LISTENING

Unit 1.
First floor: a library (books, DVDS)
You can borrow reading books for 2 weeks
Pay £ 2 if you borrow a DVD.
You cannot borrow grammar books.
Second floor: a computer room
To sign up to use, you should fill in booking form
Basement: small cafe – serves drinks and fast food.
Saturday trip: Activity program
You will visit an old castle in Warwick.

Name of the course National certificate in IT

Mode Full – time

Duration A year

Number of students in class twelve

Electrical principles, digital and analogue

Subjects studying in the block
electronics

Unit 2.
McMurphy Manufacturing sells a wide variety of machine tools
- Mills - We make our mills with the newest technology. These machines will function
reliably for years. And our CNC mills operate with advanced computer technology
- Drill presses - We make drill presses with the finest materials. Expect excellent precesion
at very low price
- Band saws - Our specialty band saw is precise and reliable. It cuts through even the
toughest materials.
- Lathes - Our lathes have sturdy construction and noiseless operation
- Lead screws - We sell lead screws in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Honing machines, gear shapers and broaches are also available.

A: Hi, Wendy. Did you see the new product catalogue?

B: Yes, I did. And we definitely need some new tools.
A: Do you have any machine tools in mind?
B: Well, I suggest that we order a new mill.
A: Oh yeah. Some of those CNC mills look really advanced.
B: Exactly. The new technology would make the process faster.
A: That’s a good idea. I place an order this afternoon.

Salesman:Hello Ma’am. Is there anything I can help you with?

Customer:Yes. I need to sharpen some hand tools. I was looking at this sander.
Salesman:Well, that sander does have attachments for grinding. But a bench
grinder will work better.
Customer:A bench grinder. Where are those?
Salesman:Right over here. See, this one has two wheels, one coarse and one fine.
Customer:This is what I’m looking for.
Salesman:I agree. Those sanders are great buffing finishes. But for shampening tools you
want a grinder.
Customer:I’ll take it.

1. A milling machine is a machine tool with a rotating cutter to work with metal
workpieces. X, Y and Z are 3 axes of movement.
2. The conventional milling table can be moved from side to side along the X axis.
3. The spindle can be moved along the Z axis.
4. A CNC milling machine has very similar movement to conventional milling machine.

CARSON SHOP WORKS

MACHINE AND BENCH TOOLS
Where BIG names buy Big tools
Drill press - Variable Drill and Motor speeds
Lathe - Rotates your work piece for expert carving, sanfing and knurling
Grinding machine- Heavy duty grinding at a lightweight price
Bench Grinder - Dual abrasive grinding wheels, LED work lamp
Sanders - hand sanders, bench sanders and belt sanders. We’ve got them all
Bearing press - perfect for installation pf gears, pulleys and U-Joints
Automotive Lift - making you a more comfortable mechanic
Table saw - Precision cuts, optimum safety

Man: I need the (1) dimension of the new model. Have you got them?
Woman: Of course. What do you need to know?
Man: How long is the car body?
Woman: It’s 4993 millimeters long, 1857 millimeters (2) wide.
Man: What’s about the wheelbase?
Woman: The wheelbase? It’s (3) 2885 millimeters.
Man: What’s the (4) height of the boot?
Woman: The boot height? It’s approximately 690 mm. And the height of the car is (5) 1398
mm.
Man: What’s about the front and rear overhang?
Woman: The front and rear overhang? I’m not sure. Let me check the specification.

1. The aluminum rods are on the workbench.

2. The rods are sixteen centimeters long.
3. The man subtracted two centimeters from the previous measurements.
4. The woman wanted the man to add two centimeters.
5. The woman needed the rods which have the length of twenty centimeters.

Engineer: Hey, Lou? Where are those aluminum rods I asked for?
Assistant: They are on the (1) workbench.
Engineer: I checked. They are only sixteen centimeters (2) long.
Assistant: That’s right subtracted two centimeters from the previous (3) measurements, like
you asked.
Engineer: I wanted you to (4) add two centimeters.
Assistant: Oh, I misunderstood. I calculated eighteen centimeters (5) minus two.
Engineer: That’s okay. Just cut some new rods as soon as you can.
Assistant: Of course. So you want the previous measurements plus two, right?
Engineer: Right, that’s (6) twenty centimeters each.

