameter on the ball parallel to the
7.1 Cleaning Solvent, the test balls and disks have to be sliding direction in mm;
cleaned by a liquid solvent (non-chlorinated, non-film form- d2 = wear scar diameter on the ball perpendicular to
ing). (Warning—Flammable. Health Hazard.) the sliding direction in mm and
Wq, flat = planimetric wear of the wear track in the middle
NOTE 4—It is recommended to use special boiling point spirit type 2 of the wear track length and seen perpendicular
according to DIN 51631:1999. to the sliding direction in mm2.
8. Preparation of Apparatus 9.3.2 The shape of the wear track on the disk (flat) can be
composed from three sections in Fig. 2 and represent the basis
8.1 Most ASTM test methods related to SRV run with a ball
for Eq 3. Thus Eq 3 contains the element, B, plus the two
sliding on a flat. In consequence and after the test, a wear scar
elements, A, describing the ball scar.
marks the ball and a wear track the flat (see Fig. 3).
9.3.2.1 The wear volume of the wear track on the flat disk
9. Procedure Wv,flat in mm3 is calculated by using Eq 3.
9.1 Cleaning of the Specimen—Clean the test ball and disk p · d24 ~d3 – s!2 1
Wv,flat 5 64 · 1 s · Wq,flat (3)
by wiping the surfaces with laboratory tissue soaked with the R
cleaning solvent. Repeat wiping until no dark residue appears
on the tissue. Immerse the specimen ball and disk in a beaker where:
d3 = the total length of wear track in sliding direction in
of the cleaning solvent under ultrasonic vibration for 10 min.
mm,
Dry the test ball and disk with a clean tissue ensuring no
d4 = the width of the wear track in mm, and
streaking occurs on the surface. s = stroke in mm.
9.2 Stylus Tip Profilometry: and
9.2.1 The wear scar and track should be free of seizure
marks. d34
R 5 12 · W (4)
9.2.2 The measuring length should have on each side of the q,flat

track at least 0.500 mm in order to define the base line of the where:
surface topography. A tracing speed of 0.15 mm/s has been measured diameter d4 = d2 in mm.
found acceptable.
9.2.3 Set manually the bars on the left side and right side of NOTE 5—The equations represent an approximation for strokes smaller
the track shown in the profilogram displayed on the screen in than 2 to 2.5 mm and assume that R < R’ and the wear height of the scar
is <<R.
order to define the borders. Set manually the horizontal bar for NOTE 6—The wear tracks produced by other oscillating test methods
the base of the surface topography (see Fig. X1.1). The with strokes of smaller than 2 mm may be also evaluated according to this
software iterates (calculates) the planimetric wear area. practice. The mathematical approach of this practice does not properly
9.3 Calculation of the Wear Volume—The variables used in reflect the aspects and shapes of longer wear tracks.
Eq 1-4 are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 4.
9.3.1 The wear volume of the ball Wv,ball in mm3 is 10. Report
calculated by using Eq 1. 10.1 Report the following information:
10.1.1 All parameters used to evaluate the lubricant as
Wv,ball 5 64 S D
p · d21 · d22 1 1
R–R (1) stated in the test method.
10.2 Report both wear scar diameter measurements (d1 and
and by using: d2) taken on the ball.

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 D7755 – 11
10.3 Report the planimetric wear area Wq,flat determined in 11.2 The accuracy of calculated wear volume will depend
the wear track of the disk. on the precision of the optical wear diameter measurement and
10.4 Report the calculated wear volumes of ball Wv,ball and of the planimetric surface area from the stylus tip profilometry.
disk Wv,flat. 11.3 Bias—The calculation of the wear volume is exact and
no bias can be assigned to this calculation.
11. Precision and Bias 12. Keywords
11.1 The calculation of the wear volumes is exact and no 12.1 lubricating grease and oil; oscillation; SRV; wear; wear
precision limits can be assigned to this calculation. volume

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. MEASUREMENTS OF WEAR VOLUME

X1.1 Fig. X1.1 illustrates the setting of the bar limits by or width d4) and horizontal bar indicates the average line of the
cursor on the screen in order to enable the software to iterate surface topography. The iterated surface area is marked in
the planimetric wear area. These vertical bars limits the left black and the iteration result stated.
border and right border of the wear track width (see diameter

FIG. X1.1 Profilogram Displayed On a Screen and Taken Perpendicular in the Center of the Wear Track on a SRV Test Disk

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 D7755 – 11
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