Engineer: Okay, Raymond. Let’s measure the new (1) components.

Assistant: Sure. What do you need to measure?
Engineer: Start with the transmission shaft. How (2) long is it?
Assistant: Let’s see. It looks like (3) 1.65
Engineer: Really? Wait, is that a metric or imperial (4) measurement?
Assistant: Oh, sorry. That’s a metric measurement. It’s 1.65 meters.
Engineer: That makes sense. What’s that in feet?
Assistant: So 1.65 divided by 0.3 (5) equals 5.5 feet.
What does the man need for the Lynwood project? measurements
What measuring unit does the man require for the liquid? metric
What did the woman record in gallons and fluid ounces? volume
What does the man’s company express small quantities as? milliliters
Is Kevin or Lisa writing this email? Kevin

Conversation 1:
Student 1: I need some help with this physics assignment.
Student 2: Sure. What are you supposed to do?
Student 1: I need to determine the force. That means I(1) calculate it in newtons, right?
Student 2: Yes. Do you remember the formula?
Student 1: It’s (2) kilograms times meters squared over seconds squared.
Student 2: No, that’s the formula for joules. Those measure energy, not force.
Student 1: Really? All these formulas look so similar.
Student 2: Yes, a lot of them use the same base (3) units. You want kilograms times meters
over seconds squared.
Student 1: Wow, that’s confusing. But I think I get it now.
Conversation 2:
Engineer: Hey, Paul? Something’s not right in this equation.
Assistant: Really? I (1) checked it twice.
Engineer: The energy of this (2) system should be under a thousand joules. Your result
came to nearly ten thousand.
Assistant: Wow, that’s way too high. I wonder what I did wrong.
Engineer: Let’s take a look at your formula. Oh, I see what happened.
Assistant: What is it?
Engineer: The meters are cubed instead of (3) squared.
Assistant: I see. So I used the wrong exponent.
Engineer: Exactly. You have to be really careful about this. That kind of error could be
disastrous.
Engineer 1: You want something both hard and ductile, right?
Engineer 2: Yes. I need to form it into the correct shape. But it needs to stay hard while the
machine operates.
Engineer 1: That might be little tricky. It’ll be on scratch in the machine, right?
Engineer 2: That’s right. It needs a high yield strength.
Engineer 1: That’s hard to try a malleable material. After all, the malleability measures how
well something bends without breaking.
Engineer 2: Yeah, I know. So do you have any ideas?
Engineer 1: I would try some kinds of plastic. It’ll be malleable when you heat it.

What is the conversation mainly about? Which materials are affordable

Why don’t they use porcelain?expensive
3:Which material will be used? ceramic tiles

Engineer1: The estimate for the new office building looks a little high.
Engineer 2: Yeah, but our budget might not cover it.
Engineer 1: Maybe we can make it cheaper. Let’s look at some alternative materials
Engineer 2: Okay. What materials are you thinking about changing?
Engineer 1: Well, the estimate included porcelain tile.
Engineer 2: What’s wrong with that? Porcelain tiles look great.
Engineer 1: But they’re also really expensive. We could save money by getting ceramic
tiles instead.
Engineer 2: That’s a good idea.

Which material is created by the electrolysis? aluminum

How many materials does aluminum depend on? two
Would car bodywork take extra or less energy if it is coated with zinc? extra
Why does aluminum waste less energy to transport? lighter
Does car’s lifespan depend on the life of its bodywork? Yes

Components / Features Specification options Properties

Long fibres
1. Wooden core hardwood strength
Torsional rigidity

lightness
2. Laminated fiberglass four layers Stiffness
Torsional strength

elasticity
3. Other materials Kevlar
strength

Polyethylene

Smoother slower
4. Base
Non-porous was greater
extruded
surface friction
Lowest cost easier to repair

Owner: How is your design coming along?

Engineer: It’s going well. We developed quite a few preliminary designs and (1) sketches.
Owner: Great. So are you working on the (2) feasibility study now?
Engineer: That’s right. We started it this week.
Owner: So you‘re ahead of schedule? That’s great! When will you start working on the (3)
detailed designs?
Engineer: By early next week. I’ll bring them to our meeting on (4) Wednesday
Owner: That sounds good. The client wants to meet with us at the end of the month.
Engineer: We’ll definitely have a prototype by then.
Owner: Can you get it done a few days earlier? I’d like to evaluate it before we meet with
the client.
Engineer: That shouldn’t be a (5) problem. We’ll have plenty of time
Owner: I’m glad to hear it. I look forward to seeing the models.

What did they narrow down? their research

Who are working on sketches for the mud? an artist
What will they conduct when they are settled on a design? A test model
What will they move on after they have evaluated the test model? detailed design
Does the final version have to meet all previously stated crthe iteria? Yes
The woamn thinks they need to buy power tools.
The man thinks they only need hand tools.
The woman wants their jobs to be done more quickly.
The woman wants a nail gun, a power drill, and hey, a sander and a table saw.
They are buying tools to do small samples, not big ones.
READING
Technical college
Okan is a first-year student at a technical college. He chose to study full time because he
wanted to get a qualification before he started work. He thinks that being at college will
give him more time to decide exactly which career he wants to follow and that having a
qualification first will help him to get the kind of job he wants.
Colleges offer a wide range of vocational qualifications. Courses combine applied science,
practical knowledge, technical know-how. A mechanical engineer, for example studies
physics to understand the subject principles and learns how to find faults in equipment, and
acquires a great deal of knowledge about machines and components. Courses also include
communication skills to help students deal with communication at work and with the
public.
College courses may take a year for a certificate and two years for a diploma. When he
graduates, Okan can start work as an engineer or go on to further study at university.
1. Where is Okan studying at? a technical college
2. What did he want to have before he began work? a qualification
3. What does a mechanical engineering student learn in physics? the subject principles
4. Which skill included at college is mentioned in the text? communication
5. How long may it take Okan to get a diploma? two years

UNIVERSITY
Cristina is a second-year student of Mechanical engineering at university. She decides to
study at university because she wants the best choice of career and because she's interested
in doing research in machines in particular. Most degrees take four years to complete, but
some take up to five years because they include periods of work experience. Degrees may
have a broad focus, for example mechanical engineering, or focus on a specialized area,
such as Mechanisms and Machine Design. Engineering can be studied in combination with
other subjects. Cristina is taking Japanese because she wants to spend six months in a
Japanese mechanical company. This work experience will earn her credits towards her
degree. At university she enjoys studying Engineering Drawing because she can freely
show her ideas on paper or with the help of a computer program. Christina hopes to become
a research engineer, finding new and better ways of doing things.
1. What is Cristina’s major at university? Mechanical engineering
2. Which field does Cristina like doing research in? machines
3. How long does a degree that has periods of work experience last? five years
4. What foreign language is Cristina learning? Japanese
5. What job does Cristina want to do? research engineer

What is it like to attend Nanyang Technological University?

I completed my bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering at Nanyang Technological
University (NTU) , worked in Singapore for three years.
I personally feel that NTU provided me with great experiences and opportunities.
Academic
In my opinion, the curriculum is very broad and covered many different facets of
mechanical engineering: Engineering Drawing, Engineering Thermodynamics,
Mechanisms and Machine Design, Digital Engineering, Manufacturing Technology, Fluid
Engineering, etc. In addition, there is plenty of freedom to take classes from any other
department. Most professors are very polite, and ready to facilitate students' requests.
Facilities
Library is a plus for NTU. There are a large number of resources to supplement their
coursework. Secondly, the online technical databases here are as good as anywhere else. In
fact, there have been certain databases and e-journals which I had access to only at NTU.
NTU also provides state of art labs, and experimental equipment, which allows students to
do research and practice on their own.
Extra-curricular activities
This to me is the best part about NTU. I have friends who love the guitar and friends who
love teaching can join their clubs. Personally, I got the opportunity to found, organize
events, lead teams. I think I learnt a lot from these activities.
Career Prospects
From a career point of view, NTU graduates have excellent opportunities in Singapore.
The review was written by a former student majoring in (1) Mechanical Engineering at
Nanyang University, Singapore. He loved his experience at this university in terms of (2)
academic, extra-curricular activities, facilities and career prospects. He enjoyed the broad
range of subjects covered in the curriculum as well as polite and helpful (3) professors.
What he liked about the facilities is the great library, which supplies students with resources
both online and offline, and modern labs and their (4) experimental equipment. His favorite
is (5) extra-curricular activities at NTU, which provides him opportunities to found,
organize events, lead teams. All knowledge and skills gained from the year at NTU offer
students bright career prospects.

Engineering in Mechanical Engineering Course

Code TA 216: Engineering – Mechanical Engineering
Length of course: 3 years
Type of Study: Full-time
About the Course
The Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) Degree in Mechanical Engineering is a strong
technically focused program which is completed in four years. The BEng helps the
applicants build a technical foundation to deepen their knowledge base and develop firm
technical skills in areas such as design, maintenance, technical sales and consultancy.
This program will also equip students with a practical knowledge and theoretical
understanding of engineering so that they can work as a technician in companies or a
mechanic in garages. Graduates will also be in a position to fill roles in areas such as
technical support and maintenance with many different types of companies.
In the third year of the program, students are provided with a major project which plays an
important role of the program and is designed to develop project management and
communications skills in addition to the technical requirements.
Summary
A (1) full-timestudent in Mechanical Engineering takes this course which lasts for (2)
3 years. It aims at building the (3) foundation of technique to help students gain more basic
understanding and boosting technical skills. Besides, this course also provides them with
theoretical and (4) practical knowledge of mechanical engineering. After attending the
course, students can become technicians who have wide knowledge and skills required in
some related fields. A (5) project related to students’ majors is also added in the final year
in order to develop project management and communications skills.

What is CNC?
Nothing is more than a simple Mill or Lathe with a computer control accompanied to
control its working.
Conventional Machines
Conventional mills/lathes are controlled by machinists. They can freely control machine
axis movements, can choose spindle speed of their liking and can change the tool at their
will.
CNC Machines
On a CNC machine, every step tool-change/spindle-speed/axis-movement is controlled
through CNC machine control. A CNC machinist can only Start/Stop/Control-tool-cutting.
Every CNC program block might consist of multiple instructions (called G-Codes/M-
Codes, etc.). These programs are made or written by CNC-Programmers. In the past, most
of the programs were written by hand, but nowadays multiple software is available which
ease this whole process.
Part program is stored inside the CNC machine memory called CNC Programs Directory.
Therefore, CNC machinists select the required part program for execution. That part
program is run by CNC machinist by pressing Cycle-Start, and the control is transferred to
the CNC machine control which reads the part-program and instructs different parts of CNC
machine to do the required operation. By this way, the part-program instructions are
executed block by block.
If during this whole process, anything goes wrong then CNC machinist can stop the cutting
tool motion (Feed-Hold), or he can completely stop the machine (Cycle-Stop). Even CNC
machinist can press Emergency-Stop-Button if anything dangerous happens or is going to
happen. If everything goes well during part-program execution then machine automatically
stops at the end of part program.
Sumary
On conventional machines, a machinist can decide (1) machine axis movements, spindle
speed or change the tool. On a CNC machine, (2) CNC machine control does all the steps.
A CNC machinist only needs to press the control buttons. CNC programs are written by
CNC programmers. They use a wide variety of available (3) software to write the program
instead of doing it mechanically. Part program is stored in CNC programs Directory. All
of its instructions are executed (4) block by block. During the whole process, in case of
having problems, CNC machinists can decide what to do by pressing buttons to control. If
the process goes well during part-program execution, (5) automatically the machine stops
at the end of part program.
Sawing is cutting using a blade (a thin, sharp piece of metal), which usually has teeth, to
remove thickness of material slightly wider than the blade. The gap left by the blade, along
the line of the cut, is called a kerf. Machines that use toothed blades include circular saws,
which have rotating circular blades, band saws, and power hacksaws. A hacksaw has a
blade with very small teeth, for cutting metal. Saws may also use abrasive wheels – that is,
thin, circular cutting wheels with rough, hard surfaces – often made of industrial diamond.
Drilling is a technique for cutting circular holes. A machine called a drill is fitted with a
tool called a drill bit (or bit). The bit rotates and drills into the material. Holes with large
diameters can be cut using holesaws – hollow cylinders with teeth, which saw circular cuts
and remove a core (a solid cylinder) of material. When used to drill into concrete, this
technique is also called core drilling, or diamond drilling, as the holesaws have industrial
diamond edges. Usually, drilling refers to making new holes. In machining, enlarging a
hole (making it wider) is called boring.
Grinding is removing material across a surface area, using abrasive wheels. The machines
used to grind materials with abrasive wheels are called grinders.
What is the name of the gap left by the blade,along the line of the cut? kerf
How many types of machines with toothed blades? three
What kind of diamond are abrasive wheels usually made of? industrial
What is enlarging a hole called? boring
What kind of area do grinders remove material across? surface

Know your measurements

Fasteners and tools use imperial measurements or metric, and knowing the difference is
important. It prevents you from rounding off a fastener, damaging tools, or causing injury.
If you don’t know an item’s size, use a micrometer or other calipers to measure it. Check
centimeters or millimeters for metric tools. Look at inches for imperial tools.
Volume and weight are also very different in the two systems. Using quarts when a formula
calls for liters is very dangerous. A cubic inch is totally different from a cubic meter. For
weights, a pound cannot substitute for a kilogram. Always pay close attention to which
system is required. If you must use tools from the other system, refer to a table of
conversion.
Summary
There are two 1. systems of measurement. Using the right one is important. It prevents
damage to 2. measurements. The metric system uses 3. centimeters distance, while the
imperial system uses inches. Other types of 4. fasteners are also different in the two systems.
Volumes in quarts and 5. liters are not interchangeable. Neither are weights in 6. pounds
and kilograms.

Measuring
When it comes to measuring work pieces, there are various methods and many tools
available for this task. The first differentiation has to be made between gauges and
measurement equipment.
The first represent either a measurement or a form that refers to limit dimensions of
tolerances. These have to be fulfilled in fits and usually just provide information about
whether a fit is within the limit of tolerances or not. This group includes gauging tools, e.g.
slip gauges and accidences, straightedge, square and limit gauges, cylindrical plug gauges,
gauging rings and caliper gauges.
The latter can be used for acquiring information on the measurements of a work piece and
provide information on the length , width and depth of the outer or inner edges of a work
piece, hole or slot. The most common instruments in mechanical engineering are vernier
caliper rules which can be used universally. They provide information on lengths and are
precise to 0.1 mm. If it comes to smaller tolerances, micrometers are usually used. They
measure accurately to within 0.001 mm.
Summary
Engineers can use 1. various ways to do measuring tasks. There is the first 2. differentiation
which needs to be explained between gauges and devices for measurements. Firstly, gauges
includes some main 3. gauging tools that are used to characterize a measurement or a
limited variation of 4. tolerances. Besides, measurement equipment is several tools which
get and deliver detailed 5. information in sizes of a work piece, hole or slot.

Recyclable materials
(0) Steel - Scrap can be sorted easily using magnetism. If the metal is galvanized (coated
with zinc is fully recyclable. If it is stainless steel, other metals mixed with the iron- the
predominant metal, such as chromium and nickel, can also be recovered and recycled.
Stainless steel is a preferable material in engineering because it doesn’t rust without a
protective coating.
(1) Glass - Sorting is critical, as there are key differences between the clear and colored
material used in bottles and jars, and the high grade material used in engineering
applications, which contain metals.
(2) Copper - Scarcity makes recycling especially desirable, and justifies the cost of
removing insulation from electric wires, which are major source or scrap. Pure metal can
also be recovered from alloys derived from it, notably brass (which also contains quantities
of zinc and copper, and often lead which is poisonous and dense) and bronze (which
contains copper and tin).
(3) Aluminum - the cost of melting down existing metal is significantly cheaper than the
energy – intensive process of electrolysis, which is required to extract new metals from ore.
(4) Rubber -Tyres are the primary source of recyclable material. These can be used whole
in certain applications. They can also be ground into crumbs which have varied uses.
(5) Plastic - An obstacle to recycling is the need to sort waste carefully. While some types
can be melted down for reuse, many cannot, or result in low grade material.

Toughness the opposite of brittleness

Abrasion resistance resistance to damage which is caused by friction
Thermal stability resistance to problems which is caused by temperature change
Durable long-lasting
Light-weight the opposite of heavy
Drive belts flexible belts used in transmission system

KEVLAR is different from other kinds of fiber because of its unique properties and
chemical composition.
KEVLAR has the property of thermal stability which means that it can be resistant to
damage caused by the sudden change in temperature.
Drive belts that are made of KEVLAR can keep their original shape and tension because
KEVLAR has high modulus and abrasion resistance.
Brake pads made of KEVLAR pulp have good frictional force and are durable.
The properties of chemical stability and thermal stability help make washers made from
KEVLAR strong and durable.
Plastics are synthetic materials. They are essential material in engineering as they can be
machines easily into various shapes and sizes. They can be softened and moulded into
useful shapes such as plates, car components and medical aid. They have many applications
in engineering. Plastics can be divided into two main categories: thermoplastics which
soften when heated again and again and thermosetting plastics also called thermosets which
set hard and do not alter if heated again.
ABS is a thermoplastic which is tough and durable. Because it has the properties of high
impact strength, toughness and scratch resistance it has applications where sudden loads
may occur, such as safety helmets and car components.
Nylon, which is self-lubricating, is a hard, tough thermoplastic. It is used where silent,
friction-free operation is required- for example, motorized drives in cameras, bearings,
gears and castings for power tools.
Acrylic, which is a clear thermoplastic, can be polished and formed easily in several ways.
It is hard, very durable, and has many uses- for example, air craft canopies and double-
glazing.
Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic used for castings, such as boat and car bodies. It
has number of useful properties- for example: it is hard and has good chemical and heat
resistance.
Urea formaldehyde is also an important thermoset. Is has the properties of brittleness, heat
resistance and a good electrical insulator. It is widely used for electrical fitting and
adhesives.
Summary:
Plastics, which are important synthetic materials in engineering, are divided into (1) two
main kinds. Thermoplastics soften when heated and (2) thermosets become hard and never
melt again. ABS is a kind of thermoplastic, it is durable and because of its high impact
strength, (3) toughness and scratch resistance it is used for safety helmets and car
components. Two other kinds of (4) thermoplastics are Nylon and Acrylic are also useful
to make important technical products. Urea formaldehyde is a thermoset which is used for
electrical fitting and adhesives because it is brittle, heat resistant and a good (5) insulator.

1. Sharp and Co. is a company that designs and builds (1) pressure vessels.
2. The company offers a variety of (2) services. Its engineers make physical (3) prototype
 of systems. And they also make virtual models of systems using (4) CAD. They build the
parts of the pressure vessel using (5) CAM. They also test for (6) stresses.

Why did he want to make the base plastic? durable

How much do the rival products cost? €50
Did his fan have a controlling button? No
What kind of model did he make? a full-scale model
What did he send to the moulding company? a copy
What part of the fan did he add more support? the base

The engineering design process is a series of steps that engineers follow to come up with a
solution to a problem. Many times the solution involves designing a product (like a machine
or computer code) that meets certain criteria and/or accomplishes a certain task.
This process is different from the Steps of the Scientific Method, which you may be more
familiar with. If your project involves making observations and doing experiments, you
should probably follow the Scientific Method. If your project involves designing, building,
and testing something, you should probably follow the Engineering Design Process. If you
still are not sure which process to follow, you should read Comparing the Engineering
Design Process and the Scientific Method.
The steps of the engineering design process are to:
Define the Problem
Do Background Research
Specify Requirements
Brainstorm Solutions
Choose the Best Solution
Do Development Work
Build a Prototype
Test and Redesign
Engineers do not always follow the engineering design process steps in order, one after
another. It is very common to design something, test it, find a problem, and then go back to
an earlier step to make a modification or change to your design. This way of working is
called iteration, and it is likely that your process will do the same!
The process of designing in engineering includes a series of steps that need followed by (1)
engineers to find a solution for a problem. You need to read Comparing the Engineering
Design Process and the Scientific Method in case you are not certain about which process
to follow: (2) the Scientific Method or the Engineering Design Process.
There are 8 main steps of the engineering design process for you to follow. First, you need
to (3) define the problem, then you do research on the background. The five next steps
including clearly describe (4) requirements, brainstorm solutions, choose the best solution,
develop the work and build a prototype. The last step is testing and redesigning. However,
engineers do not always follow the process steps in order. Sometimes, engineers only
design, test, find the problem and then return to the first step to modify the design. This
type of doing is named (5) iteration.

1. Of course, money is limited. Cost limitations are always a (1) constraint. But some
finance is available. A budget has been allocated for the preliminary design phase – a total
of $35,000. But we mustn’t exceed that amount.
2. The (2) function of this drill press is to create holes in surface. Since it’s (3) designed to
be used in noisy environments, the earphone is an important (4) feature
3. Are these already on the market – are they (5) existing products? Or are we talking about
proposed products that are still under development?
WRITING
1. everything/I/great./is/hope
I hope everything is great.
2. forward/Looking to/from/hearing/soon./you
Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
3. I’m/second-year/Hanoi University of Industry/a/at/now./student
I’m a second-year student at Hanoi University of Industry now.
4. Mechatronic Engineering/I/,which is/major/full-time/a/in/course.
I major in Mechatronic Engineering, which is a full-time course.

Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a mechanical engineer from Ford Motor Company. I am writing (1) (write) this email
to place an order for two CNC lathe machines advertised (2) (advertise) on your website
currently.
I choose CNC lathe machines because I must use them
to shape (3) (shape) our work pieces. With a CNC machine, this process becomes easier
and faster. I will purchase (4) (purchase) them at the given price you have set (5) (set). I
see from the catalogue on your website www.machinetoolbids.com that you provide
different shipping methods. I prefer paying (6) (pay) in cash on delivery. Please deliver
both items within the period of the next 5 days as specified on your site.
Please ship (7) (ship) the goods to address: 1600 Main Street, Charleston, Chicago, 56743.
In case you need more information, feel free to reach (8) (reach) me at (312) 565-7000
anytime of the day.
Yours sincerely,
James Jones

I / this email /am / to/ place/ writing/order/ for/ two/ an/ CNC lathe machines.
--> I am writing this email to place an order for two CNC lathe machines.
2:the/ our/ I/ use/ CNC lathe machine/ to/ workpieces./ shape
--> I use the CNC lathe machine to shape our workpieces.
3:easier and faster. / With/ a CNC lathe machine, /the process/ becomes/
--> With a CNC lathe machine, the process becomes easier and faster.
4:I/ them/ have set./ at the given price/ purchase/ you/ will
--> I will purchase them at the given price you have set.
5:delivery./ I/ in/on / will/ pay/ cash
--> I will pay in cash on delivery.
6:need/you/ reach /more information, feel free/ If/ to/ me/ at (312) 565-7000.
--> If you need more information, feel free to reach me at (312) 565-7000.

1. Titanium is used for aircraft frames. Titanium is light and strong.

Titanium is used for aircraft frames because it is light and strong.
2. Chromium resists corrosion. Chromium is added to steels to make them corrosion-
resistant. (Therefore)
Chromium resists corrosion. Therefore, it is added to steels to make them corrosion-
resistant.
3. Tin is used to coat other metals to protect them. Tin resists corrosion.
Tin is used to coat other metals to protect them because it resists corrosion.
4. Stainless steels require little maintenance and have high strength. Stainless steels are
expensive and difficult to machine at high speeds.
Stainless steels require little maintenance and have high strength. However, they are
expensive and difficult to machine at high speeds.
5. Nickel and chromium improve the properties of metals. Nickel and chromium are added
to steel. (so)
Nickel and chromium improve the properties of metals so they are added to steel.